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KLUGE'S 


ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONAEY. 


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Microsoft  Corporation 


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E<A 


AN 

ETYMOLOGICAL   DICTIOMKY 

OP  THE 

GERMAN    LANGUAGE. 


FRIEDRICH    KLUGE, 

PROFESSOK  IN  THE  UNIVERSITt   OF  JENA. 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  FOURTH  GERMAN  EDITION 


JOHN  FRANCIS  DAVIS,  D.Lit.,  M.A. 


LONDON: 
GEORGE    BELL    &    SONS. 

NEW  YORK:  MACMILLAN  &  CO.,   1 12  FOURTH  AVENUE. 

189 1. 


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& 


TEANSLATOK'S  PEEFACE. 


In  preparing  an  English  edition  of  Professor  Kluge's  famous  work,  the  Trans- 
lator has  aimed  at  making  the  book  as  easily  comprehensible  to  English 
students  as  the  original  work  is  to  Germans.  To  this  end  he  has  given  the 
chief  meanings  of  all  the  German  words,  some  of  which  are  rather  obscure,  and 
are  not  to  be  found  in  any  German-English  Dictionaries  hitherto  published.  In 
assigning  the  equivalents  to  the  words  quoted  from  foreign  languages,  great  care 
has  been  taken  to  give  as  closely  as  possible  the  corresponding  English  mean- 
ing to  the  words.  In  all  cases  of  doubt,  the  Translator  has  consulted  English, 
French,  and  German  Dictionaries  of  foreign  languages,  such  as — 

Sanscrit  (Monier  Williams). 

Greek  (Liddell  and  Scott ;  Pape). 

Latin  (White  and  Riddell ;  Lewis  and  Short ;  Smith ;  Georges). 

Gothic  (Skeat). 

Anglo-Saxon  (Toller ;  Bosworth  ;  Leo). 

Middle  English  (Stratmann). 

Icelandic  (Cleasby). 

Old  High  German  (Graff ;  Schade). 

Middle  High  German  (Miiller ;  Lexer). 

Lithuanian  (Schleicher's  Handbook). 

Dutch  (Calisch). 

Swedish  (Helms). 

French  (Sachs;  Clifton  and  Grimaud;  Littre;  Brachet;  Fleming  and 

Tibbins). 
Italian  (Ferrari;  Baretti). 

Spanish  (Neumann  and  Baretti ;  Lopes  and  Bensley). 
Welsh  (Pugh). 

A  few  misprints  and  errors  in  the  order  of  words  of  the  German  edition 
have  been  corrected,  but  they  are  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  specially 
mentioned. 


AUTHOR'S    PREFACE. 


On  the  completion  of  the  present  work,  it  is  to  me  a  pleasant  duty  to  express  my 
thanks  to  all  those  who  have  rendered  its  execution  possible,  and  have  helped  to 
give  it  its  new  shape. 

I  might  have  mentioned,  under  the  separate  words,  those  scholars  who  have 
discovered  any  etymological  data  bearing  upon  the  vocabulary  of  our  mother- 
tongue  ;  the  vast  extent  of  etymological  literature  deterred  me,  however,  from 
doing  so.  There  is  no  Teutonic  scholar  or  linguist  of  any  repute  who  has  not 
by  his  researches  either  helped  to  determine  the  etymology  of  some  German 
word  or  actually  settled  it.  It  would  have  been  an  extremely  toilsome  and  yet 
useless  task  to  give  the  name  of  the  discoverer  of  the  etymology  of  each  word ; 
and  how  frequently  have  several  scholars  at  the  same  time  deserved  credit  for 
clearing  up  the  history  of  a  word.  0.  Schade,  in  his  "  Old  German  Dictionary," 
has  with  untiring  industry  collected  materials  from  the  copious  literature  for 
the  older  period,  and  has  received  the  thanks  of  specialists.  I  could  not  expect 
that  those  who  may  use  my  book  would  wade  through  the  numerous  errors  and 
occasional  imperfections  of  scientific  investigation  in  order  to  form  their  own 
opinion  on  the  evolution  of  particular  words.  By  foregoing  such  a  plan  I 
obtained  space,  in  spite  of  the  limited  compass  to  which  this  book  was  confined, 
to  describe  pretty  fully  the  actual  development  of  the  word  itself. 

If  my  attempt  to  give  a  brief,  clear,  and  connected  view  of  the  history  of 
each  element  of  our  vocabulary  has  been  in  any  degree  successful,  a  great  part 
of  the  credit  is  due  to  the  men  who  have  watched  over  the  germs  planted  by 
the  great  founders  of  our  philology,  and  have  in  the  course  of  the  last  twenty 
years  made  them  bloom  anew.  In  their  foremost  ranks  I  view  with  pleasure 
those  whose  academical  instruction  I  was  permitted  to  enjoy,  and  others  who  in 
friendly  intercourse  have  taught  me  much  and  stimulated  me  in  my  work.  The 
fact  that  some  of  them  too  have  testified  their  kindly,  helpful  sympathy  with 
the  new  edition  has  been  highly  grateful  to  mc,  in  the  interest  of  the  subject  I 
have  at  heart. 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


I  have  also  received,  since  the  first  appearance  of  my  work,  encouragement 
in  various  ways,  even  from  anonymous  and  unknown  readers  of  this  book,  who 
have  made  communications  to  the  author  respecting  dialectic,  etymological,  and 
other  pertinent  facts.  Much  of  it  has  proved  useful  for  the  new  edition.  Moreover, 
all  reasonable  objections  of  critics  have  been  duly  considered.  In  particular 
points  the  book  has  gained  much  by  the  notices  of  Herren  Birlinger,  Franck,  and 
Hager;  and  a  detailed,  critical  letter  of  my  Swedish  friends,  Prof.  A.  Noreen 
and  Dr.  E.  Brate,  has  placed  in  the  most  liberal  manner  at  my  disposal  nume- 
rous valuable  improvements  and  new  combinations.  For  dialectic  communica- 
tions I  am  indebted  to  Herren  W.  Gordack  of  Konigsberg  and  F.  Holthausen 
of  Gottingen,  and  especially  to  Prof.  Hermann  Fischer  of  Tubingen,  who  gave  me 
access  to  his  rich  stores  of  Swabian  dialectic  materials.  For  the  Jewish-German 
words  which  the  book  contains  Prof.  Euting  of  Strassburg  placed  materials  at 
my  disposal.  Valuable  connecting  details,  for  which  I  had  to  resort  to  the 
liberal  help  of  specialists,  I  owe  to  Herren  K.  von  Bahder,  O.  von  Bohtlingk, 
P.  von  Bradke,  B.  ten  Brink,  K.  Brugmann,  S.  Bugge,  C.  Cappeller,  H  Fischer, 
W.  Franz,  F.  Holthausen,  A.  Horning,  H.  Hiibschmann,  R.  Kohler,  Th. 
Nbldeke,  K.  Schorbach,  O.  Schrader,  R.  Thurneysen,  B.  Wheeler,  and  E 
Windisch. 

I  have  been  especially  helped  and  cheered  by  the  liberal  sympathy  of  Pro- 
fessors A.  Leskien  of  Leipzig,  W.  Meyer  of  Jena,  H.  Osthoff  of  Heidelberg, 
and  E.  Sievers  of  Halle.  They  have  with  praiseworthy  liberality  made  over  to 
me  for  publication  very  many  new  investigations  of  importance,  and  have  also, 
by  their  corrections,  objections,  and  retrenchments,  given  to  many  articles  a 
greater  fulness  and  completeness. 

For  the  careful  extension  and  completion  of  the  old  Index,  the  author  is 
much  indebted  to  Herr  Vincent  Janssen  of  Kiel,  who  will  very  shortly  publish 
independently  complete  Indexes  to  this  book. 

For  all  the  stimulus  and  sympathy,  help  and  encouragement,  I  have  received 
in  the  old  as  well  as  in  the  new  edition,  I  beg  to  express  my  most  sincere 
thanks. 

F.  KLUGE. 


Strassburg,  July  1883. 
Jena,  October  1888. 


INTRODUCTION. 


It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  study  of  German  etymology  is  held  in  less  esteem 
among  us,  and  is  pursued  with  less  zeal,  than  that  of  French.  This  fact  is  not  sur- 
prising ;  for  how  easily  the  results  of  Romance  philology  can  be  made  evident  to  a 
man  of  classical  training,  who  has  in  Latin  the  chief  source,  and  in  his  own  native 
German  the  most  important  subsidiary  source  of  French  entirely  under  his  com- 
mand !  And  what  gratification  there  is  in  viewing  through  the  medium  of  etymology, 
well-known  words  in  a  new  light ! 

If  German  etymology  could  be  built  up  to  the  same  extent  as  French,  from  the 
materials  furnished  by  the  better  known  civilised  languages,  it  would  certainly 
have  long  ago  evoked  the  same  appreciation  as  is  now  shown  for  French.  But  the 
perception  of  historical  connections  is  made  more  difficult  when  the  earlier  stages  of 
the  language  are  not  so  accessible  as  Latin  is  for  the  history  of  Romance  words.  A 
scientific  knowledge  of  German  etymology  rests  upon  facts,  whose  coherence  can 
only  be  explained  by  going  beyond  the  limits  of  the  chief  civilised  languages.  It  is 
impossible,  however,  for  the  student  to  go  so  far  back,  unless  all  the  difficulties  are 
smoothed  and  explained,  and  all  the  necessary  details  for  ascertaining  the  history 
of  a  word  are  placed  before  him.  In  investigating  a  German  word,  we  cannot  and 
must  not  stop  at  Middle  High  German,  the  only  earlier  stage  of  our  mother-tongue 
with  which  every  educated  man  has  some  acquaintance  ;  and  even  Old  High  German, 
the  oldest  literary  period  of  German,  is  not,  except  in  a  very  few  cases,  sufficient  for 
the  needs  of  the  etymologist  who  knows  how  to  appreciate  the  importance  of  philology 
in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the  German  language. 

It  is  these  pre-historic  periods  of  German  that  furnish  the  indispensable  foun- 
dation for  etymological  inquiry.  Not  until  we  have  obtained  an  insight  into  the 
difference  between  the  High  German  and  Low  German  system  of  consonants 
can  we  determine  the  relations  of  a  German  word  to  its  Teutonic  cognates ;  not 
until  we  have  thoroughly  mastered  the  relations  of  the  Gothic  consonants  to 
those  of  the  allied  Aryan  languages  are  we  able  to  understand  the  comparison  of 
a  word  with  its  Greek  and  Latin  cognates.  To  explain  the  earlier  stages  of  develop- 
ment in  German,  and  to  throw  light  upon  them  as  a  chief  means  of  ascertaining  the 
history  of  a  word,  is  the  task  of  historical  grammar.  The  etymologist  must,  if  he 
wants  to  produce  conviction,  presuppose  a  general  knowledge  of  the  main  crises  in 
the  history  of  our  mother-tongue. 

To  the  scientific  acquisitions  of  the  present  century  we  owe  the  knowledge  of  a 
primary  period  of  the  history  of  the  German  language,  which  is  authenticated  by  no 
other  record  than  the  language  itself.  The  literary  records  of  the  old  Hindus, 
unlocked  to  the  learned  world  at  the  end  of  the  last  century,  led  to  the  pregnant 


viii  INTRODUCTION. 


discovery  that  the  Teutons,  several  millenniums  before  our  era,  spoke  one  and  the 
same  language  with  the  ancestors  of  the  Hindus  and  Persians,  the  Greeks  and 
Albanians,  the  Italics  and  Kelts,  the  Slavs  and  Armenians,  a  fact  which  clearly 
proved  that  they  were  descended  from  the  same  tribe.  The  primitive  seat  of  those 
tribes,  which,  in  conformity  with  the  utmost  limits  of  the  settlements  of  their 
descendants,  have  been  designated  Indo- Teutons,  Indo- Kelts,  and  also  Indo- Euro- 
peans, was  the  South  of  Europe,  or  more  probably  Asia. 

Scientific  investigation,  which  has  been  endeavouring  for  more  than  half  a 
century  to  unlock  the  common  source  of  their  language  from  the  later  records  of 
the  various  Aryan  tribes,  bestows  on  it  the  highest  praise  for  its  wealth  of  forms, 
the  development  of  which  has  been  traced  by  German  grammarians  in  our  mother- 
tongue  down  to  the  present  day.  The  vocabulary  of  this  primitive  speech  is  proved 
by  some  of  its  offshoots  to  have  been  exceedingly  rich,  and  at  the  same  time  capable 
of  extension  ;  but  its  fundamental  perceptions  and  ideas  were  limited.  The  fact  that 
it  expressed  the  most  necessary  relations  and  wants  of  life  has  made  it  the  treasury 
from  which  the  various  Aryan  languages  have  drawn  their  supply  of  words.  Of 
this  old  hoard  German  too  has  preserved  no  small  a  portion,  even  down  to  the 
present  time. 

Compare  our  terms  for  expressing  degrees  of  relationship  with  those  of  the 
allied  languages,  and  these  words,  with  slight  divergences  in  sound,  or  with 
unchanged  significations,  will  be  found  in  the  whole  of  the  Aryan  group.  Of 
course  the  stock  of  such  terms  was  far  greater  than  we  might  suspect  from  the  few 
which  have  remained  to  us.  At  one  time  we  had,  e.g.,  various  designations  for 
'  mother's  brother '  and  '  father's  brother'  (comp.  Df)cim  and  better  with  Lat.  avun- 
culus and  jmtiiius),  for  'father's  sister'  and  'mother's  sister'  (comp.  AS.  faftu  and 
mAdrie  with  Lat.  amita  and  matertera).  This  implied  wealth  of  pre-historic  terms 
for  degrees  of  kinship  can  be  only  understood  by  us  as  existing  at  a  time  when  our 
ancestors  lived  together  in  clans  as  shepherds  and  nomads.  When  with  the  changing 
years  the  more  fully  developed  relations  of  kinship  lost  the  old  inherited  terms,  how 
seldom  have  alien  designations  attempted  to  oust  the  native  words,  and  how  seldom 
with  success  !  Compare  Dufel  and  Xante  with  93atcr  and  2J?utter,  ©ruber  and  Sdjivejicr, 
Dljetm  and  SWidjme,  Diejfe  and  9ttd?te,  better  and  S3afe,  (£djn>a()et  and  ©djuneger,  <Sd)tmt  and 
<&$)  n?ager. 

The  terms  for  expressing  kinship,  whose  unimpaired  vigour  we  see  in  German, 
are,  in  combination  with  the  numerals  up  to  a  hundred,  an  infallible  indication  of 
the  Aryan  origin  of  a  language.  Thus  German  testifies  also  by  its  old  inherited 
numerals  its  close  relation  to  the  allied  languages.  Moreover,  the  designations  of 
parts  of  the  body  are  specially  characteristic  of  all  Aryan  tongues.  If  German  in 
its  later  development  has  lost  many  of  them  (comp.,  e.g.,  OHG.  gebal,  '  skull,'  equiv. 
to  Gr.  K«f>dkr],  under  OHefrel),  yet  it  preserves  in  most  cases  the  old  inherited  words; 
Jpirn,  D(ir,  23raue,  9iafe,  3af)it,  £ate,  33ug,  SldJfef,  9lrm,  ©He,  91agcl,  Jfnie,  Qfttj?,  gel!  recur 
sometimes  in  one,  sometimes  in  several  of  the  allied  languages.  The  knowledge 
too  of  natural  history  was  displayed  in  the  primitive  speech  by  some  essential  words. 
Of  the  mammals,  apart  from  the  domesticated  animals  (see  93iet),  Jtitft,  Dd)\t,  ^mib, 
geljteit,  9tefj,  and  <Sd)af),  only  a  few  destructive  quadrupeds,  such  as  5Udf  and  2Waug, 
5Mbev  and  &afe  (see  also  Sdr),  have  been  transmitted  to  German  from  that  primitive 
linguistic  period.  The  names  for  birds  and  trees  are,  however,  but  rarely  common 
to  several  languages  of  the  Aryan  group  (see  9lar,  .Rranidj,  SSirfe,  gofj",  Sicfjte,  and 


INTRODUCTION.  ix 


33ud)e).  Of  inanimate  nature  also  the  primitive  people  had  only  a  limited  percep- 
tion ;  few  names  for  the  periods  of  the  day  and  the  year  were  coined,  and,  as  might 
have  been  expected,  the  circle  of  their  religious  ideas  was  narrow.  Only  the  German 
words  9iad)t,  9JJonat,  and  ©omntcr  have  corresponding  terms  in  several  allied  tongues  ; 
the  two  old  Aryan  gods  of  light,  Dieus  and  Aus6s,  have  left  their  final  traces  in 
Alemannic  3te3tag  and  in  German  Dftent. 

There  is  a  further  rich  supply  of  isolated  words  in  our  mother-tongue  inherited 
from  the  primitive  stock.  They  relate  chiefly  to  the  most  simple  and  natural 
expressions,  needs,  and  activities  of  life  ;  jlefyeit,  gcljeit,  cffen,  becfen,  fdjiMfcen,  tiarft,  jung, 
ueu,  »of(,  fuf,  mitten,  burr,  &c,  are  derived  from  the  primitive  speech.  In  moral 
conceptions  our  mother- tongue  inherited  the  stems  of  Swunb  and  geitib,  liefon  and 
fyaffen,  l)abern  and  ttugett  from  the  old  vocabulary. 

With  the  division  of  the  primitive  Aryan  people  into  tribes,  which  may  have 
been  caused  by  religious  and  political  dissensions,  or  perhaps  only  by  the  constant 
increase  in  number,  and  with  the  migration  of  these  tribes  from  their  primitive 
home,  the  Teutonic  language  may  be  said  to  begin.  The  old  materials  partly  sufficed 
for  the  constant  growth  of  perceptions  and  ideas.  Old  words  received  a  new  shade 
of  meaning ;  the  root  (Sans,  mf)  for  'to  die '  acquired  the  signification  of  'murder'; 
'  the  dear,  the  cherished  one '  became  '  the  freeman ' ;  '  to  follow '  came  to  mean  '  to 
see '  (fcljen) ;  '  to  split '  was  extended  into  '  to  bite '  (be iflcit),  and  '  to  persist,' '  to  stride,' 
were  developed  into  '  to  live '  (teben)  and  '  to  mount '  (fteigen).  Derivatives  from 
existing  stems  assumed  characteristic  significations ;  in  this  way  ©ett,  Jfeiiig,  Jtinb, 
fd)6n,  and  9Boge  originated.  On  the  other  hand,  we  note  the  loss  of  old  roots,  which 
in  other  Aryan  groups  developed  numerous  cognates  ;  the  roots  j)6, '  to  drink,'  and 
do,  '  to  give,'  which  we  recognise  in  Lat.  potare  and  Gr.  Treiraica,  and  in  Lat.  dare  and 
Gr.  Si'&a/it,  have  completely  disappeared  in  Teutonic.  Of  other  primitive  roots  we 
find  in  Teutonic  only  a  few  slight  relics  nearly  disappearing,  some  of  which  will  in 
course  of  time  vanish  altogether.  The  root  ag, '  to  drive '  (in  Lat.  ago,  see  Slrfer),  the 
root  an, '  to  breathe'  (in  Lat.  animus  and  Gr.  uvf/ios),  the  root  glw, '  to  live'  (in  Lat. 
vivere,  see  querf),  have  never  had  in  Teutonic,  during  the  period  of  its  independent 
development,  such  a  wide  evolution  as  in  Latin  and  Greek.  In  the  case  of  such 
words,  when  the  idea  is  a  living  one,  the  term  that  supplants  them  already  exists 
before  they  die  out ;  in  fact,  it  is  the  cause  of  their  disappearance.  Occasionally, 
however,  we  find  in  the  Teutonic  group  characteristic  word  stems,  which  we  look 
for  in  vain  in  the  sphere  of  the  allied  languages,  although  they  must  once  have 
existed  there  too  in  a  living  form.  Such  primitive  stems  as  Teutonic  alone  has 
preserved  may  be  at  the  base  of  tunfen,  gefcen,  fiird)ten,  fcdjtcit,  ffiefyen,  tyalteii,  <fcc.  Other 
roots  peculiar  to  the  Teutonic  languages  may  owe  their  existence  to  onomatopoetic 
creation  during  the  independent  development  of  Teutonic  ;  such  are  perhaps  Uiitgen 
and  niefeit. 

Only  such  a  pliancy  of  the  primitive  speech  could  keep  pace  with  the  higher 
intellectual  development  which  we  must  assume  for  the  progress  of  the  Teutonic 
group  after  the  first  division  of  dialects.  The  capacity  of  our  race  for  development 
is  sufficient,  even  without  the  assumption  of  foreign  influences,  to  account  for  the 
refinement  and  development  of  the  conditions  of  life  among  the  Teutons  during  the 
second  period  of  the  primitive  history  of  our  language.  The  growing  susceptibility 
to  the  external  world  resulted  in  the  extension  of  the  sphere  of  the  gods,  the  contact 
with  foreign  nations  led  to  a  refinement  of  social  life,  and  with  both  these  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


conception  of  propriety  grew  up.     What  an  abundance  of  new  ideas  and  words, 
which  were  foreign  to  the  primitive  speech,  had  now  to  be  evolved  ! 

In  fact,  we  find  among  the  Aryans  but  a  slight  agreement  in  the  designations  of 
ethical  ideas  ;  gut  and  libel,  utilb  and  org,  l;clb  and  treu,  are  specifically  Teutonic  ;  Stbcl, 
Gbe,  and  fd)woren  have  no  exact  correspondences  in  the  remaining  Teutonic  languages, 
©ctt,  £immef,  ^cllc,  Grbe,  as  well  as  SBoban  (see  2But),  greia  (see  frti),  and  £enar  (see 
tenner),  owe  their  existence  to  the  special  religious  development  of  the  Teutons, 
while  we  find  the  belief  in  elfish  beings  (see  (5(f)  even  in  the  Vedas. 

It  is  true  that  this  increase  does  not  altogether  suffice  to  characterise  the  develop- 
ment of  the  languages  of  the  Teutonic  group.  If  we  assign  the  year  2000  b.c.  as  the 
latest  date  for  the  Aryan  division  of  dialects,  the  second  period  of  the  history  of  th 
German  language  would  end  with  the  beginning  of  our  era.  This  interval  of  two 
thousand  years,  at  the  end  of  which  we  assume  the  development  of  the  consonant 
and  vowel  forms  peculiar  to  Teutonic,  as  well  as  the  settlement  of  the  Teutons  in 
Germany,  has  no  well-defined  divisions  with  prominent  characteristics  ;  but  the  later 
evidence  of  the  language  indicates  in  this  pre-historic  period  so  many  points  of  con- 
tact with  civilised  nations  as  would  in  historic  times  probably  be  regarded  as  form- 
ing a  new  epoch. 

The  Teutonic  tribe,  with  the  western  group  of  nations  of  the  Aryan  stock,  had 
left  its  eastern  home  as  a  pasturing  people.  Evidence  in  the  language  itself  subse- 
quently shows  us  these  people  with  their  flocks  on  the  march.  The  term  tageweide, 
current  in  Middle  High  German,  could  exist  as  a  measure  of  length  only  among 
a  race  of  shepherds  in  the  act  of  migrating  ;  only  nomads  could  count  their  stages  by 
periods  of  rest  (0?aficu).  That  the  great  stream  of  Aryan  tribes  poured  through  the 
South  Russian  lowlands  (the  Italics  and  Kelts  had  shown  them  the  way)  is  antece- 
dently probable,  and  this  theory  is  finely  illustrated  by  the  history  of  the  word  Jpanf. 
Here  we  see  the  Teutons  in  contact  with  a  non-Aryan  people  in  the  south  of  Russia ; 
and  so,  too,  the  foreign  aspect  of  the  Teutonic  word  <2itber  (comp.  (Srbfe  also)  testifies 
to  the  pre-historic  contact  of  our  ancestors  with  people  of  a  different  race,  whose 
origin  can  unfortunately  no  longer  be  determined.  We  suspect  that  its  influence  on 
the  Teutons  and  their  language  was  manifested  in  a  greater  number  of  loan-words 
than  can  now  be  discovered. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  emigrant  Aryans,  whom  we  find  at  a  later  period  in  our 
part  of  the  world,  and  whose  languages  were  differentiated  only  gradually  from  one 
another  and  from  the  primitive  speech,  were  led  by  constant  intercourse  to  exchange 
a  large  number  of  terms  expressive  of  the  acquisitions  of  civilisation,  which  the 
individual  tribes  would  perhaps  have  acquired  only  after  a  longer  independent 
development.  Numerous  words  are  peculiar  to  the  European  Aryans,  which  we 
seek  for  in  vain  among  the  Indians  and  Persians.  They  relate  chiefly  to  agriculture 
and  technical  products,  the  development  of  which  did  certainly  not  take  place  at  the 
same  time  among  all  the  European  peoples  belonging  to  the  Teutonic  stock.  Occa- 
sionally the  language  itself  bears  witness  that  correspondences  in  the  languages 
spoken  by  the  Western  Aryans  are  due  only  to  the  adoption  of  words  by  one  people 
from  another  (see  ndfyen).  Thus  the  stems  of  old  words  such  as  fden,  ntaljlen,  mdljfn, 
and  ntclfen,  whose  Aryan  character  is  undoubted,  will  not  necessarily  be  regarded  as 
genuine  Teutonic,  since  they  may  have  been  borrowed  from  a  kindred  people. 

The  evidence  of  language,  which  alone  gives  us  a  knowledge  of  the  primitive 
contact  of  the  Teutons  with  foreign  and  kindred  people,  is  unfortunately  not  full 


INTRODUCTION. 


enough,  and  not  always  transparent  enough,  to  furnish  sufficient  material  for  a  clear 
view  of  these  pre-historic  events.  It  is  generally  acknowledged  that  the  intercourse 
with  the  neighbouring  Slavonic  people  took  place  in  the  second  period  of  the  history 
of  the  German  language.  For  the  influence  of  the  Kelts  upon  the  Teutons,  Slmt  and 
3Reid)  afford  valuable  testimony,  which  at  the  same  time  shows  what  decisive  results 
can  at  times  be  obtained  from  language  itself.  We  have  in  the  term  to>clfi§  the  last 
offshoot  of  the  Teutonic  word  Walk  (borrowed  from  the  Keltic  tribal  name  Volcae), 
by  which  the  Kelts  were  formerly  designated  by  the  Teutons. 

The  name  by  which  the  Teutons  called  themselves  is  unfortunately  lost  to  us 
Our  learned  men  have  therefore  agreed  to  use  the  Keltic  term  which  was  customary 
among  old  historians,  and  which,  according  to  the  testimony  of  the  Venerable  Bede, 
was  applied  in  England  to  the  immigrant  Anglo-Saxons  by  the  Britons  even  in 
the  8th  century.  The  national  character  of  the  Teutons  and  the  type  of  their 
language  were  for  a  very  long  period  after  the  division  into  tribes  the  same  as 
before.  In  the  last  century  before  our  era,  when  numerous  Teutonic  tribes  became 
known  to  the  ancient  world,  we  have  not  the  least  evidence  to  show  that  the  lan- 
guage had  branched  off  into  dialects.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  time  of  Tacitus ; 
but  his  account  of  the  genealogy  of  the  Teutonic  tribes  seems  to  have  some  connec- 
tion with  divisions  into  dialects,  recorded  at  a  later  period. 

The  linguistic  division  of  the  Teutons  into  an  Eastern  group,  comprising  Goths 
and  Scandinavians,  and  into  a  Western,  including  the  English,  Frisians,  Saxons, 
Franks,  Bavarians,  Swabians,  and  Alemannians,  is  generally  regarded  as  undoubted. 
The  evidence  of  language  goes,  however,  to  prove  that  a  close  connection  exists  only 
among  the  West  Teutonic  tribes  ;  and  unless  Tacitus'  ethnogony  includes  all  the 
Teutons,  his  group  of  tribes,  comprising  the  Ingaevones,  the  Erminones,  and  the 
Istaevones,  are  identical  in  fact  with  the  Western  division.  The  permutation  of 
consonants  and  the  development  of  the  vowel  system,  which  we  assume  to  have 
been  effected  before  the  beginning  of  our  era,  were  the  chief  characteristics  of  all 
the  languages  of  the  second  period ;  but  the  most  important  factor  in  the  develop- 
ment of  West  Teutonic  was  the  uniform  attrition  of  the  old  final  syllables.  With 
the  operation  of  this  law  in  West  Teutonic  begins  the  decay  of  the  old  inherited 
forms,  most  of  which  were  lost  in  the  third  period.  The  German  language  is  now 
entering  upon  a  stage  of  development  which  had  been  reached  by  English  some 
centuries  ago. 

But  in  spite  of  this  loss  of  forms,  the  language  retains  its  old  pliancy  in  undi- 
minished force  ;  after  independent  words,  even  in  the  second  period,  had  been 
transformed  into  suffixes  and  prefixes,  the  language  still  possessed  new  elements 
which  were  ready  to  replace  what  had  been  lost.  Moreover,  the  same  forces  operate 
in  the  later  history  of  the  vocabulary  as  in  the  primitive  Teutonic  period. 

Thus  West  Teutonic  has  preserved  the  stems  of  old  words,  which  in  Gothic  and 
Scandinavian  have  either  died  out  or  have  fallen  more  or  less  into  the  background  ; 
gcljen,  fteljen,  tfjun,  Bin,  fcdjten,  jievben,  as  well  as  93nfen,  Dbfi,  genet,  grog,  &c,  are  the 
essential  characteristics  of  a  West  Teutonic  language.  Other  words,  such  as  9lad?bur, 
clcitb,  gefunb,  Stfeffer,  #etrat,  and  9tad)Hgalf,  owe  their  existence  to  later  composition. 
But,  above  all,  the  absence  of  numerous  old  words,  preserved  by  Gothic  or  Scan- 
dinavian, is  a  main  feature  of  the  West  Teutonic  group.  But  this  is  not  the  place 
to  adduce  every  loss  and  every  compensation  which  has  diminished  and  re-shaped 
the  old  elements  in  the  sphere  of  languages  most  closely  allied  to  German. 


xii  INTRODUCTION. 


The  pre-Old  High  German  period— the  third  period  of  our  mother-tongue,  which 
is  not  attested  by  literary  records — has,  however,  acquired  its  distinctive  features  by 
new  contact  with  the  languages  of  civilised  nations,  which  added  new  elements  to 
the  existing  material :  above  all,  the  contact  with  the  Romans  resulted  in  an  ex- 
change of  productions  and  contrivances.  However  fond  we  may  be  of  overrating  the 
influence  of  Latin  on  the  West  Teutonic  languages,  yet  it  cannot  be  denied  that  it 
materially  widened  the  most  various  spheres  of  ideas. 

Words  which  point  to  active  commercial  intercourse,  such  as  SKunje  and  *Ffunc, 
©trajje  and  SWcite,  tftfte  and  Sacf,  ©fel  and  $fau,  were  made  known  in  the  pre-High 
German  period,  probably  even  in  the  first  century  a.d.,  to  our  forefathers  both 
mediately  and  immediately  by  the  Romans.  Contemporaneously  with  these  the 
Latin  nomenclature  of  the  culture  of  the  vine  was  naturalised  in  Germany  in  the 
words  Skin,  2»cfi,  Saucr,  JMter,  and  Sridjter.  Not  much  later  a  rich  terminology, 
together  with  the  Roman  style  of  building,  was  introduced  ;  SKaiier,  better,  ©oiler, 
<gpctd)er,  hammer,  SBeifyer,  3iegct,  $feiler,  ^fojlen,  $rW>  and  numerous  other  cognate 
ideas,  evidently  bear  the  stamp  of  a  Latin  origin.  The  adoption  of  the  Southern 
method  of  building  in  stone,  however,  brought  about  a  transformation  of  the  entire 
domestic  life.  When  a  migratory  life  is  exchanged  for  a  permanent  settlement,  the 
example  of  a  highly  civilised  people  cannot  fail  to  furnish  abundant  material  for 
imitation.  We  are  not  surprised,  therefore,  to  find  in  the  language  itself  the  influ- 
ence of  even  Roman  cookery  and  of  Roman  horticulture  before  the  Old  High 
German  period ;  JlodE>,  Jtiid)e,  <2<$ufiel,  J?cffc{,  93ecfen,  SifdJ,  (Sfjig,  <Senf,  ^feffcr,  Jtcfyf,  ^flanje, 
{Rettig,  Miixtis,  Jttimmcl,  J?irfd)e,  $firfxc&,  ^fiauute,  Dttitte,  gcicje,  &c,  testify  how  ready  the 
German  of  that  period  was  to  extend  his  knowledge  and  enrich  his  language  when 
he  exchanged  the  simple  customs  of  his  ancestors  for  a  more  luxuriant  mode  of  life. 

It  would,  of  course,  be  a  too  hasty  assumption  to  explain  such  Southern  alien 
terms  (a  few  Keltic  words  such  as  carrus,  carruca,  and  paraverediis,  see  barren, 
J?urd),  and  $fevb,  were  introduced  through  a  Roman  medium)  from  the  importation 
of  products  and  technical  accomplishments  which  were  unknown  to  our  ancestors 
till  about  the  beginning  of  our  era.  We  have  indubitable  reasons,  supported  by  the 
extent  of  the  Teutonic  exports  to  Rome,  and  not  merely  linguistic  reasons.  We 
know  from  Pliny's  Natural  History  that  the  Teutons  furnished  effeminate,  imperial 
Rome  the  material  for  pillows  by  the  importation  of  geese  ;  eoque processere  deliciae 
ut  sine  hoc  instrumento  durare  jam  ne  virorum  quidem  cervices  possint.  This  suggests 
to  the  historian  of  languages  the  connection  of  the  Latin  origin  of  ^fawtt,  tfijfett,  and 
^fufyt  with  Pliny's  account ;  our  ancestors  adopted  the  Latin  designation  for  the 
articles  which  the  Romans  procured  from  Germania,  Thus  our  $ful?(  with  its 
cognates  attests  the  share  Germania  had  in  the  decline  of  Rome. 

With  Greece  the  Western  Teutons  have  had  in  historical  times — the  word  9lr$t 
does  not  prove  much — no  immediate  contact  producing  any  influence  on  the  German 
language.  It  was  really  the  Romans  who  made  known  to  the  new  conquerors  of  the 
world  the  name  of  that  nation  which  at  a  subsequent  period  was  destined  to  affect 
our  development  so  powerfully.  But  the  settlement  of  the  Goths  in  the  Balkan 
peninsula  (their  latest  descendants  were  the  Crimean  Goths,  who  died  out  about  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century)  had  such  an  influence  on  the  Western  Teutons  that 
they  have  left  traces  even  in  our  mother-tongue  ;  the  first  knowledge  of  Christianity 
spread  from  them  among  the  other  Teutons.  Our  oldest  supply  of  loan-words  bearing 
on  the  Christian  religion  belongs  to  Greek  terminology,  which  never  existed  in  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


Roman  Church  ;  the  words  birdie  and  *J5faffe,  <Sam3tag  and  spftnjtag,  we  undoubtedly 
owe  to  Greek  influence,  through  the  medium  of  the  Arian  Goths  ;  and  probably  the 
same  may  be  said  of  (Sngel  and  £eufe(,  S9ifcr)of  and  *Pftngjkn.  The  connection  between 
the  German  tribes  and  the  Goths,  which  we  think  can  be  recognised  in  other  words 
expressive  of  religious  ideas,  such  as  £cibe  and  taufcn,  lasted  till  the  7th  century  ;  the 
Alemannians  were  until  the  year  635  a.d.  under  the  dominion  of  the  Gotbs.  Orthodox 
Christianity  of  the  Middle  Ages,  which  supplanted  Arianism,  was  no  longer  in  a 
position  to  reject  entirely  the  naturalised  terminology,  and  thus  our  mother-tongue  has 
preserved  down  to  the  present  day  some  expressions  of  Gothic- Arian  Christianity. 

All  the  words  that  Romish  missionaries  introduced  into  German  also  evidently 
bear  the  stamp  of  a  later  linguistic  period.  Not  until  the  development  of  the 
peculiar  system  of  sounds  in  High  German — a  new  permutation  of  consonants 
divided  from  this  point  High  German  from  Low  German— does  the  influence  of 
Romish  Christianity  begin  to  express  itself  in  the  language.  From  the  end  of  the 
8th  century  our  mother-tongue  remained  for  more  than  two  hundred  years  in  the 
service  of  religious  literature.  It  is  the  period  in  our  history  in  which  literary 
records  appear,  and  during  that  time  High  German  was  greatly  influenced  by 
Romish  Christianity.  A  large  number  of  Latin  words  was  naturalised  among  us  ; 
for  ecclesiastical  offices  and  dignities,  for  ecclesiastical  rites  and  appurtenances,  we 
adapted  the  current  terms  consecrated  by  the  official  language  of  the  Church,  such 
as  *pricfter,  SPvobji,  2lbt,  3JJond>,  Syenite,  <Stgvijr,  Jtfiftev,  SRefiner,  2flejfe,  geicr,  fegnen,  prebtgcn, 
faficicn,  Mrbammen,  -ftreuj,  Jfelcf),  Drgcf,  SUtur,  <fcc.  The  unceasing  pliancy  of  our  language 
is  attested  by  the  fact  that  some  German  words  were  constructed  on  the  model  of 
the  Latin,  such  as  Scidjte,  from  confessio,  ©e»atter,  from  compater,  @en>iffen,  from 
conscientia.  The  Church  brought  learning  with  a  new  nomenclature  in  its  train  ; 
contemporaneously  with  the  ecclesiastical  Latin  words,  ©djirte,  fdjmben,  Xinte,  93rief, 
received  among  us  the  rights  of  citizenship. 

While  the  Old  German  vocabulary  was  enriched  by  such  materials,  there  existed 
a  store  of  words  which  is  dying  out  in  the  literary  language,  and  is  prolonging  to 
some  extent  its  semi-conscious  life  in  the  old  popular  songs.  At  the  same  time  the 
terminology  of  war  receives  a  new  impress  ;  old  words  for  '  combat,'  such  as  gund, 
hilti,  badu,  hadu,  disappear  as  independent  words,  and  leave  behind  indistinct  traces 
only  in  proper  names,  such  as  ©iintfycr  and  §ebung.  Words  such  as  mark  (see  SWdfyre), 
and  ©er,  9iecfe,  and  SEciganb  have  been  brought  down  as  archaic  terms  to  the  Middle 
High  German  period. 

With  the  rise  of  chivalry  the  old  German  terms  applied  to  war  must,  as  may  be 
imagined,  have  undergone  transformation  ;  as  it  was  French  in  its  essential  charac- 
ter, it  also  introduced  French  loan-words  among  us.  French  influence,  which  first 
made  itself  felt  in  Germany  about  the  year  1000  a.d.  (the  word  fein  is,  perhaps,  the 
earliest  loan-word  of  genuine  French  origin),  has  never  ceased  to  operate  on  our 
language.  But  it  reached  its  zenith  with  the  introduction  of  chivalry,  as  it  did  once 
again  at  the  time  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  It  is  therefore  not  to  be  wondered  at 
that  words  relating  to  war  and  the  court,  such  as  Sauje,  (Solbat,  Q3atafl,  Jfajhfl,  Xurnicr, 
Slbcnteucr,  have  been  borrowed  from  the  French  vocabulary  in  exchange,  as  it 
were,  for  the  stock  of  Teutonic  words  connected  with  war  which  passed  some 
centuries  earlier  into  French  (comp.  French  auberge,  gonfalon,  marechal,  heraut 
under  £cvberge,  $al)iic,  SWavfdjaK,  and  Revolt).  Moreover,  courtly  and  fashionable  words, 
such  as  fofteit,  licfern,  prtifen,  and  prtifen  have  also  passed  into  Germany. 


xiv  INTRODUCTION. 


When  the  linguistic  influence  of  the  West  had  reached  its  culminating  point, 
Slavonic  began  to  make  itself  felt  on  the  German  Eastern  marches.  As  it  was  due 
to  neighbourly  intercourse  among  the  border  tribes,  it  was  at  first  insignificant  and 
harmless.  But  several  words  which  came  to  light  in  this  way,  such  as  £elmftf<fe, 
©ren^e,  Jhrotmct,  $ettfd?e,  ^etfdjaft,  and  <Sdjcp$,  gradually  won  for  themselves  from  the 
13th  century  a  place  in  the  language  of  our  literature. 


These  are  in  their  main  features  the  facts  of  those  periods  of  the  history  of  the 
German  language  whose  material  has  furnished  the  essential  contents  of  the  present 
work.  In  those  periods  lie  the  beginnings  of  most  of  the  words  whose  origin 
demands  a  stricter  etymological  investigation. 


LIST  OF  ABBBEVIATIONS. 


abstr.  =  abstract, 
ace.  =  accusative 
adj.  =  adjective, 
adv.  =  adverb, 
adverb.  =  adverbial. 
Alem.  =  Alemannian. 
Amerie.  =  American. 
Arab.  =  Arabic. 
Armen.  =  Armenian. 
Armor.  =  Armorican. 
AS.  =  Anglo-Saxon. 

Bav.  =  Bavarian. 
Bohem.  =  Bohemian. 
Bret.  =  Breton. 
Burg.  =Burgundian. 

causat.  —  causative. 

Chald.  =  Chaldean. 

Chin.  =  Chinese. 

class.  =  classical. 

collect.  =  collective. 

comp.  =  compare. 

conj.  =  conjunction. 

con  jug.  =  conjugation. 

contr.  =  contracted. 

Corn.  =  Cornish. 

CrimGoth.  =  Crimean  Gothic. 

Cymr.  =  Cymric. 

Dan.  =  Danish. 

dat.  =  dative, 
declen.  =  declension, 
denom.  =  denominative, 
dial.  =  dialect,  dialectic, 
dimin.  =  diminutive. 
Dor.  =  Doric. 
Du.  =  Dutch. 

E.  =  English. 
E Aryan  =  East  Aryan. 
East  Tent.  =  East  Teutonic. 
Egypt.  =  Egyptian. 
e-qmv.  =  equivalent. 
Europ.  =  European. 

f.  =  feminine. 
Finn.  =  Finnish. 
Fr.  =  French. 


Franc.  =  Franconian. 
frequent.  =  frequentative. 
Fris.  =  Frisian. 

Gael.  =  Gaelic. 
Gall.  =  Gallic, 
gen.  =  genitive. 
Goth. = Gothic. 
Gr.  =  Greek. 

Hebr.  =  Hebrew. 
HG.  =  High  German. 
Hung.  =  Hungarian. 

Ic.  =  Icelandic 
Ind.  =  Indian, 
indeclin.  =  indeclinable, 
infin.  =  infinitive, 
inflect.  =  inflected, 
instrum.  =  instrumental, 
intens. = intensive, 
inter  j.  =  interjection, 
interr.  =  interrogative, 
in  trans.  =  intransitive. 
Ion.  =  Ionian. 
Ir.  =s  Irish. 
Ital.  =  Italian. 

Jew. = Jewish. 

Kelt.  =  Keltic. 

Lapp.  =  Lappish. 

Lat.  =  Latin. 

Lett.  =  Let  tic. 

LG.  =  Low  German. 

lit.  =  literal(ly). 

Lith.  —  Lithuanian. 

Lom  bard = Lombard  ic. 

Lower  Rhen.  =  Lower  Rhenish. 

m.  =  masculine. 
MidDu.  =  Middle  Dutch. 
MidE.  =  Middle  English. 
MidG.  =  Middle  German. 
MidGr.  =  Middle  Greek. 
MidIIG.  =  Middle  High  German. 
MidLat.  =  Middle  Latin. 
Mid LG.  =  Middle  Low  German. 
ModDu.  =  Modern  Dutch. 


xvi                               LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 

ModE.  =  Modern  English. 

prep.  =  preposition. 

ModFr.  =  Modern  French. 

pros.  =  present. 

ModGr.  =  Modern  Greek. 

pret.  =  preterite. 

ModHG.  =  Modern  High  German 

prim.  =  primary. 

ModIc.  =  Modem  Icelandic. 

primit.  =  primitive(ly). 

ModLG.  =  Modern  Low  German. 

pron.  =  pronoun. 

ModTeut.  =  Modern  Teutonic. 

pronom.  =  pronominal. 

Mongol.  =  Mongolian. 

prop.  =  properly. 
Proven.  =  Provencal. 

n.  =:  neuter. 

Pruss.  =  Prussian. 

naut.  =  nautical. 

nom.  =  nominative. 

redup.  =  reduplicated . 

Norw.  —  Norwegian. 

refl.  =  reflexive. 

num.  =  numeral. 

Rom.  =  Romance. 

Russ.  =  Russian. 

0 Aryan  =  Old  Aryan. 

OBulg.  =01d  Bulgarian. 

8. = singular. 

ODu.=  Old  Dutch. 
OFr.=  Old  French. 
OFris.  =  Old  Frisian. 
OHG.  =  01d  High  German. 
OIc.  =  Old  Icelandic. 

Sans.  =  Sanscrit. 
Sax.  =  Saxon. 
Scand.  =  Scandinavian. 
Scyth.  =  Scythian. 
Sem.  =  Semitic. 

OInd.  =  01d  Indian. 
OIr.  =  Old  Irish. 
OKelt.=  Old  Keltic. 
OLat.  =  Old  Latin. 
OLG.  =  01d  Low  German. 

Serv.  =  Servian. 
Slav.  =  Slavonic. 
Slov.  =  Slovenian 
Span.  =  Spanish, 
str.  —  stron^. 

onomat.  =  onomatopoetic. 

subst.  =  substantive. 

OPers.  =  01d  Persian. 

Suff.  = Sllffix. 

OPruss.  =  Old  Prussian. 
ord.  =  ordinal. 

super.  —  superlative. 
Swab.  =  Swabian. 

or  ig. = original  (ly). 

Swed.  =  Swedish. 

OSax.  =  Old  Saxon. 

OSlav.  =  Old  Slavonic. 

OSlov.=  Old  Slovenian. 

Teut.  =  Teutonic. 

OTeut.  =  Old  Teutonic. 

Thrac.  =  Thracian. 

trans.  =  transitive. 

partic.  =  participle, 
perf .  =  perfect. 
Pere.  =  Persian. 

Umb.  =  Umbrian. 
UpG.  =  Upper  German. 

Phcen.  =  Phoenician. 

Pied.  =  Piedmontesc. 

vb.  =  verb. 

plur. =plural. 
Pol.  =  Polish. 

voc.= vocative. 

Port.  =  Portuguese. 

W.= Welsh. 

poss.  =  possessive. 
Prak.  =  Prakrit. 

West  Sax.  =  West  Saxon. 

West  Teut.  =  West  Teutonic. 

pref .  =  prefix. 

wk.  =  weak. 

An  asterisk  (*)  signifies  that  the  form  adduced  is  only  theoretical. 


KLUGE'S 
ETYMOLOGICAL    DICTIONARY. 


tCt,  tCtd),  a  frequent  suffix  in  the  formation 
of  the  names  of  hrooks  and  rivers  (or 
rather  the  places  named  after  them)  ;  on 
the  whole,  :<\fy  (Uvaefc,  €teuiacfy,  ©aljad), 
Ototacf),  (Scfjivaqact))  is  more  UpG,  sa  more 
MidG,  and  LG.  (gnlba,  SBevra,  <Sd)n?aqa) ; 
from  OHG.  aha,  'running  water,'  Goth. 
ahwa,  '  river '  (for  details  see  2lu),  whence 
also  the  names  of  the  rivers  Sla  (Westph.), 
Di)t  (Hesse). 

Jlctl,  m.,  'eel,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  OHG.  dl,  m.,  a  term  common  to  the 
Teutonic  dialects  ;  comp.  OIc.  dll,  AS.  tie', 
E.  eel,  Du.  aal  (allied  perhaps  to  Sllaut 
i.).  No  original  affinity  to  the  equiv.  Lat. 
anguilla,  Gr.  ?7x«Xw,  U  possible,  for  the 
sounds  of  the  Teut.  words  differ  too  much 
from  it ;  even  from  *anglu-,  OHG.  al  or 
AS.  ml  could  not  he  deri  ved.  Besides,  th  ere 
is  no  hereditary  stock  of  names  of  fishes 
possessed  in  common  by  Teut.  and  Gr.  and 
Lat.  (see  gifd)). — Jlalraupe,  f., 'eel-pout' 
(also  called  Slatquappe,  see  Gitappe),  an  eel- 
.  like  fish,  originally  called  9iaupe  merely ;  in 
MidHG.  rUppe,  OHG.  rAppay  as  the  Mid 
HG.  rutte  (the  equivalent  and  parallel 
form)  indicates,  tlie  base  of  the  word  is 
probably  supplied  by  the  Lat.  ruJbita,  from 
which,  through  the  Teut.  custom  of  dis- 
placing the  accent  in  borrowed  words 
(see  Slbt),  we  get  r&beta,  and  then,  by  the 
assimilation  of  the  consonants  through 
syncope  of  the  intermediate  e,  the  forms 
mentioned  ;  names  of  fishes  borrowed  in 
OHG.  from  Lat.  rarely  occur.    See  Guayye. 

Jlcnr,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ar, 
OHG.  aro,  bl, '  eagle ' ;  a  prim.  Teut.  word, 
which  has  also  cognates  outside  the  Teut. 
group.  Comp.  Goth,  ara,  OIc.  are,  m., 
'eagle' ;  further  OIc.  qrn,  OHG,  MidHG. 
urn  (to  which  is  allied  ModHG.  Slrnolb, 
OHG.  .lra/ioft.  orig.  sense  'eagle-guardian'), 
AS.  earn,  'eagle,'  Du.  arend,  'eagle' ;  pri- 


marily cognate  with  OSlov.  orllu,  Lith, 
er&is,  '  ea^le,'  Gr.  6pvts,  '  bird,'  Corn,  and 
Bret.  er.  W.  eryr,  '  eagle.'    See  Slbler. 

Jlcts,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.,  OHG. 
and  OLG.  ds,  n.,  '  carcase,  carrion' ;  comp. 
the  equiv.  AS.  ties;  allied  to  ejfen. 

ab,  adv.,  also  a  prep,  in  older  ModHG. 
(hence  the  modern  abbanben,  lit  'from  the 
hands,'  as  well  as  Swiss  patronymics  like 
?lb  bet  glid).  Sib  bev  £alb),  'off,  away  from,' 
from  MidHG.  abe,  ab,  prep.,  'down  from, 
away  from,  off,'  adv.,  '  down,'  OHG.  aba, 
prep.,  'away  from,  down  from  here,'  adv., 
'down.'  Corresponding  to  Goth,  af  (ab), 
prep.,  'down  from  there, from'  (also  adv.), 
MidDu.  af,  ave,  OLG.  af,  equiv.  to  AS.  of, 
E.  of  j  orig.  cognate  with  Gr.  dir6,  Sans. 
dpa,  '  away  from.'  Of  course  phrases  like 
ab  ^amburo,  do  not  contain  the  OG.  prep., 
but  are  due  to  incorrect  Latinity ;  since 
the  17th  century  commercial  language  has 
adopted  Latin  expressions. 

JtbCttb,  m.,  '  evening,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  Absnt  (dbunt)  ;  OHG.  dband, 
m. ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  dband,  Du. 
avond,  AS.  tiefen,1  evening,'  whence  E.  eve  ; 
also  the  deriv.  AS.  tiefning,  E.  evening 
(comp.  morning)  ;  OIc.  aptann;  similarly 
Goth,  andanahti,  orig.  sense  'forenight,' 
and  sagqs,  lit.  •  setting.'  The  SEurop.  term 
corresponding  to  Gr.  tartpos,  Lat.  vesper,  is 
non-Tent  (comp  SQ3efl  and  2Binter).  A  verb 
abm  (ecben),  '  to  grow  dusk,'  adduced  from 
the  Swiss  dialects  to  explain  Slbcitb,  can 
be  none  other  than  a  later  derivaiive  of 
Sibenb.  Moreover,  Slbenb  (base  Sp-)  can 
scarcely  be  connected  with  ab  (base  apo), 
as  if  Slbenb  were  the  waning  period  of 
the  day.  According  to  old  Teut  notions, 
the  evening  was  regarded  rather  as  the 
beginning  of  the  following  day.  See 
(Boiutabenb  and  gufhtacfjf. 

Jlbcnfcuer,  n.,  'adventure,'  from  Mid 


Aber 


(        2        ) 


Ach 


UQ.dventiure,  f,  'occurrence,  a  marvellous, 
fortunate  event,  a  poem  on  such  a  theme, 
sources  of  the  court  poets '  ;  the  latter 
is  derived  from  Fr.  aventure  (MidLat. 
adventuw,  allied  to  MidLat  and  Horn. 
advenire,  'to  happen'). 

abet,  adv.  and  conj.,  '  hut,  however,' 
from  MidHG.  aber  (aver),  abe  (ave),  adv. 
and  conj.,  'again,  once  more,  on  the  con- 
trary, but' ;  OHG.  abur,  uvar,  adv.  and 
conj.  with  both  meanings  ;  to  this  OHG. 
avardn.  '  to  repeat,'  ModHG.  (UpG.)  afern 
is  allied.  Comp.  Goth,  afar,  prep., '  after,' 
adv.,  ' afterwards,'  OIc.  afar,  'very,'  in 
compounds ;  the  word  does  not  occur 
in  Sax.  dialects,  but  its  deriv.  OSax. 
abaro,  AS.  eafora,  'descendant'  (comp. 
Goth,  afar,  'afterwards'),  exists.  It  is 
probably  related  to  ab  and  its  cognates  ; 
comp.  further  Sans,  dpara,  '  the  later,' 
apardm,  adv.,  'latterly,  in  future,'  apart, 
'future.' 

aber,  &ber,  adj.  (UpG),  dfer  (Franc), 
'free  from  snow,  laid  bare';  from  the 
prim,  form  *dbar,  dbiri  (dfiri) ;  orig.  cognate 
with  Lat.  aprieus,  '  sunny.' 

^Iberglcmbe,  m.,  'superstition,'  first 
occurs  in  early  ModHG.  (15th  cent.) ; 
since  Luther  it  has  made  its  way  into 
ModHG.  ;  orig.  a  LG.  word  (comp.  Sflbebar, 
2>emut),  as  the  vowel-sounds  indicate.  LG. 
aber,  for  over,  ober,  points  to  OLG.  *otar- 
giltibo (Du.  overgeloof),  'superstition,'  which 
is  formed  after  the  model  of  Lat.  superstitio; 
comp.  Dan.  overtro,  Sw.  ofvertro,  but  also 
in  MidLG.  btgeldve,  Du.  bijgeloof. 

(thermal,  adv.,  first  occurs  in  ModHG, 
for  the  equiv.  MidHG.  aber,  'again,  once 
more,'  formed  with  the  suffix  mat 

Jlberrauf  e,  f., '  southern-wood,'  a  cor- 
ruption of  Lat-Gr.  abrotonum  (Fr.  aurone), 
due  to  its  supposed  connection  with  (Jtaute ; 
see  also  (Sbtifc. 

JlbcrttJtfj,  m.,  'false  wit,  craziness,' 
from  MidHG.  aberwitze,  abewitze,  '  want  of 
understanding,'  from  MidHG.  abe,  '  away 
from,'  as  in  MidHG.  abegunst,  '  envy, 
jealousy.' 

abgcfcimf,  see  %tim. 

^Ibgoff,  m.,  'idol,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG«  abgot,  n.,  '  idoi,  idolatrous  image' ; 
note  the  retention  of  the  older  gender 
of  ©ctt  as  late  as  MidHG. ;  comp.  Goth. 
afgups,  'godless'  (antithesis  to  gaguj>s, 
1  pious ')  ;  hence  ?ll\jett  is  properly  '  false 
god ' ;  see  Jlbetwifc. 

Jlbgrurto,  m.,  '  abyss,  precipice,'  from 


MidHG.  abgrunt,  m.,  most  frequently  ub- 
griinde,  n.,  OHG.  abgrunti,  n.,  'abyss,'  pro- 
perly '  declivity ' ;  comp.  Goth,  afgrundipa, 
j.,  '  abyss.' 

ablctrtft,  adj., '  oblong,  oval,'  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.,  formed  on  the  model  of  Lat. 
oblongus. 

Jlblafi,  m.,  '  sluice,  remission,'  from 
MidHG.  abld},  m.,  OHG.  dbld$,  n.,  'in- 
dulgence, remission,  pardon ' ;  comp.  Goth. 
dfUts,  m.,  '  remission,  pardon.'  allied  to 
af-letan, ' to  remit,  pardon,'  OHG.  ob-ldftan. 

abxnurk  fen,  see  meiufyln. 

Jlbfeife,  f.,  '  wing,  aisle,'  from  MidHG. 
apsite,  f.,  '  the  domed  recess  of  a  church,'  a 
corruption  of  MidLat.  and  OHG.  absida 
(Gr.  dv/'/s),  '  vault,'  due  to  its  supposed  con- 
nection with  site,  '  side.' 

abfpenfllQ,  adj.,  'alienated,  disaffected,' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  from  OHG.  spen- 
sttg,  'seductive,'  allied  to  OHG.  spanst, 
'  allurement ' ;  see  under  ©efpenfl  and  ttnbm 
fpettjtifl. 

Jlbf,  m.,  'abbot,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  apt,  abbet,  abbdt,  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
abb&t,m.;  comp.  Du.  abt,A&.  abbod(w\ih  an 
abnormal  d),  and  less  frequently  abbot,  E. 
abbot.  Borrowed  with  a  change  of  accent 
in  OHG.  from  MidLat.  abbdt-  (nom.  sing. 
abbas), '  abbot' ;  coin  p.  Ital.  abdte,  Fr.  abM, 
Olr.  ahb,  ace.  abbaith.  It  will  be  seen 
under  Jtreuj  that  in  words  borrowed  from 
Lat  the  stem  of  the  oblique  cases  as  well 
as  the  noinin.  often  forms  the  base  ;  with 
regard  to  the  ecclesiastical  terms  borrowed 
in  OHG.  comp.  among  others  SRcucfy,  91onnc, 
$avft,  $riejhr,  $robft. 

jlbfet,  f.,  'abbey,'  from  MidHG.  aptei, 
abbeteie,  OHG.  abbateia,  f.,  'abbey'  (for 
*abbeiaX),  formed  from  MidLat.  abbatia, 
under  the  influence  of  OFr.  abbaie,  and 
based  upon  abbdt. 

abfrttttttig,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  abetriinnec  (ahetriinne),  OHG.  aba- 
irunntg,  adj.,  '  recreant ' ;  orig.  sense,  '  he 
who  separates  himself  from,'  for  trennen 
contains  the  same  stem.  Comp.  also  OHG. 
anttrunno,  'fugitive,'  MidHG.  triinne,  'a 
detached  troop.' 

,Jlb3Ucbt,  f.,  'drain,  sewer,'  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.,  germanised  from  Lat.  aquae- 
ductus  (whence  also  Swiss  Slften, ' conduits'). 
See  Slnfcaudjf. 

ad),  interj.,  'ah  !  alas  !'  from  MidHG. 
ach,  OHG.  ah;  to  this  is  allied  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  9ld),  ah,  n.,  '  woe,'  and  its 
deriv.,  which  first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  dcfcjnt, 


Ach 


(    3    ) 


Ade 


orig.  sense,  '  to  utter  Slcfy '  (formed  like 
ifyrjen,  butjen). 

Jldjcti,  m.,  '  agate,'  from  MidHG.  achdt, 
achdtes,  equiv.  to  Gr-Lat.  achates. 

Jld)c,  Rhen.  for  JJladjeit. 

Jld)ef,  see  &f>re. 

ttdjcltt,  Jew., '  to  eat,'  from  Heb.  &khdl, 
*  to  eat.' 

Jldjfe,  f.,  'axle,  axis,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ahse,  OHG.  ahsa,  f. ;  comp.  Du. 
as,  AS.  tax,  f.,  E.  axle  (even  in  MidE. 
eaxel-tree  occurs,  E.  axle-tree),  with  de- 
riv.  /,  like  OIc.  o'xull,  m.,  'axle';  Goth, 
*ahsa,  or  rather  *ahauls,  is,  by  chance,  not 
recorded.  The  stem  ahsd-,  common  to 
the  Teut.  languages,  from  pre-Teut.  aksd, 
is  widely  diffused  among  the  Aryan 
tongues  ;  it  is  primitively  related  to  Sans. 
dl:Sa,  in.,  Gr.  &Zuv,  Lat.  axis,  OSlov.  ost, 
Lith.  aszis,  'axle';  the  supposition  that 
the  Teut.  cognates  were  borrowed  is  quite 
unfounded  ;  comp.  9kb.  The  orig.  sense 
of  Aryan  alcso-  remains  obscure  ;  with  the 
root  ag,  'to  drive,'  some  have  connected 
Lat.  ago,  Gr.  &yu.   See  the  following  word. 

.Jlcfyfel,  f.,  'shoulder,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ahsel,  OHG.  ahsala,  f.  ;  comp. 
AS.  eaxl,  OIc.  qxl,  f.,  'shoulder';  Goth. 
*ahsla,  {.,  is  wanting.  It  is  probable  that 
the  Teut.  word  is  connected  with  the  O. 
Aryan  Slcbje ;  Lat.  axilla  (Olr.  oxal), 
'arm-pit,'  and  dla,  'arm-pit,  wing,'  are 
also  cognate  with  it.  In  OTeut.,  Goth. 
*ahsla  (Aryan  *aksld)  has  a  still  wider 
family,  since  forms  with  Teut.  6,  Aryan  d 
in  the  stem  belong  to  it;  comp.  AS.  6xn,  6cu- 
sla, '  arm-pit,'  and  OHG.  tiohsana,  MidHG. 
iiehse,  uohse,  f.,  'arm-pit,'Du.  oksel,'  shoulder.' 

ctdjt,  num.,  'eight,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ahte,  OHG.  ahto,  common  to  the 
Teut.  and  also  to  the  Aryan  groups.  Comp. 
Goth,  ahtau,  AS.  eahta,  E.  eight,  Du.  acht, 
OSax.  ahto  ;  further,  Sans.  aStdu,  Gr.  <J*cti6, 
Lat.  octo,  Olr.  ocht,  Lith.  asztunl,  prim. 
Aryan  okt6,  or  rather  okt6u,  '  eight'  Re- 
specting acfyt  $age  see  the  historical  note 
under  iflacfyr. 

$d)f ,  f., '  outlawry,  ban,'  from  MidHG. 
dhte,  ahte,  f.,  'pursuit,  proscription,  out- 
lawry, ban ' ;  OHG.  dhta  (AS.  6ht),  f.,  '  hos- 
tile pursuit.'  Goth.  *dhtjan.  •  to  pursue,' 
is  wanting.  Comp.  OSax.  dhttan,  AS.  ihtan 
(from  anhtjari), '  to  pursue.'  Teut  *aflhtian, 
■  to  pursue,'  and  *a»ht6,  '  pursuit,'  seem  to 
be  based  on  a  non-dental  root,  which  is 
perhaps  connected  with  the  cognates  of 
tng  (Aryan  root  angh). 


arf)tcn,  vb., '  to  have  regard  to,  esteem, 
value,'  from  MidHG.  ahten,  OHG.  aht6», 
'  to  heed,  ponder,  take  care ' ;  allied  to 
MidHG.  ahte,  OHG.  ahta,  f.,  '  heed,  paying 
attention.'  Comp.  Du.  achten,  AS.eahtian, 
'to  ponder';  also  with  deriv.  I,  OIc.  oztla 
(Goth..  *ahtil6n),  'to  suppose,  think.'  It 
is  based  upon  a  Teut.  root  ah,  '  to  sup- 
pose, think ' ;  comp.  Goth,  aha,  '  under- 
standing,' ahjan, '  to  believe,'  ahma, '  spirit' 
The  Aryan  root  ak  is  widely  diffused,  yet 
no  other  language  coincides  with  the  signi- 
fication of  the  Teut.  cognates. 

cufytev,  LowG.  for  after. 

$djfertt>afTer,  'back-water.'  See  under 
Sifter. 

cidjaett,  vb.,  see  ad). 

.Jlcuer,  m.,  'field,  arable  land,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  acker,  OHG.  accliar 
(ahhar),  m. ;  a  common  Teut.  and  OAryan 
word  corresponding  to  Goth,  akrs,  m.,  AS. 
ozcer,  E.  acre  (aker),  Du.  akker,  OSax.  ukkar. 
Teut.  *akra-z,  m.,  from  pre-Teut.  agro-s ; 
comp.  Sans,  djra-s,  m.,  '  pasture-ground, 
plain,  common,'  Gr.  &yp6s,  Lat.  ager  (stem 
a9r°-)>  '  field.'  It  is  certainly  connected 
with  the  Ind.  root  aj,  'to  drive'  (comp. 
Xrijt,  allied  to  tretben),  Lat.  ago,  Gr.  &yu, 
to  which  in  OIc.  aka,  'to  drive,'  was 
allied.  "  Thus  djra-  signifies  in  the  widest 
sense  '  field  and  common,'  orig.  as  '  pasture- 
land,'  the  greatest  part  of  which,  when 
tillage  supplanted  the  rearing  of  cattle, 
was  used  for  crops."  The  transition  in 
meaning  was,  probably,  completed  on 
the  migration  of  the  Western  Aryans  to 
Europe  ;  moreover,  the  root  ar, '  to  plough, 
till,'  is  West  Aryan  ;  comp.  Gr.  ip6w,  Lat. 
arare,  Goth,  arjan,  OHG.  erian,  OBulg. 
orati,  '  to  plough.'     See  Slrt. 

Jlbcbctf,  m.  (Holland,  ooijevaar),  a  Low 
G.  name  for  the  stork,  MidLG.  odevare, 
MidHG.  odebar,  OHG.  odobero  (in  Old  Ger. 
times  the  term  was,  moreover,  prevalent  in 
Germany).  No  certain  explanation  of  the 
word  can  be  given  ;  it  is  most  frequently 
interpreted  as  '  bringer  of  children,  of  good 
luck' (comp.  9l(lob).  Respecting  the  LG. 
vowel-sounds  see  9lbervjlaube. 

Jloel,  ni.,  '  nobility,' from  MidHG.  adel, 
in.,  n.,  '  lineage,  noble  lineage,  noble  rank, 
perfection,'  OHG.  adal,  n.  (and  edili,  n.), 
'  lineage,  esp.  noble  lineage ' ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  atSali,  n.,  'body  of  nobles, 
notables,  nobility,'  Du.  adel,  AS.  atSelu, 
n.  plur.,  '  noble  birth,'  OIc.  atSal,  '  disposi- 
tion, talent,  lineage.'    In  Goth,  the  stem 


Ade 


(    4    ) 


Ahn 


<tji  (by  gradation  6}>)  is  wanting  ;  to  it 
belong  OHO.  ttodil,  n., '  patrimony,  home ' 
(ModHG.  Wti^.from  OHO.  UodulrMi  or 
Ublanb,  from  Uodal-lant),  OSax.  ffiil,  AS. 
itiel,  m.,  'patrimony,  home.'  Hence  the 
fundamental  idea  of  the  Teut.  root  ap,  hy 
gradation  6}>  (from  Aryan  &ty,  seems  to  he 
'  by  transmission,  inheritance.'  The  aris- 
tocratic tinge  evinced  by  the  WestTeut 
cognates  is  not  remarkable  when  we  con- 
sider the  early  period  ;  only  the  patrician 
had  a  'family' ;  genealogies  of  nobles  (in 
old  documents)  reach  back  to  the  OTeut. 
period  ;  the  names  beginning  with  Slbct  are 
primitive,  SllfonS,  influenced  by  Bom.  from 
OHQ.  Adalfuns,  Adalheid,  Adalberaht, 
Slbolf,  from  Atha-ulf;  also  the  deriv.  OHG. 
Adalung.    See  too  SlHcr,  ebcl. 

Jlber,  f.,  'vein,'  from  MidHG.  dder, 
OHG.  Mara,  f.,  '  vein,  sinew,'  correspond- 
ing to  MidLG.  ader,  '  vein,  sinew,'  Du.  ader, 
AS.  ckdre,  f.,  'vein '  (rarely  &Sr),  OSw.  apra, 
ModSw.  ddra;  also  without  the  deriv.  r, 
OIc.  ctiSr  (the  r  is  simply  a  nomin.  suffix), 
f.,  '  vein  ; '  the  Goth,  cognate  ip  is  not 
found.  The  pre-Tent.  it-  has  been  con- 
nected with  Gr.  1/Top,  'heart,'  fjrpov,  'abdo- 
men,' and  here  it  must  be  recollected  that 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  dder  in  the  plur.  may 
signify  '  bowels.' 

Jlofor,  m., '  eagle,'  from  MidHG.  adel-ar 
(also  adel-arn),  m. ;  prop,  a  compound, 
'noble  bird  of  prey.'  It  is  noteworthy 
that  2lat  in  ModHG.  is  the  nobler  term, 
while  Slblcr  serves  as  the  name  for  the 
species  without  any  consciousness  of  its 
origin  from  3lDcl  and  Slar.  OHG.  *adal-aro 
appears  by  chance  not  to  be  recorded. 
Corresponds  to  Du.  adelaar  (besides  arevd). 

afcrtt,  vb.,  '  to  repeat,'  an  UpG.  word  ; 
MidHG.  atferen,  OHG.  afardn.  See  under 
obcr. 

jt*ff,  suffix  used  to  form  names  of  rivers 
(Criajf,  OHG.  Eril-affa,  gftaff,  OHG.  Asc- 
affa),  and  of  places  (esp.  in  Franc,  and 
Hess.,  comp.  J&oneff),  allied  to  which  -ep,  p 
(also  Westpli.),  occurs  as  an  unchanged 
LG.  form,  e.g.  in  8eimc|».  The  base  *apa 
is  Kelt,  (equiv.  to  Lat.  aqua,  '  water,'  Goth. 
ahtra,  'river'). 

,Jlffc,  m.,  'ape,  monkev,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  affe,  OHG.  affo,  m. ;  also  in  OHG. 
the  feminine  forms  affa,  affin,  affinna, 
'  female  ape.'  A  word  common  to  the 
Teut.  group,  unrecorded  by  chance  in  Goth, 
alone,  in  which,  by  inference  from  OIc. 
ape,  AS,  apa,  E.  ape  (whence  Ir.  and  Gael. 


apa),  Du.  anp,  the  form  must  have  been 
*apa.  Facts  and  not  linguistic  reasons  lead 
to  the  conclusion  that  a/xin-  is  a  primitive 
loanword  with  which  OBuss.  opica,  OBoh. 
opice,  is  connected,  and  through  commer- 
cial intercourse  reached  the  Teutons  by 
some  unknown  route.  On  account  of  the 
assonance  it  is  very  often  referred,  without 
sufficient  reason,  to  Sans,  kapi  (Gr.  kjJtoj), 
'ape' ;  at  all  events,  it  is  certain  that  no 
word  for  Sljfe  common  to  the  Aryan,  or 
even  to  the  West  Aryan,  group  does  exist. 

JlffoHer,  m.,  'apple-tree.'     See  9lpfd. 

Jljff ev,  m.,  '  buttocks,  backside,'  from 
MidHG.  after,  OHG.  aftaro,  m.,  'funda- 
ment, anus';  lit.  'the  back  part,'  from 
MidHG.  after,  OHG.  aftar,  adj.,  'behind, 
following' ;  akin  to  Goth,  aftana, '  from  be- 
hind,' A  S.  after,  E.  after  ( LG.and  Du.  achter), 
Goth,  aftra,  '  back,  again.'  It  is  certainly 
allied  to  Goth,  afar,  'behind,'  and  the  cog- 
nates discussed  under  afccr. — Sifter;  in  com- 
pounds is  lit.  '  after,'  whence  the  idea  of 
'counterfeit,  baseness';  comp.  MidHG. 
aftersprdche,  'slander,  backbiting,'  after- 
wo>t,  'calumny';  the  older  meaning, 
'  after,  behind,'  is  preserved  in  ModHG. 
?lftermtete,  smufe,  met.  Note  too  Suab. 
(even  in  the  MidHG.  period)  aftermoiitag 
for  '  Tuesday.' 

Jlftlci,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  agleie, 
OHG.  ageleia,  f.,  '  columbine,'  which  is  de- 
rived from  Lat.  aquilegia,  whence  too  the 
equiv.  Fr.  ancolie,  Du.  akelei. 

Jll)Ie,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  die, 
OHG.  dla,  f.,  'cobbler's  awl.'  To  this 
is  allied  the  equiv.  OHG.  deriv.  dlvmsa, 
dlansa,  f.  (with  the  same  suffix  as  <Senj>)  ; 
prop,  alesna  (Swiss  alesne,  alsne),  whence 
the  Bom.  cognates — Span,  alesna,  Ital. 
lesina,  Fr.  aline,  'awl,'  are  borrowed  ; 
comp.  Du.  (Is,  'awl'  (from  *alisna),  AS. 
chl  (in  the  Orkneys  alison),  OIc.  air, '  awl.' 
The  consonance  with  Sans,  aid,  f.,  'punch, 
awl,'  points  to  an  O Aryan  word  ;  there 
existed  also  a  widely  ramified  Aryan  root 
to  designate  articles  of  leather.  See  Sauiu 
and  ©aide. 

affmen,  vb.,  in  nad)u^mett,  which  is 
wanting  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ;  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  dtnen,  '  to  measure  a  cask, 
gauge,'  figuratively  '  to  estimate,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  MidLG.  dme, '  ohm '  (cusk  =  about 
40  trails.).     See  Cljm. 

Jlrjn,  m.,  'grandfather,  ancestor,'  from 
MidHG.  ane  (collateral  modified  form  ene), 
OHG.  ano,  m.,  'grandfather' ;  akin  to  the 


Aim 


(    5    ) 


Ala 


Alem.  dimin.  &fjni, '  grandfather.'  Further 
ModHG.  ?U)tte,  MidHG.  ane,  OHG.  ana,  f., 
'  grandmother.'  To  these  are  allied  Mod 
HG.  Urafytt,  MidHG.  urane,  urene,  OHG. 
*urano,  m.,  great-grandfather';  in  OHG. 
alt-ano,  altar-ano  (for  the  force  of  ur*  in 
Uratyne  see  vx-).  The  class  is  peculiar  to 
G.,  being  foreign  to  the  remaining  Teut. 
dialects  ;  comp.  also  (Snfel — really  a  dimin. 
form — which  belongs  to  it.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  Lat.  anus,  *  old  woman,'  is  a 
primit.  cognate.  Perhaps  the  Teut.  mas- 
culine name  OHG.  Anelo  (AS.  Onela,  OIc. 
Ale)  is  allied  to  it. 

afjnoen,  vb., '  to  punish,'  from  MidHG. 
anden,  OHG.  antdn,  anaddn,  'to  punish, 
censure,'  allied  to  OHG.  anto,  anado,  m , '  in- 
sult, embittered  feeling,  anger.'  It  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  ando, '  exasperation,  anger,' 
AS.  anda,  onejxi,  '  zeal,  vexation,  hatred,' 
whence  andian,  '  to  be  angry ' ;  moreover, 
Goth,  preserves  in  uz-anan,  'to  die,'  the 
root  an,  '  to  breathe,  respire,  snort,'  which 
appears  in  these  words.  Comp.  OIc.  ande, 
m.,  'breath,  spirit,'  qnd,  f»,  'breath,  soul' ; 
and  also  AS.  iSian,  '  to  breathe'  (implying 
Goth.  *anj)j6n),  AS.  orup,  '  breath'  (Goth. 
*uzanj?),  orpian,  '  to  breathe,'  OIc.  $rendi, 
'  breathlessness.'  The  root  an,  preserved 
in  all  the  cognates,  is  OAryan,  and  means 
'  to  breathe ' ;  comp.  Lat.  animus,  anima, 
Gr.  &v€/j.os,  connected  with  the  Aryan  root 
an,  'to  breathe,  respire.'— af;ufcen,  vb.,  'to 
forebode ' ;  see  afynen. 

Jlf>ttC,  f., '  boon '  (of  flax  or  hemp),  from 
MidHG.  dne,  older  ayene,  f., '  chaff' ;  OHG. 
or/ana,  f., '  chalf ; '  also  AS. *agon,  agne,Mid 
E.  awene,  E.  awns,  Goth,  ahava,  Olc.  qgn, 
'  chaff.'  In  these  cognates  two  really  dif- 
ferent roots  seem  to  have  been  blended  in 
various  ways  ;  the  meaning  'chaff'  would 
be  applicable  to  the  one,  just  as  the  exact 
Gr.  correspondent  &xvV,  '  chaff,  foam '  (of 
the  sea),  likewise  points  to  Aryan  aghnd 
(comp.  besides  Gr.  &xvP0V,  '  chalf ').  The 
other  is  perhaps  lit.  'prickle,  awn,'  and 
belongs  to  the  root  ali  (Aryan  ak) ;  see 

af)ttett,  vb.,  '  to  forebode,  suspect,'  from 
MidHG.  anen, '  to  foresee,  forebode,'  foreign 
to  the  older  period  and  to  the  rest  of  the 
Teut.  dialects  ;  it  has  been  connected  with 
the  OAryan  root  an,  '  to  breathe,  respire,' 
60  that  it  may  be  a  primit.  cognate  of  al)tt- 
beit,  under  the  influence  of  which  it  also 
appears  in  ModHG.  as  aljufcen.  It  is  better, 
however,  to  regard  it  as  a  derivative  of 


the  prep,  an;  allien,  lit.  'to  befall,  seize, 
attack'  (properly  said  of  ghosts  or  visions). 

ttf)ttitd),  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
dneltch,  OHG.  dnagilih  (*dnallh),  adj., 
'  similar.'  It  corresponds  to  Goth,  dnaleikd, 
adv.,  '  similarly ' ;  from  the  OTeut.  (Goth.) 
prep,  ana  (see  an)  and  the  suffix  lid) ;  see 
gleic& 

$Ijoro,  m..  'maple,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  dhorn,  m.,  the  d  of  which 
is  inferred  from  the  Swiss  dial. ;  comp.  Du. 
ahorn.  It  is  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  deer,  n., 
'maple'  (Gr.  &kcl<ttos)  and  Gr.  dKara\Ut 
'  j  uniper  berry.'  The  G.  word,  at  all  events, 
cannot  be  regarded  as  borrowed  from  Lat. 
Foranother  old  name  see  under  SWapljclbcr. 

Jlf)rc,  f.,  '  ear '  (of  com),  from  the  plur. 
of  MidHG.  eher,  OHG.  elrir,  aldr,  n.,  '  ear ' 
(of  corn) ;  corresponds  to  Du.  aar,  AS.  ear 
(from  *eahor),  E.  ear.  As  the  derivative  r 
standsforan  older  s, Goth. ahs,n.  (gen.  alisis) 
and  OIc.  ax  (also  S\v.  and  Dan.),  'ear' 
(of  corn),  are  identical  with  it ;  so,  too, 
OHG.  ah,  '  ear '  (of  corn).  Comp.  besides 
OHG.  ahii,  ModHG.  9ld?ct,  '  prickle,  spike  ' 
(of  corn),  (with  regard  to  the  ch,  comp.  Bav. 
ddjer,  '  ear  of  com,'  AS.  and  Northumb. 
cehher),  AS.  egle,  'spikes'  (of  corn),  E. 
ails,  eils  '  beard  of  wheat  or  barley,'  LG.  (in 
Brockes)  (Site,  'spike  '(of  corn),  Goth.  *agij>1 
Comp.  also  Slfyne.  The  Teut.  root  ah,  which 
consequently,  specially  means  '  spike,  ear' 
(of  corn),  agrees  with  Lat.  acus  (gen.  aceris), 
n., '  corn-prickle.'  It  may  be  said  generally 
that  a  root,  ah,  with  the  primary  meaning 
'  pointed,'  is  very  widely  developed  in  the 
Ayran  group  ;  comp.  Gr.  Akwos,  '  a  kind 
of  thistle,'  &Kaiva,  '<;oad,'  &kuv,  'javelin,' 
Aicpos,  '  at  the  point,'  Lat.  acus,  aculeus,  acies 
(see  <Sd(). 

Jlfyrcn,  m.,  '  vestibule '  (dial.),  from 
MidHG.  gro,  m.,  '  floor,  threshing-floor,' 
also '  ground,  bottom,'  OHG.  erin,  m.  (Goth. 
*arins),  to  which  OIc.  arenn,  m., '  hearth,' 
corresponds.  Further,  OHG.  Sro,  OIc. 
jqrve, '  earth,'  as  well  as  Lat.  area,  '  court- 
yard, threshing-floor,'  Lat.  arvum,  'plain, 
cornfield,'  and  Gr.  tpafc,  'to  the  ground,' 
may  be  cognate. 

aid)cn,  see  cid)cn. 

Jlfttct,  see  8lgWi. 

JUabctffor,  m.,  'alabaster,'  from  Mid 
HG.  alabaster  (Goth,  alabastraun),  from 
Lat-Gr.  alubastrum. 

JUcmt  (1.),  m.,  '  chub*  (a  fish),  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  alant,  OHG.  alant,  alnnt, 
m.,  corresponds  to  OSax.  alund;  allied  la 


Ala 


(    6    ) 


Aim 


01c.  Slunn,  'a  fish';  of  obscure  origin, 
perhaps  akin  to  Slal. 

JManf  (2.),  m.,  'elecampane '  (a  plant), 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  alant,  OHG.  alant, 
m.  ;  of  obscure  origin  ;  it  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  connected  with  the  equiv. 
Span,  and  Port.  ala. 

JUarm,  m., '  alat•m,,  first  occurs  in  Mod 
HG.,  like  E.  alarm,  from  the  equiv.  Fr. 
alarme ;  the  latter  is  derived  from  Ital. 
allarme,  prop.,  all'  arme,  '  to  arms.'  See 
Siarm. 

JUmm,  m., '  alum,'  from  MidHG.  alun, 
m.,  '  alum,'  from  the  equiv.  Lat.  alumen, 
whence  also  Lith.  alunas,  Eng.  and  Fr. 
alun,  E.  alum  (AS.  celifne,  also  efne). 

Jllbc  (1.),  f.,  '  alb.'  from  MidHG.  albe, 
OHG.  alba,  f.,  '  a  white  vestment  used  at 
mass,'  formed  from  the  equiv.  EcclLat. 
alba  (E.  alb). 

Jllbc  (2.),  f.,  '  bleak,  whitebait,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  albel,  m.,  formed  from 
the  Lat.  albula,  whence  also  Fr.  able. 

JUbeere,  SUbeftna,,  LG.  'black  currant,' 
even  in  MidLG.  albere ;  al-  is  generally 
connected  with  9llant  (2).  Corresponding 
to  Du.  aalbes,  aalbezie. 

^Uber,  f., '  white  poplar,'  from  MidHG. 
alber,  OHG.  albdri,  m.,  'poplar';  prob. 
borrowed  from  Rom. ;  comp.  Ital.  albaro, 
which  is  connected  either  with  Lat.  albus 
or  with  Lat  arbor;  OHG.  arbar,  'poplar,' 
occurs  once. 

albem,  adj., '  silly,  foolish,'  earlier  Mod 
HG.  a/ber,  from  MidHG.  dlwasre,  '  simple, 
silly,'  OHG.  dlaiodri, '  kind,  friendly,  well- 
disposed'  (with  an  interesting  change  of 
meaning  from  OHG.  to  MidHG).  The 
OHG.  adj.  signifies  also  '  truly,  quite  true ' ; 
so  Goth,  wers,  '  true,'  also  means  '  friendly ' 
by  inference  from  un-wirjan,  '  to  be  un- 
willing, displeased '  (comp.  too  OHG.  miti- 
wdriy '  friendly ').  See  todfyt  and  all.  More- 
over, albem  has  not  the  present  meanings 
in  the  UpG.  dialects ;  Luther  introduced 
it  from  MidG.  into  the  written  language. 

JMdjimic,  f.,  '  alchemy,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  alcliemie,  f.,  which  is  derived  from  the 
equiv.  Rom.  cognates — Ital.  alchimia,  Fr. 
alchimie — the  origin  of  which  from  Arab. 
al-kimtd  and  the  earlier  Gr.  xiyt6j,  'juice,'  is 
undoubted.  A  I-  as  the  Arab,  article  is  still 
seen  in  Sllfali,  Sllforan,  SUfabe,  Sllljarabra, 
SUfobot,  SUaebra.     See  9Ufo»en. 

JMfana'errf,  f-, '  foolery,'  from  MidHG. 
ale-vanz,  m.,  '  trick,  roguery,  deceit' ;  con- 
nected with  OHG.  giana-venzon, '  to  mock ' 


(ihe  al-  of  MidHG.  as  in  albem  ?),  also  gir- 
lefanj  and  gant. 

JU&ouen,  m.,  '  bedchamber,  alcove.' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.  from  Fr.  alcdre 
(comp.  also  E.  alcove),  which  with  its  Rom. 
cognates  is  based  upon  Arab,  al-qobbak, 
1  vault,  tent' ;  comp.  Sldumie,  also  SUtyambva, 
Sllforan. 

all,  adj., '  all,  whole,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  oi(infl.  gen.  alien),  adj.,  'entire, each, 
every  one ' ;  a  word  common  to  the  Teut. 
group  ;  it  corresponds  to  Goth,  alls,  OIc. 
allr,  AS.  eall,  E.  all,  Du.  al,  OSax.  <d,  with 
the  same  meanings.  There  is  also  anOTeut. 
form  ala-  in  compounds  and  derivatives  ; 
comp.  OHG.  and  OSax.  alung,  MidHG. 
aleitc,  *  entire,  complete,'  Goth,  alamans, 
plur.,  'everybody,'  OHG.  ala-wdr,  'quite 
true'  (see  albem),  alaniuwi,  'quite  new.' 
Probably  Goth,  alia-  as  a  participial  form 
is  based  upon  an  older  al-na-  (comp.  voll, 
SBofle),  since  ala-  shows  that  the  root  was 
al  or  rather  ol.  Whether  Goth,  alan,  '  to 
grow  up '  (see  alt),  is  a  cognate,  remains 
uncertain  ;  in  any  case,  the  Kelt,  words, 
Olr.  uile,  ule, '  entire,  each,  all '  (base  olio-), 
and  AV.  oil,  '  entire,'  are  rightly  compared 
with  it,  while  Gr.  flXoi,  on  account  of  Sans. 
sdrvas  (from  Aryan  solvo-s), '  entire,  each,' 
must  be  kept  apart. — ttllein,  adj.,  *  soli- 
tary, sole,'  from  MidHG.  aUein,  al-eine, 
like  MidE.  al-one,  E.  alone.— ctllmahlicf). 
atlm&liQ,  adj  ,  *  gradual,'  earlier  allmdcr/- 
lidj  and  al(gemad),  from  MidHG.  almech- 
lich, '  slow ' ;  the  later  form  allmdlig  is  based 
upon  9JJal,  '  time,'  but  the  MidHG.  form 
upon  gemaeh. — JUltttcnbe,  f.  (Alem.), 
'  common  land,'  from  MidHG.  almtnde,  f., 
'  common ' ;  on  account  of  the  MidHG. 
spelling  almeinde  and  algemeine,  the  deri- 
vation from  gemeine  is  probable  (OHG. 
*alagimeinida).  The  derivation  from  an 
assumed  OHG.  alagimannida,  '  commu- 
nity,' must  be  rejected,  as  such  a  form 
could  never  have  existed. — Jiilob,  n., 
'allodial  estate,  freehold,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG.,  adopted  from  Mid  Lat.  allodium, 
which  is  the  latinised  form  for  the  OG.  and 
OFranc.  alddis,  OHG.  al-6d,  'entire  pro- 
perty or  possession,  free  property ' ;  comp. 
OSax.  da,  AS.  edd,  'estate,  possession,' 
OHG.  6tag,  *  wealthy.'  To  this  the  Teut. 
proper  name  Odoardo,  Edward,  is  allied. 

^FU m ,  f.,  '  mountain  pasture,'  equiv.  to 
mpt. 

JUtttanad),  m., '  almanac,'  first  appears 
in  early  ModHG.,  from  Fr.  almanack,  which 


Aim 


(    7    ) 


Amb 


with  its  Eom.  cognates  is  said  to  have  come 
from  Arab,  through  Span.,  like  other  words 
beginning  with  9U*  (see  SUdjtmie,  9Ufo»en). 
But  as  the  Arab,  word  fur  calendar  is  cer- 
tainly not  SKmanadj,  but  taqulm  (Milan. 
taccuino),  the  derivation  from  Gr.-Egyp. 
&\(ievixiaK(L,  'calendar'  (found  in  the  Eccl. 
Hist,  of  Eusebius),  is  much  more  likely  to 
be  correct. 

JUtttofen,  n.,  'alms,  charity,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  almuosan,  OHG.  alamuo- 
stin-y  alamdsan,  n. ;  corresponds  to  Du.  aaU 
moes,  AS.  celmesse,  E.  alms,  OIc.  olmusa,  f., 
'  alms.'  The  derivation  from  Lat.-Gr.  i\efj- 
HoatiPT),  'sympathy,  compassion,  alms,'  is 
incontestable  ;  as  the  OHG.  collateral  form 
elemosyna,  elimosina  indicates,  the  Lat.-Gr. 
origin  was  as  firmly  accepted  in  the  OHG. 
period  as  the  derivation  of  OHG.  chirihha, 
'church,'  from  KvpiaKdv.  Yet  the  question 
remains  how  the  ecclesiastical  word  found 
its  way  so  early  into  the  Teut.  languages, 
so  as  to  become  a  common  possession  of 
the  MidEurop.and  Northern  Teutons.  The 
absence  of  a  corresponding  Goth,  word 
is  explained  by  the  fact  that  we  obtained 
the  word  from  the  Rom.  nations,  as  the 
congruent  phonetic  form  proves  :  common 
Rom.  alimosna,  in  accordance  with  Fr. 
aumdne,  OFr.  almosne,  Prov.  almosna,  Ital. 
limosinaj  allied  also  to  Olr.  alrnsan,  OSlov. 
almuSino,  Lith.  jalmuSnas. 

JUp,  m.,  'nightmare,  incubus,'  from 
MidHG.  alp(b),m.,  'spectre,  incubus,  night- 
mare, oppression  caused  by  nightmare'  ; 
prop,  a  term  applied  to  mythical  beings, 
AS.  celf,  OIc.  dlfr,  'elf,  goblin'  (the  Scan- 
dinavians distinguished  between  fairies  of 
light  and  darkness) ;  these  appear  to  be 
identical  with  the  OInd.  rbhti,  (lit.  '  inge- 
nious, sculptor,  artist'),  the  name  of  three 
clever  genii  (the  king  of  the  fairies  was 
rbhukSdn).  By  the  ASaxons,  nightmare 
was  called  celfddl,  alfsoyofta,  'elf-malady, 
elf-sickness  (hiccough), '  (lumbago  in  the 
Eng.  dialects  is  termed  aw/shots,  AS.  ylfa 
gesceot).  Com  p.  further  (Slf  (proper  names 
like  SUfcoin,  SUfreb,  have  Sltb  as  their  first 
component). 

JUpc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  albe, 
f.,  '  mountain  pasture,'  allied  to  Lat.  alpes, 
so  too  OHG.  Alpun  and  Alpi,  '  mountain 
pastures.' 

JUratmc,  f., '  mandrake,' from  MidHG. 
alrAne,  OHG.  alrtina,  f ,  '  mandrake,  sorce- 
ress'; this,  as  the  component  -rAne  indi- 
cates, is  a  priniit.  term,  which  has  been  sup- 


posed to  be  connected  with  old  Teut. 
mythical  beings  who  do  their  work  secretly 
(comp.  Goth,  r&na,  '  secret' ;  see  rauuen). 

ttls,  conj.,  '  as,'  from  MidHG.  als,  dlse, 
dlsd,  'likewise,  thus,  as,  as  if,  because,' 
hence  prop,  identical  with  alfo ;  OHG. 
alsd,  '  likewise,  like,'  is  a  compound  of  al, 
'  entirely,'  and  s6,  '  thus,'  like  the  exactly 
corresponding  AS.  ealswd,  whence  E.  as, 
from  eal,  '  entirely,'  and  swd,  '  so.' 

alfo,  adv.,  related  to  ah?,  like  ModE.  also 
to  as,  identical  in  every  respect  with  the 
preceding. 

alt,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  alt,  adj.,  '  old ' ;  the  corresponding 
OSax.  aid,  AS.  eald,  E.  old,  have  the  same 
meaning ;  Goth.  a!J>eis  (instead  of  the  ex- 
pected form  *alda-),  '  old.'  The  West 
Teut.  form  al-da-  is  an  old  t6-  participle 
(Lat.  al-tus,  'high'),  like  other  ModHG. 
adjs.  (see  under  fatt),  and  belongs  to  Goth. 
alan,  '  to  grow  up,'  OIc.  ala,  '  to  bring 
forth'  (priniit.  related  to  Lat.  alo.  Olr.  alim, 
'1  nourish'),  therefore  lit.  'grown  up.' 
Hence  perhaps  it  was  used  orig.  and  chiefly 
in  reckoning  age,  &c.  (comp.  Lat.  X  annos 
natus),  but  afterwards  it  was  also  used  at  an 
early  period  in  an  absolute  sense,  '  vetus.' 
See  Sitter,  ©(tern. 

JUtar,  m.,  'altar,'  from  MidHG.  dlter, 
altdre,  altawe,  under  the  constant  influ- 
ence of  Lat.  altdre,  which  forms  the  base. 
Comp.  altdri,  dlteri,  found  even  in  OHG. ; 
the  word  was  introduced  by  Christianity. 
Goth,  uses  hunsla-staf>s,  lit. '  temple-table ' ; 
AS.  wlhbed  for  *wihbe6d\ '  sacred  table '  (see 
wetfien  and  Scute). 

filter,  n., '  age,  antiquity,' from  MidHG. 
alter,  OHG.  altar,  n.,  'age,  old  age '  (opposed 
to  youth) ;  comp.  the  corresponding  OSax. 
aldar,  '  life,  time  of  life,'  AS.  ealdor,  *  life,' 
OIc.  aldr, '  age,  hoary  age,'  Goth.  *aldra-, 
in  framaldrs,  '  of  advanced  age,  in  years.' 
An  abstract  term  formed  from  the  root  al, 
'  to  grow  up,  bring  forth,'  mentioned  under 
alt,  and  the  suffix  -tro-  frequent  in  Gr.  and 
Lat.     See  further  cognates  under  ffictt. 

JUfroife,  see  Ohefter. 

JUfoor&crrt,  plur.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  altvordem,  OHG.  alt-fordoron,  m. 
plur.,  'forefathers,'  lit.  'the  old  former 
ones,'  from  OHG.  fordoro, '  farmer.'  With 
regard  to  the  signification  of  alt-  in  this 
compound,  comp.  OHG.  and  MidHG.  all- 
vater,  '  grandfather,'  OHG.  alt-hirro,  *  an- 
cestor,' OHG.  alt-may,  '  forefather.' 

Jlmbofj,  m., '  auvil,'  from  MidHG.  erne- 


Ame 


(    8    ) 


Amt 


L6x,  GHG.  anabd^,  m., 'anvil';  a  specifi- 
cally G.  word  allied  to  OHG.  bfyan,  MidHG. 
bd^en,  'to  beat,  strike.'  Comp.  AS.  bedtan, 
E.  to  beat  (see  JBttfujj,  SJeutet,  fccffclti). 
Whether  OHG.  ana-b6^  is  formed  by  the 
imitation  of  Lat.  incus  (allied  to  cudere)  is 
uncertain,  for  the  smith's  art  was  early 
developed  among  the  Teutons  without  any 
Southern  influence.  The  corresponding 
terms  AS.  anfilt,  E.  anvil  (also  OHG.  ana- 
faiz),  Du.  aanbcld,  MidLG.  anebelle,  Dan. 
ambolt,  are  similarly  formed. 

Jlmeife,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
Smeiu  (emeze,  whence  ModHG.  (Smfc), 
OHG-.  dmei^a,  f.,  'ant';  note  ModHG. 
dial.  ametee,  OHG.  dmeitza.  It  corresponds 
to  AS.  cemette,  E.  emmet,  ant.  The  deriva- 
tion can  scarcely  be  ascertained  with  cer- 
tainty, as  the  relations  of  the  vowels  of  the 
accented  syllable  are  not  clear  ;  the  OHG. 
form  dmei^a  evidently  indicates  a  connec- 
tion with  emfta,  ;9lmetfe,  lit.  'the  diligent  (in- 
sect).' On  the  other  hand,  OHG.  d-meizza 
and  AS.  ce-mette  point  to  a  root  mart,  'to 
cut,  gnaw'  (see  under  fKetjjet),  so  that  it 
would  signify  'gnawing  insect '  (MidHG. 
and  OHG.  d-  means  'off,  to  pieces').  Du.and 
LG.  mier,  'ant,' is  more  widely  diffused  than 
Stntciff,  CiimGoth.  miera  (Goth.  *miuzj6), 
AS.  m$ra,  E.  mire,  Sw.  mfra,  *  ant ! ;  orig. 
'  that  which  lives  in  the  moss,  the  moss 
insect,'  allied  to  Teut.  memo-  (see  9RccS). 
A  word  formed  from  the  Lat.  formica  is 
probably  at  the  base  of  Swiss  wurmeisle. 

JlmeImoI)(,  n., '  starch-flour,'  from  Mid 
HG.  amel,  amer,  OHG.  amar,  '  eummer- 
spelt' ;  tlie  ModHG.  signification  seems  to 
be  influenced  by  Gr.-MidLat.  amylon,1  finest 
meal '  (E.  amel-corn). 

Jlmmann,  m.  ( Alem. ;  the  Franc,  term 
is  -£>etmbi"ira,f),  'chief  magistrate,  bailiff,' 
from  MidHG.  amman,  a  shortened  colla- 
teral form  of  ambetman,  'magistrate,  bail  iff'; 
orig.  sense,  'servant,  official,'  afterwards 
also  '  magistrate.'     See  also  Slutt. 

Jlmmc,  f.,  '  (wet-)nurse,  foster-mother,' 
from  MidHG.  amine,  f.,  'mother, in  so  far 
as  the  child  is  fed  by  her  ;  (wet-)nurse,' 
OHG.  ammn,  f.  ;  allied  to  OIc.  amma, 
'grandmother'  (Suab.  and  Bav.  even  yet 
'  mother ').  Probably  an  instinctive  sound, 
since,  undoubtedly  independent  of  the 
Teut.  group,  Rom.  also  and  other  lan- 
guages have  similar  words  for  Slntmt ; 
comp.  Span,  and  Port.  ama. 

Jltttmeiff  or,  m.,  'chief  magistrate,'  from 
MidHG.  ammeister,  from  ambetmeister,  like 


Imn,  from  Slmfrotmann  ;  MidHG.  am- 
manmei8ter and  ammeister, '  president  of  the 
guilds  'of  Strasburg).' 

Jlmmer,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid  110. 
amer,  OHG.  amero  (*amaro),  m.,  '  yellow- 
hammer,'  with  the  deriv.  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  amerinc,  'yellow-hammer,'  MidLat. 
amarellus,  which  may  have  been  formed 
from  the  G.  word  ;  E.  yellow  -  hammer 
(©clcamnter)  is  a  corrupt  form.  Whether 
OHG.  *amaro  was  derived  from  OHG. 
amar,  'summer-spelt,'  is  as  doubtful  as  its 
relation  to  Slntfd. 

$mpel,  f., '  lamp,'  from  MidHG.  ampel 
(also  ampulle),  OHG.  ampulla,  f.,  *  lamp,' 
also  '  vessel.'  Borrowed  in  OHG.  from 
Lat.  ampulla,  '  flask,  vessel,'  whence  also 
AS.  ampelle,  OIc  ample,  '  vessel '  (LG. 
pulle,  '  bottle '). 

Jlmpfer,  m.,  'sorrel,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ampfer,  OHG.  ampfaro,  m. ;  allied 
to  the  equiv.  AS.  ompre ;  an  adj.  used  as  a 
substantive.  Comp.  Du.  amper,  'sharp, 
bitter,  unripe,'  OSw.  amper,  'sour,  bitter,' 
OIc.  apr  (for  *ampr),  'sharp'  (chiefly  of 
cold)  ;  also  LG.  ampern, '  to  prove  bitter  to 
the  taste.'  Sauc.rautVfcr  (also  corrupted  to 
Saner; ramf)  is  a  tautological  compound  like 
SSinKjunb.  In  case  Teut.  ampra-,  from 
*ambro-,  represents  the  prop.  Aryan  *amr6-, 
Sans,  amid,  'sour'  (also  'wood-sorrel'), 
and  Lat.  amdrus,1  bitter,'  are  primit.  cognate 
with  this  word. 

JUttfol,  f.,  'blackbird,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  amsel,  OHG.  amsala,  f.  It  corre- 
sponds to  AS.  6sle  (6s-  fromams-),  E.  ousel ; 
the  equiv.  Lat.  mirula  (Fr.  merle),  whence 
Du.  meerle  and  E.  merl  are  borrowed,  may 
represent  *meJsuht,  and  have  been  orig. 
cognate  with  9lntfc(.  Its  relation  to  Slmntct 
and  to  Goth,  ams,  '  shoulder,'  is  uncertain. 

Jlmt,  n.,  '  office,  council,  jurisdiction,' 
from  MidHG.  ammet,  older  ambet,  OHG. 
ambaht,  ambahti,  n.,  '  service,  office,  occu- 
pation, divine  service,  mass' ;  a  word  com- 
mon to  the  Teut.  group.  Comp.  Goth. 
andbahti,  'office,  service'  (from  andbalds, 
'servant,'  OHG.  ambaht,  'servant'),  AS. 
anbihJ,  ambiht,  n.,  'office,  service,'  ambi/tt, 
m.,  'servant'  (obsolete  at  the  beginning 
of  the  MidE.  period),  Du.  ambt,  OSax.  am- 
baht-skepi,  'service,'  ambaht-man,  'servant.' 
The  relation  of  the  common  Teut.  word 
to  the  Gall.-Lat.  ambactus  (mentioned  in 
Caesar's  Bell.  Gall.),  '  vassal,'  is  much  dis- 
puted. The  WestTcut.  words  may  be  best 
explained  from  Goth. and QTent.dndbahta-, 


An 


(    9     ) 


Ang 


and  the  genuinely  Teut.  aspect  of  such  a 
vorcl  cannot  indeed  be  ilenied,  even  if  the 
origin  of  -lahts  cannot  now  be  determined 
(and-  is  a  verbal  particle,  ModHG.  ant;). 
The  emphatic  testimony  of  Festus,  how- 
ever, is  against  the  Teut.  origin  of  the 
Gall.-Lat.  amhactus;  ambacttisapudEnnium 
lingua  gallica  servus  appellatur.  This  coin- 
cides with  the  fact  that  the  word  can  be 
fully  explained  from  Kelt.  ;  amhactus  con- 
tains the  Kelt,  prefix  amb-  (Lat.  amb-), 
'  about ' ;  and  ag  is  an  oft-recurring  verbal 
root  (see  Slcfcr)  in  Kelt,  meaning  'to  go'  ; 
hence  amhactus, '  messenger '  (lit '  one  sent 
hither  and  thither'),  from  which  comes 
Mid  Lat.  ambactia,  ambactiala,  'errand' 
(Ital.  ambasciata,  Fr.  ambassade,  '  em- 
bassy ').  This  explanation  of  the  Lat.-Rom. 
cognates  makes  it  possible  that  the  OTeut. 
class  was  borrowed  from  Kelt,  and  trans- 
formed (Goth,  andbahts  for  amhahts) ;  in 
any  case,  it  was  borrowed  in  prehistoric 
times  (comp.  9ieirf)). 

cm,  prep.,  adv.,  'on,  by,  along,'  from 
MidHG.  ane,  OHG.  ana,  prep.,  adv.,  'on,  in, 
upon' ;  it  corresponds  to  Goth,  ana,  prep., 
adv., '  on,  upon,  in,'  AS.,  E.  on,  prep.,  adv., 
Du.  aan,  OSax.  an.  Primit.  allied  to  Gr.  d.v&, 
'  upon,  on,'  Zend  ana,  '  upon,'  Lat.  an-  in 
anhelare,  '  to  respire,'  OSlov.  vu  (for  *on). 

cmbcrcutmcit,  vb.,  'to  fix  or  appoint 
(a  time),'  with  a  dialectic  transmutation  of 
d  into  au  (013av.),  or  the  word  was  based 
by  popular  etymology  on  9tattm,  from  Mid 
HG.  rdmen  (rasmen),  '  to  make  proposals, 
aim,  strive'  (berdmen,  'to  fix'),  OHG. 
rdmin,  OSax.  rdmCn,  '  to  aim,  strive,'  Du. 
beramen,  'to  fix' ;  allied  to  MidHG.  rdm, 
'  goal '  (root  rS,  as  in  9lete  ?).  Further  OFr. 
aramir,  '  to  define  legally '  ?. 

Jlttbacr)f,  f.,  'devotion,'  from  MidHG. 
a»ddht,  OHG.  dnaddht,  'attention,  devo- 
tion'; MidHG.  ddht,  I'.,  'thought,'  is  a 
verbal  abstract  from  MidHG.  and  ModHG. 
denkcn. 

%{nba\ia)C,  f.,  'drain,'  older  ModHG. 
dduc/te,  transformed  from  Lat.  aquaeductus. 
See  abjufy. 

anc»cr,  adj.,  'other,  different,  second,' 
from  MidHG.  ander,  OHG.  andar,  'the 
other' ;  it  corresponds  to  Goth.  an]mr,  'the 
other,'  OIc.  annarr,  AS.  6Ser,  E.  other,  Du. 
ander,  OSax.  diiar,  6<Sar.  The  meanings 
'  the  second,  one  of  two,  the  other,'  are 
due  to  a  comparative  form  (Aryan  dnteros, 
'  one  of  two,'  Lat.  alter).  Comp.  the  corre- 
sponding Sans,  dntara-,  'different  from,' 


Osset.  andar,  'otherwise  than,  with  the 
exception  of,'  Lith.  dntras,  '  the  other.' 
The  root  an-  is  proved  by  Sans,  and  Zend 
an-ya-,  'another.'  With  OHG.  andar, 
'  other,'  is  also  connected  OHG.  antardn, 
'  to  imitate.' 

Jln&ers,  see  eittjr. 

Jlnfcont,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  andorn,  '  horehound,  the  plant 
Marrubium' ;  the  suffix  -orn  as  in  Slfyoui  ? 
The  root  has  not  yet  been  explained. 

cmfacrjen,  see*gdd)rc. 

Jlncjel,  m.  and  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  angel,  in.,  f.,  'sting,  fish-hook,  hinge 
of  a  door,'  OHG.  angul,  m..  '  sting,  point, 
fish-hook' ;  diminut.  of  OHG.  avgo,  'sting, 
door  hinge,'  MidHG.  ange, '  fish-hook,  door 
hinge.'  Comp.  AS.  ongel,  E.  avgle,  AS. 
onga, '  sting,'  OIc.  qngull, '  fish-hook,'  allied 
to  ange,  'sting,  point'  (Alem.  angel, '  bee 
sting,'  angelmuck,  'stinging  fly').  The 
supposition  that  the  primit.  and  widely  dif- 
fused cognates  are  borrowed  from  Lat.  an- 
gulus,  'angle,  corner,'  is  untenable  ;  OBulg. 
aglu,  E.  avgle,  AS.  angul,  'angle,  corner,' 
are,  however,  primit.  allied  to  it ;  so  too 
@ita,fant>,  Slugclfatfyfett.  The  root  idea  of  the 
Teut.  cognates  is  'pointed.'  An  Aryan 
root  onk,  '  to  be  pointed,'  also  lies  at  the 
base  of  Lat.  uncus,  Gr.  fry/cos,  6yicivot,  •  barb,' 
AyKiarpop,  'fish-hook,'  Sans,  anka,  'hook,' 
Osset.  Ungur,  'hook,  hinge,'  Olr.  4cad, 
♦hook.' 

cmcjeneljm,  adj.,  '  agreeable,  pleasant,' 
from  MidHG.  gename,  late  OHG.  gindmi, 
adj.,  'acceptable,  agreeable'  (without  the 
prefix  an-),  allied  to  ncfymett.  Comp.  Goth. 
andanSms, '  agreeable,'  allied  to  and-niman, 
'  to  accept' 

Jlttftcr,  m.,  '  paddock,  grass  plot,'  from 
MidHG.  anger,  OHG.  angar,  m.,  '  pasture 
land,  grass  plot,  arable  laud' ;  allied  to  OIc. 
eng,  enge,  '  meadow,  pasture  ground.'  Tne 
cognates  can  scarcely  be  derived  from  cage, 
'  narrow '  (Teut.  root  ang).  Trustworthy 
correspondences  are  wanting. 

^nftcpdjf,  n.,  'face,  presence,'  from 
MidHG.  angesiht,  n., '  aspect,  view,'  MidG. 
also  '  face' ;  allied  to  ©ejidjt,  fcfyeit. 

Jlncjff,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ang>8t,  OHG.  angust,  f.,  'anxiety,  appre- 
hension ' ;  this  abstract  form  is  wanting 
in  the  other  OTeut.  dialects,  the  suffix  st 
being  also  very  rarely  found  ;  comp.  iDicnft. 
But  it  must  not  be  assumed  therefore  that 
the  OHG.  angust  is  borrowed  from  Lat. 
angustiae,  '  narrowness,  meanness.'     It  is 


Anh 


(    io    ) 


Apf 


rather  to  be  regarded  as  a  genuine  Tent, 
derivative  from  the  root  ang  appearing  in 
tnge,  especially  as  the  OSlov.  in  its  primit. 
allied  azostl,  'contraction,'  shows  the  same 
derivation.  Hence  Slngfl  must  he  consi- 
dered as  primit.  cognate  with  L;it.  angustiae. 
See  bange  and  enge. 

unhcifd)tg,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  antheiyc,  anthei}e.  adj.,  '  bound,  en- 
gaged,'influenced  byfyeifcfoen ;  the  MidHG. 
adj.  is  derived  from  MidH(  J.  and  OHG.  an- 
thei$,  '  vow,  promise,'  which,  like  Goth. 
andaliait,  '  confession,'  AS.  ovdettan,  '  to 
confess,'  is  composed  of  the  particle  ant- 
and  the  root  hait,  '  to  hid.' 

Jlttis,  in.,  from  the  equlv.  MidHG.  ants, 
also  enis,  n.,  'anise,'  borrowed  perhaps 
even  before  the  MidHG.  period  from  Lat. 
antsum  (Gr.  dMow),  'anise,'  whence  also 
Fr.  ants,  E.  anise. 

^Ittfec,  m., '  butter,' an  Alem.  word,  from 
MidHG.  anke,  OHG.  ancho,  'butter' ;  the 
genuine  G.  term  for  the  borrowed  word 
©utter,  for  which,  in  the  OHG.  period,  anc- 
smero  or  chuo-smero,  lit.  '  cow-fat'  (see 
(Sdjmeer),  might  also  be  used.  Goth.  *agqa 
for  OHG.  ancho  is  not  recorded.  It  is 
certainly  allied  primitively  to  the  Ind.  root 
afi.j, '  to  anoint,  besmear,'  and  to  Lat.  unguo, 
*  to  anoint ' ;  coinp.  Sans,  djya,  '  butter- 
offerinir,'  Olr.  imb  (from  imben-),  '  butter.' 

£lrtfeer(l.),  m.,  'anchor,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  anker,  late  OHG.  ancliar.  m. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  anker,  AS.  (even  at  a  very 
early  period)  oncor,  E.  anchor,  OIc.  akkere, 
'anchor.'  A  loan-word  early  naturalised 
among  the  English,  and  before  1000  A.D. 
even  among  the  MidEurop.  Teutons  and  in 
the  North.  From  Lat.  ancora  (comp.  Ital. 
ancora,  Fr.  ancre,  f.  ;  allied  also  to  Lith. 
inkaras,  OSlov.  anukura,  ankura),  in  con- 
nection with  which  the  different  gender  of 
the  Teut.  words  is  remarkable.  In  OHG. 
there  exists  a  genuinely  native  word  for 
'anchor' — senchil,  m.,  sinchila,  f. 

Jlnfecr  (2.),  m., '  a  liquid  measure,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Du.  anker,  which,  like  the 
equiv.  E.  anchor,  points  to  MidLat.  anceria, 
ancheria,  'cupa  minor'  (smaller  cask)  ;  the 
origin  of  the  cognates  is  obscure. 

Jltilefjen,  n.,  'loan,'  from  MidHG.  an- 
lehen,  OHG.  analihan,  n., '  loan  of  money  on 
interest,'  from  a\u  and  ittyn. 

<mrud)ig,  adj.,  also  anrudjtig,  'disre- 
putable,' ModHG.  only,  formed  from  rudSbar 
under  the  influence  of  riedjen.   See  ruc$tbar. 

Jlnftolf ,  f.,  '  institution,'  from  MidHG. 


anstalt,   *  founding ' ;  sftalt  is  an  aostract 
from  jie  ((en. 

cmffctff,  see  ©tatr. 

ant ■-,  prefix,  preserved  in  ModHG.  only 
in  9lnt4tfc  and  Slnt;tr<ort  (see  also  5Smt,  att; 
t>cifd)ig,  and  -£>ant>iverf).  It  is  found  in  the 
early  periods  in  many  noun  compounds, 
to  whicli  ModHG.  ent;  is  the  correspond- 
ing prefix  of  verbal  compounds.  Comp. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  ant-,  Goth,  anda-,  AS. 
and-,  ond-  (comp.  E.  answer  under  Slut; 
roort)  ;  also  the  Goth.  prep,  and,  'on, upon, 
in,  along.'  The  orig.  meaning  of  the  prefix 
is  'counter,'  which  makes  it  cognate  with 
Gr.  ami,  '  against,'  Lat,  ante,  'before,'  Sans. 
dnti, '  opposite.' 

JlnilifS,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
antlitze,  n.,  late  OHG.  antlizzi,  n.,  '  coun- 
tenance'; allied  to  the  equiv.  collateral 
forms  MidHG.  antliitte,  OHG.  antlutti 
{analdti),  n.,  'countenance.'  Two  origi- 
nally different  words  have  been  combined 
in  these  forms.  It  is  probable  that  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  antliz  corresponds  to  AS.  and- 
wlita,  m.,  OIc.  analit,  n.  (comp.  Goth,  anda- 
wleizn,  n.) ;  comp.  Goth,  wlits,  m.,  '  face,' 
wlaitdn,  Olc.  lila  (for  *vlUa),  '  to  spy ' ;  the 
root  wltt  (pre-Teut.  id'td),  preserved  in 
these  words,  has  not  yet  been  authenticated 
beyond  the  Teut.  group.  With  these  cog- 
nates were  combined  those  from  Goth. 
ludja,  'face,'  parallel  to  which  an  equiv. 
*anda-ludi,  for  OHG.  antlutti,  n.,  '  coun- 
tenance,' must  be  assumed. 

JlntttJorf,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
anticurt,  f.,  OHG.  antvmrti,  f.,  'answer,' 
beside  which  there  is  a  neut.  form  Mid 
HG.  anluiirte,  OHG.  antwurti,  Goth,  dnda- 
icaurdij  lit.  'counter-words'  (collective). 
Comp.  ants ;  also,  AS.  andsicaru,  E.  an- 
swer, under  fdMr-crcn. 

Jlpfcl,  n.,  '  apple,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  apfel,  OHG.  apful  (also  afful,  plur. 
epjUi),  m.  ;  a  word  common  to  the  Teut. 
group,  by  chance  not  recorded  in  Goth. 
Comp.  Du.  and  LG.  appel,  m.,  AS.  appel,  m. 
(in  the  plur.  neut.),  E.  apple,  OIc.  eple,  n., 
'apple'  (Goth.  *aplus,m.l).  The  apple- 
tree  in  WestTeut.  is  *apuldr,  f.  ;  comp. 
OHG.  affoltra,  AS.  apuldr,  which  are  pre- 
served in  the  local  names  ModHG.  Slffclteru, 
9lffaltracl>,  (Slpctba  ?),  Du.  Apeldoren,  E.  Apple- 
dore.  In  spite  of  this  diffusion  throughout 
the  entire  Teut.  group,  and  of  the  mention 
of  wild  apple-trees  in  Tacitus,  the  whole 
class  must  be  recognised  as  loan-words 
(Dbjl  has  no  connection  whatever  with 


Apr 


f      TI      ) 


Arm 


them).  They  must,  however,  have  been 
borrowed  long  before  the  beginning  of  our 
era,  since  the  Teut.  p  in  apla-  has,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  permutation  of  consonants, 
originated  in  a  prehistoric  b;  comp.  Ir, 
aball,  uball,  Lith.  obulys,  OSlov.  abluko, 
1  apple.'  As  nothing  testifies  to  the  Aryan 
origin  of  these  oblu-  cognates  (in  Lat. 
mdlum  Gr.  A"?^°")>  found  only  in  the  North 
of  Europe,  we  must  assume  that  the  word 
was  borrowed.  The  derivation  from  Lat. 
malum  Abellanum  (the  Campanian  town 
Abella  was  famed  in  antiquity  for  its 
apples),  is  on  phonetic  and  formal  grounds 
doubtful,  although  in  the  abstract  (comp. 
s4>firjicfy)  the  combination  is  interesting.  No 
other  explanation  of  how  it  was  borrowed 
has  yet  been  found.  It  is  noteworthy  that 
for  9(ugapff(,  '  pupil,'  apful  alone  (as  well 
as  ougapful)  can  he  used  in  OHG. ;  comp. 
AS.  ceppel,  n.  (plur.,  also  masc),  E.  apple 
of  the  eye  (also  eyeball),  Du.  oogappel ;  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  OIc.  augasteinn. 

$prtf,  m.,  '  April,'  from  the  equiv  Mid 
HG.  aprille,  aberelle,  m.  ;  from  Lat.  April  is 
(comp.  Fr.  avril,  Ital.  aprile),  borrowed  at 
the  beginning  of  the  MidHG.  period  in 
place  of  the  genuine  OHG.  6starmAn6d, 
'Easter-month.' 

Jlr,  in.,  n.,  a  square  measure  (about 
120  sq.  yards),  ModHG.  only,  formed  from 
the  equiv.  Fr.  are  (Lat.  area). 

$(vheit,  f., '  work,  labour,  employment,' 
from  MidHG.  arbert,  arebeit,  OHG.  ar(a)bei', 
f., '  labour,  toil,  distress.'  Corresponding  to 
OSax.  artidi,  n.,  'toil,  hardship,  suffering,' 
arbM,  f.,  and  Du.  arbeid,  m.,  AS.  earfoft, 
earfefie,  n.,  'toil,  hardship,'  ear/efte,  adj., 
'  difficult,'  Goth.  arbaips(d),f.,  'oppression, 
distress'  ;  OIc.  erfiSi,  n.,  'toil,'  erfiSr,  adj., 
'difficult,  toilsome.'  Hence  'toil'  must  be 
accepted  as  the  fundamental  meaning  of 
the  cognates,  and  therefore  any  connection 
with  the  stem  of  (Srfce  is  improbable.  It 
has  been  compared  with  greater  reason  with 
OSlov.  (Russ.)  rabota,  f.,  '  servants'  work,' 
and  rabu,  robu,  'servant,  thrall,' as  prim, 
cognates,  although  this  comparison  is  open 
to  doubt  Lat.  l&boTy  '  work,'  is  at  all 
events  certainly  not  allied  to  it. 

,Hrd)C,  f.,  'ark,'  from  MidHG.,  arclie 
(also  arke),  OHG.  arahha  (also  archa),  f., 
'  Noah's  ark.'  The  ModHG.  form  with  ch 
(instead  of  k)  seems  to  point  to  Upper  Ger- 
many (Luther's  Bible  has  dloafy  Jfajhn) ; 
OHG.  buoh-arahha,  'book-chest,'  MidHG. 
arche, '  chest,  money-chest'   It  corresponds 


to  Du.  ark, '  Noah's  ark,'  AS.  euro,  m.,  earce, 
f.,  '  chest,  covenant,  ark,  box,'  E.  ark,  OIc. 
ork,  f.,  'chest,  coffin,  Noah's  ark,'  Goth. 
arlca,  f.,  '  box,  money-box,  Noah's  ark.' 
This  widely  diffused  word  was  borrowed 
at  an  early  period  from  the  equiv.  Lat. 
(also  Romance)  area,  which,  as  the  mean- 
ings of  the  Teut.  group  coextensive  with 
those  of  the  Lat.  indicate,  was  not  perhaps 
naturalised  on  the  introduction  01  Chris- 
tianity, to  which  the  more  recent  meaning 
of  '  Noah's  ark'  may  reler.  Both  the  word 
and  the  thing  had  probably  at  the  beginning 
of  our  era  found  their  way  to  the  Teutons 
with  Lat.  cista.     See  Jtifte  and  <£arf. 

arg,  adj.,  'bad,  severe,  hard,'  from  Mid 
HG.  arc(g),  'vile,  wicked,  stingy,  avari- 
cious,' OHG.  arg,  arag,  'avaricious,  cow- 
ardly, vile' ;  also  OHG.  arg,  MidHG.  arc(g\ 
'evil,  vileness,  wickedness.'  Comp.  AS. 
earg,  adj.,  'cowardly,  slothful'  (no  longer 
found  in  E.),  OIc.  argr,  'cowardly,  effe- 
minate' (also  ragr).  Paul  the  Deacon  cites 
arga  as  an  abusive  term  among  the  Lom- 
bards. Through  a  Goth.  *args  the  Teut. 
word  may  have  made  its  way  into  Span, 
and  Finn.  ;  comp.  Span,  aragan,  'sloth- 
ful,' Finn,  arka,  'cowardly.'  As  it  is  not 
easy  to  deduce  the  meaning  'cowardly' 
from  'avaricious,'  which  appears  chiefly  in 
OHG.,  we  must  assume  that  the  root  idea 
of  the  Teut.  arga-  was  '  vile,  base,'  of  which 
'avaricious'  and  'cowardly'  would  be  spe- 
cialisations resulting  from  the  liberal  hos- 
pitality and  bravery  which  characterised 
the  Teutons.  This  word,  like  almost  all 
words  within  the  ethical  sphere,  is  pecu- 
liar to  Teutonic ;  comp.  arm,  befe,  gut,  ixUi. — 
cirflcrtt,  'to  annoy,  vex,  fret,'  from  Mid 
HG.  erqern,  'to  incite  to  evil,  deteriorate, 
corrupt,'  OHG.  ergir&n,  argiron,  'to  make 
worse.'  from  the  comparative  of  arg.  From 
this  ModHG.  &rger,  m.,  is  formed  (comp. 
9lu$fafc  from  astftyia,  ©eij  from  flcijftt, 
Jpanbfl  from  Ijanfccln,  Cpfer  from  rpfmt) ;  in 
MidHG.  erge,  OHG.  argt,  f.,  'malice.' — 
JitQWOfytl,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
arcwdn,  m.  (comp.  SOabu),  'suspicion,  mis- 
trust';  comp.  ModHG.  Slrglijt,  L  from  Mid 
HG.  arclist,  f.,  'cunning,  malice,'  from  arg  ; 
even  in  OHG.  arcwdnen,  '  to  suspect,'  oc- 
curs, MidHG.  arciccenen. 

drflern,  vb.,  see  arg. 

Jlrtcsbaum,  m.,  'service  tree,'  from 
MidHG.  OHG.  arliz-boum,  in.,  'acernus, 
cornus' ;  scarcely  allied  to  Qxlt. 

Jlrm,  in., '  arm,  branch,'  from  the  equiv. 


Arm 


(    >2    ) 


Arz 


MiilHG.  arm  OHG.  aram,  arm,  in.;  a  word 
common  to  the  Teut  group  ;  comp.  OSax. 
arm,  Du.  arm,  AS.  earm,  E.  arm,  OIc.  armr, 
Goth,  arms,  in.,  'arm.'  Like  many  terms 
for  parts  of  the  bo<ly  (see  Slri'd),  gufj,  #cq, 
Stmt,  91ao,tl,  &c.),  9lrm  extends  beyond  the 
Teut  dialects.  It  is.primit  related  to  Lat. 
armus,  'the  topmost  part  of  the  upper 
arm,  fore-quarter'  (Gr.  ippAs,  'suture, joint, 
shoulder,'  belongs  to  another  division), 
OBulg.  rame,,  'shoulder,  arm,'  Sans,  trmd-s, 
m.,  'lore-quarter,  arm.'     See  Grmcl. 

arm,  adj.,  'poor,  unfortunate,  miser- 
able,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  arm,  OHG. 
aram,  arm,  adj.  ;  comp.  OSax.  arm,  Du. 
arm,  AS.  earm  (obsolete  in  E.),  OIc.  armr, 
Goth,  arms,  adj.,  'poor.'  A  term  common 
to  Teut,  with  no  correspondence  in  the 
allied  Aryan  group  ;  comp.  fcarmfierjig,  at$, 
ttid). — Jlrtttttf,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  armuot,  f.,  armuote,  n.,  '  poverty,' 
OHG.  aramuott,  f. :  a  derivative  of  the 
Goth.  adj.  *arm6f>s ;   comp.  G  tttebf,  &tintat. 

Jlrmbruff,  f.,  'crossbow,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  armbrust,  n.,  which  must 
be  a  corruption  of  MidLat.  arbalista,  arcu- 
balista,ht.  'bow  for  projectiles'  (Lat.  arcus, 
Gr.  f3&\\eiv).  A  compound  of  Slrm  atid 
S3ruft  is,  properly  speaking,  impossible  in 
G.,  especially  as  the  MidHG.  word  is 
neut  From  MidLat.  arbalista  conies  the 
equiv.  Fr.  arbalete;  comp.  E.  arbalist,  Du. 
armborst,  Ital.  balestra,  from  the  last  of 
which  the  older  ModHG.  Qklcftft,  'cross- 
bow for  shooting  bullets,'  is  boirowed. 

$rtttcl,  see  SrmrL 

Jlrmuf ,  see  arm. 

.Brnolb,  see  9lar. 

£lrfd),  m.,  *ar3e,  fundament,'  according 
to  the  analogous  cases  cited  under  birfefyftt, 
from  an  older  9lrS,  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ars, 
m., '  arse.'  It  corresponds  to  the  equiv.  Mid 
LG.  ars,  ers,  Du.  aars,  naars  (with  prefixed 
n),  AS.  ears,  E.  arse,  OIc  ars  (and  rass, 
coin  p.  argr  and  ragr,  see  ar»j),  m.,  'arse.' 
Teut.  arsa-z,  m.,  from  6rso-s,  is  rightly  held 
to  be  priuiit  allied  to  Gr.  6fif>oi  (pp  for  rs), 
'coccyx,  rump' ;  akin  to  Olr.  err,  f.,  '  tail, 
end,  point'?.  Comp.  the  remark  under 
9lrm. 

Jlrf,  f.,  'kind,  sort,  species,  manner,' 
from  MidHG.  art,  m.,  f.,  'innate  peculi- 
arity, nature,  condition,  kind ' ;  OHG.  art, 
is  not  recorded  with  these  meanings,  nor  is 
the  word  found  elsewhere.  Instead  of 
this  there  occurs  the  homonymous  OHG. 
art,!.,  'tillage,  ploughing,'  with  which  arttin, 


'  to  inhabit,  cultivate,'  is  connected  ;  further, 
OSax.  ard,  m.,  'dwelling-place,'  AS.  eard, 
m.,  'dwelling,  native  place,'  OIc.  qrt),  f., 
'  harvest,  produce.'  These  cognates,  which 
belong  (see  Slrftr)  to  an  OTeut  and  Aryan 
root,  ar,  '  to  plough '  (Lat  arare,  Gr.  &p6w, 
&c),  are  scarcely  allied  to  MidHG.  art,  m., 
f.,  '  nature,  condition ' ;  comp.,  however, 
ai'oftitung  from  gwclnini.  It  is.  more  pro- 
bable that  Slrt  is  connected  with  Lat  ars 
(gen.  plur.  arti-um),  'method,  art,'  and 
Sans,  rtd,  'method.'  The  compounds 
9lrtarfer,  artbar,  artfiaft  contain  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  art,  'agriculture,  tillage,'  and  be- 
long consequently  to  the  Teut  and  Aryan 
root  ar,  'to  plough.' 

Jlr3enet,  £  (in  the  17th  cent  accen- 
ted on  the  SI  also),  '  medicine,'  from 
MidHG.  arzenle  (erzonte),  f.,  'art  of  heal- 
ing, remedy.'  The  OHG.  word  does  not 
occur,  but  only  a  derivative  OHG.  erzinen, 
giarzintin,  MidHG.  erzenen,  'to  heal  ;'  the 
verb,  by  its  sufiix,  suggests  Goth,  lekintin, 
AS.  Iwcnian,  OHG.  lahhindn,  '  to  heal. ' 
From  OHG.  gi-arzin&n,  the  MidHG.  sub- 
stint  arzenle,  which  did  not  appear  until 
a  later  period,  might  then  have  been 
formed  with  a  Rom.  termination.  The 
assumption  that  MidHG.  arzenle  referred 
to  Archigenes  of  Apamea  (in  Syria),  a 
fiimous  physician,  is  untenable  ;  if  this 
assumption  were  correct,  we  should  have 
expected  OHG.  *arzin,  or  rather  *arzino, 
'  physician,'  which,  however,  u  nowhere 
to  be  found.  Besides,  OHG.  arzintin 
formed  into  arzdt,  'physician,'  under  the 
influence  of  the  genuinely  Teut.  and  Goth. 
IShinSn^  OHG.  Idhhinfin,  'to  heal,'  makes 
any  reference  to  Archigenes  quite  super- 
fluous. Moreover,  MidHG.  has  also  a 
form  arzatte  (MidDu.  arsedte),  '  medicine.' 
See  Strit. 

-Hr^f ,  m.,  '  physician,'  from  the  equiv. 
MiuHG.  arzet,  arzdt,  OHG.  arzdt,  m.,  a 
specifically  Germ,  word,  unknown  to  Eng., 
Scand.  and  Goth.  Its  early  appearance  in 
OHG.,  in  which  OTeut.  Idhki  was  the  more 

Krevalent  form,  is  remarkable  (comp.  Goth. 
ieis,  'physician,'  AS.  Idee?,  E.  leecli ;  also 
the  ModHG.  proper  name  2dd?nrr,  from 
MidHG.  Idchenare, '  enchanter,'  lit. '  physi- 
cian'). The  MidDu.  form  arsatre,  OLG. 
ercetere,  '  physician '  (MidLG.  arsle),  proves 
the  origin  from  the  oft-recurring  Frauc  and 
MidLat.  archiater  (i.p\iaTpin),  '  physician ' 
(espec.  physician-in-ordinary  to  the  king). 
There  are  no  phonetic  difficulties  in  con- 


As 


(    13    ) 


Atz 


necting  OHG.  arzdt  with  arzdter,  arcidter, 
archidter,  since  the  OLG.  and  MidDu.  form 
itself  points  to  the  Mid Lat.  form.  Moreover, 
the  technical  terms  of  Greek  physic  found 
their  way  at  an  early  period  to  the  West 
(comp.  93ud)fe,  ^jlafht),  hat  always  through 
the  medium  of  Lat.  and  Rom.  The  unique 
arzdte(r)  was  entirely  unknown  to  Rom. 
(Ital.  medico,  OFr.  mire,  Fr.  me'decin,  which 
of  course  were  also  unknown  to  Teut.). 
Concerning  arz-,  erz-,  as  the  representative 
of  Gr.  &px1-,  see  (Sr^.  The  theory  advanced 
on  account  of  ModHG.  SWufytaqt,  'mill- 
wright,' that  OHG.  arzdt  is  from  Lat.  ar- 
tista,  is  on  phonetic  and  historical  grounds 
unwarranted.  MidLat.  artista  was  not 
used  for  medical  practitioners  until  late  in 
the  Middle  Ages  (comp.  ModFr.  artiste 
veterinaire) ;  the  word  too  is  unknown  in 
earlier  Rom.  On  the  other  hand,  we  meet 
with  archiatri  even  as  far  hack  as  the 
Frank,  king  Childebert  and  Charlemagne. 
See  besides  Slrienei. 

Jls,  n.,  Jlfj,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  Fr.  as,  m.,  '  the  ace  (of  dice  or 
cards),  a  small  weight '  (Lat.  as).  In  Mid 
HG.  the  prevalent  term  for  the  '  ace  (of 
dice)'  was  esse,  which  comes  from  Lat.  assis 
(a  later  collateral  form  of  as).    Comp.  !Dait$. 

Jlfcf),  see  Slrfdj.— Jlfcfj,  m.,  'pot,  basin, 
bowl '  (to  which  9l|"d;fud)en  is  allied),  from 
MidHG.  asch,  OHG.  asc,  m.,  'dish,  basin, 
boat ' ;  lit.  '  of  ash.'     See  (£}d)t. 

Jlfdje  (I.),  f.,  'ashes,  cinders,'  from  Mid 
HG.  asche  (esche),  OHG.  asca,  f.,  'ashes'  ; 
corresponds  to  Du.  asch,  AS.  asce,  cesce,  t'.t 
E.  ashes  (hut  also  sing,  in  bone-ash,  potash, 
&c.) ;  OIc.  aska,  f.,  'ashes';  akin  also  to 
the  abnormal  Goth.  azgS,  f.,  'ashes' (but 
Span,  ascua  is  borrowed).  Trustworthy 
correspondences  in  other  languages  are 
wanting,  nor  is  ©fdje  allied  to  it. — Jlfd^cn- 
brdoel,  see  under  brobetu—  ModHG.  Jlf- 
6)et'.,  'ash,'  in  the  compound  Slfcbfvmitt- 
irocfy  (forwhich  the  MidHG.  form  is  aschtac), 
occurs  even  in  MidHG.  in  compounds. — 
£fd)i<xud),  m.,  'shallot,'  MidHG.  asch- 
touch,  a  corruption  of  the  equiv.  MidLat. 
ascalonium.     See  ©cfyatotte. 

Jlfd)C  (2.),  f.,  'grayling,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  asche,  OHG.  asco,  m.  ;  scarcely 
allied  to  9lfd)e,  as  if  the  fish  were  named 
from  its  ash-grey  colour;  Ital.  lasco. 

Jlffel,  m.,  espec  J?cllcraffef,  'woodlouse,' 
ModllG.  only ;  generally  derived  from 
Lat.  asellus, '  little  ass,'  and  might  have  been 
named  from   its  grey  colour ;  comp.  Gr. 


&vos,  iviffKos,  'ass,  woodlouse,*  Ital.  asello, 
'  woodlouse.'  Yet  the  ffof  the  ModHG.  word, 
as  well  as  the  dialectic  variant  atzel,  might 
militate  against  this  derivation  ;  hence  a 
pre-Teut.  stem  at,  att  (allied  to  efim  1)  seems 
to  be  at  the  base  of  it.     Comp.  also  GfeL 

Jiff,  m., '  bough,  branch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  ast,  m., '  branch,'  corre- 
sponding to  the  equiv.  Goth.  asts.  The 
term  is  unknown  to  the  other  dialects,  yet 
its  great  antiquity  is  incontestable  because 
of  the  agreement  of  Teut.  astaz  (a  permu- 
tation of  the  pre-Teut.  ozdos;  comp.  3)<ajl, 
and  the  examples  cited  there  of  the  permu- 
tation of  the  Aryan  zd,  so",  to  Teut.  st)  with 
Gr.  tffoj  (6<r9o$), '  brand  1,  twig,  knot,  node 
(of  a  tree) ' ;  the  latter  with  Armen.  ost, 
■  brand),'  is  likewise  based  upon  osdos.  The 
meanings  of  the  Gr.  word  admit  the  sup- 
position of  its  being  allied  to  MidLG.  6st 
(LG.  aust),  Du.  oest,  AS.  6st, '  knot,  node ' 
(Aryan  stein  6sdo-). 

Jig,  see  Jlas  and  Jls. 

Jlfettt,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
dtem  (dten),  OHG.  dtumym.,1  breath,  spirit1 ; 
comp.  MidHG.  der  heilege  dtem,  OHG.  der 
wtho  dtum,  'the  Holy  Spirit;'  ModHG. 
collateral  form  (prop,  dialectic)  Dbem.  The 
word  is  not  found  in  EastTeut.  ;  in  Goth. 
ahma,  'spirit,'  is  used  instead  (see  adjten). 
Comp.  OS  ix.  dfiom,  Du.  adtm,  AS.  cefim 
(obsolete  in  Eng.), '  breath.'  The  cognates 
point  to  Aryan  itmon-,  Sans,  dtmdn,  m., 
'puff,  breath,  spirit';  also  Olr.  athach, 
'  breath,'  Gr.  a.rp.6%  '  smoke,  vapour.' 
Whether  ModHG.  Slbcr  and  Gr.  Ijrop, 
'  heart,'  are  derived  from  the  root  St,  '  to 
exhale,  breathe,'  contained  in  these  cog- 
nates, is  questionable. 

Jiff e,  Jit f t,  in., '  father,'  dialectic,  from 
MidHG.  atte,  OHG.  atto,  'father.'  The 
mutation  of  the  ModHG.  is  diminutive,  as 
is  shown  by  the  final  i  of  the  Swiss  Utti. 
Allied  to  Goth,  atta,  'father'  (whence  At- 
tila,  MidHG.  Etzel,  lit. '  little,  dear  father'), 
perhaps  also  to  Olr.  aite,  'foster-father' 
(from  attios),  OSlov.  otlcl,  '  father.' 

JUtid),  111.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
attech  (atech),  OHG.  attali  (attuh,  atah), 
'  danewort,'  borrowed  and  extended  at  an 
early  period  from  Lat.  acte  (Gr.  Akttj,  iucrta), 
<  elder-tree.'  Comp.  gatttd)  from  Lat.  lac- 
tuca,  also  JDattct  from  dactylos. 

JU,)cf,  f.,  'magpie' ;  see  under  Gljhr. 

ctfjOit,  vb.,  '  to  corrode,  etch,  bait,' 
from  MidHG.  etzen,  OHG.  ezzen,  'to  give 
to  eat,'  lit '  to  make  eat ' ;  factitive  of  effm. 


Aus 


(    14    ) 


Aus 


Jlu,  JlltC,  'river  islet,  wet  meadow, 
fertile  plan,'  from  MidHG.  ouwe,  f., '  water, 
6tream,  water-land,  island,  peninsula,  mea- 
dow-land abounding  in  water,  grassy  plain'; 
OHG.  ouwa,  from  old  *auj6-  (the  presumed 
Goth,  fui-m,  comp.  OHG.-MidLat.  augia). 
It  corresponds  to  OIc.  ey  and  AS.  Sg,  fg,  f., 
'  island,'  to  which  AS.  tglond,  iglond,  E. 
island,  Du.  eiland,  'islam),'  are  allied  ;  so 
too  Lat.  and  Teut.  Batavia,  Scandinavia; 
Goth.  *aujd-  (for  awj6-,  avoid-)  has  lost  a  g 
(comp.  SJtiere).  The  theoretical  form  agwjd-, 
prop,  an  adj.  used  as  a  subst.,  '  the  watery 
place,' as  it  were  (hence  '  water-lund,'  i.e., 
\  island  '  or  '  meadow '),  belongs  to  Goth. 
ahwa,  f.,  '  river,'  which  with  Lot.  aqua  is 
based  upon  Aryan  dkiod.  The  names  of 
places  ending  in  a  {e.g.  Sutba)  and  ad)  (e.g. 
VLvaty)  still  preserve  the  OHG.  aha  equiv. 
to  the  Goth.  ahwa.     See  ta  and  tad). 

ttud),  adv.  and  conj.,  'also,  likewise,' 
from  MidHG.  ouch,  OHG.  ouh,  '  and,  also, 
but.'  It  corresponds  to  OSax.  ok,  Du.  ool; 
OFries.  dk,  AS.  edc,  E.  eke,  OIc.  auk,  '  be- 
sides,' Dan.  og,  'and,  also,  but,'  Sw.  och, 
Ic.  ok;  Goth,  auk,  'then,  but';  an  adv. 
common  to  Teut.  Some  refer  this  auk  to 
the  Teut.  root  auk  (Aryan  aug),  '  to  in- 
crease,' wlience  OHG.  ouhh&n,  '  to  add,' 
OSax.  dkian,  AS.  yean,  OIc.  auka,  Goth. 
aukan,  '  to  increase,'  are  derived  (Lat. 
augere,  aug-ustus,  Sans,  vgrds,  'powerful,' 
ojas,  '  strength,'  are  allied  to  them) ;  comp. 
AS.  t6-edcan,  '  moreover,  also.'  Others 
trace  Teut.  auk  to  a  compound  of  two 
Arvan  particles,  au  and  ge  (Gr.  aft,  ye). 

^UC,  f.,  '  ewe,'  dialectic,  from  MidHG. 
ouwe,  OHG.  ou,  f.,  'sheep.'  Comp.  AS. 
eowu,  E.  ewe;  primit  allied  to  Lat.  ovis,  Gr. 
ofc,  Lith.  avis  (OSlov.  ovica),  '  sheep.'  See 
<2cr-af. 

Jlucr,  in  SUieredja,  m.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  dr,  dr-oclise,  OHG.  dr,  drohso,  m., 
'  aurochs ' ;  corresponds  to  AS.  dr,  OIc.  drr, 
(u-  stem).  The  fact  that  even  Roman 
writers  knew  the  Teut.  term  under  the 
form  drus  points  to  *drus  (not  dzus)  as 
the  Goth,  form  ;  comp.  Teut.  and  Lat  gU- 
sum,  '  amber,'  similar  to  AS.  glosre,  '  resin.' 
Hence  the  proposed  explanation  of  dr 
from  Sans,  usrd-s,  m.,  '  bull,'  must  be  put 
aside.  Internal  evidence  cannot  be  ad- 
duced to  show  that  the  OGerm.  word  is 
non-Teut. ;  the  assertion  of  Macrobius  that 
drus  is  Kelt,  proves  nothing. — JUtcrI)af)rt, 
m.,  even  in  MidHG.  the  equiv.  drhan 
(and  orhan),  m.,  'blackcock,'  with  drhuon 


(or/iuon), '  grey  hen,'  occurs.  Slucrljjf)H  was 
evidently  compared  with  9luerodj$,  the  one 
appeared  to  be  among  the  birds  of  the  wood 
what  the  other  was  among  animals  of  the 
chase. 

OUf,  adv.,  prep.,  'up, upwards,  on,  upon,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  df,  adv.,  prep., 
'  upon  ' ;  corresponds  to  OSax.  dp,  AS.  dp- 
Upp,  and  its  equiv.  E.  up;  Goth,  iup,  adv., 
'upwards,  aloft '  differs  remarkably  in  its 
vowel.  Probably  pri mit.  Teut.  *ilppa, ' up,' 
is  allied  to  cben  and  iibcr. 

aufmuijen,  see  mufcen. 

£ufv\xt)V,  see  9hd)t. 

aufttriegcht,  see  nriegeln. 

Jluge,  »•,  'eye,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  ouge,  OHG.  ouga,  n. ;  a  word  common 
to  Teut. ;  comp.  Goth,  augd,  OIc.  auga, 
AS.  edge,  E.  eye,  Du.  oog,  OSax.  6ga,  'eye.' 
While  numerous  terms  for  parts  of  tlie 
body  (comp.  2lrm,  gufj,  -£>erj,  ^inn,  Jtitte, 
Cr/f,  &c.)  are  common  to  Teut.  with  the 
other  Aryan  dialects,  it  has  not  yet  been 
proved  that  there  is  any  agreement  with 
respect  to  9lucje  between  Teut.  and  Lat., 
Gr.,  Ind.,  <fec.  Of  course  there  is  au  unde- 
niable similarity  of  sound  between  the 
Aryan  base  oq,  '  eye,'  and  Lat.  oculus,  Gr. 
6tr<re  for  *6kJ€,  6<f>6dkfjU>s,  Snra,  &c,  Sans.  akSi, 
OSlov.  oko,  lath,  aki-s,  'eye.'— Jlugcnltb, 
see  Sib. 

.ZUtflltff,  m.,  formed,  after  being  based 
anew  on  Lat.  and  Rom.  augustus,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ougest,  ougeste,  OHG.  augusto, 
agusto,  m.,  '  August'  (the  genuine  OGenn. 
term  is  (Jtntemonat,  OHG.  aran-mdnCt). 
Comp.  Fr.  aodt,  Ital.  agosto.  It  was  bor- 
rowed in  OHG.  at  the  same  time  as  Didvj 
and  ajfai. 

aus,  adv.  and  prep.,  '  out,  forth,  from, 
by  reason  of,'  from  the  equiv.  MiilHG.  and 
OHG.  «&3,  adv.,  prep.  ;  corresponds  to  Goth. 
dt,  adv.,  '  out  (thither,  hence),'  AS.  dt, '  out 
(thither,  hence),  out  of  doors,  outside,'  E. 
out,  Du.  uit,  prep.,  adv.,  'out,'  OSax.  dt. 
Comp.  aujjen,  aupcr.  The  common  Teut.  dt 
(from  dt-a  ?)  is  based  upon  Aryan  dd  (ud)  ; 
comp.  Sans,  ud,  a  verbal  particle,  '  out,  out 
(thither),  aloft,  upwards.' 

Jlusfafj,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  late  Mid 
HG.  dysatz,  m.,  'leprosy' ;  a  singular,  late 
and  regressive  formation  from  the  Mid 
HG.  subst.  d$setze  nnd  dyetzel^  leper,'  Mid 
HG.  tiyetzig,  adj., '  leprous,'  OHG.  dys&zzo, 
dysdzeo,  BL,  '  leper ' ;  lit.  '  one  who  lives 
outside,  separate  ;  those  who  were  afflicted 
with  leprosy  were  exposed.     Considering 


Aus 


(    i5    ) 


Bac 


the  very  late  appearance  of  the  subst. 
SUtSfafc,  in  contrast  to  the  early  OHG. 
ti^sdzeo,  'leper,'  there  is  no  doubt  that 
9lu3fa{s  is  a  recent  formation,  like  &tcjer 
from  avijetn.  The  Goth,  word  for  leprosy 
is  Jyrutsfill. 

JUtfier,  f.,  '  oyster,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
earlier  ModHG.  "Aster,  from  Du.  oester, 
which,  with  the  equiv.  AS.  dstre,  E.  oyster, 
Fr.  huitre,  Ital.  ostrica,  is  based  upon 
Lat.  ostrea,  ostreum,  Gr.  6<rrpeov,  '  oyster, 
mussel.' 

austveiben,  see  SBetbe  and  Stnge- 
toeibc. 

auswenbiQ,  see  luenben. 

Ctufcett,  adv.,  'outside,  out  of  doors, 
without,'  froni  MidHG.  A^en,  OHG.  H^ana, 
A^dn,  adv.,  prep.,  'out  of  doors,  outside, 
out,  without'  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  Aton, 
adv.,  'from  without,'  Goth.  Atana,  adv., 


prep.,  'from  without,  outside,  out'  ;  from 
OTeut.  At.     See  auS. 

aujjer,  adv.  and  prep.,  '  except,  unless, 
apart  from,  without,'  from  MidHG.  A$er, 
OHG.  ^30?-,  prep.,  '  out— here '  ;  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  'Alar. 

JUef,  f.  (with  a  dental  added  as  in  £ufte, 
^>abid>t,  and  Dbjl,  &c),  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  ackes  (late  MidHG.  axt),  f.,  OHG. 
acchus  (plur.  acchussi),  f.,  '  axe.'  It  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  accus,  Du.  aaks  (from  akes), 
AS.  tex  (from  *03cces),  E.  ax,  axe,  OIc.  ox, 
Goth,  aqizi,  f.,  '  axe.'  The  Teut.  word  is 
based  upon  Aryan  agest,  or  rather  agzt 
(akst) ;  comp.  the  prim,  cognate  Gr.  &£ivy, 
'axe,'  with  which  perhaps  the  equiv.  Lat. 
ascia,  in  case  it  stands  for  ac-scia,  is  con- 
nected. Lat.  acies,  'sharpness,'  and  Gr.  d»cij, 
'  point,'  as  well  as  Sans,  acri,  '  edge '  (see 
&ljte,  (Stfe),  are  not  allied  to  &rt. 


B. 


bctctr,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  har  (nom.  MidHG.  barer,  barwtr, 
OHG.  barir),  adj.,  'naked,  bare,  denuded, 
free,  empty.'  It  corresponds  to  OSax.  bar, 
AS.  bar,  E.  bare,  OIc.  Lerr,  'naked,  bare' ; 
Goth.  *baza-  is  wanting.  The  r  of  the 
non-Goth,  dialects  is  an  old  s  (not  r)  as 
is  proved  by  the  affinity  to  OSlov.  bom, 
Lith.  basas,  'bare-footed,'  which,  as  well 
as  the  Teut.  adjs.,  point  to  an  Aryan 
bhosd-s,  '  denuded '  (with  regard  to  the  anti- 
quity of  this  idea  see  nacft).  Comp.  also 
Armen.  bok,  'naked,'  which  is  based  upon 
bhosko- ;  besides,  E.  bald  (MidE.  balled) 
points  to  a  Goth,  participle  *bazl6ps  (AS. 
*bodlod).  Perhaps  entbffjren  is  also  con- 
nected with  the  root  bhes.  Comp.  further 
barfdj. 

~g&aas,  m., '  master,'  a  LG.  word  ;  comp. 
Du.  baas;  orig.  perhaps  it  was  a  term  of 
endearment  used  in  addressing  superiors 
(comp.  9hmm,  SDJuljme,  83ube,  Sufjle).  It  is 
undoubtedly  connected  with  93afe,  'aunt  on 
the  father's  side,'  because  93afe,  33aaS — 
93afe(,  are  also  titles  given  by  domestics 
to  their  mistress.  Yet  it  is  astonishing 
that  the  area  of  diffusion  of  93aa£,  m.  (LG.), 
and  Safe,  f.  (MidG.  and  UpG),  is  different. 
Perhaps  'paternal'  was  the  root  idea  of 
both  word?. 

Imbboln,  see  pa^eto. 


"gSadj,  m.  (MidLG.  and  LG.,  fern.),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bach  (plur.  beche),  m. 
(MidG.  fern.),  OHG.  bah,  m.,  'brook.' 
Comp.  OSax.  bski,  MidLG.  beke,  Du.  beek ; 
a  corresponding  Goth.  *baki-,  m.,  is  want- 
ing ;  beside  which  the  equiv.  AS.  becc,  and 
OIc.  bekkr  (whence  E.  beck),  m.,  presuppose 
a  Goth.  *bakki-.  No  Aryan  root  bhag-  witli 
a  meaning  applicable  here  can  be  found  ; 
both  HG.  barfen  and  Gr.  xryi),  '  source,'  are 
scarcely  allied  to  it,  though  Sans,  bhanga, 
'  breach,  wave '  (see  93ntdj)  may  be  so. 

~g&<X<f)burXQe,  f.,  'speedwell,  brooklime' 
(Veronica  beccabunga),  from  MidHG.  bungo, 
OHG.  bunge,  'bulb' ;  allied  to  OIc.  bingr, 
'  bolster,'  and  more  remotely  with  Sans. 
baha,  'dense,'  Gr.  xaxfa?. 

33ache,  f.,  'wild  sow,'  from  MidHG. 
bache,  OHG.  bahho,  m.,  'ham,  (flitch  of) 
bacon'  (Swiss  and  Bav.  bachen)  ;  similarly 
the  corresponding MidLat.ftoco  and  MidDu. 
bake  mean  'ham,  pork,'  and  'pig.'  Comp. 
Prov.,  OFr.,  and  E.  bacon,  borrowed  from 
Germ.  The  Teut.  root  bak  contained  in 
these  cognates  is  further  allied  to  the  cog- 
nates of  ModHG.  93atfe. 

"■2.>ad)ftcIv-\  f-»  '  water- wagtail,'  formed 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ica^erstelze,  OHG. 
watferstelza  ;  the  second  part  of  the  com- 
pound is  connected  with  <&te(}e.  This  term 
is  only  HG.;  comp.  with  it  Du.  kwikstaart, 


Bac 


(     16     ) 


Bag 


Xorw.  quickstiert,  E.  wagtail,  LG.  wippstert, 
Dan.  vipstiert ;  also  Gr.  ffei<roirvyls  ltal. 
squassacoda,  codatremola,  cutrctta,  Fr.  hoche- 
queue  ;  but  Span,  andario,  which  meant 
lit  '  brook-trotter.' 

^ac&,  n.,  'a  deep  wooden  dish,  in  which 
food  is  served  for  a  certain  number  of 
the  crew '  ;  borrowed,  like  many  technical 
terms  of  sea-life,  from  LG. ;  LG.  back, 
'  dish,'  E.  buck  ('  tub,  vat ') ;  com  p.  ModFr. 
bac,  'brewer's  vat  or  tub,'  borrowed  from 
this  word  or  the  Du.  bak.  It  has  been 
derived  from  Late  Lat.  bacca,  '  water  ves- 
sel,' whence  also  Fr.  bac,  'ferryboat,'  Du. 
bak,  E.  bac,  'a  flat-bottomed  boat'  Pro- 
bably S3ccfen  is  allied  to  it. 

"jHadtborb,  n.,  'larboard,'  from  LG. 
(comp.  the  preceding  word)  ;  com  p.  Du. 
bakboord  (AS.  bacbord),  whence  also  the 
equiv.  Fr.  bdbord;  lit.  'the  left  side  of  the 
ship  to  the  back  of  the  helmsman,  who 
is  steering  with  his  right  hand,  the  left 
hinder-part  of  the  ship.'  Du.  and  E.  back  is 
an  OTeut.  word,  which  was,  however,  very 
early  obsolete  in  HG.  (see  the  following 
word) ;  OHG.  bah,  OSax.  bak,  AS.  bcec,  E. 
lack,  OIc.  bak,  n.,  'back,'  Goth.  *balc,  n. 
From  LG.  is  also  derived  HG.  Sorb.  See 
the  latter. 

jSadte  (1.),  'gS  a  die  it,  nt,  especially 
used  in  the  compounds  with  9lfd);,  gutter;, 
hence  the  lit  meaning,  'buttock.'  The 
correct  HG.  form,  which  has  the  regular 
permutation  of  k  to  ch,  is  seen  in  Mid  II G. 
cache,  OHG.  bahho,  'ham,  flitch  of  bacon' 
(yet  MidHG.  also  ars-backe,  m.),  which 
as  'bacon'  made  its  way  into  OFr.,  and 
thence  into  Eng.  also.  Although  it  has 
been  connected  by  the  linguistic  instinct 
of  ModHG.  with  the  following  word,  they 
are  not  allied  ;  it  is  more  probable  that 
3kd)e  and  the  stem  bak,  discussed  under 
SJacfbcrb,  is  most  closely  connected  with  it. 

33adie  (2.),  in.,  f.,  also  "gBadiett,  m.  (the 
latter  espec.  in  the  compounds  93arfett$afnt, 
sjlretd)),  'cheek' ;  from  MidHG.  baclce,  m., 
'jaw,  jawbone,  cheek.'  OHG.  has  the 
doublets  bacclio  (whence  the  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  ck)  and  bahho,  which  produce 
MidHG.  bache.  Comp.  MidHG.  kinntbache 
beside  kinwbacke,  which  compound  too, 
even  in  OHG.  (as  chinni-baliho),  is  more 
frequent  than  the  simple  word  ;  comp. 
OSax.  kinni-bako,  Du.  hinnebakken.  It  is 
still  uncertain  whether  Lat.  bucca,  'cheek,' 
is  allied  to  it ;  its  initial  b  might  have 
arisen  from  bh,  as  in  barba  (see  93art) ;  but 


the  two  differ  in  meaning  ;  while  the  Lat. 
signifies  '  the  inflated  cheek,'  the  G.  word 
orig.  denoted  'jaw.' 

badictt,  vb.  (dial.  UpG.  bafyn),  'to 
bake,'  from  MidHG.  backen,  bachen,  str. 
vb.  ;  doublets  are  found  even  in  OHG. 
bacchan,  bah/tan,  str.  vbs. ;  OHG.  cch  is 
based  upon  the  double  consonants  l:k 
(OSax.  bakkeri,  'baker,'  Du.  baklcen,  'to 
bake);  but  ch  presupposes  a  simple  k. 
Comp.  AS.  baean,  str.  vb.,  E.  to  bake,  as 
well  as  E.  batch,  from  MidE.  bacche,  AS. 
*bcicce,  where  cc  points  to  the  ckof  the  Mod 
HG.  word.  Whether  a  Goth.  *baltkan  or 
*baqan,  str.  vb,  must  be  presupposed  is 
uncertain  ;  the  pre-Teut.  form  of  the  verbal 
root  is  Aryan  bh3g,&s  is  shown  by  its  prim  it. 
kinship  to  Gr.  4>(!ryu,  'I  roast' ;  the  affinity 
of  Lat  fdcus,  '  hearth,'  is  doubtful. 

"23a6.  n.,  'bath,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  bat{d),  OHG.  bad,  n.  ;  comp.  Du. 
bad,  AS.  bee]j,  E.  bath,  OIc.  5aS,  'bath.' 
An  important  word  in  relation  to  the 
history  of  OTeut.  civilisation  ;  even  the 
Roman  writers  testify  that  bathing  (comp. 
further  laben)  was  a  daily  necessity  to  the 
Teutons.  As  a  verb,  a  denominative  was 
already  formed  in  the  OTeut.  dialects,  Mid 
HG.  and  ModHG.  babett,  from  OHG.  badun, 
Du.  baden,  AS.  ba/rian,  E.  to  bathe;  Goth. 
*bap&n  is  not  recorded.  The  dental  of  the 
cognates  is  derivative,  hence  ba  (Aryan 
bhd)  is  the  root  syllable,  (comp.  bafjett, 
in  that  case  allied  to  it),  to  which  OSlov. 
banja,  'bath,'  banjati,  'to  wash,  bathe,'  be- 
longs.—  jjjctoeit,  the  name  of  a  place,  is 
prop.  dat.  plur.  of  93ab,  'at  the  baths'  (so 
too  E  Bath) ;  probably  an  imitation  of 
Lat.  aquae  in  names  of  places. 

"gijafcer,  m.,  'barber,'  from  MidHG 
badaere,  '  one  who  looks  after  the  bathers 
in  the  bath-house.'  "  In  the  later  period 
of  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  a  custom  to  <:et 
the  beard  shaved  and  the  hair  cut  by  the 
SBaber  at  the  end  of  the  bath." 

baf !  baff !  paff  I  onomatopoetic  term 
for  the  report  of  a  gun  ;  first  occurs  in 
ModHG.  Allied  to  ModHG.  bajfett,  'to 
bark,'  from  MidHG.  baffeii,  beffen;  comp. 
MidE.  bafferiy  E.  to  beff;  of  recent  onomat. 
origin. 

bcifjett,  '  to  yelp,'  derivative  of  bdffm. 

bdgertt,  '  to  torment,  plague,'  prob. 
allied  to  OHG.  bdgan,  MidHG.  bdgen,  str. 
vb.,  'to  contend,  quarrel.'  Akin  to  Ir. 
bdgim,  'I  contend,'  bag,  'combat';  hence 
the  Aryan  root  is  bhigh,  bh6gh. 


Bag 


(    i7    ) 


Bal 


■§3ag$er,  m., '  dredging-machine ' ;  like 
many  Words  with  gg  (comp.  Slaggc),  it  is 
not  prop.  HG.  (since  gg  in  HG.  must  have 
been  changed  to  ck),  but  from  LG.  bagger, 
identical  with  Du.  bagger,  '  mud  at  the 
bottom  of  water.' 

bcifoert,  vb.,  '  to  warm  by  poultices,  fo- 
ment, toast  (bread),'  from  the  equiv.MidllG. 
bain,  bmjen,  OHG.  bdjan,  bdan.  The  Teut. 
root  is  bi,  from  pre-Teut.  bid,  to  which  ba- 
of  the  OTeut.  words  for  53ab  is  related  by 
gradation.  The  orig.  sense  of  the  primit. 
stem  bhi,  by  gradation  bha,  was  probably 
*  to  make  warm  by  washing,  bathing.' 

"gSafytt,  f.,  'path,  track,  career,'  from 
MidHG.  bane,  ban,  f.,  m.,'road,  way' ;  allied 
to  MidDu.  bane,  Du.  baan.  No  word  iden- 
tical with  this  is  found  in  any  of  the  older 
periods  of  the  Teut.  group.  The  cognates 
of  bcljttftt  are  probably  allied  to  it. 

~§$ai)Ve,  f.,  '  barrow,  bier,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bdre,  OHG.  b&ra,  f.;  Goth. 
*Mra  or  *berS,  f.  ;  AS.  beer,  bcere,  E.  bi-r  ; 
E.  barrow  (MidE.  barewe),  belongs  to  a  dif- 
ferent gradation  since  it  presupposes  Goth. 
*barwa;  comp.  OIc.  barar,  plur.  'bier,' 
Goth.  *bar6s.  The  pre-Teut.  phonetic  form 
is  bhird-.  From  the  OHG.  word  is  derived 
the  equiv.  Ital.  bara  (barella),  Fr.  biere. 
The  root  is  the  primit.  Aryan  bher,  '  to 
carry,'  which  is  widely  diffused,  and  ap- 
pears in  ModHG.  33iitfce,  gcMren,  ©cbttrt,  as 
well  as  in  3ubev;  it  occurs  in  Ind.  as  b/iar, 
In  Gr.  as  <t>ep,  in  Lat.  as  jer.  From  this 
root  the  OTeut.  languages,  in  agreement 
with  all  the  other  Aryan  tongues,  formed 
a  str.  vb.,  Goth,  balvan,  OHG.  beran,  Mid 
HG.  bern  (the  latter  means  only  'to  bear 
fruit,  produce,  give  birth  to'),  AS.  beran, 
E.  to  bear.     Comp.  espec.  gefcdren. 

"gScti  (1.),  f.,  'bay  of  a  window,'  from 
MidHG.  beie,  'window,'  which  with  the 
following  word  is  of  Rom.  origin  ;  comp. 
E.  bay,  Fr.  baie,  '  bay  (of  a  window).' 

"ggttt  (2.),  f., '  bay,'  derived  through  LG. 
rfrom  E.  bay  (MidE.  baie),  which  was  bor- 
rowed from  Rom.  ;  Fr.  baie,  Ital.  baja, 
Span,  and  Iber.  (in  Isidore),  baja,  'haven'  ; 
prop,  identical  with  the  preceding  word. 

"•J.iaftc,  f.,  '  a  mark  at  the  entrance  of  a 
harbour  as  a  warning  against  shallows, 
buoy';  from  Fris.  like  other  technical 
terms  relating  to  the  sea,  Fris.  bdken  (comp. 
23acf),  whence  LG.  bdke,  Du.  baak.  It  is 
based  upon  Goth.  *baukn,  n.,  which  by  a 
regular  change  became  bedcen,  'beacon,'  in 
AS. ;  comp.  E.  beacon  and  beckon.     OHG. 


bouhhan,  MidHG.  bouchen,  OLG.  bdean, 
'  beacon,  model,'  are  corresponding  terms. 
Thus  the  OTeut.  word  meant  generally 
'sign.'  5kfe  has  been  restricted  to  a 
definite  caution  signal. 

"gjttlbter,  m.,  for  ©artier. 

^alc^e,  f.,  see  f&dd). 

falcon,  see  93alfeit. 

bato,  adv., '  soon,  nearly,  quickly,'  based 
upon  an  OTeut.  adj.  which  signified 'quick, 
bold,  brave ' ;  Goth,  balps, '  bold,'  preserved 
only  in  derivs.,  AS.  beald  (with  the  change 
of  p  after  I  to  d,  comp.  2Balb,  fatten),  E. 
bold,  OIc.  ballr,  '  bold,  impudent,  auda- 
cious ' ;  also  OIc.  baldr,  AS.  bealdor, '  prince,' 
whence  the  name  of  the  god  53aftet.  In 
HG.  the  meaning  tended  towards  '  bold, 
quick ' ;  OHG.  and  OLG.  bald,  MidHG.  bait 
(gen.  buldes).  'bold,  zealous,  quick' ;  comp. 
Ital.  baldo,  'bold.'  The  development  of 
meaning  of  the  OHG.  adv.  baldo,  MidHG. 
balde,  is  thus  '  boldly, — quickly, — imme- 
diately.' The  abstract  Sdlbe,  which  is  con- 
nected with  it,  meant  lit.  'boldness,'  like 
Goth,  balpei  and  OHG.  baldl;  MidHG. 
belde,  'audacity  ' ;  the  meaning  of  the  Mod 
HG.  subst.  is  based  immediately  on  the 
adv.  To  this  word  are  allied  proper  names 
like  S3afbuin,  as  well  as  Fr.  Baudouin  (ap- 
plied to  the  ass). 

"g&albacfyixi,  m., '  canopy,'  not  from  Mid 
HG.  baldekin,  'raw  silk  from  Bagdad,'  but 
from  Ital.  bahlacchino,  which  is  identical 
with  the  MidHG.  word,  but  has  been  spe- 
cialised in  meaning  to  the  canopy  made 
from  such  stuff. 

"§3aIortcw,  m.,  'valerian,'  from  MidHG. 
baldrian,  from  Lat.  Valeriana;  comp.  the 
E.  term. 

"gSaleffei:,  m.,  see  SlrmBntfl. 

"g-Jalft,  m.,'skin,  case,  bellows, brat,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bale  (plur.  beige),  OHG. 
balg,  plur.  balgi,  belgi,  m. ;  Goth,  balgs,  plur. 
balgeis,  'leather  bottle,'  lit.  'the  flayed  skin 
of  an  animal  for  keeping  liquids.'  On 
the  root  balgi-  is  based  AS.  belg,  bylg,  E. 
belly  (93alcj,  with  the  specialised  meaning, 
'swollen  body'),  and  E.  bdlmos,  plur. 
The  primary  idea  of  the  root  is  '  swelling 
out' ;  from  the  same  root  the  OTeut.  dia- 
lects form  a  str.  vb.  belgan  (see  ^dttcr), 
meaning  'to  swell' ;  OIc.  bOlgcnn,  'swollen' ; 
OHG.  belgan,  MidHG.  belgen,  'to  swell,  be 
angry.'  The  pre-Teut.  form  of  the  stem 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  permutation 
of  consonants  is  bhelgh,  and  to  this  corre- 
sponds Ind.  barh  (with  the  initial  aspirate 

B 


Bal 


(     18     ) 


Ban 


displaced),  'to  be  great,  strong' ;  also  Olr. 
bolgaim,  '  I  swell,'  Ir.  bolg,  Gall.-Lat.  bulga, 
'  bag.'  It  is  also  possible  that  HG.  93alcj  is 
cognate  with  Lat.  follis  (from  *folvis,  */olg- 
vu).    Comp.  farther  SBulcje. 

bahien,  vb.,  lit.  '  to  talk  angrily,  quar- 
rel,' then  '  to  cudgel ' ;  derived  from  the 
verbal  root  belg,  '  to  swell  out,'  discussed 
under  93atg  ;  comp.  OHG.  belgan,  MidHG. 
belgen,  meaning  '  to  be  angry.' 

"•J.hrtkcn.  m.,  '  beam,  baulk,  loft,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  ba'ke,  OHG.  balcho,  m. ; 
comp.  AS.  balca,  E.  baulk,  Du.  balk, ' baulk' ; 
in  Scaud.  beside  the  corresponding  bdlkr, 
*  fence,  boundary-line,'  there  occurs  with  a 
different  gradation  bijdlk-,  'baulk'  (Goth. 
*lrUka),  in  AS.  likewise  bolc<>,  'gangway' 
(Goth.  *bulka).  From  Teut.  balkoii,  Fr. 
balcon  and  Ital.  balco  are  derived.  The 
Aryan  form  of  the  root  is  bhalg,  hence 
Gr.  (pd.Xa.'yii,  <f>d\ayy-os,  'oval  piece  of  wood, 
trunk  of  a  tree,'  has  been  compared  with 
it,  but  the  nasal  of  the  second  syllable  ren- 
ders the  comparison  dubious. 

j!.>ttU,  (1.)  m.,  'challenge  (of  hounds),' 
belongs  to  the  stem  of  befleu. 

2,ialt  (2.),  m..  'ball,'  from  the  equiv. 
MHG.  bal  (gen.  balles)  or  balle,  ballen,  m. 
OHG.  ballo,  m.,  balla,  f. ;  AS.  *bealla  is 
wanting  ;  E.  ball  (MidE.  balle)  is  borrowed 
from  the  Rom.  word  Fr.  balle,  which  was  ob- 
tained from  German.  OIc.  bollr, '  ball,'  pre- 
supposes Goih.  *ballu8.  The  root  bal-  ap- 
pears also  with  a  further  gradation  in  53olle 
(in  QJolfier  too?) ;  comp.  further  23cf(eit. 

p.Jall  (3.),  m.,  'dancing  entertainment,' 
from  Fr.  bal, '  ball ' ;  OFr.  bailer, '  to  dance,' 
and  its  Rom.  cognates  have  been  derived 
from  Gr.  /SaMtfw,  '  I  dance.' 

■^.Jallaft,  in.,  '  ballast,'  like  other  mari- 
time expressions,  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  bal- 
last, E.  ballast.  In  MidHG.  simply  last, 
'  ballast,'  whence  the  equiv.  Fr.  lest  is  de- 
rived. The  first  component  of  the  com- 
pound is  obscure  ;  it  is  scarcely  of  Irish 
origin  (Kelt.  6a/,  '  sand  '),  nor  is  it  likely 
to  be  identical  with  OIc.  bdra,  'sea.'  On 
account  of  Dan.  baglest,  '  ballast.'  the  least 
improbable  derivation  is  from  bak,  '  back,' 
discussed  under  93acfe  (1.).  93a((ajl  might 
perhaps  be  '  load  behind  or  in  the  rear.' 

"2.5aUci,  f.,  'jurisdiction,' from  MidLat. 
ballia,  formed  from  Fr.  bailli,  bailif, 
'steward'  (MidLat.  balltvus,  E.  bailiff), 
which  is  formed  from  Lat.  bajulus,  with 
the  suffix  -tvus. 

"2.$ttHert,  m., '  bale,  pack,'  identical  with 


4-8a((,  which,  as  MidHG.  allt  and  OHG.  ballo 
show,  was  formerly  a  weak  masc.  ;  in  con- 
nection with  the  difference  of  form  arose  a 
difference  of  meaning;  orig.  sense  'round 
bundle  of  paper,'  then  'a  certain  quantity 
of  rolled  or  packed  paper.'  E.  bait  and  Du. 
baal  are  borrowed  from  Fr.  balle  (also  bal- 
lon), which  was  again  obtained  from  Germ. 

ballen,  vk,  'to  clench  (the  fiUtV  from 
MidHG.  ballen,  'to  form  into  a  ball.' 

baHf)onuperen,vb.,Derbani)ortten, 
'  to  make  worse  by  altering ' ;  derived  from 
58alll)orH,a  publisher  in LUbeck  (1531-1599), 
who  in  his 'enlarged  and  improved' edi- 
tions of  an  ABC  book  was  always  making 
fresh  mistakes  in  his  'emendations.' 

"JMrtlfam.  m.,  'balm,  balsam,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ha/same,  balsem,  m  ,  OHG. 
balsamo,  m. ;  Goth,  balsan,  with  a  very  re- 
markable deviation  ;  comp.  Arab,  balasdn. 
The  Germ,  word  is  derived  from  Gr.-Lat. 
balsamum  {fiakaanov),  whence  also  Fr.  baumc 
(E.  balm),  Ital.  balsamo. 

"£).>al  ],  m., '  pairing  time  (of  birds),'  from 
MidHG.  baize  (besides  valz),  m.  ;  of  obscure 
origin. 

bammeln,  also  bctmbdn,  vb.,  'to 
dangle,'  first  recorded  in  M'»dHG..  hence 
it  may  be  an  onomatopoetic  word  collateral 
with  btntmetn,  bemmeltt,  '  to  tinkle.' 

"g3anb  (1.),  m.,  '  volume,'  orig.  identical 
with  the  following  word. 

^Scmo  (2.),  n.,  '  band,  ribbon,'  from 
binDm;  MidHG.  bant,  plur.  bender  (and 
bant),  n.,  OHG.  bant,  plur.  bentir  (and  bant). 
Comp.  OSax.  band,  Du.  band,  m.,OIc.  bandy 
Goth,  by  another  derivation  bandi  (whence 
AS.  bend,  E.  bend,  as  well  as  a  later  band 
derived  from  Fr.  bande).  See  the  preced- 
ing and  the  following  word. 

"p.)cm6c,  f.,  'cushion,'  in  93U(arbbanbf, 
from  Fr.  bande;  similarly  derived  in  the 
sense  of '  crew.'  The  Rom.  word — Fr.  bande 
(Ital.  banda),  '  band,  strip,  gang,  troop,'  is 
derived  from  OHG.  bant,  Goth,  bandi. 

bdnoicten,  vb., '  to  restrain,  tame,'  from 
bdnbtii,  ordinarily  only  in  the  compound 
unbattbig  ;  MidHG.  bendec,  '  tightly  bound, 
fettered,'  hence  bdnbiflcn,  '  to  put  in  fetters.' 

battgC,  adj.  ami  adv.,  'anxious(ly), 
uneasy,  uneasily,'  from  MidHG.  and 
MidLG.  bange, adv.,  'anxiously,' and  subst. 
'anxiety,  tare.'  The  root  is  ange,  which 
further  appears  in  Slitcjfl ;  as  enge  is  the  cor- 
responding adj.,  batute  can  only  be  based  on 
the  MidHG.  adv.  ange,  OHG.  ango,  the 
adv.  afterwards  becoming  an  adj.     The  b 


Ban 


(     19    ) 


Bar 


lias  arisen  from  the  unaccented  prefix  be 
(bt),  as  g  in  ajaubeit,  Qtabe,  from  ge.  See 
bariitfKrjtg,  bleiben. 

"§3angcrf ,  m.,  '  orchard,'  for  bdn-,  bdm- 
gart,  MidHG.  boumgartej  comp.  9?  aunt  and 
©arteit. 

^IJanft,  f.,  '  bank,  bench,  reef,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  banc,  plur.  benke,  OHG. 
banch,  plur.  benchi,  m.,  f.  ;  comp.  AS.  bene, 
f.,  E.  bench,  OIc.  beklcr.  Besides  the  stem 
bariki-  (from  pre-Teut.  bhangi-),  Teut.  pos- 
sessed others  which  are  recorded  in  words 
borrowed  by  Romance  ;  comp.  Ital.  banco, 
banco,  pa»ca,  Fr.  banc,  banque,  &c  See 
the  following  words. 

"gjemfcert,  earlier  SBanfart,  SSanfljari,  m., 
'  bastard,  bantling,'  from  MidHG.  banchart, 
m.,  'illegitimate  child,'  lit.  '  a  child  begot- 
t- n  upon  the  bench';  a  compound  of 
$3anf.  The  second  part  is  sljart,  appearing 
in  proper  names  as  ©ebbart,  diehityart,  and 
is  formed  by  assimilation  to  Skftarb  (older 
93ajlart,  also  written  23ajlr/art). 

"2«Janhctf,  n.,  'banquet,'  borrowed  be- 
fore the  middle  of  the  16th  cent,  from 
Fr.  banquet,  which  (with  Fr.  banc,  Ital. 
banco,  '  table ')  was  perhaps  derived  from 
the  German  stem  of  93anf. 

"2.> arm,  m.,  '  ban,  outlawry,  decree,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ban(nn),  m., '  order 
under  threat  of  punishment,  prohibition  ; 
jurisdiction  and  its  sphere.'  It  corresponds 
to  AS.  bann,  E.  ban,  and  belongs  to  an  obso- 
lete s:r.  vb.  bannan,  of  which  the  primary 
meaning  was  'to  order  or  forbid  under 
threat  of  punishment.'  The  root  is  sup- 
posed to  be  la,  pre-Teut.  bha- ;  nn  was 
perhaps  a  suffix  (comp.  riiuien),  and  pro- 
perly belonged  only  to  the  pres.  of  the  str. 
vb.,  but  was  afterwards  joined  to  the  ver- 
bal stem.  To  this  pre-Teut.  bha-  belongs, 
in  accordance  with  the  permutation  of  con- 
sonants, Gr.  <f>a.  in  <pd-ffKu,  (fry-fii  and  Lat. 
fa  in /any  the  Teut.  meaning  must  then 
have  been  very  definitely  specialised.  From 
the  Teut.  word  the  Rom.  cognate  Fr.  ban, 
'  public  proclamation'  (OFr.  arban,  'arriere 
ban '),  is  derived. 

"planner,  m.,  'banner,  militia,'  from 
MidHG.  bauer,  more  usual  banier,  baniere, 
f.,  from  Fr.  banniere,  which  has  been  de- 
rived from  the  stem  of  Goth,  bandwa, 
bandwC,  'sign.'  Comp.  MidLat.  bandum 
in  Paul  the  Deacon,  lvexillum  quod  ban- 
dum appellant.    See  fattier. 

pjjanfe,  f.,  'space  in  a  barn  near  the 
threshing-floor,'  from  MidG.  and  LG. ;  the 


word  is  wanting  in  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
From  *bans-  arose  AS.  bos.  E.  dial,  boose 
(boosy, '  cattle-trough  '),  and  OIc.  bass, '  cow- 
house.' The  Goth,  has  bansts,  f., '  barn,'  in 
which  the  stem  has  been  increased  by  the 
deriv.  -ti-. 

tbox,  adj.  suffix  which  is  derived  from  a 
complete  adj.,  properly  bare,  MidHG.  bare, 
OHG.  bdri;  it  means  lit.  'bearing,'  comp. 
fructytbar,  (ajtbar.  also  banfbat ;  later  on,  when 
it  became  a  suffix,  it  assumed  the  present 
meaning.  The  older  adj.  is  a  verbal  form 
of  the  str.  vb.  beran  (see  under  SJafyre), 
Teut.  root  ber  (Aryan  biter),  '  to  bear,  carry.' 
In  AS.  too  -bcere  appears,  e.g.  in  wmstmbebre, 
'  fertile,'  leblUbdbre,  '  Lucifer.' 

ji3ar  (1.),  m.,  '  (paving)  beetle,'  from 
MidHG.  bern,  '  to  strike,  beat,'  whence 
also  Mid HG.  ber,  f.,  ' blow,  stroke.'  OHG. 
berjan,  Goth.  *barjan,  agrees  by  the  per- 
mutation of  consonants  with  Lat.  ferio,  'I 
strike,'  as  well  as  OBulg.  borja,  '  I  fight ' 
(OIc.  berjask,  '  to  fight')  ;  it  is  based  on  the 
root  bhtr,  '  to  strike.' 

2$ar  (2.),  m.,  'bear.'  The  Lat.  name 
of  the  animal  (ursus)  descends  from  the 
pre-Aryan  period,  just  as  Gr.  dp/rros  and 
Ind.  rkSa-s  (ursus  for  *urcsus).  It  is  re- 
markable that  the  Teutons  have  aban- 
doned this  old  Aryan  term  for  'bear' 
(rlcs6s,  Teut.  orhsa-s),  since  they  have  re- 
tained other  names  of  animals.  In  Mid 
HG.  we  have  ber,  OHG.  b'ero,  AS.  bera,  E. 
bear,  OIc,  bjorn, '  bear '  (Goth.  *baira).  The 
Teut.  beron-  is  a  subst.  form  based  upon 
an  Aryan  adj.  bliero-,  equiv.  to  Lith.  beras, 
'  brown  '  (Lat.  furvus  ?),  from  the  root  of 
which,  bher  and  ModHG.  93tbcr,  braun,  may 
also  be  derived;  in  using  the  adj.  as  a 
subst.  the  Aryan  rksos  is  understood.  Note 
that  23raun  is  the  name  of  the  bear  in  the 
OG.  animal  fables. 

"23dr  (3.),  m.,  '  brood -boar,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  bir,  111.,  which, 
with  OSax.  bir-sicin,  AS.  bdr,  E.  boar, 
points  to  Goth.  *baira-. 

"•llarbe,  f.,  '  barbel,'  from  MidHG.  barbe, 
f.,  OHG.  barbo,  in.,  which  is  based  upon 
the  equiv.  Lat.  barbus.  The  fish  derived 
its  name  from  barba,  'beard,'  on  account 
of  its  beard-like  appendages  ;  from  the 
Lat.  word  comes  Fr.  barbeau  (from  Mid 
Lat.  barbellus),  whence  E.  barbel,  as  well 
as  barb;  comp.  also  Ital.  barbio,  M>arbel.' 

"pjarbicr,  m.,  ' barber,'  early  ModHG. 
only,  borrowed  from  Fr.  barbier  (MidLat. 
barbarius,  '  barber '). 


Bar 


(    20    ) 


Bar 


"23ctrcf),  in.,  'castrated  hog,'  from  Mid 
HG.  bare  (barges),  OHG.  barug  and  barh; 
comp.  AS.bear/i,  bearg,  E.  barrow,  Du.  6an/, 
berg,  OIc.  bqrgr;  Goth.  *bargws  (*b  ngus). 
No  evidence  of  a  pre-Teut.  stem  bharg/i, 
bhark,  for  '  hog,'  can  be  adduced  from 
Other  languages.  Lat.  verres  and  Sans. 
vardha-s,  '  boar,'  cannot  be  allied  to  it,  any 
more  than  Lat.  porcus,  which  belongs  to 
gerfel.  It  is  more  probable  that  Russ. 
borov  (primit.  Slav.  *borovu)  is  a  cognate. 

■j$ard)ettt,  m.,  'fustian,'  from  MidHG. 
barchant,  barchdt,  barchet,  m^  formed  from 
MidLat.  barcdnus,  '  cloth  from  camels' 
hair '  ;  derived,  like  93erfan,  from  Arab. 
barrakdn,  '  coarse  stuff.' 

1$areff,  n.,  'skull-cap,  hood,'  adopted 
in  the  15th  cent,  from  Fr.  barrette,  MidLat. 
birrStta,  a  deriv.  from  L:it.  birrus,  birrum, 
'cloak,  pallium.' 

■gSctrfee,  f.,  'barque,  boat,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  barke,  f.  ;  corresponds  to 
Scand.  barke,  'barque' ;  not  of  Germ,  ori- 
gin. The  cognates  are  based  upon  an  equiv. 
Rom.  class  with  the  primit.  forms  barca- 
bariea  (found  even  in  the  7th  cent,  in 
Isidore) ;  comp.  Fr.  barque  (besides  OFr. 
barge,  from  MidLat.  barica;  whence  E. 
barife,  LG.  S3arfe),  Ital.  barca;  Olr.  bare 
is  of  similar  oiigin.  The  ultimate  source 
of  the  cognates  (Spain?)  is  uncertain. 

■jSdrlctpp,  m.,  'club-moss' ;  orig.  sense 
'  bear's  paw ' ;  comp.  the  Lat.-Gr.  term  lyco- 
podium  formed  from  it ;  allied  to  OHG. 
lappo,  lit.  'palm  of  the  hand.' 

jScirme,  f.,  'yeast,'  borrowed  from  the 
equiv.  LG.  barme,  m.,  which  corresponds 
to  AS.  beorma  and  E.  barm.  Lat.  fermen- 
turn  (if  it  does  not  belong  to  formus,  Gr. 
8epn6s, '  warm ')  is  perhaps  akin  to  it.  Teut. 
b,  Lat.  /,  are  Aryan  bh. 

baxmfyer^xQ,  adj.,  'compassionate,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  barmherzic ;  related  to 
ModHG.  and  MidHG.  erbarmen,  OHG.  ir- 
barmSn.  This  stem  has  been  connected  with 
a  Teut.  word  barm, '  bosom '  (E.  barm,  from 
AS.  bearm,  Goth,  barms,  OHG.  and  OLG. 
burm,  MidHG.  barm,  m.) ;  hence  erbarmen 
means  lit.  'to  cherish  in  one's  bosom,  press 
to  one's  heart.'  Perhaps  the  equiv.  Goth. 
arman,  'to  move  to  pity,'  and  armaid, 
'compassion,'  stand  in  a  similar  relation 
to  Slrm,  the  lit.  meaning  of  the  verb  being 
'to  take  in  one's  arms,  cherish.'  Others, 
however,  are  of  opinion  that  trbarmen  con- 
tains a  b  derived  from  bi  (like  bange,  derived 
from  bwange),  so  that  it  would  be  more  akin 


to  Goth,  arman.  But  in  that  case  either  a 
secondary  meaning,  'misericors,'  in  addi- 
tion to  'miser,'  must  be  assumed  for  Teut. 
arm,  for  which  there  is  no  support ;  or  we 
niu-t  regard  it  as  an  imitation  of  a  Lat.- 
Chri.-t.  term,  Goth,  arman,  horn  arms,  like 
Lat.  misereri,  from  miser;  indeed  0  HG.  arm- 
herzi,  'misericors,'  and  irbarmherzida  (Goth. 
armahalrtifra), '  misericordia,'  render  it  cer- 
tain that  Christianity  coined  the  words  to 
express  a  Lat.-Christ.  idea  ;  comp.  Scmut, 
©iiabe,  &c. 

j$artt,  m.,  'crib,  hayrack  above  the 
crib,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bam,  m., 
OHG.  barno,  m. ;  AS.  bern,  E.  barn,  is 
equiv.  to  Germ.  <2d)euer.  The  Germ,  and 
Eng.  words  are  not,  perhaps,  identical,  but 
only  of  a  cognate  stem  ;  the  stem  of  the 
Eng.  word  is  bar-,  which  appears  in  Goth. 
*baris,  '  barley,'  AS.  bere,  E.  barley,  and  is 
cotrnate  with  Lat.  far,  j 'arris, '  spelt,'  OBulg. 
burii,  'a  species  of  millet' ;  AS.  bern  is  ex- 
plained from  bere-ern,  '  barley-house.' 

"§3aron,  m., '  Baron,'  not  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  barun,  but  from  the  Fr.  and  MidL 
Rhen.  form  baron,  which  is  found  in  the 
16th  cent. ;  MidLat.  baro,  baronis,  is  by 
some  based  on  Kelt,  bar,  'man,'  and  by 
others  on  AS.  beorn  or  on  OHG.  baro, 
'man,  vassal.' 

"gjarre,  f.,  ^arrcn,  m.,  'bar,  ingot,' 
from  MidHG.  barre,  f., '  bolt,  railing,'  which 
comes  from  Fr.  barre. 

jScttfd),  m.,  'perch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bars,  m.  ;  there  is  also  a  deriv. 
form  MidHG.  and  OHG.  bersich;  comp.  the 
corresponding  Du.  baars,  AS.  bars,  bears, 
E.  dial,  barse  (bass) ;  allied  to  the  com- 
pounds Sw.  abborre,  Dan.  aborre  (rr  from 
rs),  with  the  same  meaning.  The  cognates 
cannot  have  been  borrowed  from  the  equiv. 
Lit.  perca;  they  are  more  akin  to  the  Teut 
root  bars  (bors)  in  93crjk,  Sh'irjlf,  signifying 
'  to  be  bristly.' 

baxfd),  adj.,  'rough,  rude,'  a  modern 
word,  appearing  also  in  Du.  (larsch)  and 
Sw.  (barsk),  but  foreign  to  theUpG.  dialects. 
It  is  not  found  in  OTeut.  In  Swiss  dialects 
the  term  is  barodsch  (with  the  accent  on 
the  second  syllable),  in  which  perhaps  the 
base  of  barftfy  is  preserved  ;  Ital.  brusco  (Fr. 
brusque)  may  be  connected  with  it.  In 
Swiss  occurs  also  bars'  in  the  phrase  bars' 
gd,  'to  go  alone' ;  it  also  means  'without 
a  hat,  a  coat.'  Both  significations  point  to 
its  deriv.  from  bar.  Yet  barfeb  may  have 
originated  in  the  Teut.  root  bars,  'to  be 


Bar 


(       21       ) 


Bat 


bristly,  rough,'  mentioned  under  tlie  pre- 
ceding word,  especially  as  Du.  barsch  means 
lit.  '  rough.' 

"§3arf,  m.,  'heard,  cornh,  harb,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bart,  OHG.  bart,  m. ;  comp. 
Du.  baard,  AS.  and  E.  beard.  For  this  Teut. 
word,  the  existence  of  which  is  proved  by 
the  ethnical  term  gattgobartm  to  be  ex- 
tremely remote,  skegg  was  used  in  Scand. 
The  pre- Teut.  form  of  Goth.  *barda,  f., 
was,  in  accordance  with  the  permutation 
of  consonants,  bhardhd — which  is  also  pre- 
sumed by  OSlov.  Lrada  (with  the  usual 
loss  of  aspiration  and  metathesis  of  the  r), 
and  Lat.  barba  (with  b  for  dk  when  next  to  r, 
comp.  rot,  SBort ;  the  initial  b  is  from  bh,  as 
in  33arfe  ;  in  other  cases  initial  bh  is  Lat./). 
Com  p.  also  Li  th.  barzdd,  •  beard '  (for  *barJd). 

"gUarte  (1.),  f.,  'broad  axe,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  barte,  OHG.  barta,  f.  ;  in 
Bav.-Suab.  the  word,,  which  is  properly 
North  G.,  does  not  occur ;  allied  to  ODn. 
and  OSax.  barda,  OIc.  barfia  (OFr.  barde, 
'hatchet,'  is  borrowed  from  Teut.).  From 
this  word  OSlov.  bradyj.,  'axe,' is  borrowed. 
The  words  are  derivatives  of  the  stem 
bhardh-  appearing  in  93art  ;  the  axe  is,  as 
it  were,  'the  bearded  thing,' OIc.  skeggja, 
'  broad  axe,'  being  related  in  a  similar  way 
to  skegg,  'beard';  likewise  MidE.  barbe 
(from  Lut.-Rom.  barba)  signifies,  among 
other  things,  'edge  of  the  axe.'  Comp. 
.£>c{(ct\ufce. 

jJ3arfe(2.),  f.,  'baleen,'  aderiv.  of  ©art, 
first  occurring  in  ModHG.,  and  akin  to 
93arte ;  comp.  E.  barbs,  from  Lat.  barba; 
Du.  baarden,  plur. 

~g&afe,  f.  (dialect,  designating  any  of 
the  remoter  degrees  of  relation  on  the 
female  side,  e.g.,  in  the  Basle  dial,  'aunt, 
niece,  cousin'),  'cousin,  aunt,'  from  Mid 
HG.  base,  OHG.  basa,  '  father's  sister ' ;  the 
AS.  and  Fris.  dialects  have  a  word  allied  to 
aktct;  AS.  fajru,  OYrit.fethe.  The  Teut. 
type  fapdn  is  certainly  only  a  term  of  en- 
dearment for  fa/jar-,  fadar-suestar, '  father's 
sister.'  Probably  OHG.  basa  is  also  a  pet 
or  childish  name  for  the  proper  badar-, 
fadar-siresd.  The  same  might  be  said  of  the 
variant  MidG.  and  LG.  IBaff,  and  with  the 
necessary  qualifications  of  the  masc.  SBaafl. 

■^iJafl,  m.,  '  inner  bark  of  trees,  husk,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bast  (also  buost 
with  gradation),  OHG.  *bast,  iu.,  n.  It 
corresponds  to  AS.  bast,  E.,  Du.  and  OIc. 
bast,  Goth.  *bastus.  Hence  the  deriv.  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  besten, '  to  strap,'  as  well  as  the 


Rom.  cognate  basto,  '  pack-saddle '  (>ee 
under  33ajtait),  with  which  Swiss  bast, 
'  saddle,'  agrees.  There  is  no  justification 
for  deriving  the  words  from  binfcctt,  for  the 
absence  of  the  nasal,  the  occurrence  of  st 
(for  which  we  should  have  expected  ss  from 
dh  +  t),  and  the  gradation  in  MidHG.  buost 
render  such  a  derivation  impossible.  The 
resemblancein  sound  between  thisword  and 
bittbcn  proves  nothing  as  to  the  etymology  ; 
this  popular  and  superficial  derivation  w;;s 
suggested  by  the  use  of  bast.  The  Teut. 
word,  which  is  more  probably  connected 
with  the  root  bes  appearing  in  Scfeti,  found 
its  way  into  Rom.  ;  comp.  Ital.  basta, '  bast- 
ing, stitching.' 

"glaff  orb,  m., '  bastard,'  from  Fr.  bdtard, 
baslard  (Ital.  bastardo),  borrowed  in  the 
Middle  Ages  (MidHG.  bastart).  MidE. 
bast,  '  illegal  marriage,'  and  OFr.  fils  de 
baft,  'illegitimate  son,'  indicate  the  pri- 
mary meaning  of  the  Rom.  word,  which 
came  to  England  with  William  L,  and  at  a 
later  period  made  its  way  to  Scandinavia. 
The.  OFr.  bastard  (Fr.  bdtard)  has  a  Teut. 
termination  ;  see  Stknfcrt.  The  first  part  of 
the  word,  which  in  MidE.  and  OFr.  signi- 
fies '  illegal  marriage,'  is  generally  derived 
from  MidLat.  and  Rom.  bastum,  '  pack- 
saddle  ' ;  comp.  Ital.  and  Span,  basto,  Fr.  bdt, 
'pack-saddle.'  SJajkrb  would  then  mean 
'the  son  of  a  pack  saddle'  (comp.  SBafi) — 
the  saddles  serving  the  Spanish  muleteers 
as  beds  ;  comp.  SBattfert.  Scand.  bastarfir, 
whence  some  would  derive  the  modern 
Europ.  word,  did  not  reach  the  North  be- 
fore 1200  a.d.  nearly. 

■23a(Ict,  f.,  'bastion,'  from  earlier  Mod 
HG.  bastte;  comp.  OFr.  bastie  (allied  to 
Oltal.  bastire;  Fr.  bdtir) ;  it  is  akin  to 
5kftion,  f.,  borrowed  from  Fr.  bastion,  Ital. 
bastione. 

£!3ctg  (1.),  m.,  '  ba«s,'  derived  like  many 
other  musical  terms  from  Ital.  (basso). 

bctfo  (2.),  compar.  adv.,  'better,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ba^,  OHG.  603 ;  comp. 
OSax.  bat-bet,  AS.  bet  from  batiz  (Goth. 
*batis)  ;  it  is  an  old  adv.  from  the  adj.  dis- 
cussed under  beffrc.  The  almost  invariable 
use  at.  present  of  the  adv.  bcffcr,  instead  of 
the  older  bajj,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
formation  of  the  adv.  was  no  longer  under- 
stood, and  that  the  adj.  at  the  same  time 
has  in  every  case  assumed  an  adv.  function. 

"2.>atbcnjicl.  m-i  'germander,'  a  corrup- 
tion of  Lat.  betonicula,  dimin.  of  Lat.  be- 
tonica,  whence  MidHG.  batdnje. 


Bat 


(    22    ) 


Ban 


■gSaljeit,  m.,  'a  coin'  (about  a  penny), 
from  MidHQ.  batze,  m.,  'small  coin  of  the 
town  of  Bern  with  the  Bernese  coat  of 
arms,  a  bear'  (MidHG.  beta,  ModHG.  33afc, 
$efc) ;  comp.  J?reujet,  SRappen.  Hence  Ital. 
baszo,  'money.' 

7J.5mt,  m., ' construction,  structure,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  bu,  in.  See 
bauen,  fflube. 

~j&aii($),  m.,  'belly,  bulge,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  buch,  OHG.  buh  (hh),  m. ; 
the  corresponding  AS.  buc  (E.  dial,  buck, 
'  the  inner  part  of  a  carriage ')  has  the  same 
meaning  ;  OIc.  bukr,  '  body,  waist.'  It  is 
uncertain  whether  33aud)  belongs  to  the 
Sans,  root  bhuj  (corap.  L  it.  fungor),  *  to  take 
food,'  or  to  Sans,  bhuj,  'to  bend'  (Saucr-, 
lit.  'the  flexible  part').  Perhaps  it  is 
connected  with  Gr  (pfoica  (for  <f>vy<TKa  ?), 
'  stomach,  blister '  ?.  It  is  certainly  not  akin 
to  AS.  bodig,  E.  body,  OHG.  botah,  *  body,' 
nor  is  it  allied  to  Gr.  <f>a.ytiv, *  to  eat '  (Sans. 
bhaj,  '  to  enjoy,  partake  of). 

baud)Ctt,  vb., '  to  steep  in  hot  lye '  (LG. 
biiken,  MidLG.  bAken),  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  buclien,  OHG.  *buhMn;  E.  to  buck 
(dial,  to  bonk),  for  which  even  a  MidE. 
term  bouken  occurs  a  few  times,  points  to 
AS. *bucian;  to  these  Swed.  byka,  ic.  bauka, 
and  Norw.  boykja,  are  allied.  Tiie  word  is, 
moreover,  diffused  through  most  of  the 
Tent,  languages,  and  correctly  represents 
MidHG.  bile/ten/  only  in  the  Bav.  dialect 
is  the  word  unrecorded.  Hence  the  exist- 
ence of  a  Tent,  verbal  root  buk  (to  which 
AS.  buc, '  pail,'  is  allied  ?)  is  undoubted,  and 
the  Rom.  cognate,  Fr.  buer  (Ital.  bucare), 
1  to  wash,'  is  more  probably  borrowed  from 
the  Tent  than  vice  versd.  The  Kelt  origin 
of  baitcbett  (Bret,  boukat,  '  to  soften ')  is  im- 
possible. 

"23cutbe,  see  93ube. 

batten,  vb.,  'to  build,  construct,  culti- 
vate,' from  MidHG.  buioen,  OHG.  and  OLG. 
buan  (weak  vb.  with  traces  of  a  strong 
inflexion),  '  to  dwell,  inhabit,  till,  plant' ; 
with  regard  to  the  meaning  '  to  dwell,' 
comp.  93au,  93auer,  and  SBube.  To  the 
OHG.  buan  corresponds  Goth,  bauan,  '  to 
dwell,  inhabit.'  The  root,  in  accordance 
with  the  law  of  the  permutation  of  con- 
sonants, is  pre-Teut.  bhU,  which,  on  com- 
parison with  Sans.  b/<H,  Gr.  #tfw,  Lat.  fui 
(futurus),  &c,  must  mean  •  to  be,  become, 
arise,  beget,'  With  the  same  root  are  con- 
nected the  following  nouns,  which  are  of 
importance  in  determining    its    primary 


sense  :  OInd.  bhumw, '  earth,'  bhutis,  ' 
tence,' <f>vfia,  'produce'  (comp.  also  QJauni), 
<t>6fftt,  '  nature,'  <pv\ov,  <f>v\^,  '  trihe,  race.' 

jSctuer  (l.),n.and  m., '  birdcage,'  a  word 
foreign  to  the  UpG.  dialects,  from  MidII< :. 
bur,  used  only  in  the  sense  of  'sojourn, 
birdcage  ;'  but  OHG.  IrAr  has  the  further 
meaning  of  'house,  chamber.'  AS.  bur, 
'dwelling'  (to  which  E.  neighbour  from 
AS.  neahgebur  is  related  ;  similarly  the 
more  general  meaning  of  93auet  appears  in 
HG.  SRadjbarX  E.  bower,  with  which  E.  dial. 
bire  ('  cowhouse '),  AS.  bfire,  is  connected. 
The  pre-Teut.  form  would  be  bhur6,  with 
ro  as  a  deriv.  sulrix.  See  the  three  follow- 
ing words. 

gaiter  (2.),  m.,  in  Crrbauer,  SHcferbaiicr, 
'  tiller,'  from  MidHG.  bAwcere,  OHG.  b&dri 
(Goth.  *bauareis  is  wanting),  the  term  lor 
the  agent,  from  batten. 

^axxex  (3-)>  ni.,  'rustic,  peasant,'  histo- 
rically and  etvmologically  different  from 
95aucr  (2.),  for  the  MidHG.  form  is  geb&r, 
OHG.  giburo,  m.,  which  belongs  to  the 
OTeut.  bur,  'dwelling.'  discussed  under 
93aucr (1.), and  meanslh. ' co-dweller, joint- 
occupier,'  then  '  neighbour,  ft  llow-ciiizen  ' 
(comp.  @efe[(e,  '  one  who  shares  the  same 
room '),  and  at  a  later  period  '  fellow-villa- 
ger, peasant,  boor.'     See  also  91acfobar. 

"g&autn,  m.,  '  tree,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  bourn,  m.  ;  corresponds  to 
OSax.  Mm,  Du.  boom,  AS.  beam,  m.,  'tree,' 
whence  E.  beam  (beam  in  sunbeam  is  quite 
another  word  ;  G.  Saum  is  E.  tree)  ;  E.  boom 
is  LG.  and  Du.  Mm, '  tree.'  The  correspond- 
ing Goth,  bagms  and  OIc.  batSmr  have  the 
same  phonetic  form.  The  cognates,  with 
Gr.  <f>vfia, '  produce/are  usually  derived  from 
the  Teut.  root  bA,  Aryan  bl<u\  '  to  become, 
arise,'  discussed  under  bauen. 

bautnetn,  vb.,  simply  ModHG.  'to 
hover  as  on  a  tree'  ?.    See,  however,  bummefii. 

bdumctt,  vb.,  'to  rear,'  ModHG.  only, 
lit.  '  to  lift,  oneself  up  like  a  tree.' 

jSaufcf),  ui.,  'pad,  bolster,' from  Mid 
HG.  busc/t,  m.,  'cudgel,  blow  causing  blis- 
ters, swelling.'  If  '  cudgel '  is  the  primary 
sense,  the  word  may  be  connected  with 
MidHG.  b6$en,  OHG.  bS^an,  from  bautan 
see  Slmbefj,  93eutd,  Setfu^) ;  bAt-  would  be 
another  stage  in  gradation,  and  before  the 
suffix  sch  from  sk  the  dental  would  inevi- 
tably disappear  ;  comp.  h:\t.fustis,  'cudgel,' 
from  *bhdd-stis. 

bemfett,  vb.,  'to  carouse,  swell,' from 
93au$,  MidHG.  bAs,  'inflation,  swelling  due 


Bau 


( 


Eee 


to  repletion';  the  like  stem  also  in  E.  to 
bouse,  Mid  LG.  b&scn,  '  to  carouse '  ?. 

^cmfen,  plur.,  'buildings,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  bauen. 

baxen,  vb.,  'to  box,  cuff,'  from  LG. 
bdxen,  which  is  again  allied  to  OHG.  bd- 
gan,  MidHG.  bdgen.    St?e  bdgern  and  93cttget. 

"gSajctr,  m.,  '  bazaar,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
borrowed  from  Fr.  bazar  (ultimate  source 
Pers.  bdzdr,  'market-place'). 

be-,  prefix  from  MidHG.  be,  properly  a 
verbal  prefix  from  OHG.  and  Goth.  &?,  which 
has  no  definite  meaning ;  identical  with 
the  prep,  bet,  from  OHG.  and  MidHG.  bt 
(Goth,  bi),  AS.  bt,  E.  by.  For  be  there 
appears  a  shorter  syncopated  form  in  battgc, 
(Srbarmcn  ?  barfcfy  ?  bietbett,  S3locf.  See  speci- 
ally bei. 

bebett,  vb.,  '  to  tremble,  shake,'  from 
MidHG.  biben,  OHG.  bibin,  '  to  shiver, 
tremble ' ;  Gr.  <f>^ofiat,  on  account  of  the 
non-permutation  of  P  to  p  and  because  of 
the  e  oi  the  root  syllable,  cannot  be  origi- 
nally cognate  with  bfben.  The  OTeut.  word 
hasiy  coiiip.  OSax.  b'66a,  OIc.  bifa,  AS.  beo- 
Jian  (from  bikdn).  OHG.  bibit, ' he  trembles,' 
corresponds  exactly  to  Sans.  bibhiti,  '  he  is 
afraid,'  in  which  bi-  (for  bid)  is  the  redupli- 
cated syllable,  and  bhi  for  bhai  is  the  aug- 
mented root  syllable.  The  OInd.  verb  bid, 
'  to  be  afraid,'  forms  its  pres.  by  reduplica- 
tion— bibhimi,  bibhesi,  bibhiti;  to  these 
Goth.  *bibaim,  *bibais,  *bibai}>,  would  cor- 
respond ;  this  present  was  then,  on  account 
of  its  apparent  deriv.  ai,  classed  among  the 
weak  verbs  in  ai  (Goth,  habaijy,  OHG.  ha- 
bit).  The  root  bht  (Sans,  bhi, '  fear,'  bhimd, 
*  fearful ')  is  found  in  OSlov.  boja  sg,  '  I  urn 
afraid,'  besu,  *  demon,'  Lith.  bybti-s,  '  to  be 
afraid,'  bdime, '  fear,'  bajus,  '  terrible,'  baisd, 
'  fright '  (and  perhaps  Mod  HG.  betlen).  Bi- 
is  one  of  the  lew  examples  of  reduplication 
in  the  pres.  tense  preserved  in  the  Tent, 
group  (comp.  jittern),  just  as  the  perfect 
ModHG.  tl)dt,  from  OHG.  teta,  is  the  sole 
instance  of  reduplication  preserved  in  the 
perf.  tense. 

"§3ec^cr,  m.,  'beaker,  goblet,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  b'echer,  OHG.  behhar,  beh- 
hdri,  m.  ;  comp.  OLG.  bikeri,  Du.  beker, 
OIc.  bikarr,  whence  MidE.  biker,  E.  beaJcer. 
These  cognates  are  derived  from  LowLat. 
bicarium,  allied  to  Lat.  bacar  ('  vas  vina- 
rium,' according  to  Festus),  and  still  appear- 
ing in  Ital.  bicchiere.  The  Lat.  word  was 
naturalised  in  Germany  perhaps  as  far  back 
as  the  7th  cent.,  probably  at  the  same 


period  as  JMcfy,  since  its  c  was  changed  into 
hh,  ch. 

~*.\cd\,  m.,  'baker,'  only  dial.  (Alem., 
Suab.,  Bav.),  from  MidHG.  becke,  OHG. 
tyccho,  akin  to  bacfen  ;  the  Goth,  form  may 
have  been  *baqja;  ModHG.  SBecfer  is  a 
recent  form  with  the  termination  -er  de- 
noting the  agent  (AS.  bcecere,  E.  baker). 
Iu  ModHG.  33ecf,  SBcecfb,,  as  well  as  93dcfcr, 
have  been  preserved  as  family  names. 

^cdiClt,  n.,  'bowl,  basin,'  from  Mid 
HG.  becken,  becke,  OHG.  tycchtn,  beccht,  n. ; 
the  latter  comes  (comp.  @d)ufie()  from  Low- 
Lat. and  Rom.  bacctnum  (comp.  Ital.  bacino, 
Fr.  bassiri), '  basin ' ;  its  cc  being  double,  did 
not  undergo  permutation,  but  remained 
as  cc,  ck.  Baccctnum  lias  been  derived 
Irom  the  LateLat.  bacca,  'vas  aquarium,' 
discussed  under  5kcf  ;  comp.  spitfelfjaube. 

*g$ebc,  f., '  gratuity ;'  borrowed  from  the 
LG.  bede.  It  corresponds  to  MidHG.  bete, 
'command,'  which  still  exists  in  ModHG. 
with  the  meaning  'request,  prayer.' 

"giJeere,  f.,  'berry,'  from  the  plur.  of  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ber,  OHG.  6gn,  n.  ;  comp. 
Goth.  *busi  (only  in  weinabasi,  n  ,  '  grape ' ; 
OSax.  wtnheri).  The  OHG.  r  in  beri  pre- 
supposes a  Goth,  bazi;  to  the  8  of  the  Goth, 
word  Du.  bes  corresponds  ;  in  AS.  berie,  E. 
berry,  the  a  has  been  changed  into  r.  See, 
however,  Seftitg.  Foreign  cognates  are  want- 
ing ;  yet  the  Sans,  root  bhas,  'to  chew,'  is 
perhaps  akin  (Goth,  basi,  orig.  'the  edible 
substance'?);  no  connection  with  OHG. 
beran,  '  to  carry '  (see  ge bdten),  or  Lat.  bacca, 
'  berry,'  is  possible. 

'p.Jcct,  n.,  'bed  (of  a  garden)'  ;  earlier 
ModHG.  SBctt  still  common  to  UpG.  ; 
really  identical  with  ©ctt,  for  the  MidHG. 
has  bet,  bette,  OHG.  betti,  meaning  also 
'  (garden)  bed.'  According  to  its  form 
93cet  (comp.  Stette')  has  arisen  from  the 
neut.  siiifr.  badi,  Qktt  from  the  cases  in  dj 
(gen.  badjis,  dat.  badja,  neut.  ace.  plur. 
badja,  &c).  Comp.  Goth.  neut.  sing,  badi, 
neut.  plur.  badja.  E.  bed  is  also  used  in 
the  same  sense  as  58cet  (so  even  in  AS. 
riscbed),  E.  bed  of  rushes,  hotbed. 

"g&cclc,  f.,  ' beetroot.'  This  word,  like 
the  names  of  many  other  edible  vegetables, 
has  come  from  Lat. ;  bita  was  borrowed 
even  before  the  8th  cent,  and  naturalised  in 
Germ.,  for  it  appears  as  bie$a  (the  ie  from 
i,  comp.  ^Jrieftcr,  QJrief,  SxtQtl,  fRicntf,  Spiegel, 
OHG.  Pietar,  from  Lat.  I'etrum,  &c.),  With 
the  permutation  of  t  to  3  ;  whence  Mid 
HG.  biey.    The  ModHG.'  $)e«te  may  have 


Bef 


(    24    ) 


Bei 


been  based  anew  on  Lat.  bita,  or  bare  been 
taken  from  the  LG.  btte,  thus  displacing 
the  older  bie$e,  which  is  still  found  in  Bav. 
From  Lat.  and  Rom.  bita  (Itul.  bieta,  F.  bctte), 
AS.  bite  (whence  E.  beet)  is  also  derived. 
In  another  group  of  words  borrowed  from 
Lat.,  Lat.  i  became  t  (com  p.  Qxiet,  from 
firiae) ;  hence  the  dial,  beifse  (ei  from  Mid 
HG.  t)  also  appears  occasionally  for  beete, 
biey. 

bcfefylett,  vb.,  'to  order,  command,  com- 
mend,' MidHG.  bevel/ten,  becelen,  'to  hand 
over,  entrust,  deliver,  command';  OHG. 
bifelhan,  bifelahan,  '  to  hand  over '  (also 
'  to  hide,  bury,  entrust,  recommend ').  The 
chief  meaning  of  the  Goth.  str.  vb.  filhan 
in  compounds  with  the  particles  ga-,  vs-, 
is  also  '  to  bury ' ;  anafilhan  approximates 
the  ModHG.,  'to  command,  enjoin';  it 
means  'to  give,  hand  over,  commend, 
recommend.'  AS.  bef  Man  (for  befeolhan), 
'to  entrust,  make  over,  devote  oneself.' 
Hence  the  primary  meaning  of  the  primit. 
Teut.  str.  vb.  bifelhan  is  '  to  entrust,  hand 
over,  hide.'  The  Teut.  root  felh-  is  based 
upon  pre-Teut.  felh  ;  it  is  a  mistake,  there- 
fore, to  connect  the  word  on  account  of  its 
earlier  meaning,  '  to  bury,'  with  Lat.  sepe- 
lire. 

~g&off<£)Cn,  n.,  'a  clergyman's  bands,' 
diminut.  ofbeffe  (LG.), '  amess,  cap  worn  by 
officials  in  Rom.  Catli.  churches,'  the  origin 
of  which  is  obscure.  In  MidHG.  both 
words  are  wanting ;  the  latter  is  found 
even  in  MidLG. 

bcgebrcn,  vb.,  '  to  desire,  crave,  re- 
quest,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  begem, 
chiefly  in  the  simple  form  g'ern,  OHG. 
g'er&n  ;  the  r  probably  belongs  to  the  stem, 
because  gem  as  a  no-partic.  points  in  that 
direction  ;  comp.  gent,  @ier. 

begirmcit,  vl>.,  'to  begin,'  from  the 
equiv. Mid H.G.beginnen,OHG.beginnan  ;  it 
corresponds  to  Goth  duginuan,  AS.  &-,  be-, 
on-ginnant  E.  tobegin,  OLG.  biginnau,  with 
a  similar  meaning.  This  verbal  stem, 
which  appears  at  an  early  period  only  in  a 
compound  form,  is  based  upon  a  pre-Teut. 
to-,  bhi-Icemc6,  with  permutation  of  k  to 
Teut.  g.  For  the  Aryan  root  ken  comp. 
OBulg.  po-£lna  (infih.  po-fyti),  'to  begin,' 
konl,  '  beginning.' 

bef)ttftcrt,  vb.  (to  which  fceljaglidj  is 
allied), '  to  be  comfortable,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  behagen;  OSax.  bihagdn,  AS.  on- 
hag'an,  'to  suit,  pleise,'  OIc  hagay  'to  ar- 
range.'   OG.  has  only  a  str.  participle,  OHG. 


bihagan,  MidHG.  behagen,  '  fresh,  joyous, 
comfortable' (hence  ModHG.  tad  SMjaatti, 
Uitbcfiaaen) ;  the  old  str.  vb.  no  longer  exists 
in  Teut.  Probably  the  Ind.  root  cak  is 
primitively  related  to  it— gakn&mi,  '  am 
strong,  able,  helpful,  beneficial,'  fahrd-s, 
•strong';  comp.  further  #ag,  £erfe,  and 
r/fgen,  which  with  the  same  phonetic  form 
approximate  the  earlier  meaning  'to  help, 
protect.' 

behctupfen,  vb., 'to  mantain,  assert,' 
not  from  MidHG.  behaupten,  which  means 
'  to  behead.'  This  word,  which  first  ocean 
in  ModHG.,  is  rather  derived  with  a  change 
of  meaning  from  MidHG.  behaben,  'to  hold 
fast,  keep,  maintain.' 

bcbenbe,  adj.,  'nimble,  agile,  active,' 
from  MidHG.  behende,  adv., '  suitably,  con- 
veniently, skilfully,  quickly ' ;  in  OHG.  we 
should  have  expected  bi  henti  (dat.),  for 
which  zi  h$nti,  'at  once,'  occurs.  The  prep, 
is  compounded  with  the  dat.  of  the  sul>>t. 
hant,  OHG.  henti •  comp.  the  similar  origin 
of  abfyaufcen  under  ah 

"g&efydrbe,  f.,  'the  authorities,'  first  re- 
corded in  ModHG.  from  tyeren,  MidHG. 
zno  behozren,  '  to  belong  to,  be  one's  due.' 

"jHebuf,  m.,  '  behalf,  advantage,'  from 
MiuHG.  behwif,  m.,  '  business,  purpose, 
means  to  an  end'  ;  root  haf  (in  fyefcea),  as 
also  in  E.  behoof,  AS.  behof. 

bet,  prep,  and  adv.,  'by,  near,  about' ; 
the  accented  form  of  the  unaccented  prefix 
bey  the  Goth  used  in  both  cases  bl;  the 
Englishman  makes  a  distinction  like  the 
German  ;  AS.  bl,  E.  by,  but  be  as  a  prefix. 
OHG.  bl  and  bi-  (coinp.  also  93eid}te,93cifpifl). 
In  Goth,  bl  means 'around,  near' ;  hence 
its  kinship  with  Gr.  ip<f>l,  Lat  ambi-  is 
probable  ;  the  loss  of  the  first  syllable  am- 
abo  occurein  the  OTeut  word  for  bcibc  ;  the 
base  is  probably  ambhi-  ;  comp.  also  um. 

~%&cid)te,  f.,  'confession,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  blht,  contracted  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  bijiht,  bigiht ;  a  regular  verbal  noun 
from  MidHG.  bejehen,  OHG.  bi-jehan,  '  to 
confess,  acknowledge.'  The  simple  form 
jehan,  usually  signifying  '  to  say,  speak  out,' 
also  means  occasionally  '  to  avow,  confess'  ; 
hence  OFr.  gehir.  Tiiis  verb  jehan  may 
possibly  be  connected  with  ja,  which  see. 

bctoe,  num.,  '  both,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  beide,  bide,  m.,  f.,  (beidin,  n.)  ; 
OHG.  beide,  bhle  (beido,  f.,  beidiu,  n.)  ; 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  have  also  a  remarkable 
variant  with  e  (OHG.  and  MidHG.  bide), 
although  ei  in  other  instances  in  HG.  is  not 


Bei 


(    25    ) 


Bei 


changed  into  i  before  dentals.  In  investi- 
gating the  word  beifce  we  must  start  from 
the  tact  that  the  stem  of  the  num.  had 
really  no  dental ;  AS.  begen,  bd,  Goth,  bai 
(OIc.  gen.  beggja),  'both.'  Allied  in  the 
other  Aryan  languages  to  Sans,  ubhdu,  Gr. 
&fi<f>w,  Lut.  ambo,  OSlov.  oba,  Lith.  obit, 
■with  a  syllable  prefixed.  The  G.  forms 
with  a  dental  are  undoubtedly  secondary  ; 
they  obtained  their  dental  by  the  blending, 
at  a  comparatively  late  period,  of  the  pri- 
mary 5a-  with  the  forms  of  the  article,  so 
that  OHG.  bide  arose  from  bS  and  de,  betditt 
from  bei  and  diu,  MidE.  byt/ie  (E.  both)  from 
AS.  bd  and  fid  (OIc.  ba]?er  from  bai  and 
fcaiz).  In  Goth,  ba  is  combined  with  the 
article  ba  p6  skipa,  '  both  the  ships' ;  simi- 
larly in  Gr.  &}>L<pio.  By  assuming  such  a 
combination  in  WestTeut.  the  following 
ModHG.  dial,  forms  in  all  genders  are  ex- 
plained •  Bav.  bed,  bod^  beid,  Suab.  bid,  bued, 
boad,  Wetterau  bed,  bud,  bad. 

"§3etfu|SJ,  m.,  'a  species  of  wormwood 
used  in  seasoning  food' ;  the  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  word  was  written  bib6"$,  hence  the 
semi-LowG  aspect  of  the  ModHG.  word. 
OHG.  bibo$  is  cognate  with  anabti^  (see 
Slmbcjj),  and  connected  with  an  OTeur. 
verb  bautan,  ' to  pound '  ;  bibfy,  '  spice 
pounded  and  mixed  with  food.'  The  LG. 
form  of  the  OHG.  word  is  bivdt,  and  hence 
arose  the  ModHG.  SSetfujj,  by  the  awkward 
attempt  of  popular  etymology  to  connect 
btv6t  with  a  well-known  word. 

"gSetgo,  "§3eitgc,  f.,  '  a  pile  arranged  in 
layers'  (an  UpG.  word),  from  MidHG. 
bige,  OHG.  bigo,  'shock  (of  corn)';  hence 
Ital.  bica, '  pile  of  sheaves' ;  conip.  E.  bing 
(heap  of  alum),  Scand.  bingr,  'bolster'; 
comp.  S3arf)bunije.  33cncje  has  eu  by  being 
based  on  bidden. 

■gjcit  (Bav.  93eid)l),  n.,  'hatchet,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bll,  Mhel,  OHG..  UhaJ, 
blal,  n.  (comp.  the  similar  stages  in  the 
derivation  of  %t\[t  from  flhala)  ;  comp.  Mid 
LG.  bll,  '  axe.'  On  account  of  OIc.  bllda, 
'  axe,'  OHG.  bihal  must  probably  be  traced 
to  blfcl,  bttl  (for  Id  from  pi  comp.  ©emaljl). 
Hence  there  may  be  a  connection  with  the 
cognates  from  blitd  discussed  under  beijjcn  ; 
(is  to  the  meaning,  comp.  especially  Lat. 
Jluilo,  '  I  split"  (Olr.  Mail,  'axe,'  is  primit. 
akin).  On  the  other  hand,  it  is,  of  course, 
not  impossible  that  OHG.  bVml  may  be 
connected  with  93icfe. 

bctlcn,  vb.,  'to  bring  deer  to  a  stand 
by  baying,'  formed  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 


Ml,  '  the  moment  when  the  deer  stands  at 
bay;  encircling  by  the  baying  hounds'; 
MidHG.  btlen, '  to  bring  to  a  stand  by  bay- 
ing,' intr.  'to  bark.'  No  kinship  with  feelleit 
can  be  proved  ;  it  is  more  probably  con- 
nected with  the  root  bi  in  beben  (for  a  deri- 
vative in  I  from  the  latter  word  comp.  Lett. 
baile,  '  fear,'  bailus,  '  timid,'  Sans.  bhtrb, 
1  timid').  In  that  case  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
M-l  would  be  lit  '  time  of  fear.' 

"gjjeilt,  n.,  '  bone,  leg,'  from  MidHG. 
bein,  OHG.  bein,  n. ;  comp.  OLG.  bin,  AS. 
ban,  E.  bone;  ModHG.  preserves  the 
earlier  meaning  'bone'  still  existing  in 
UpG.  in  the  words  ©eiuljauS,  Glfenbein, 
gifdjbein,  galjbein,  ©cbein  ;  the  later  signi- 
fication, '  lower  part  of  the  thigh,'  is  re- 
corded even  in  OHG.,  MidHG.,  and  OIc. 
The  OIc.  beinn,  adj.,  '  straight,'  favours  the 
supposition  that  originally  at  least  the 
straight  thigh-bones  were  termed  53eine 
(bones).  Goth.  *bain,  n.,  is  by  chance  not 
recorded.  A  primit.  Teut.  word  with  the 
primary  meaning  'bone,'  which  cannot, 
however,  be  traced  farther  back  (Lat.  os, 
Gr.  6<rr£ov,  Sans,  astlu,  asthan,  to  which  an 
Aryan  osth-,  '  bone,'  would  correspond,  are 
not  represented,  on  the  other  hand,  in  the 
Teut.  group).     Comp.  further  (Siebeiu. 

"gSeifptel,  n.,  '  example,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  bispil,  mostly  btspel,  n.,  'fable,  alle- 
gory, proverb,'  OHG.  *btspell  (for  bt  comp. 
bet  and  99eid)te).  Comp.  AS.  btspell,  '  ex- 
ample, parable ' ;  formed  from  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  spel  (11),  '  tale,  fable,  rumour,' 
Goth,  spill, '  legend,  fable,'  AS.  spell,  E.  spell 
(gospel  from  godspell),  'tale,  fable' ;  spell 
(to  which  Fr.  epeler,  'to  spell.'  is  akin)  is 
the  term  for  literary  composition  in  prose, 
and  hence  is  as  important  for  the  history  of 
primit.  Teut.  civilisation  as  Sift,  fingcrt,  <kc. 

beifjeit,  vb.,  'to  bite,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bt^eny  OHG.  bttfan;  cognate  with 
Goth,  beitan,  AS.  bitan,  E.  to  bite.  A  pri  mit. 
Teut.  verb  with  the  sense  of  '  to  bite,  which 
has,  however,  as  is  shown  by  the  cognate 
tongues,  been  specialised  from  the  more 
general  meaning  'to  make  smaller,  to  split 
with  a  sharp  instrument.'  Comp.  Lat. 
findo,  Sans,  root  b/iid,  '  to  split,  break  to 
pieces ' ;  in  OTeur.  poetry  betfjen  is  also  used 
of  the  sword — a  remnant  of  the  earlier 
meaning.  JBeil,  too,  if  primit.  akin  to  it, 
must  be  connected  wiih  Lat.  jindere,  'to 
split'  Comp.  bitter,  which  signilifs  orig. 
'piercing.'  From  the  same  root  93ip,  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  W3,  m.,  is  derived,  to  which 


Bei 


(    26    ) 


Ber 


AS.  bite,  E.  bit,  corresponds ;  2Mj5(fycti  is  a 
diniiiiutive  of  it.  ModHG.  SBtffen,  from 
MidHG.  bi^y,  OHG.  W330  ;  OLG.  bUi,  E. 

"gjeifjlier,  no.,  'loach,'  adopted  from 
Slav.  (Bohem.  piskof,  Russ.  pishdrt),  and 
based  by  popular  etymology  on  betjjen  (the 
fish  is  also  called  <£te inbeijjer,  '  river-loach,' 
©djtammbetjjer,  'pond-loach'). 

betjett,  vb.,  'to  cauterise,  pickle,  etch,' 
from  MidHG.  bei^en  (beitzen),  weak  vb., 
'to  macerate,  make  soft,  hawk  at  birds' ; 
OHG.  6  iyn  (beizzen),  orig.  sense  '  to  cause 
to  bite,'  is  the  factitive  of  OHG.  bi^an,  see 
beijkn.  The  corresponding  E.  to  bait  (a 
hook,  a  horse  on  a  journey,  and  hence  to 
put  up,  halt  at  a  place,  also  to  allure)  is 
derived  from  the  Scand.  beita,  which  is 
identical  with  OHG.  beizzan. 

befclommcn,  see  Jtlamnt. 

j$eld)e  (I.),  f.,  'a  kind  of  salmon' ;  of 
obscure  origin.     See  Q3e(djf. 

l$eld)e  (2.),  U  'coot,'  from  MidHG. 
belche,  OHG.  tylihha;  Lat.  fulica  seems 
allied  to  it,  although  OHG.  Ith  implies  a 
Lat.  g  ;  the  Germ,  guttural  suffix  is  the 
same  as  in  Goth,  dhaks,  'pigeon.'  See  also 
£abicr/t,  jfrauid). 

belemment,  vb., '  to  cheat,'  a  LG.  word, 
from  MidLG.  and  Du.  belemmeren,  '  to  hin- 
der, molest,'  and  allied  to  ModHG.  lafym  ?. 

bdfern,  vb.,  'to  snarl,  nag,' ModHG. 
only  ;  an  intensive  form  of  the  following 
word. 

bcllcit,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
b'ellen,  0  HG.  b'ellan, '  to  bark,  bellow ' ;  AS. 
bellan,  E.  to  bell  (of  a  stag  at  the  rutting 
period) ;  the  E.  word  indicates  accordingly 
that  the  primary  meaning  was  more  general 
than  simply  '  barking,  bellowing.'  If  an  e 
root  be  assumed,  OBulg.  bleja,  '  bleat,'  and 
Lat.  fleo,  '  I  weep '  (6,  /  from  bh  and  bhle 
for  bhel),  may  be  compared.  Others  have 
explained  the  WestTeut.  root  bell  from  belz, 
bels,  bhels,  which  would  result  in  its  being 
cognate  with  Sans.  bhaS,  'to  bark,'  bhdS, 
4  to  talk.'  Comp.  Lith.  balsas, '  voice,  tone '  ; 
see,  too.  the  following  word  ami  ©uf(e. 

■g8ellf)amtttel,  m.,  'bell-we:her,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  a  LG.  word  (UpG.  herma,  equiv. 
to  §ett>maitn,  '  herdsman  \  corresponding 
exactly  to  Du.  bel-hamel,  E.  bell-wether.  Fr. 
clocheman,  clocman  (of  Germ,  origin),  also 
Fr.  mouton  a  la  sonnette,  make  the  connec- 
tion of  93ellfyammel  with  Du.  bel,  MidDu. 
and  AS.  belle,  E.  bell,  indubitable.  In  Fr. 
animal  fables  the  bell-wether  has  the  pro- 


per name  Uclin  (akin  to  Fr.  bslier,  'ram'), 
from  the  Du.  bel,  '  little  bell,'  whence  also 
Fr.  bdliere,  '  ring  of  a  bell-clapper.' 

"§3clf ,  ni.,  'straits,'  akin  to  OIc  belte,  AS. 
and  E.  belt,  baldrich  (OHG.  bah),  'girdle. 
shoulder-belt '  1.  93elt  is  thus  a  '  zone  of 
land '  ?.  The  cognate  Lat.  balteus  is,  accord- 
ing to  Varro,  a  Tuscan  word. 

bcljcn,  vb.,  '  to  graft,'  also  pclj?»  ;  Mid 
HG.  belzen,  OHG.  belzdn  with  the  same 
meaning  ;  cognate  with  Provenc.  empeltar, 
1  to  graft,'  which,  with  Fr.  pellttier,  '  fur- 
rier '  (see  5JM$),  belongs  to  Lat.  pellis. 

"28emme,  f.,  '  slice  of  bread,'  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.  ;  a  LG.  and  MidG.  word,  a  de- 
riv.  of  the  dial,  bammen, '  to  eat,'  which  may 
have  been  *bazm6n  in  Goth.,  and  is  per- 
haps primit.  allied  to  the  Sans,  root  bhas, 
'  to  chew.' 

"gSenoel,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
bendel,  OHG.  bentil;  comp.  MidE.  bendel, 
OIc.  bendell ;  akin  to  btnfcen. 

"£3engel,  m.,  'cudgel,'  then  in  a  figura- 
tive sense  '  rude  person,  blackguard,'  from 
MidHG.  bengel,  m.,  'cudgel.'  Comp.  E. 
bangle  (club),  from  the  verb  to  bang,  OIc. 
banga,  'to  strike,  beat,'  LG.  ba>gen.  The 
Teut.  stem  bang-,  'to  strike,'  seems  to  have 
been  nasalised  from  the  root  bdg,  men- 
tioned under  baron. 

"gSemte,  t'., '  wicker  cart,'  MidHG.  only; 
an  old  Alem.  and  perhaps  orig.  Kelt,  word 
which  Festus  records  as  old  Gallic  benna. 
Comp.  Fr.  bvnne, '  dosser,'  AS.  binn,  E.  bin. 

bertfcbett,  Jewish,  '  to  pronounce  the 
benediction,  say  grace,'  from  Lat.  benedi- 
cere. 

bccjttcm,  adj.,  '  convenient,  comfort- 
able,' from  MidHG.  bequdme,  OHG.  biqud- 
mi,  '  suitable,  fit.'  Akin  to  AS.  gecwime, 
MidE.  tcwems,  cweme, '  agreeable,  suitable' ; 
qemi-,  the  base,  is  a  verbal  adj.  from  Goth. 
qiman,  OHG.  chuman,  'to  come,' for  whicli 
the  meaning  '  to  be  fitting,  to  suit,'  already 
existing  in  Goth,  gaqimifi,  'it  is  fitting,'  is 
presupposed ;  comp.  AS.  becuman,  E.  be- 
come. See  fcmmcn  and  Lat.  convenire,  '  to 
fit  in  with,  be  becoming,  suit,'  which  is 
primit  allied. 

bcrappen,  vb., '  to  pay,'  ModHG.  only. 
The  comparison  usually  made  with  rupfeit 
must  be  abandoned  ;  it  means  '  to  give 
Stamen'  (a  coin  of  small  value  having  the 
impress  of  a  raven).  Comp.  SRappm  and 
bledjen  (to  give  SBledj,  i.e.  money). 

b'ercmmen,  see  anberaumen. 

beretf ,    adj.,   '  ready,    prepared,'  from 


Ber 


(    27    ) 


Bes 


MidHG.  bereit,  bereite,  OHG.  bireiti,  ' ready 
and  willing,  obliging;  armed,  ready'; 
com  p.  AS.  fftrcede,  rcede,  E.  read///  Goth. 
garaids,  'appointed,'  does  not  correspond 
exactly.  The  word  may  belong  to  the  root 
discussed  under  retten  (comp.  OHG.  reita, 
*  carriage '),  with  the  orig.  sense  of '  to  equip 
with  armour';  like  fertig,  it  would  thus 
mean  properly  '  ready  for  a  journey';  comp. 
Olr.  riadaim,  *  I  am  going  on  a  journey,' 
riad,  'practicable  (of  a  route),  passable.' 
On  account  of  the  similarity  in  meaning 
comp.  fftticj. 

^crg,  m.,  '  mountain,'  inherited  from 
the  OTeut.  vocabulary  ;  OHG.  berg,  Mid 
HG.  berc(g),  m.  Comp.  AS.  beorh(g),  espe- 
cially 'barrow'  (called  byrgels  also),  E. 
only  in  the  deriv.  '  to  bury  '  (AS.  byrgan)t 
from  *burgianj  the  Goth,  form  *bairga-  is 
deduced  from  the  deriv.  bairgahci,  '  moun- 
tain range.'  The  rules  for  the  permutation 
of  consonants  demand  a  pre-Teut.  bhdryho-; 
with  this  is  connected  Sins,  brhant, ' high  ' 
(6  from  bh,  because  the  aspiration  at  the 
beginning  of  the  root  was,  on  account  of 
the  following  aspirate,  necessarily  lost) ;  h 
is  ghy  Zend  barezanh,  '  height,'  berezant, 
'high' ;  Olr.  brigh,  'mountain'  (ri,  Sans. 
r,  might  be  compared  wiih  the  ur  of  93urcj), 
Armen.  berj,  '  height,'  barjr, '  high,'  W.  and 
Armor,  bre, '  mountain,  hill,' W.bry,  'high.' 
Also  the  Kelt,  proper  names  Brigiani  and 
Brigantes,  like  the  Teut.  Burgunden,  Bur- 
gundiones  (lit. '  nionticulae '),  and  the  name 
of  the  town  Brigantia  (Bregenz).  Hence  to 
the  root  b'tergh  belong  the  primary  mean- 
ings 'high,  rising  ground'  (OSlov.  brtgii, 
1  bank  (of  a  river),'  is  borrowed  from  G.)  ; 
perhaps  93m\}  is  derived  from  this  root,  if 
it  does  not  come  from  betgen.  The  attempt 
to  connect  93erg  with  Goth,  fairguni  and 
Hercynia,  identical  with  the  latter,  must 
be  abandoned.  With  jit  SBergf,  'up,  on 
end,'  comp.  MidHG.  ze  tal,  'down.' 

bcvQett,  vb.,  'to  hide,  recover  (from 
shipwreck),'  from  MidHG.  bergen, '  to  hide, 
secure,'  OHG.  bergan;  comp.  Goth,  bair- 
gan,  gabairgan,  '  to  keep,  preserve,'  AS.  be- 
organ,  MidE.  bergen,  'to  preserve,  protect.' 
There  are  other  E.  words  with  a  different 
though  allied  meaning  ;  AS.  byrgan,  E.  to 
bur//;  AS.  byrgels(OLQt.burgisli),  Y,.burials, 
burial.  For  a  similar  division  of  a  primary 
meaning  see  under  befer)fcrt.  The  root  berg, 
burg,  pre-Teut.  bhergh,  bhj-gh,  with  the 
primary  meaning  '  to  lay  somewhere  for 
safe  keeping,'  is  found  outside  the  Teut. 


group  only  in  OSlov.  briga,  'I  take  care 
(of),  wait  upon.' 

"g8eticl)t,  111., '  intelligence,  report,'  from 
MidHG.  benht,  '  report,  instruction,  recon- 
ciliation.'    Akin  to  xed)t. 

"gSerfcan,  m.,  '  a  kind  of  cloth,  fustian,' 
from  MidHG.  barragdn,  barkdn,  from  Mid 
Lat.  barracdnus  (Fr.  bouracan,  Ital.  bara- 
cane),  E.  barracan;  comp.  ©ardent. 

"giterKne,  f.,  'coach,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG.,  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  berline,  f. 
(comp.  gantauer),  properly  'a  Berlin  car- 
riage.' 

■pcrttrfcttt,  111.,  ' amber' ;  bern  is  a  LG. 
form  for  brenn,  therefore  properly  SSrenn- 
jlein  (combustible  stone)  ?.  The  Teut.-Lat. 
word  is  glesum,  preserved  in  AS.  glcere, 
'  amber,  resin.' 

^crfcrfecr,  m.,  first  occurs  in  ModHG, 
borrowed  from  the  Scand.  berserkr,  lit. 
'  bear-skin  garment,'  then  '  a  savage  warrior 
who  gets  furious  during  the  fight' ;  from 
OIc.  ber-,  'bear,'  serkr,  'garment.' 

bcrftett,  vb., '  to  burst,  crack,'  from  Mid 
HG.  bresten,  OHG.  brestan,  '  to  break,  tear, 
burst,' impersonal '  to  be  wanting,  lacking' ; 
er  for  re  is  properly  LG.  and  MidG. ;  comp. 
Du.  bersten,  AS.  berstan,  E.  to  burst.  Comp. 
further  the  Aryan  root  bhrest  (cognate  with 
the  root  of  bred)en),  in  Olr.  brissim,  '  I 
break '  (ss  from  st). 

tbevi ,  "gSerk,  in  proper  names,  from  Mid 
HG.  berht,  OHG.  btrahl,  'shining' ;  comp. 
Goth,  bairhts,  AS.  beorht,  E.  bright. 

■gSerfrctm,  m.,  'Spanish  camomile  or 
pellitory,'  based  by  popular  etymology  on 
the  proper  name  Bertram  (lit.  'shining 
raven,'  see  9rabc),  and  derived  from  bitron, 
for  Lat.-Gr.  pyrethron  (iriptdpov). 

bcrttcfjf tflf ,  '  infamous,  notorious,'  a 
partic.  adj.  from  a  weak  vb.  used  even 
by  Luther — bcvudjtujcu,  '  to  defame,'  for 
which  bctudjteit  was  the  common  form  in 
the  16th  and  17th  cents.  Comp.  ©erndjt, 
as  well  as  anrudn'g  and  rudjbar ;  all  these 
words  are  cognate  with  rufen,  and  are  de- 
rived, as  is  shown  by  the  ch  for  /  before  t, 
from  LG. 

^Berajtt,  m.,  ■  beryl,'  from  MidHG. 
beri'le,  barille,  brille,  m.,  formed  from  Lat.- 
Gr.  berijllusj  also  brille,  '  spectacles ' ;  see 
SBriKe,  $«{e.  The  Gr.-Lat.  term  is  derived 
from  Prak.  viluWiga,  Sans,  vaid&rya. 

"gilcfanmart ,  m.,'mizzen-niast,"'  $5cf£n- 
fcrtel,  n.,  mizzen-sail,'  from  Du.  bezaav, 
'mast  nearest  the  stern  of  a  ship,'  which  is 
connected  with  E.  mizzen,  Fr.  missatrw,  Ita). 


Bafl 


(    28    ) 


Bet 


mezzana  (the  Rom.  wonl,  n  deriv.  of  Lat. 
nxedius,  is  properly  'middle-mast'). 

befd)alcn,  vb.", '  to  cover  (a  maiv),'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.  ;  a  denominative  from 
Mid  HO.  schel,  schele,  m.,  'brood  stallion.' 
bee  <8d>el(foettcut. 

bcfd)eiben,  vb.,  'to  distribute,  assign, 
summon,'  from  MidHG.  bescheideii,  OHG. 
bisceidan,  •  to  divide,  decide,  relate,  report.' 
Tlie  ModHG.  and  MidHG.  partic.  beschei- 
deii, meant  prig,  'definite,'  then  'clear,  dis- 
tinct^ intelligible,  prudent.'     See  fcfyciben. 

bcfdjncittfeln,  bcfdmuffeht,  be- 
fdjnuppcrit,  vb.,  '  to  sniff  at'  ;  akin  to  the 
E.  vbs.  to  snivel,  snuff,  snuffl'',  and  fdmauKit. 

befd)Ummc(tt,  vb.,  'to  deceive,'  from 
fdJuutmdit,  '  to  worry.' 

bofd)ttppcn,  vb.,  '  to  scale,  deceive,' 
from  LG. ;  the  cognate  words  of  the  same 
group  show  that  pf,  not  pp,  is  the  strictly 
HG.  form.  It  seems  to  belong  to  the  stem 
of  01c.  stoj.a,  'to  deride';  MidDu.  scop, 
'  derision.'  To  the  same  stem  belongs  an 
OTeut.  term  lor  'poet,'  AS.  scop,  OHG. 
scopf,  which,  on  account  of  its  meaning,  is 
important  for  the  right  conception  of  poetic 
composition  among  our  ancestors. 

sBcfd)tt>ei:oC,  f., 'difficulty,  grievance, 
malady,'  from  MiiiHG.  besiccerde,  f.,  '  op- 
pression, grief,'  allied  to  fefwer. 

befd)tt>td)tifl<m,  vb.,  'to  appease,  com- 
pose.' The  Germans  connect  this  word  in- 
stinctively with  jcr>u>ciflftt ;  it  forced  its  way, 
however,  in  the  last  half  of  the  preceding 
cent,  from  LG.  into  the  written  language, 
and  its  cht  is  the  earlier  HG.ft;  it  corre- 
sponds to  MidHG.  siriflen,  '  to  pacify,' 
OHG.  siciftdn,  '  to  be  quiet.'  The  stem  is 
the  same  as  in  Goth,  sweiban,  '  to  cease, 
leave  off' ;  with  this  the  cognates  of 
f<6wcijtn  accord  fairly  well  both  in  sound 
and  meaning ;  the  Tent,  root  su*b,  swig, 
is  based  upon  the  Aryan  smq  (jnctg  in  Gr. 
aiydu;  see  under  fcfyivcignt). 

jScfett,  m.,  'besom,  broom,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  besen,  besitrt,  b'esme,  OHG. 
besamo;  it  corresponds  to  AS.  besma,  E. 
besom,  Goth.  *bisma,  which  have  the  same 
meaning  ;  a  pre-Teut.  word  of  obscure  ori- 
gin ;  perhaps  SSeere  and  99ajl  are  allied. 
Since  the  Eng.  dialects  point  to  an  AS. 
bisma,  '  besom,'  it  is  possible  that  the  word 
is  connected  with  SBitfwinb,  and  the  Teut. 
root  bis,  '  to  move  in  a  restless,  excited 
way.' 

"2.5c firu^.  LG.  word,  a  diminutive  form, 
like  the  MidLG.  equiv.  beselce,  n.,  'small 


berry'  ;  akin  to  Du.  bes,  Goth.  basi.  See 
under  33ecrr. 

beffcr,  compar.  adj.,  'better'  ;  see  th<- 
corresponding  adv.  bafj  ;  superl.  belt  ;  from 
MidHG.  be^er,  best  (be^ist),  OHG.  bey 
^iro,  b'$$istj-  corresponds  to  AS.  betera, 
oetst,  E.  better,  best/  Goth,  batiza,  batists. 
Even  inprimit.  Teut.  gut  formed  its  degrees 
of  comparison  in  this  way,  which  might  be 
represented  in  Ind.  by  *bhadyas-,  *bhad- 
iStha-.  The  etymology  of  ModHG.  gut  it 
difficult  to  get  at ;  in  the  case  of  beffer  we 
are  assisted  by  the  cognate  root  in  93uJK, 
the  primit.  meaning  of  which  is  '  utility ' ; 
the  ethical  notion  arose  from  that  of  in- 
terest. At  all  events,  thus  the  matter  stands 
from  the  merely  Teut.  point  of  view.  It 
has  been  connected  more  remotely  with 
Olnil.bhadrd-s,  to  which  the  primary  mean- 
ing'shining'  is  assigned  ;  but  in  this  sense 
the  ind.  word  cannot  be  cognate  ;  it  belongs 
to  the  root  bhand,  anil  would  consequently 
become  *buntrs  in  Goth.  The  chief  signi- 
fications of  bhadrd-s,  however,  are  'capable, 
salutary,  prosperous,'  which  are  in  closer 
approximation  to  the  idea  of  interest.  Of 
these  meanings  beffcr  and  bejt  might  form 
the  degrees  of  comparison. 

bcfialff,  partic.  of  bt|Uf(nt,  for  which 
bffiedt  is  now  used. 

beff  at t en,  vb.,  '  to  convev,  bnrv,'  from 
jiatt,  (Etdttf. 

befltlbcrrt,  vb.,  'to  cover  with  dirt,' 
from  MidHG.  siiheen,  sulwen,  'to  soil,'  also 
siiln,  OHG.  sttllen,  AS.  sljlian,  Goth,  saul- 
jan. 

befchtbett,  vb.,  'to  deafen,  bewilder, 
confuse,'  lit.  '  to  make  deaf.'     See  taub. 

befen,  vb.,  'to  entreat,  pray,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  beten,  OHG.  betdn;  comp. 
Goth,  bida,  OHG.  beta,  '  request,  prayer.' 
Formed  from  the  Teut.  root  b\d  (Aryan 
b/ridli),  discussed  under  bitten. 

j23cff,  n.,  'bed,'  from  the  equiv.  M;d 
HG.  bet,  bette,  OHG.  beti,  bttti,  n. ;  comn. 
AS.  bedl,  E.  bed,  Goth.  badi.  For  ModHG. 
53ctt  the  form  SBftb,  is  found  in  the  18th 
cent,  (e.g.,  in  Gessner),  just  as  for  93«t  the 
word  33ctt  is  used  popularly  (and  in  Mid 
HG.)  ;  comp.  Sett.  The  signification  ©eft 
('garden-bed')  makes  the  connection  with 
the  Lat.  root  in  fodio,  'to  bury,'  possible 
(comp.  W.  bedd,  '  grave ' ;  also  OSlov.  boia, 
'I  prick');  Goth,  badi  (Lat.  *fddium), 
might  therefore  have  arisen  from  Aryan 
bhodhiom.  The  primary  meaning  was  pro- 
bably 'an  excavated  spot';  the  significa- 


Bet 


(    29    ) 


Bib 


tion  already  common  to  the  Teut.  j;roup, 
'  bed,  lectus'  (akin  to  OSw.  boedhil,  'nest'), 
may  be  elucidated  by  reference  to  the  cave- 
dwellings  of  the  Teutons  (see  2)img).  In 
early  times  the  bed  was  evidently  dug  like 
a  niche  in  the  sides  of  the  subterranean 
dwellings.  The  meaning  'bolster,'  com- 
mon to  0 lc.  &e5Y  and  Finn,  patja  (borrowed 
from  Goth.),  does  not,  it  is  true,  harmonise 
with  this  explanation. 

~g&ettel,  m.,  '  beggarv,  trash,'  akin  to 
M\dRG.  betel,  < begging/ 

betteltt,  vb.,  'to  be*/,  live  by  beegiiiL',' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  b'etelen,  OHG.  be- 
tal&n,  a  frequentative  of  bitten  ;  to  this  Set- 
tler, from  b'eteleere,  OHG.  b'etaldri,  is  allied. 

bctud>en,  behidyt,  adj.  and  adv., 
'quiet(ly),  reserved(ly)' ;  of  Hebr.  origin 
(bdt&ach,  'confident  sure'). 

~§&et%el,  jjj'ef^el,  m.,  '  small  cap,'  from 
MidHG.  (MidG.)  bezel,  f.,  'hood.' 

be\x6)c,  see  baitdje. 

bcUQen,  vb.,  'to  bow,  humble,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bougen,  OHG.  bougen, 
boucken  ;  it  corresponds  to  AS.  began,  btgan, 
'  to  bow,'  E.  to  bay, '  to  dam  (water) ' ;  facti- 
tive of  biegeu  ;  lience  lit.  '  to  cause  to  bend.' 

"§3eule,  f.,  'boil,  swelling,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  biule,  OHG.  bulla,  *Ullea, 
f.,  'blister' ;  comp.  AS.  b$le,  E.  bile  (also 
boil),  Du.  buil, '  boil ' ;  Goth.  *bulj6, '  swell- 
in^,'  is  connected  with  Goth,  ufbauljan,  '  to 
inflate,'  and  stands  probably  for  *bAgwli6, 
properly  93ucfct  (hump) ;  akin  to  biccjcit. 

;28euttbe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
biunde,  OHG.  biunt,  'a  vacant  and  enclosed 
plot  reserved  for  a  special  wing  or  onlhouse, 
enclosure'  ;  no  connection  with  Lat.  fun- 
dus is  possible.  MidLG.  biwende,  'an  en- 
closed space,'  shows  that  an  OHG.  *bi-want, 
'that  which  winds  round,  a  hedge,'  is  im- 
plied. Respecting  bi,  'round  about,'  see 
93ifang. 

;2.)eufe  (1.),  f.,  'kneading  trough,  bee- 
hive,' from  MidHG.  biute,  f.,  OHG.  biutta, 
f„  with  the  same  meaning  ;  it  presupposes 
Goth.  *biudja.  93utte  is  the  most  nearly 
allied,  unless  the  latter  is  of  Bom.  origin. 
The  derivation  from  OHG.  biot,  Goth. 
biufcs,  AS.  be6d, '  table,'  seems  uncertain ;  of 
course  AS.  be6d  also  means  'dish.' 

"peufe  (2.),  f.,  'booty,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  biute ;  on  account  of  Du.  buit, 
OIc.  bpte,  '  booty,  exchange,'  hence  b§ta, 
'to  exchange,  divide,'  the  t  indicates  that 
the  word  was  borrowed.  E.  booty  is  derived 
from  the  OIc.  bpte,  but  it  has  also  been 


confused  with  boot,  'uain,  advantage'  (see 
Sujk).  The  t  would  have  hecnmefs,  tz  in 
HG.  As  t  would  represent  the  dental  in 
Goth.,  bieteit,  Goth.  6i«c?a«cannot,aceording 
to  the  laws  of  the  permutation  of  con- 
sonants, be  allied  to  SBeute  ;  we  must  assume 
that  the  root  of  the  hitter  is  Goth.  Mt,  pre- 
Teut.  blind.  Fr.  butin,  'booty,'  is  borrowed 
from  these  cognates.  Comp.  Olr.  buaiil, 
'  victory.' 

"§3cuf  el  (1.),  m.,  'a  ripping  chisel,  a  piece 
of  wood  for  beating  flax,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG. ;  the  t  points  to  a  LG.  origin  ;  in 
HG.  we  should  have  expected  A  in  Mid 
HG.  3  (MidHG.  b6yl,  ba$el).  Comp.  LG. 
bcetel,  AS.  bytel,  E.  beetle  (for  beating  flax) ; 
from  a  root  baut,  'to  strike,  beat'  (AS. 
bedtan,  E.  beat,  OIc.  bauta,  OHG.  Mftan), 
which  still  appears  in  Slntbefj. 

IJBeufel  (2.),  in.,  'purse,'  from  MidHG. 
biutel,  m.,  n.,  'purse,  pocket,'  OHG.  butil; 
com]).  Du.  buidel  (bv.il),  'purse';  Goth. 
*bHdils.  The  word  cannot,  however,  be 
traced  farther  back  than  OHG.  ;  its  kin- 
ship to  bieten,  root  bud,  from  bhudli,  would 
throw  no  light  on  the  meaning. 

"g&Clltyeie,  f.,  '  cooper's  mallet  for  driv- 
ing on  the  hoops.'  SJeitt--,  like  SBeutef, 
'beetle,'  belongs  properly  to  LG. ;  rfjete, 
'rammer,  hammer,'  from  MidHG.  heie, 
OHG.  heia,  '  hammer ' ;  hence  93mtfjeie, 
'driving  hammer.' 

bevov,  conj.,  'before,'  from  MidHG. 
bevor,  OHG.  bifora;  comp.  the  correspond- 
ing E.  before,  from  AS.  beforan. 

beXDCQCtl  (l.)»  vb.,  '  to  move/  from  Mid 
HG.  beuegen,  OHG.  biwi'gan.     See  MM, 

bcwCQCiX  (2.),  vb.,  'to  stir,  excite,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bewpjen,  OHG.  bitcecken, 
biwegen,  factitive  of  the  preceding.  See 
WMfC 

^.Jouhmc,  m.,  first  occurs  in  ModHG., 
from  MidHG.  bewtsen,  '  to  instruct,  show, 
prove ' ;  comp.  toeifen. 

be3td)f  en,  bc,}td)ttg<m,  vb. ;  the  former, 
with  a  change  in  meaning  due  to  judjttgen, 
is  also  written  bejudjten,  'to  accuse  of, 
charge  with ' ;  derivatives  of  a  MidHG. 
subst.  biziht  (bezMit),  f., '  accusation ' ;  comp. 
jet  ben. 

^Scjtrft,  m.,  'circuit,  district,  sphere,' 
from  MidHG.  tire,  'circle,  circumference, 
district';  from  Lat.  circus,  'circle.'  The 
word,  as  z  for  Lat.  c  shows,  was  borrowed 
verv  early  during  the  OHG.  period. 

33ibet,  f.,  'bible,'  from  MidHG.  bibel, 
of  which  there  is  a  variant,  biblic  (E.  bible, 


Bib 


(    30    ) 


Bie 


Du.  bijbel,  Fr.  bible) ;  formed  from  Gr.-Lat. 
biblia.     Comp.  &ibd. 

jjjibcr,  m.,  '  beaver,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  biber,  OHG.  bibar,  m.  ;  it  corre- 
sponds to  AS.  beofor,  E.  beaver,  Du.  bever, 
OIc  bj6rr,  Gotli.  *bibrus.  A  term  common 
to  the  Aryan  family,  originally  signifying 
a  'brown'  aquatic  animal;  Lat  fiber 
(OGall.  Bibracte),  OSlov.  bebrii,  Lith.  tebrus 
(most  frequently  ddbras), '  beaver.'  Olud. 
babhrUs  as  an  adj.  means  '  brown,'  as  a 
subst  masc  '  great  ichneumon ' ;  bhe-b?<r- 
<i-s  is  a  reduplicated  form  of  the  root  bher 
in  f&ax  and  braun.  The  primitive  tribe 
from  which  the  Indo-Teutons  are  de- 
scended had  ere  its  dispersion  several  fully 
developed  names  of  animals  ;  comp.  Jpunb, 
Jfruj,  2Hau<5  Self,  &c.  The  Teut.  word  had 
at  an  early  period  supplanted  the  Lat. 
fiber  in  Rom.,  LateLat.  biber,  Ital.  bevero, 
Span,  bibaro,  Fr.  bievre,  from  Teut  bebrti-, 
bibru-. 

■gSibernelle,  ^unpmeUe,  "gfiutper- 
ttCUC,  f.,  '  pimpernel,'  corruptions  of  the 
MhlLat.  botanical  term  pipinella,  pimpi- 
nella.  Even  in  MidHG.  various  corrup- 
tions are  produced  by  popular  etymology  ; 
Fr.  pimprenelle. 

■Ji td:e.  (.,  "SStCKCl,  m., '  pickaxe,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  btcke,  bickel,  m. ;  comp. 
MidHG.  bicken,  OHG.  (ana)btcchan,  wk. 
vb., '  to  prick,  thrust' ;  allied  to  AS.  becca, 
E.  bick-iron.  It  is  probably  conned  ed  fur- 
ther with  a  Kelt-Rom.  class  (Ital.  becco,  Fr. 
bee,  Du.  bek,  l  beak,'  Fr.  bSche, '  spade,'  Ital. 
beccare,  '  to  hack,'  &c.) ;  it  is  possible  that 
AS.  becca,  '  pickaxe,'  is  allied  to  Ir.  and 
Gael,  bacc,  '  hook.'  93fil  seems  to  come 
from  another  stem. 

bibmcrt,  wk.  vb.,  an  UpG.  word  equiv. 
in  meaning  to  bfbm,  'to  tremble,  shake,' 
and  allied  to  it;  MidHG.  biiemen,  'to 
tremble,'  OHG.  *bidim6n,  must  represent 
*bibim6n,  bibintin;  respecting  the  relation 
of  the  consonants  comp.  OHG.  pfedamo 
and  its  variant  pebano  under  ^Jfcbe.  The 
OHG.  bibin&n  is  an  intensive  form  of  OHG. 
biben.     See  bfben. 

"33ieber, '  fever '  ?.  Only  in  compounds 
with  stiff,  ;fruut,  strurj.  Comp.  MidHG. 
biever,  n., '  fever.'  Its  relation  to  Lat  febris 
is  ambiguous  ;  it  is  probably  a  corruption 
of  vieber.     See  gifbfr. 

bteoer,  adj.,  '  staunch,  honest,'  from 
MidHG.  biderbi,  OHG.  biderbi,1  serviceable, 
useful,'  then  '  brave,  gallant '  (comp.  btffft 
for  a  similar  change  of  idea)  ;  lit.  '  suitable 


to  one's  need  or  purpose,'  for  the  adj.  is  a 
compound  of  the  stem  of  burftn,  '  to  1*> 
in  need  of,'  and  the  prefix  bi,  which  has 
retained  its  earlier  accent  without  being 
replaced,  as  it  usually  is,  by  61.  The  Goth, 
form  was  perhaps  *bi}>arba  ;  further,  the 
adj.  is  identical  with  fcftb. 

btCQCrt,  vb.,  '  to  bend,  curve,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  biegen,  OHG.  biogan,  Goth. 
biugan,  '  to  bend.'  In  Eng.  the  word  be- 
longs to  a  different  class,  AS.  bdgan,  E.  to 
bow;  Du.  biugen;  comp.  beugfn,  the  factitive 
of  this  verb.  Root  bilg,  from  pre-Teut 
bh.il*;  the  k  of  which  is  changed  in  the 
regular  manner  into  h  in  SBuljtl,  OHG.  buhil. 
In  OInd.  we  should  have  expected  *bhuc 
instead  of  the  recorded  bhujijior  g),  which 
agrees  with  the  Teut.  word  only  in  the 
sense  of  '  to  bend ' ;  Lat  fugio,  Gr.  Qefryu, 
have  the  more  remote  signification  'to 
flee,'  which  AS.  b&gan  also  shows.  Further 
cognates  are  SSocien  and  bie^fam  (AS.  bUhsom, 
brixom,  whence  E.  buxom). 

JZ&iene,  f.,  'bee,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  bine,  bin,  f.,  OHG.  bint,  n. ;  61  is  the  pro- 
per root  syllable,  as  is  shown  by  OHG.  bia, 
Du.  bij,  AS.  bed,  E.  bee,  OSw.  bt  (OIc.  by- 
fluga) ;  the  n  of  the  weak  declension  is  re- 
tained in  the  deriv.  OHG.  btnij  the  form 
binni  (from  binja-),  which  we  should  have 
expected,  is  not  recorded.  Besides  these 
there  are  OHG.  and  MidHG.  forms  with  *, 
OHG.  btna,  f.,  MidHG.  bin,  f.  (Austr.  dial. 
93fin) ;  they  are  related  perhaps  to  MidHG. 
bin  like  Goth,  sunns  to  Sans.  sAnus,  Goth. 
qlwa  to  Sans.j'Jfo-,  &c. ;  comp.  <Sobn,  CUtfcf, 
laut,  ©djauffl.  Lith.  bitis,  Ir.  bech,  '  bee,' 
seem  allied,  though  they  have  a  different 
suffix.  The  word  is  based  on  a  root  bh\  '  to 
be  afraid,'  discussed  under  bfbfii ;  hence 
93iftte  is  perhaps  '  the  trembler '  ?.  Respect- 
ing QSiftttttbret  comp.  9kot.  ©ittunferb  was 
an  early  remodelled  form  for  OHG.  bini- 
char.  23itnfatu,  n.,  a  botanical  term,  lit. 
1  a  plant  that  the  bee  is  fond  of  sucking.' 

jSier,  n., '  beer,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
bier,  OHG.  and  OLG.  bior,  n.,  comp.  Du. 
bier,  AS.  be&r,  E.  beer,  OIc.  bj&rr ;  Fr.  Here 
is  borrowed  MidHG.  6ier.  There  can  \>m 
no  connection  with  Lat  6160.  Sans,  pibdmi ; 
nor  can  Gr.  rtur,  OInd.  pivas,  'a  rich 
drink,'  be  cognate.  It  is  rightly  thought  to 
be  akin  to  an  OTeut.term  for  'barley ,'OLG. 
and  AS.  bed  (OIc.  bygg),  from  Teut  *bevy 
wo-,  l>ased  on  a  pre-hist.  *bhewo-,  while  the 
cognates  of  93i«  point  to  a  deriv.  *bhewro-. 
Thus  93ifr  is  equal  to  ' barley-juice'  1. 


Bie 


(    31    ) 


Bil 


■§tUefe,  I$tfe,  f., '  north-east  wind,'  ear- 
lier, SSeienrinb  (with  the  regular  ei),  from  the 
equiv.  bise,  OHG.  bisa,  whence  Fr.  bise. 
A  Teut.  root  bis,  biz,  'to  rush  in  excitedly,' 
nlsoappearsiuMidHG.and  ModHG.  (dial.), 
bisen,  '  to  run  about  like  cattle  tormented 
by  horse-flies'  (with  this  is  connected  Mod 
HG.  dial,  beiern,  with  a  change  of  «  into 
r,  in  Hess,  and  Henneberg.,  with  the  same 
meaning) ;  comp.  further  OSw.  blsa,  '  to 
run,'  Dan.  bisse,  'to  run  excitedly.'  Per- 
haps the  root  bi,  '  to  tremble,'  is  nearly 
akin. 

"gSteff ,  m.,  in  SSiejlmilcfc,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  biest,  OHG.  Host,  m.  ;  comp.  AS. 
be6st,  and  its  deriv.  AS.  basting,  E.  beast- 
inus,  biestings.  ModHG.  dialects  have  also 
remarkable  parallel  forms  with  br,  like  OIc. 
d-brystur, '  beastings,'  e.g.  Swiss  briek  (brieS), 
which  may  be  connected  with  83ruft,  OHG. 
brust,  AS.  breost.  Beyond  the  Teut.  group 
(whence  OFr.  bet,  ModFr.  beton  is  bor- 
rowed) the  stem  has  not  yet  been  traced  ; 
it  is  most  frequently  compared  with  the 
equiv.  Gr.  irvfc,  Sans.  piyuSa.  Yet  a  Teut. 
root  bius  seems  to  underlie  biese,  beise,  'to 
milk,'  in  the  Wetterau  dial. 

biefcn,  vb.,  ' to  offer,  make  a  bid,'  from 
MidHG.  bieten,  OHG.  biotan,  'to  offer, 
present,  command'  (similar  meanings  are 
united  in  the  MidHG.  word  for  befeljlen) ;  AS. 
be6dan,  'to  announce,  offer' ;  E.  bid  com- 
bines the  meanings  of  Germ,  bieten  and  bitten. 
Goth,  anabiudan,  '  to  command,  arrange,' 
faurbiudan,  'to  forbid'  (OHG.  farbiotan, 
MidHG.  verbieten,  AS.forbeddan,  E.  forbid). 
Goth,  biudan,  as  well  as  the  whole  of  this 
class,  points  to  a  pre-Teut.  root  bhudh; 
Gr.  wvO  (according  to  the  well-known  rule 
for  <f>v6)  in  irwdd.vofj.ai,  irv6io0a.i,  'to' ask, 
demand,  learn  by  asking,  hear,'  approaches 
one  of  the  meanings  of  the  Teut.  vb. ;  the 
latter  has  an  active  signification  '  to  pub- 
lish, communicate,'  while  the  Gr.  middle 
vb.  means  'to  know  by  report,  obtain  in- 
formation.' With  the  sensuous  meaning 
of  HG.  bieten  is  connected  the  OInd.  root 
budh  (for  bhudh),  '  to  make  a  present  to 
one ' ;  yet  it  most  frequently  means  '  to  be 
watchful,  a>tir.'  then  '  to  observe,  notice' ; 
and  with  this  is  associated  OBulg.  bildUi, 
Lith.  budeti,  'to  awake';  Lith.  budrus, 
'  watchful' ;  also  Lith.  bafcsti,  '  to  chastise,' 
and  Olr.  buvle,  '  thanks.'  It  is  a  prim. 
Aryan  verbal  stem  with  a  great  variety  of 
meanings,  the  chief  of  which  are  'to  pre- 
sent (make  a  present  to  one) — to  enjoin 


(to  command,  communicate) — to  be  active, 
awake.'  To  the  same  stem  belongs  an 
OTeut.  word  for  'table,  dish'  (both  con- 
ceived as  the  dispensers  of  food  ?),  which 
has  been  mentioned  under  SBeute  (Goth. 
biu}>s,  AS.  bedd),  also  bote,  from  MidHG. 
bote,  OHG.  boto  (AS.  boda,  whence  E.  to 
bode),  lit.  'herald.' 

j23ifang,  m.,  'enclosure,  ridge,'  fn>m 
MidHG  bttanc.  m.,  'circuit,  ridge  between 
furrows,'  OHG.  bifang,  'circuit,'  from  bi- 
fahan,  'comprise,  encircle.'  With  respect 
to  the  accented  verbal  prefix  in  the  subst. 
compound,  comp.  bet,  where  '  around '  is 
also  quoted  as  one  of  the  OTeut.  meanings 
of  bi.  SMfang  (in  opposition  to  93eiivie(, 
btspel)  retains,  like  bieber,  the  old  short 
verbal  prefix  ;  comp.  bieber,  $8ift>,  SBeunbe. 

bictotf ,  adj.,  '  bigoted,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG.,  borrowed  from  Fr.  big  A.  but 
based  in  spelling  on  ©ctt. 

~jBild),  f.,  'dormouse,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bilch,  OHG.  bilich  (whence  OBulg. 
pluchii,  'dormou>e,'  is  borrowed?);  bit-  is 
primit.  cognate  with  W.  bele,  'marten.' 

j!3ifb,  n.,  'image,  portrait,  representa- 
tion,' from  MidHG.  bilde,  OHG.  bilidi,  n., 
'image,  figure,  parable,  prototype';  simi- 
larly OSax.  bilithij  there  is  no  correspond- 
ing word  in  E.  or  Goth.  (*bUiJn).  The 
derivation  from  a  stem  bil-,  with  which  93eil 
has  been  absurdly  connected,  is  untenable  ; 
bi-  is  probably  the  prep,  be-  (comp.  bieber, 
93ifaiivi,  93infe) ;  *lipi  is  allied  to  lipu-, 
'  limb '  (see  ®lieb) ;  the  compound  signifies 
lit.  'a copy  of  a  limb,  counterfeit  limb'?. 
It  is  impossible  to  connect  it  with  E.  build, 
which  belongs  rather  to  AS.  bold, '  a  build- 
ing,' and  bauen. 

fill,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  E.  bill,  which, 
Fr.  billet,  belongs   to  MidLat.  bdla, 
bulla. 

33We,  f..  '  hatchet,'  from  MidHG.  bil 
(-.'en.  bilks),  'pickaxe,'  OHG.  bill;  AS. 
bill,  '  sword/  E.  bill  ('  sword,  chopper,'  also 
'  axe  ')  ;  not  cognate  with  93eil. 

billifl,  adj.,  adv.,  '  reasonable  (-ably), 
cheap  (-ly),'  for  an  earlier  billicfy,  used  even 
in  the  last  century,  from  MidfiG.  billtch, 
OHG.  (recorded  since  Williram)  billkh 
(adv.  MidHG.  billtche,  OHG.  billlhho).  'con- 
formable, becoming';  cognate  with  AS. 
bilevrit,  MidE.  bileunt,  'simple,  innocent.' 
It  has  been  said,  without  sufficient  reason, 
that  this  class  was  borrowed  from  Keli. 
Comp.  other  cognates  under  SBeic^bilb, 
Unbill. 


Bil 


(    32    ) 


Bis 


"gSUfCttftrauf,  n.,  '  henbane,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bilse,  OHG.  bilisa,  f.  ;  also 
a  dial,  form  bilme,  equal  to  Dan.  bulme, 
AS.  beolene  (Span,  beleiio).  The  stems  bilisa, 
beluna,  common  to  the  Tent,  group,  cor- 
respond to  Lat.  fdix,  filix,  'fern,'  but 
more  closely  to  Russ.  belend,  Pul.  bielun, 
•  henbane.'  Comp.  further  MidDu.  beelde, 
'henbane.' 

bin,  see  fcitt,  vb. 

j3ims,  m.,  "gjimsffcm,  'pumice-stone,' 
from  the  equiv.  Mid  II G.  bumez,  OHG. 
bumiz;  hence  we  should  have  expected 
ModHG.  S3itmc$.  The  relation  between 
Stvtu\  and  Lat.  cruc-em  is  similar  to  that 
between  93ume$  and  the  type,  Lat.  pumic-em 
(nom.  pumex).  The  i  of  the  ModHG.  form 
is  MidG,  as  in  .Rut,  *Tji(}.  From  Lit. 
•pumex  (Ital.  pomtice)  are  also  derived  Du. 
puimsteen,  and  AS.  pdmicstdn.  With  re- 
gard to  *  for  2,  see  SSiiife. 

btnbett,  vb., '  to  tie,  bind,'  from  MidHG. 
linden,  OHG.  bintan.  corresponds  to  OSax. 
and  AS.  bindan,  E.  to  bind,  Goth,  bindan  y 
the  meaning  does  not  change,  hence  it  was 
the  same  in  primit.  Tent,  as  in  ModHG.  and 
Eng.  The  pre-Teut.  form  of  tlie  root  must 
have  been  bhendh  ;  comp.  the  correspond- 
ing Sans,  root  bandh,  'to  chain,  fasten'; 
Lat.  (with  /  for  bh  initially)  offendimentum, 
'bond,  cable';  Gr.  ireifffua  for  *irivOana, 
'  bond,'  also  v€ndep6s,  '  father-in-law,'  as 
well  as  Sans,  bdndku,  'a  relative.'  In 
Tent,  numerous  forms  are  derived  by  gra- 
dation from  the  sarue  root  (e.g.  SBaiib,  E. 
bond,  bend).  Ital.  benda,  '  bandage,'  ben- 
dare,  '  to  bind  np,'  are  borrowed. 

^ingclttrauf,  n.,  earlier  Suitgcffraut, 
'  mercury'  ;  33uitcjef,  a  name  of  a  plant,  from 
MidHG.  bunge,  OHG.  bungo,  '  bulb."    See 

binnen,  prep.,  '  within,'  from  MidHG. 
(MidLG.  and  MidDu.)  binnen  ;  comp.  the 
corresponding  AS. binnan,  'within,'  from  bi- 
innan,  with  suppression  of  the  i  of  bi,  as 
in  bailee,  barmbcrjia,.     See  iiutcit. 

^infc  (Swiss  SBinj),  f.,  'rush,'  from  the 
plur.  of  the  equiv.  MidHG.  61/13,  bine^  111., 
OHG.  binu$,  m.  ;  comp.  OSax.  binut,  AS. 
beonet,  E.  bent,  bent  grass,  as  well  names  of 
places,  53entlrt),  93ent^ctm,  with  a  LG.  vowel. 
The  most  probable  derivation  is  that  given 
in  the  OHG.  period,  by  Notker,  from  bi-  and 
na$  (see  nafj) ;  hence  lit. '  that  which  grows 
in  wet  places.'  LFranc.  and  LG.  h&ve  a 
stem  biusa  corresponding  to  Du.  bies,  Mid 
LG.  bese,  which  are  not  cognate  with  33tuj>. 


^irhc  (Swiss  53d*e,  S:vcr»,  f.,  'birch,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  birhe  (UpG. 
birdie),  OHG.  bird/a,  birihha ;  comp.  AS. 
birce,  E.  birch ;  also  Du.  berk,  AS.  beorc, 
OIc.  bjork,  Goth.  *bairka,  f.,  or  *bairkj6,  f. 
This  term,  common  to  the  Teut.  group,  is 
one  of  the  few  names  of  trees  of  primit. 
Aryan  origin  (comp.  93uct)f)  ;  the  pre-Teur. 
form  is  bhtrgd  (bhergyd),  and  corresponds 
to  Sans,  bhtiija,  m.,  'a  kind  of  birch'  (neu. 
also 'birch  bark'),  OSlov.  bnza,  f.,  Lilh. 
be  lias. 

"j^intc,  L,  'pear';  the  n  belongs  pro- 
perly to  the  inflexion ;  MidHG.  bir  (and 
still  dialectic),  plur.  birn  ;  OHG.  bira, 
'pear.'  Derived  from  the  Lat.  plrum,  or 
rather  plur.  plra.  On  account  of  the  initial 
b  of  the  German  won),  the  date  at  which 
it  was  borrowed  can  hardly  be  placed 
earlier  than  the  9th  cent.  The  Goth  ap- 
plied to  the  '  mulberry-tree'  the  apparently 
cognate  term  bairabagms.  E.  pear,  AS. 
peru,  Du.  peer,  are  based  upon  the  Rom. 
word  (Ital.  and  Span,  pera),  derived  from 
Lat.  pirum.  Respecting  the  change  of 
gender  see  *J>flaumc. 

bivfd)CTl,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
birsen,  'to  chase  with  hounds,  to  shoot 
deer' ;  s  after  r  became  seh,  as  in  Clrnf, 
tatjft,  £orfd)e,  Ijcrrfdjfii,  >§ivfd),  Jtirfd)?,  Miix- 
fdnter,  nurf<t) ;  from  OFr.  berser  (MidLat. 
bersare),  '  to  pierce  with  an  arrow.' 

bis,  conj.,  adv.,  '  until,  as  far  a?,'  from 
MidHG.  613  (for  which  nnze,  unz  most  Fre- 
quently occur) ;  in  OHG.  it  was  perhaps 
bia$,  i.e.  bid  is  a  compound  of  bi  (see  bet, 
Goth,  bt)  and  03  (OHG  03,  'to,'  Goth,  at, 
Lat.  ad)  ;  bia$  became  613, '  until '  Earlier 
ModHG.  has  a  variant  bitze,  bitz,  which 
likewise  arose  from  an  older  bi  and  ze,  'to.' 
Similarly  ModHG.  unz  is  composed  of  unt 
(Goth,  und)  and  ze. — btsfanct,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bissolange,  'so  long,  hither- 
to,' for  fo'3  s6  lange,  '  until  so  long.' 

"D.'irctm,  m.,  'musk,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bisem,  OHG.  bisam,  bisamo,  from 
MidLat.  bisamum,  which  u  of  oriental 
origin  (Hebr.  besem,  Syr.  besmo). 

j5ifd)of,  m_,  'bishop,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bischof  (v),  OHG.  biscof  (to  which 
SBilfou  is  related) ;  Du.  bisschop,  AS.  bisceop, 
E.  bishop,  with  the  same  meaning.  In  Goth, 
with  a  closer  adherence  to  the  primit.  term 
(iwiijKoiroi),  alpiskaUpus.  This  widely  dif- 
fused word  was  probably  adopted,  like  tin; 
Arianism  of  the  Goths  (comp.  ,ftird)e),  from 
the  Greeks  without  passing  through  Ro- 


Bis 


(    33    ) 


Bla 


mance.  Tlie  Lat.-Rom.  origin  is  indeed 
supported  by  the  initial  6  as  well  as  the 
loss  of  the  original  e  at  the  beginning ; 
comp.  ltal.  vescovo,  OFr.  vesque  (also  evesque, 
ModFr.  4vique,  and  Olr.  epscup).  Conip. 
further  OSlov.  jeptslcopu. 

"gStfTen,  m., '  l>it,  morsel,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bitfe,  OHG.  fo'330;  comp.  AS.  bita, 
E.  bit,  and  beifjett. 

fief  am,  n.,  '  bishopric'  Even  in  Mid 
bischtuom  and  bistuom,  OHG.  bisce- 
tuom,  from  biscoftuom.  By  a  similar  change 
23t3marcf  was  formed  from  bischoves  marc  ; 
on  the  borders  of  such  a  mark  the  property 
of  the  tribe  was  situated. 

■p3i(§,  "gUtfjC^en,  'bit,  trifle,'  from  beijjen. 

uitfen,  vb.,  '  to  b*&  entreat,  invite,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  bitten 
(from  bitjav,  bidjan)  ;  it  is  a  str.  vb.  of  the 
class  e — a — d — e.  Comp.  Goth.  bidjan,  ba}>, 
bedum,  bidans ;  AS.  biddan;  in  E.  to  bid, 
both  bieten  and  bitten  appear  ;  E.  to  beg, 
from  AS.  bedecian  (Goth.  *bidaq6n  1  comp. 
Teut.and  Goth.  *bidaqa,  'beggar').  The  str. 
vb.  belonged  originally  to  the  i  class  (Goth. 
bidja,  *baip,  *bidum,  bidans  might  therefore 
be  conjectured)  ;  a  trace  of  this  gradation 
is  shown  further  by  the  factitive  Goth. 
baidjan,  AS.  bdidan,  OHG.  beiten,  with  the 
meaning  '  to  order,  demand,  compel.'  The 
root  bkeidh,  blmlh,  accords  with  Gr.  vi0 
(lor  <piO,  according  to  the  well-known  rule), 
ireldu),  '  to  induce  by  entreaties,  get  by  ask- 
ing, persuade,  convince';  to  this  belongs 
also  Lat.  fido  (equiv.  to  the  Gr.  Mid.  Voice 
irdOofiat),  'to  rely  on  a  person.'  With  this 
meaning  an  OTeur.  bid  an  t  'to  await,  wait 
with  full  confidence'  (Goth,  b  idan,  OHG. 
Mian,  AS.  bldan,  E.  to  bide),  has  been  con- 
nected. The  Germ,  noun  2Mtte  is  OHG. 
bita,  most  frequently  beta,  Goth.  bida.  See 
betett,  @cbct. 

biffcr,  adj.,  *  hitter,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bitter,  OHG.  bittar.  This  t,  since 
it  comes  before  r,  represents  the  t  common 
to  the  Teut.  cognates  ;  before  /  the  permu- 
tation of  t  to  3,  tz  does  not  take  place  (comp. 
©iter,  tauter,  tittetn) ;  OLG.  bittar,  AS.  bittor, 
biter,  E.  and  I  hi.  bitter ;  hence  we  should 
have  expected  Goth.  *bltrs,  for  which  a  form 
with  a  remarkable  Cii,  baitrs,  'bitter,' 
occurs.  The  word  is  undoubtedly  cognate 
with  beijjeit  (root  bit,  inf.  bltan);  the  adj. 
properly  signifies  '  pricking,  sharp,'  being 
now,  like  beiften,  restricted  to  the  taste.  For 
other  cognates  comp.  beifjen. 

blad),  adj.,  '  Hat,'  from  MidHG.  black; 


it  is,  like  Swiss  blache,  '  a  large  board,'  re- 
lated to  flaeb. 

■gSIacfcfifdj,  m.,  '  cuttlefish,'  from  LG. 
Mackflsk.  Blak  is  the  LG.  term  for  ink 
(blakhorn,  'inkstand');  comp.  AS.  bla>c, 
'  ink,'  E.  blade  (a  colour  and  shoemaker's 
black),  OHG.  block. 

U.Haf)C,  f.,  'coare  linen,'  from  Mid 
HG.  balhe,  bid,  f.  ;  a  dialect,  widely  dif- 
fused word,  with  the  parallel  forms  bliil>e, 
plane,  blache,  plauwe ;  the  primit.  form  is 
Goth.  *blahwa1. 

bldbcn,  vb.,  '  to  inflate,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  blozjen,  OHG.  bldjan,  wk.  vb.  (the 
OHG.  word  also  means  '  to  blow ' ) ;  comp. 
AS.  bldwan,  E.  to  blow.  The  Teut.  root  bid 
(bli)  agrees  partly  with  Lat.  flare  (Aryan 
root  bhld) ;  blafen,  33fott,  and  ©fatter  are 
also  closely  related  to  it.  S3lafen  especially 
seems  to  have  arisen  from  the  shorter  root, 
also  preserved  in  ^Matter,  by  adding  s  to 
the  stem  of  the  present. 

"plttfeetr,  m.,  'chandelier'  (in  Voss), 
from  the  equiv.  LG.  and  Du.  Mater;  comp. 
AS.  Meecern;  from  the  MidLG.  and  Du. 
blalcen,  '  to  burn,  glow.'  For  further  Teut. 
and  Aryan  cognates  see  under  83(i£. 

bid  nil,  adj., '  bright,  drawn  (of  a  sword),' 
from  the  MidHG.  Mane,  OHG.  blanch, 
'gleaming,  white,  resplendently  beauti- 
ful.' Comp.  E.  blank  ('white'),  (AS.  Manca, 
blonca,  OIc.  blakkr,  '  white  or  grey  horse') ; 
related  to  OIc.  blakra,  '  to  gleam' ;  formed 
by  gradation  from  the  root  blek  in  93li($ 
(conip.  also  blecfeu).  The  adj.  made  its  way 
into  Horn.  (ltal.  bianco,  Fr.  Mane),  whence 
83(anfett  with  a  Rom.  suffix  ;  comp.  also 
blafeti.  The  less  frequent  bliuf— a  recent 
formation  from  the  verb — is  found  as  a 
parallel  form  to  btanf  in  ModHG. 

"p.Hanllfcbcif,  n.,  'busk'  (whalebone  in 
a  corset),  corrupted  in  ModHG.  from  Fr. 
planchette. 

"2.51a To,  f.,  'blister,  bubble,  flaw,' from 
MidHG.  bldse,  OHG.  bldsa;  the  last  two 
specially  mean  '  urinary  bladder.'  Comp. 
flatter  and  blafen. 

bfafen,  vb.,  'to  blow,  sound,  smelt,' 
from  MidHG.  bldsen,  OHG.  bldsan,  'to 
breathe,  snort' ;  comp.  the  equiv.  Goth. 
bltsan;  in  E.  only  the  deriv.  AS.  blast,  E. 
blast,  has  been  preserved.  The  s  of  blafen, 
which  does  not  occur  in  the  root  bhlS  of  the 
cognate  languages,  is  considered  by  some 
to  be  simply  a  present  suffix  which  was 
not  joined  to  the  stem  until  a  later  period  ; 
in  that  case  bldfyen  and  53Uttter  may  be  cog- 

C 


B!a 


(    34    ) 


Ble 


Date.  The  OTeut  wonls  with  iuitial  bl 
separate  into  two  groups  ;  the  one,  contain- 
ing bidden,  ©tatter,  blafen,  btufyen,  S3lutf,  seems 
to  be  based  on  tiie  primary  meaning  of 
'swelling,'  the  other,  comprising blanf,  blafj, 
Hinfeit,  bWrfctt,  blt|en,  blau,  SBledj,  Slut,  on  the 
notion  of  '  shining.' 

blag,  adj.,  'pale,  faint  (in colour),'  from 
MidHG.  b'as,  'bald,'  figuratively  'weak, 
trifling'  ;  the  earlier  signification  is  'shin- 
ing' (comp.  ©lafce,  from  gldnjen) ;  allied  to 
OHG.  bias,  'whitish.'  Hence  by  muta- 
tion SSldfie,  f.,  '  a  white  spot  on  the  fore- 
head,' OIc.  bles  (earlier  Dan.  bits),  MidLG. 
blare  (but  blusenhmgst, '  horse  with  a  blaze'), 
Du.  blaar,  '  cow  with  a  blaze.'  With  the 
meaning  'shining,' AS.  blase,  E.  blaze,  Mid 
HG.  bias,  n.,  'a  torch,' are  connected. 

■^Uott,  n.,  'leaf,  blade,  newspaper,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  blat,  n. ; 
comp.  the  corresponding  Du.  Mad,  AS. 
bleed,  'leaf,'  E.  blad'.;  Goth.  *bla}>.  The 
dental  of  these  cognates  seems  to  be  a  suf- 
fix ;  bla-  from  pre-Teut.  bhlo-,  as  well  as 
Lat.  fol-ium,  Gr.,  <f>v\\ov,  'leaf,'  may  have 
been  formed  from  a  root  bhol,  bldd.  It  is 
uncertain  whether  Goth.  *blada-  is  really 
a  partic.  with  an  Ayran  suffix  16-,  with  the 
meaning  '  having  ceased  to  bloom '  or '  fully 
grown.'     See  bluljm. 

flat  i  ex,  f.,  '  pock,  pustule,'  from  Mid 
bldtere,  f.,  'bladder,  pock,'  OHG.  bldt- 
tara,  f.,  'bladder';  comp.  Du.  blaar,  AS. 
bldedre,  E.  bladder.  The  Goth,  form  would 
be  *bliJr6  (or  bladrd  1  see  Matter),  with  drd- 
as  a  suffix,  corresponding  to  Gr.  rpa.  (see 
Slber,  Matter) ;  for  US  as  a  root  syllable  see 
blafen,  bidden. 

blent,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
bid  (Gen.  bldwes),  OHG.  bldo, '  blue ' ;  comp. 
Du.  blaauw,  AS.  Haw,  and  with  a  suffix 
bltewen ;  E.  blue  (from  MidE.  blew)  is  bor- 
rowed from  Fr.  bleu,  which,  with  its  Rom. 
cognates  (Ital.  biavo,  from  *blawo),  is  of 
Germ,  origin.  The  primit  cognate  Lat. 
jidvus,  '  flaxen,  yellow,'  ha«,  like  so  many 
names  of  colours,  changed  its  meaning 
compared  with  the  Germ.  word. 

£3Iducl,  m.,  'beetle,  rolling-pin,'  de- 
rived from  the  following  word. 

Mttuert,  vb.,  'to  beat,  drub';  instinc- 
tively allied  by  Germans  to  blau  (bfau 
fcfylagen,  'to  beat  black  and  blue').  It  is 
based,  however,  on  a  str.  vb.,  MidHG.  bliu- 
wen,  OHG.  bliuwun,  'to  beat' ;  comp.  the 
equiv.  AS.  *ble6wan,  whence  E.  blow;  Goth. 
bliggwan,  'to  beat'  (with  an  excrescent  <#), 


for  bliwan.  The  root  seems  to  be  blu,  from 
bhlu-  ;  it  can  hardly  be  related  primitively 
to  blatt,  nor  is  it  possible  to  derive  *bliwan 
from  a  root  bhliw  for  b'-ligw  from  bhligh 
(comp.  ©dmtf,  9Uerc),  and  to  compare  it 
with  hat.  fltger*. 

"^fccf),  n.,  'thin  metal  plate,  tin  plate,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  blkch,  OHG. 
bleh,  n. ;  it  corresponds  to  OIc.  blik,  n., 
'gold,  thin  plate  of  gold.'  In  Eng.  the 
word  is  not  to  be  met  with  ;  it  is  formed 
by  gradation  from  the  root  blik,  which 
appears  in  blfid)ett,  and  means  'shining.' — 
j3Ied)ett,  'to  pay  money,'  comp.  beruvpm. 

blcdtcn,  vb.,  '  to  show  one's  teeth,  grin,' 
from  MidHG.  blecken,  'to  become  visible, 
show,'  OHG.  b'ecclien  (Goth.  *blokjan). 
Factitive  of  a  Goth.  *blikun,  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  law  of  the  permutation  of  con- 
sonants, is  cognate  with  Gr.  <t>\i-yu,  '  to 
burn,  shine'  (comp.  0X07-  in  #X6£, '  flame '), 
Lat.  flagro,  '  to  burn,'  and  the  Sans,  root 
b/irdj,  '  to  shine.'  OHG.  btycclien  also 
means  '  to  lighten,  gleam,  shine  forth.' 
For  further  details  see  UMifc. 

l$Iet,  i)., '  lead,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
bit  (Gen.  bliwes),  OHG.  bllo  (for  *bltw), 
'  lead ' ;  it  corresponds  to  OIc.  bltf;  Goth. 
*bleiwa-  is  wanting.  Tlie  word  cannot  be 
traced  farther  back  ;  it  is  not  found  in 
Eng.,  the  term  used  being  lead  (Du.  loot ; 
comp.  2ct). 

blcibctt,  vb., '  to  remain,  continue,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bliben,  OHG.  biliban ; 
comp.  the  corresponding  AS.  belt/an,  Goth. 
bileioan,  '  to  remain '  (the  factitive  of  which 
is  bilaibjan,  '  to  cause  to  remain,  leave 
over ' ;  AS.  Ice/an,  E.  to  leave).  It  is  allied 
neither  to  Lat.  linquo  nor  to  Gr.  Xt/xw,  to 
which  IetJ)en  is  more  akin  ;  biltbo,  '  I  re- 
main,' must  be  based  on  pre-Teut  lipd 
(Sans,  root  lip,  '  to  adhere  ')  ;  Gr.  \11rap6i, 
'greasy,  shining,'  Xbrot,  n.,  'fat,'  Xlirop^w, 
'  I  persist,'  comes  nearest  to  the  meaning 
of  the  lent.  vb.  ;  comp.  OSlov.  lipnati, 
Lith.  lipd,  'to  adhere,  remain.'  With  the 
former  meaning, '  to  adhere,'  ModHG.  2eber 
is  connected,  and  with  the  latter,  '  to  per- 
sist, abide,'  the  ModHG.  8eib  and  gfbtit. 
See  the  separate  words. 

bletcf),  adj., '  pale,  wan,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bleich,  OHG.  bleih;  comp.  AS. 
bide,  bltece,  E.  bUai;  Du.  bleek,  OIc  bleikr, 
'pale,'  from  the  root  blik  appearing  in 
bWidjen.  Derivatives  :  ModHG.  SMetd^e,  f., 
'  bleaching,  bleach ing-yard,  wan  appear- 
ance ' ;  fcleidjfti,  '  to  bleach,  turn  pale. 


Ble 


(    35    ) 


Bio 


bleidjen,  vb.,  '  to  lose  colour,'  etbleicfyen, 
'  to  grow  pale,'  from  MidHG.  blichen,  *  to 
shine,  blush,'  OHG.  blihhan;  comp.  AS. 
bllccu>,  MidM  bltken,  'to  turn  pale' ;  OIc. 
blikja,  '  to  appear,  shine,  lighten.'  The  i 
root  of  Slav,  blislcati, '  to  sparkle '  (for  *blig- 
skati),blesku,i splendour,' Lith.  blaivytis,  'to 
clear  up,'  is  more  closely  connected  with 
the  word  than  the  e  root  in  <l>\£yu,  *  to  burn, 
flame.'  The  pre-Teut.  form  of  the  root 
was  perhaps  bhlig,  meaning  '  lustre  '  (comp. 
also  93tedj,  Ueity  ;  further  OHG.  Mick,  see 
©H{$).— ]$teid)er(f),  m.,  'pale-red  wine, 
claret,'  a  recent  deriv.  from  bleidj. 

jlUcihc,  f.,  '  whitebait,  bleak,'  Du.  term 
for  a  sj)ecies  of  white  fish  ;  comp.  Du. 
blei,  MidLG.  and  MidDu.  bleie,  AS.  blcege, 
E.  *blay  ;  from  blajj&n  for  *blaigj&n  (comp. 
OHG.  reia,  AS.  rouge,  from  raigjon;  see 
under  CM)).  As  ModHG.  fHi<f e  is  a  parallel 
form  of  OHG.  rtia,  so  MidHG.  and  ModHG. 
(Swiss)  blicke  is  a  variant  of  LG.  bleie.  The 
primary  meaning  and  further  cognates  are 
uncertain  ;  OHG.  bleihha,  MidHG.  bleiche, 
Avould  point  to  a  connection  with  bleid) 
(comp.  OIc.  bligja,  '  to  glance  at '). 

blenben,  vb., '  to  blind,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  btynden,  OHG.  blpnten;  comp.  AS. 
btyndan,  whereas  E.  has  to  blind  based 
upon  blind;  factitive  of  blinb.  It  is  re- 
markable in  connection  with  this  word 
that  an  old  form,  *blandj<m,  as  it  would  be 
written  in  Golh.,  is  derived  by  gradation 
from  an  adj.  (blinds,  Goth.)  ;  a  str.  vb. 
blindan,  '  to  be  blind,'  has  never  existed. 
93lenbe,  'blind,  screen,'  first  found  in  Mod 
HG.,  is  a  deriv.  of  blenben. 

■^SUmMtng,  m.,  'mongrel,'  from  Mid 
HG.  blanden,  OHG.  blantan,  '  to  mix ' ; 
Goth,  blandan.  This  OTeut.  str.  vb.,  mean- 
ing '  to  mix,'  is  based,  according  to  the  laws 
of  the  permutation  of  consonants,  on  a 
pre-Teut.  root  bhlandh,  not  iound  in  any 
other  word. 

blelften,  *  to  patch,'  see  under  *piacfen. 

j&ItCR,  m.,  '  glance,  look,  gleam,'  from 
MidHG.  blick,  '  splendour,  lightning, 
glance';  corresponds  to  OHG.  blic  (blicches), 
in.,  'lightning'  (also blicfiur,  'electricity'). 
The  orig.  sense  of  the  MidHG.  word  was 
probably  fyellet  ©ttaf/l  (a  bright  flash),  (Strati 
bein^  used  figuratively  of  the  eye  as  of 
lightning  ;  the  physical  meaning  of  the 
stem  has  been  preserved  in  93li$.  The 
root  is  shown  under  bWcfen,  and  especially 
under  93lifc,  to  be  the  pre-Teut.  b'deg. 

blinb,    adj.,    'blind,'    from     MidHG. 


blint(d), '  blind,  dark,  murky,  hidden,  null,' 
OHG.  blint;  comp.  the  corresponding  Goth. 
blinds,  AS.  blind,  E.  blind.  An  ancient  but 
very  remarkable  factitive  form  from  this 
adj.,  with  no  parallel  str.  vb.,  is  blenben 
(Goth.  *blandjan).  It  is  still  undecided 
whether  d  is  an  old  partic.  suffix,  like 
Gr.  -tos,  Lat.  -tus,  Sans,  -tas ;  considering 
the  meaningof  the  word,  it  might  easily  be 
connected  with  the  Sans,  root  bhram,  '  to 
move  unsteadily '  (partic.  b/trdntd-s).  Yet 
its  kinship  with  Lith.  blandyti,  '  to  cast 
down  the  eyes,'  blindo,  blisti, '  to  grow  dark,' 
is  more  probable  (comp.  OIc.  blunda,  '  to 
close,  blink  the  eyes,'  E.  to  blunder). — An- 
other word  for  '  blind  '  in  the  Aryan  group 
is  Lat.  caecus,  Olr.  cdech;  Goth,  haihs,  cor- 
responding to  these,  means  '  one-eyed.' 
It  seems,  moreover,  that  in  i  he  Aryan  lan- 
guages there  were  no  terms  for  '  blind,  deaf, 
lame,  dumb,'  and  other  infirmities,  com- 
mon to  all  of  them  ;  there  is  only  an  agree- 
ment between  two  or  three  languages  at 
most. 

]23Itnl>fdjtetd)e,  see  under  fdjletcfjen. 

btmfcett,  vb., '  to  "learn,  twinkle,  blink,' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.  ;  related  to  blank, 
blink,  adj.  ;  comp.  Du.  blinken,  MidE 
blinken,  E.  to  blink.  The  root  may  be  iden- 
tical with  that  of  bleiclfjen  (bltkm),  the  i- 
root  becoming  nasalised ;  blinfen  would 
then  be  regarded  as  a  verb  of  the  e  class, 
and  blanf  a  secondary  form. 

blinjeln,  vb., '  to  blink,  wink.'  It  may 
be  connected  with  blinb;  yet  comp.  also 
OIc.  blunda,  '  to  blink,'  and  Lith.  blandyti, 
'  to  cast  down  the  eyes.' 

"jKUf^,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
blitze,  blicz>;  blicz,  m.,  'lightning'  (Swiss 
even  now  blitzq  for  bliktz) ;  a  derivative 
of  MidHG.  bliczen,  'to  lighten,'  OHG. 
blecchazzen  (formed  like  the  equiv.  Goth. 
lauhatjun).  Allied  to  the  earlier  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  blic,  'lightning.'  The  Teut,  root 
blek  corresponds  to  Aryan  bhleg,  bhlog,  in  Gr. 
i>\iyu>,  '  to  burn,  blaze,'  <f>\6£, '  flame,'  Sans. 
bhrdj,  '  to  radiate,  sparkle  '  (whence  Sans. 
bharga{s),  ' splendour,'  and  bnrgu,  'the  spe- 
cial gods  of  light '),  as  well  as  Lat  fulgur, 
fulmen  (for  *fidgmeri),  '  lightning.'  To  the 
Aryan  root  bhleg  the  following  also  belong: 
Du.  bliksem,  OSax.  bliksmo,  bliksni,  'light- 
ning,' Du.  blaken,  '  to  flame.'  AS.  blascern, 
blacern,  '  candlestick '  (see  93lafcr),  and  per- 
haps blanf  (comp.  further  blerfen  and  93li(f ). 

j$Iodt,  m.,  'block,  log,  prison,'  from 
MidHG.  bloch,  '  log,  plant,  a  sort  of  trap.' 


B!o 


(    36    ) 


Boc 


In  the  latter  signification  (to  which  Mid 
HG.  bloclcen,  *  to  put  in  prison,'  is  related) 
it  represents  OHG.  bil6h  (with  syncopated 
i;  see  other  similar  examples  under  bei), 
*  lock-up,'  which  belongs  to  an  OTeut.  str. 
vb.  l&kan,  *  to  lock '  (comp.  further  E.  lock; 
see  ?od)).  The  meaning '  log,  plank '  (Mid 
HG.  b'.och),  is  probably  based  on  a  different 
word,  which  is  most  likely  related  to  93alfm; 
even  in  OHG.,  bloh  occurs.  The  cognates 
passed  into  Rom.  (Fr.  bloc,  bloquer),  whence 
again  ModHG.  blccftercn,  E.  to  block. 

bfdbe,  adj.,  'weak,  dim-sighted,  imbe- 
cile,' from  MidHG.  blocde,  *  infirm,  weak, 
tender,  timid,'  OHG.  bttdi,  OSax.  bim, 
'timid.'  Comp.  AS.  bledp,  'weak/  OIc. 
blaufrr  ;  Goth.  *blauj?us, '  weak,  powerless,' 
may  be  inferred  from  its  deriv.  wk.  vb. 
Uaupjan, '  to  render  powerless,  invalid,  to 
abolish'  According  to  the  permutation  of 
consonants,  the  pre-Teut.  form  of  the  adj. 
may  have  been  bhl&utu-s,  with  the  primary 
meaning  *  powerless,  weak.'  Yet  the  stem 
cannot  be  traced  farther  back.  From  this 
word  Fr.  Slouir,  '  to  dazzle/  is  borrowed. 

blofcett,  vb.,  '  to  bleat,'  ModHG.  simply, 
of  LG.  origin.  Comp.  LG.  bloken,  blelcen, 
MidDu.  bloiken. 

blonb,  adj., '  blonde,  fair,'  from  MidHG. 
blunt{d),  'fair,'  which  first  appears  when 
the  Fr.  influence  began  (about  1200  A.D.), 
and  is  undoubtedly  of  Fr.  origin.  Fr.  blond, 
Ital.  biondo,  MidLat.  blundus,  give  the  im- 
pression that  these  words  were  borrowed 
from  Teut.,  especially  since  other  Tent. 
names  of  colours  have  been  adopted  by 
Rom.  (comp.  blau,  btanf,  braun).  The  earl  ier 
periods  of  OTeut.  have,  however,  no  adj. 
blunda-.  The  connection  of  MidLat.  and 
Rom.  blundo with  blinb  (OIc.  blunda)  maybe 
possible  (comp.  Lith.  pry-blinde, '  twilight'), 
especially  as  the  meaning  of  the  names  of 
colours  is  variable. 

blofj,  adj.,  'bare,  destitute,  mere,'  from 
MidHG.  bl6%.  'exposed,  naked'  ;  it  corre- 
sponds to  MidLG.  and  MidDu.  bloot, '  bare,' 
AS.  bledt,  'poor,  wretched'  (OIc.  blav.tr, 
'  soft,  fresh,  tender,'  as  well  as  OHG.  M63, 
'proud,'  have  a  divergent  meaning).  On 
account  of  the  UpQ.  and  LG.  Mutt  (dial.), 
Swed.  blott,  'unfledged,  uncovered,  unclad,' 
the  origin  of  Teut.  blauto-,  'mere,'  is  dubi- 
ous.    Perhaps  btcfcc  is  a  cognate. 

blufcen,  vb.,  'to  bloom,  flower,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  bliien,  blilejen,  OHG. 
bluqjan;  a  wk.  vb.,  which,  however,  judging 
by  AS.  bldivan  (E.  to  blow),  'to  bloom,' 


w.is  formerly  strong  ;  Goth.  Hldjan.  The 
Teut.  stem  bid-  has  a  wide  ramification  in 
particular  dialects;  the  primary  se: 
'  to  bloom.'  It  is  further  apparent  in  many 
words  for  Sfatt  ('leaf')  and  Slume  ('flower1); 
see  the  following  word,  where  the  non- 
Teut  cognates  are  discussed. 

"JUfltmc,  f.,  'blossom,  flower,'  from  Mid 
HG.  b'uome,  m.,  f.,  OHG.  bluoma,  f.  (bluomo, 
m.)  ;  comp.. OSax.  bl6mo,  Goth.  bl6ma,  AS. 
bloma,  E.  bloom,  -man-  is  a  deriv.  sullix  ; 
the  root  bid  (see  Hufte")  shows  that  SMttnie 
is  lit.  'the  blooming  plant.'  The  follow* 
ing  an;  also  Teut  cognates  of  5Mume  : — 
Du.  bloesem  (besides  bloem),  AS.  bldstm, 
blostma,  E.  blossom;  perhaps  their  s  be- 
longs, however,  to  the  root ;  this  is  indi- 
cated by  MidDu.  bloscn,  'to  bloom,'  which 
points  to  the  close  connection  between  E. 
blossom  and  Lat.  flortre  for  *Jl6se-re,  JlCs 
(flor-is  for  *Jlosis).  A  root  bhl6  without 
this  s  appears  in  Olr.  bldth,  '  blossom,'  K. 
dial,  blooth,  'flower.'  See  further  the  fol- 
lowing word,  also  35lute  and  93fatt. 

"gUltJI,  m.  (Suab.  and  Swiss,  bhceSf,  n.), 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bluost,  f.,  '  bio.— 
som';  Goth.  *blos-ts  is  connected  perhaps 
with  the  Aryan  root  bhl6s,  'to  bloom,'  pre- 
served in  AS.  U6s-tma,  hut./lorere  (for  *Jlds- 
ere).     See  SBlume  and  93lute. 

j&Iuf,  n.,  '  blood,  race,'  from  the  eqniv. 
MidHG.  bluot,  OHG.  bluot,  n.  ;  it  corre- 
sponds regularly  to  Du.  bloed,  AS.  b!6d,  E. 
blood.  An  OTeut  word  meaning  '  blood,' 
which  is  common  to  all  the  dialects  ;  comp. 
Goth,  bldfra-  (for  *bl6da-).  Pre-Teut.  Uldto- 
does  not  appear  in  any  cognate  language 
with  the  same  meaning.  The  Aryan  lan- 
guages have  no  common  word  for  blood. 
With  respect  to  the  Teut  word,  it  is  still 
undecided  whether  it  belongs  to  a  root  bl6, 
'to  bloom.'  Comp.  also  E.  to  bleed  (for 
*blodjan).  For  33lureo,ct  see  3gc(.  2Mut; 
in  compounds  like  btutjuno.,  bdttarm,  has 
nothing  to  do  with  Slut,  but  is  dial,  with 
the  meaning '  bare,  naked ' ;  UnG.  and  LG. 
blutt. 

blufrtmfftfl,  see  runjluj. 

bluff,  see  blobe. 

"§\li\lc,  f.,  'blossom,  bloom, prime,' from 
the  plur.  of  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bluot,  plur. 
bliiete,  OHG.  bluot,  plur.  bluoti,  f.  ;  Goth. 
*bl6J>s,  AS.  blid.  See  bluett,  JBlume,  SStufr, 
Slut,  and  Slatt. 

"23od)er,  Jew.,  'youth,  student,'  from 
Hebr.  back&r,  'youth.' 

^ocft,  m.,  'buck,  he-goat,  ram,'  from 


Boc 


(    37    ) 


Boh 


the  equiv.  MidHG.  bock  (gen.  bockes),  OHG. 
boc,  in.  ;  corresponds  to  Du.  bole,  AS.  bucca, 
E.  buck,  OIc.  bulckr  and  bultkr  (Gotli.  *bukks, 
*bid-ka,  m.).  Like  so  tnany  name3  of  ani- 
mals (comp.  e.g.  Slue,  @cifj),  33ocf  too  may- 
have  descended  from  primit.  Aryan  times  ; 
comp.  Olr.  bode,  from  primit.  Kelt,  bucco-. 
Although  it  is  not  quite  impossible  tliat 
the  whole  Tent,  class  was  borrowed  from 
Kelt.,  yet  it  seems  more  probable,  on 
account  of  Armen.  buc,  'lamb,'  and  Zend 
biiza,  'he-goat'  (Aryan  primitive  form 
bhuga),  that  it  was  only  primit.  akin  to 
Kelt.  Fr.  bouc  maybe  derived  from  Tent 
or  Kelt.  Another  OTeut.  word  (related 
to  Lat.  caper,  Gr.  ic&irpos)  is  preserved  in 
ModllG.  Jpabcrgetjj.— Serf,  'mistake,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  seems  to  be  a  pun  due  to  Mod 
HG.  SScruofj,  '  blunder.'  The  origin  of  the 
phrase  ctueit  ©erf  fd)tejjen  Cto  commit  a 
blunder')  is  not  clear  ;  note,  however,  that 
etite  Severe  fcfytefjett  is  'to  fall  head  over 
heels.' — Sod  (whence  Fr.  boc),  for  ©erfbtcv, 
which  first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  is  an  abbrev. 
of  Giitborf  (now  (Simberfcr  SMcr);  comp.  the 
origin  of  Skater. 

■gjo&sbeitfel,  m.,  'old  prejudice,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.,  and  connected  instinc- 
tively by  Germans  with  23orf ;  it  is,  how- 
ever, of  LG.  origin,  bocks-  representing  boks 
('of  the  book').  The  women  of  Hamburg 
used  to  carry  their  hymn-books  at  their  side 
in  a  satchel,  which  they  were  always  fond  of 
wearing.  When  applied  to  a  sort  of  bottle, 
93crfdbeutct  has  a  different  origin,  and  means 
properly  '  the  scrotum  of  the  buck.' 

j$OOCU,  m.,  'bottom,  ground,  soil,  loft,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  boden,  bodem,  gen. 
bodemes  (the  dial.  ModHG.  bodem  is  still 
used,  comp.  the  proper  name  SBofcnter), 
OHG.  bodam,  m.,  which  still  exists  in  the 
cognate  dialects  and  language*.  OHG. 
bodam  points,  however,  not  to  Goth.  *bu}>- 
ma-,  but,  with  a  remarkable  irregularity,  to 
*budna-,  the  corresponding  AS.  botm,  E. 
bottom,  exhibiting  a  further  irregularity  in 
the  dental.  Goth.  *budna-  seems  probable, 
since  the  non-Teut.  languages  of  the  Aryan 
stock  point  to  bhudhme»,  bhudhn.6-  as  the 
*tem  ;  Gr.  trvO^v,  6  (lor  *<pvdfj.fy,  see  bieten), 
'bottom' ;  hut.  fundus  (for  *fudnus),  Sans. 
budhnd-  (for  *bhudhnd-,  by  the  same  rule 
as  in  Gr.).  It  is  a  primit.  Aryan  word, 
with  the  meaning  'bottom,  ground,'  but  is 
not  connected,  however,  with  a  str.  vb.  in 
any  Aryan  language. — SBobenfee  obtained 
its  name  during  the  Carolovingian  period 


(formerly  Lacus  Briyantinus,  <Lake  Con- 
stance') from  the  imperial  palace  at  Bo- 
dema  (now  Bodmann),  which  may  be  the 
plur.  of  the  subst.  S3ocen. 

"giJoomeret,  f.,  'money  advanced  on  the 
security  of  the  ship's  keel  or  bottom'  (i.e. 
the  ship  itselfX  from  Du.  bodmerte,  E. 
bottomry  (whence  Fr.  bomerie). 

33ofirt,  m.,  '  puck-ball,'  ModHG.  only, 
properly  'knave's fizzling'  (see  under  Jyift); 
comp.  AS,  iculfes  fist,  the  name  of  the  plant 
(E.  bulljist),  of  which  Gr.-Lat.  lycoperdon  is 
a  late  imitation. 

^.JoctCtt,  to.,  '  bow,  arc,  vault,  sheet  (of 
paper),'  from  MidHG.  boge,  OHG.  bogo,  m., 
'bow';  comp.  AS.  boga,  E.  bow;  Goth. 
*bnga.  Properly  a  deriv.  of  btegctt,  hence 
orig.  '  curve,  bend,'  connected  with  the 
equiv.  cognates  of  93ud)t ;  comp.  further 
the  primit.  Teut.  compounds  (IKeitbccjcn, 
9teo,enbeam. 

■gSofcte,  f.,  'plank,  board,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bole;  comp.  OIc.  bolr 
(whence  E.  bole),  '  trunk  (of  a  tree)' ;  per- 
haps connected  with  MidHG.  boln,  '  to 
roll,'  Gr.  <pd\ay*,  '  trunk.'    See  33ofhmf. 

■ggofittC,  f.,  '  bean,'  from  MidHG.  bdne, 
OHG.  bona,  {.;  the  corresponding  AS. 
bean,  E.  bean,  Du.  boon,  OIc.  baun,  have 
the  same  meaning.  The  early  existence  of 
this  word  is  attested  by  the  name  of  the 
Fris.  islands,  Baunonia.  It  has  not  vet 
been  possible  to  find  a  connecting  link 
between  the  primit.  Teut.  term  and  the 
equiv.  Lat.  faba,  OSlov.  bobu  (Gr.  </>o.k6s, 
'lentil'). 

bofencit,  vb.,  '  to  wax  (a  floor),  polish,' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.  from  the  equiv. 
LG.  b6nen ;  comp.  Du.  bocnen,  '  to  scour,' 
AS.  bdnian,  'to  polish'  (E.  dial,  to  boon, 
'to  mend  roads').  Allied  to  these  is  the 
MidHG.  bfanen  (orig.  HG),  '  to  polish ' 
(Goth.  *bdnjan).  The  Teut.  root  bdn,  from 
pre-Teut.  b/idn,  'to  shine,  glitter,'  is  pro- 
bably connected  with  the  Gr.  root  4>ou> 
(if>aivw),  Sans,  bhdnu,  'sheen,  light,  ray,' 
Olr.  bdn,  'white.' 

j^johncttftcb,  'bean-song'  (in  the  phrase 
ehvafl  gcl)t  fiber  taS  83c()iienlieb,  applied  to 
something  incomparably  good) ;  the  word 
may  be  traced  as  far  back  as  the  15th  cent., 
but  the  song  itself  has  not  been  discovered. 
It  may  have  been  an  obscene  poem,  since 
the  bean  among  various  nations  is  adopted 
as  the  symbol  of  lewdness  (comp.  the 
mediaeval  bean-feast,  Gr.  xvavtfia). 

"^dfenfeofc,  m., '  bungler,  clumsy  work- 


Boh 


(    38    ) 


Bom 


man,'  first  found  in  ModHG. ;  generally 
asserted  to  be  a  popular  corruption  of  Gr. 
f}&vav<ros,  which  means  '  artisan  ; '  but  it  is 
inexplicable  how  ihe  Gr.  word  found  its 
way  into  popular  speech.  It  is  more  pro- 
bably of  real  German  origin,  although  the 
primary  meaning  cannot  be  got  at ;  we  must 
begin  with  the  fact  that  the  word  is  native 
to  LG.,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  Tailors' 
Guilds.  We  must  probably  regard  hase  as 
a  LG.  form  for  §ofe  (see  3lberg(aube,  9lbebar). 
33cf)tt  is  generally  considered  to  be  a  LG. 
word  for  39ur>ne,  'garret';  hence  93of)tu)afe 
is  perhaps  '  one  who  makes  breeches  in  the 
garret,  petty  tailor '  (opposed  to  one  whose 
workroom  is  on  the  first  floor). 

bobrcn,  vb.,  '  to  bore,  pierce,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  born,  OHG.  bordn;  coinp. 
the  corresponding  Du.  boren,  AS.  borian, 
E.  to  bore  (and  bore,  'hole  made  by  boring')  ; 
Goth.  *badr6n.  The  prim.  Teut.  bdrdn, '  to 
bore,'  is  primit.  cognate  with  Lat.  forare, 
'  to  bore,  Gr.  <f>apa.u,  '  I  plough ' ;  Sans. 
bhurij,  '  scissors,'  belongs  to  the  same  root, 
and  in  Ir.  there  is  a  verbal  root  berr,  from 
bherj,  meaning  '  to  shear.'  The  primary 
meaning  of  tins  root  bhar,  which  differs 
from  that  appearing  in  ©eburt  and  Lat, 
fern,  Gr.  <p£pw,  was  probably  'to  fashion 
with  a  sharp  instrument.'  Comp.  ModHG. 
dial.  93cf>rer,  '  woodlouse,'  E.  bore. 

"gSot,  m.,  '  baize,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
LG.  baje,  Du.  baai,  which  is  borrowed  from 
Rom.  (Fr.  boie) ;  perhaps  E.  baize  is  pro- 
perly a  plur. 

"g&oifalfy  m.,  «  bay-salt,'  ModHG.  only, 
of  LG.  origin,  for  ffiaifalt ;  comp.  93ai  and 
E.  bay-salt. 

jJBoje,  f.,  'buoy,'  from  the  LG.  b'je,  Du. 
boei,  E.  buoy,  which  are  borrowed  from 
Rom.  ;  comp.  Fr.  boude,  '  buoy,'  OFr.  buie, 
*  chain,  fetter,'  whence  MidHG.  boie,  '  fet- 
ter.' The  ultimate  source  of  the  word  is 
Lat.  boja, '  fetter ' ;  the  buoy  was  originally 
a  floating  piece  of  wood  with  a  rope  fastened 
to  it. 

"gjolcben,  m., '  cod,'  like  93eld)e  (1.),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  balche;  of  obscure  ori- 
gin. 

:bolb,  in  compounds  like  SRaufbolb,  3Bi|$- 
bofb,  &c,  from  MidHG.  bolt,  gen.  boldes ; 
it  is  the  unaccented  form  of  the  MidHG. 
adj.,  bait,  '  bold,'  which  is  discussed  under 
balb. 

botfceit,  vb.,  'to  roar,  bleat,'  ModHG. 
only,  and  perhaps  cognate  with  bfdcn, 
which  had  formerly  a  wider  signification 


than  in  ModHG.  ;  comp.  Du.  bulktn,  '  to 
bellow,  bleat' 

boll,  adj., 'stiff  (of  leather),  brittle, hard' ; 
ModHG.  only  ;  origin  obscure. 

■^.'ollc  (1.),  f.,  'onion,'  properly  iden- 
tical with  the  following  word  ;  both  arc 
subdivisions  of  a  probable  primary  mean- 
ing, 'bulbaceous'  It  is  hardly  probable 
that  Gr.  j3oX/36y,  Lat.  bulbus  (whence  E.  bulb), 
'  bulb,  onion,'  had  any  influence  on  the 
meaning.     See  also  3»tcbe(. 

|3oUc  (2.),  '  bulb,'  from  MidHG.  bolle, 
OHG.  bolla,  f.,  '  bud,  bowl ' ;  comp.  the 
corresponding  AS.  bolla,  'vessel,  bowl,' 
E.  bowl  (ModHG.  95int>tf,  is  borrowed  from 
Eng.).  Interesting  forms  are  OHG.  hir- 
vibolla,  'skull,'  and  the  equiv.  AS.  hed- 
fodbolla.  It  is  evident  that  there  was 
orig.  some  such  idea  as  'boss-shaped'  in 
the  OTeut.  word  ;  comp.  further  MidHG. 
boln,  OHG.  boldn,  '  to  roll,  throw,  hurL' 

poller,  m.,  'small  mortar  (for  throw- 
ing shells),'  ModHG.  only,  a  deriv.  of  the 
MidHG.  boln,  '  to  throw,'  mentioned  under 
the  preceding  word  ;  comp.  late  MidHG. 
boler,  '  catapult.' 

■^JoIIttJerfc,  n.,  'bulwark,  bastion,'  from 
late  MidHG.  bolweri;  'catapult,  bulwark,' 
in  the  former  sense  cognate  with  the  pre- 
ceding word  ;  in  the  latter  probably  con- 
nected with  93cl;le ;  Du.  bolwerk,  E.  bul- 
wark. The  Teut.  word  in  the  sense  of '  bul- 
wark,' which  belongs  to  it  since  the  15th 
cent.,  found  its  way  into  Slav,  and  Rom. 
(Ru.«s.  bolverk,  Fr.  boulevard). 

jBol,},  "g3ol3Cn,  m.,  'short  arrow-bolt,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bolz,  OHG.  bolz, 
m. ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OIc.  bolte,  AS.  bolt,  E. 
bolt;  allied  to  Du.  bout,  'cramp-pin.'  The 
word  has  the  same  meaning  in  all  dialects, 
and  in  all  the  various  periods  of  the  Teut. 
languages.  We  may  assume  a  pre-Teut. 
bh\d6s,  with  the  meaning  '  bolt,  dart ' ;  yet 
no  such  word  outside  the  Teut.  group  can 
be  adduced.  99cl$m  cannot  be  immediately 
akin  to  MidHG.  boln,  '  to  throw,  hurl,'  since 
the  Teut.  t  could  not  be  explained  as  a 
deriv.  from  pre-Teut  d.  But  it  is  at  least 
possible,  on  account  of  the  great  antiquity 
of  the  cognates,  that  they  were  borrowed 
from  Lat.  catapulta  and  remodelled. 

■§3omba(tn,  m.,  'bombasine,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Fr.  bombasin,  whence  also  E. 
bombasine;  the  original  word  is  Lat-Gr. 
bombyx,  'silkworm,  silk.' 

jSontbalf,  m.,  borrowed  in  the  18th 
cent,  from  E.  bombast,  which  is  not  cognate 


Boo 


(    39    ) 


Bor 


with  iro/iwi},  'pomp,  parade,'  Fr.  pompe ;  iis 
orig.  sense  is  '  cotton,'  then  '  padding,'  and 
finally  'inflated  language.'  Its  ultimate 
source  is  Lat.  bombyx;  comp.  the  preceding 
word. 

"gjoof,  n.j  'boat,'  ModHG.  only  (not 
found  in  Luther),  borrowed  from  LG. 
boot;  comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  boot,  AS.  bdt, 
E.  boat,  OIc.  beitr.  This  word,  which  is 
still  unknown  to  the  UpG.  dialects,  is  at 
all  events  native  to  England,  whence  it 
made  its  way  during  the  AS.  period  into 
OIc.  (bdtr),  and  in  MidE.  times  to  the  Con- 
tinent (Du.  boot).  The  origin  of  AS.  bdt, 
OIc.  beitr,  has  not  been  discovered ;  like 
many  other  nautical  terms,  this  word  too 
is  first  recorded  in  Eng.  Moreover,  the 
assumption  that  the  word  was  borrowed 
in  primit.  Teut.  times  must  be  discarded. 

"gBorb,  m.,  '  board,' borrowed,  like  many 
other  nautical  expressions  (see  the  preced- 
ing word),  from  LG.  Bord,  as  a  naval  term, 
is  found  very  early  in  AS.,  where  it  is 
explained  by  tabula;  in  HG.  the  word 
would  end  in  t,  as  MidHG.  and  OHG.  bort 
(gen.  bortes),  'ship's  side,'  testify;  besides 
Otanb  or  Oiamft  is  the  more  frequent  term 
in  UpG.  for  what  is  called  b.rd  in  LG. 
E.  board  combines  two  quite  different 
words ;  the  one,  AS.  bora,  signifies  lit. 
'  board,  plank '  (Goth.  fCtubaurd,  '  foot- 
board,' to  which  Du.  dambord,  'draught- 
board,' is  allied),  and  is  primit.  cognate 
with  HG.  Srett ;  the  other  means  only 
'  edge.'    See  Sort  and  Srett. 

"g&Svbe,  f.  (the  Sorbe  of  Soest),  'fertile 
plain,  plain  bordering  on  a  river';  from 
LG.  borde,  MidLG.  geborde,  'department,' 
prop.  '  propriety,'  corresponding  in  form  to 
OHG.  giburida. 

3$oroeU,  n.,  'brothel,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  bordel  (whence  also  E  bordd 
and  brothel),  a  Rom.  deriv.  from  Ger.  Sort, 
'board,'  and  meaning  orig.  'a  hut.' 

botbievctl,  vb.,  '  to  border  (a  dress),' 
from  Fr.  border,  which  comes  from  Ger. 
Sort?. 

"gSoretfd),  "§3orrdfcf),  m.,  'borage' 
from  the  equiv.  Fr.  bourrache  (comp.  Ital. 
borragine),  whence  also  the  E.  term. 

borgctt,  vb.,  'to  borrow,  lend,'  from 
MidHG.  borgen,  OHG.  borgln,  orig.  'to 
watch  over,  spare  a  person,'  then  'to  remit 
him  his  debt,  to  borrow '  •  also  '  to  be  surety 
for  something' ;  similarly  AS.  borgian,  'to 
protect'  and '  to  borrow,'  E.  to  borrow.  Since 
the   meaning   'to  watch  over'  underlies 


both  borgett,  '  to  borrow,'  and  burden,  '  to  be 
responsible,'  the  word  may  be  compared 
with  OBulg.  brega,  'I  take  care  of.'  The 
root  may  have  been  Teut.  borg-,  pre-Teut. 
bhergh- ;  perhaps  bergen  is  to  be  connected 
witli  the  same  root. 

I&otke,  f.,  'bark,'  a  LG.  loan-word, 
which  is  not  found  in  UpG.  The  proper 
HG.  is  {Riiibe.  Comp.  LG.  barke,  Eng. 
and  Dan.  bark,  OIc.  bqrkr,  'bark';  Goth. 
*barkus  is  not  recorded.  Its  connection 
with  bmjen  (in  the  sense  of  'concealing') 
may  be  possible  as  far  as  its  form  is  con- 
cerned ;  but  on  account  of  Sans.  bhUrja,  m. 
'  birch,'  n. '  birch-bark,'  its  relation  to  Sirfe 
is  more  probable. 

"^ortt,  m.,  'fountain,'  LG.  form  for 
HG.  Srunnen. 

1$5rfe,  f.,  from  Mill  II G.  burse,  'purse, 
small  bag,'  also  '  a  number  of  persons  living 
together,'  OHG.  burissa,  'pocket.'  Comp. 
Du.  beurs;  of  Rom.  origin  (Fr.  bourse,  Ital. 
borsa) ;  the  Rom.  class  is  derived  finally 
from  Gr.  ftipoa,  'hide.'  This  word  sup- 
planted an  OTeut.  term  which  shows  a 
similar  development  of  meaning — OIc 
pungr,  'leather  bottle,  scrotum,  purse,' 
Goth,  puggs,  OHG.  scazpfung,  '  purse.' 

JKorfl,  m.,  '  burst,  chink,'  from  bcrflen. 

gBorfle,  f.,  '  bristle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  borste,  f.,  burst,  borst,  m.,  n.,  OHG. 
burst,  m.,  n.  ;  comp.  AS.  byrst,  and  with  a 
suffix  /,  brj/stl,  E.  bristle;  Goth.  *baurstus 
or  *baursts,  f.,  is  not  recorded.  Bars-  is 
the  Teut.  form  of  the  root ;  comp.  further 
E.  bur,  from  AS.  *burr  (for  *burzu-,  pro- 
perly '  bristly ').  Pre-Teut.  bliers-  shows 
itself  in  Olnd.  bhrS-(i-,  'point,  prong,  cor- 
ner'; also  in  Lat.  fastigium,  'extreme 
edge '  ?.     Comp.  SurjU. 

"28ort,  n.,  'board,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  bort;  comp.  Goth,  fdtubaurd,  'foot- 
stool,' OSax.  and  Du.  bord,  AS.  bord, '  board, 
shield,  table,'  E.  board  (see  Sorb).  The 
OTeut.  word  bord  meant  tne  same  as  Srett, 
to  which  it  is  related  by  gradation  ;  the 
apparent  metathesis  of  re  to  or  is  OTeut., 
as  in  forfd)en  in  relation  to  fracjen  ;  Srett, 
Sort  mav  be  represented  in  Ind.  as  brddhas, 
brdhas.  "  See  Srett. 

"gjorfc,  f.,  'ribbon  or  trimming  of  gold 
thread  and  silk,'  the  earlier  meaning  is 
simply  'border';  MidHG.  borte,  'border, 
frame,  ribbon,  lace'  (comp.  further  the 
cognate.  Sorb),  OHG.  borto,  'seam,  trim- 
ming' (whence  Ital.  bordo, '  border,  frame,' 
Fr.  bord). 


Bos 


(    40    ) 


Br* 


I 


bflfc,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
base,  OilG.  b6si,  •  bad,  useless,  slanderous.' 
A  word  peculiar  to  (Jerm.,  not  found  in 
the  other  dialects  ;  the  primary  meaning, 
lidding  from  OHG.  bCsa,  *  buffoonery,' 
\usdn,  'to  vilify,'  was  probably  'speaking 
malevolently.'  If  -si-  were  regarded  us  a 
sullix,  Gr.  <f>au\ot  (perhaps  for  <pav<r-\os), 
with  the  evolution  of  meaning  'trifling, 
bad,  wicked,'  would  be  connected  with  befe. 

'g&ofcwidyt,  nii,  'villain,  scamp,' from 
MidHG.  bccseu-Utt,  OHG.  bOsiwiht.  See 
aiHd)r. 

"§305f)Cif,  'malice,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  bdsheit,  without  mutation,  because  t, 
the  cause  of  the  mutation,  was  soon  synco- 
pated.    (S'tnpvren  is  not  cognate. 

boflTdn  (1.1  vb.,  'to  play  at  skittles' ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  bSzen  (without  tiie  de- 
riv.  I),  'to  strike'  and  'to  play  at  skittles.' 
See  Slmbcfj  and  93cute(. 

boffcln  (2.),  vb.,  'to  work  in  relief,' 
from  Fr.  bosseler,  whence  also  E.'  to  emboss. 

"giote,  in.,  'messenger,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bote,  OHG.  boto;  comp.  OLG. 
and  ODu.  bodo,  AS.  boda,  'messenger.'  To 
this  a3ctfd)aft,  from  MidHG.  boteschaft, 
botschqft,  OHG.  botoscaft,  butascaf  (OSax. 
bodscepi,  AS.  bodscipe),  is  related.  See 
<Ed)aft.  Bote  (Goth.  *buda)  is  the  name  of 
the  agent,  from  the  root  bud,  Aryan  bhudh, 
appearing  in  bitten. 

^ioltdycr,  ii».>  'cooper,'  name  of  the 
agent,  from  the  following  word. 

12.>oUid),  m.,  'tub,  vat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  botech,  boteche,  ni ,  OHG.  botahha, 
f.  ;  it  is  probably  related  to  the  cognates 
of  ^utte ;  comp.  further  AS.  bodig,  E.  body, 
OHG.  budeming,  perhaps  also  ModHG. 
93ebett  1.  Considering  the  deriv.  of  Mod 
HG.  93ifd)of  from  episcopus,  we  may  assume 
that  93cttid)  is  allied  to  Lat-Gr.  apotheca; 
comp.  Ital.  bottega  (Fr.  boutique). 

"^Uowlc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  E.  bowl.  See 
Q3oUe  (2.). 

boxen,  vb.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  E.  to  box. 

brad),  adj.  (espec.  in  compounds  such 
as  93rad)felb,  &c),  'uncultivated,  fallow,' 
merely  ModHG.  In  MidHG.  there  is  only 
the  compound  brdchmdn6t,  'June,'  which 
contains  a  subst.  brdche,  1'.,  OHG.  brdhha 
(MidLG.  brdke)y  'aratio  prima,'  as  its  first 
component ;  93rad)e  is  'turning  up  the  soil 
after  harvest ' ;  from  brcd)en. 

^3  retch,  n.,  'refuse,  trash,'  from  Mid 
LG.    brak,    'infirmity,    defect,'    properly 


'  breach ' ;  comp.  E.  brack  ('  breach,  flaw  '). 
See  crcd)cn. 

p.>  niche,  in.,  'setter,  beagle,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  bracke,  OHO, 
braccho ;  scarcely  akin  to  AS.  race,  E. 
ra<h  ('setter'),  and  OIc.  rakke;  in  this 
case  the  initial  6  of  the  Ger.  word  would 
be  equal  to  bi  (see  be;,  bet),  which  U 
improbable.  E.  brack  ('setter,  beagle'), 
from  MidE.  brache,  is  derived  from  OFr. 
brache,  which,  with  its  Rom.  cognates 
(comp.  I  till,  bracco,  Fr.  braque,  bracket),  is 
of  Ger.  origin.  If  we  must  assume  Goth. 
*brakka-,  the  word,  on  account  of  the  mean- 
ing 'hound,'  might  be  connected  with  Lut, 
fragrare,  'to  smell  strongly.' 

j$radm>afrer,  n.,  'brackish  water,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.,  from  LG.  brakwater, 
comp.  Du.  brakwater;  to  this  E.  bra<k 
('salt'),  Du.  brack,  'salty,'  ate  allied;  E. 
brackish  water. 

jSrcicjen,  m.,  'brain'  (LG.),  from  Mid 
LG.  bregen,  equiv.  to  Du.  brein,  E.  brain, 
AS.  brcegea;  no  other  related  words  are 
known. 

fram,  see  QkemBfeve,  uerbramen. 
ramfecjel,  n.,  'gallant-sail' ;  "§3ram- 
flancjC,  f.,  'gallant-mast,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
of  Du.  origin ;  comp.  Du.  bramzeil,  with 
the  same  meaning. 

2$ ret  no,  m.,  'fire,  conflagration,  morti- 
fication, blight,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
brant{d),  OHG.  brant,  m. ;  comp.  AS. 
brand,  E.  brand,  OIc.  brandr,  'brand,  resi- 
nous wood';  from  bremten.  The  root  is 
bren  (from  the  Germ.,  the  Rom.  cognates 
Ital.  brando,  '  sword,'  Fr.  brandon,  '  torch,' 
are  derived).  S3raiibniarfcn,  'to  burn  in  a 
mark,'  first  occurs  in  ModHG. 

brcmben,  vb., '  to  surge,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  and  Du.  branden,  wliich  is  con- 
nected with  93ranb,  and  means  lit.  'to 
blaze,  to  move  like  flames' ;  from  this 
Q3raitbung  is  formed. 

"jHJranocr,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  Du.  brander,  'a  ship  filled  with 
combustibles  for  setting  the  vessels  of  the 
enemy  on  fire,  fireship.' 

lSraf)tte,  f,  'outskirts  of  a  wood.'  See 
verbrdmen. 

"gJraflTc,  f., '  rope  at  the  end  of  the  sail- 
yards,  brace,'  first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  from 
Du.  bras,  Fr.  bras  (from  brachium),  pro- 
perly 'arm,'  then  'a  brace  (on  a  yard).' 
Ukafjen, '  to  brace,  swing  the  yards  of  aship,' 
is  Du.  brassen,  from  Fr.  brasser ;  comp.  also 
K  brace  (*  a  yard  rope '),  of  the  same  origin. 


Bra 


(    4i    ) 


Bra 


|Srttf]fett,  in.,  '  bream,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  bra/isen,  brasem,  OHG.  brahsa, 
bralisima,  brahsina,  m.,  f. ;  the  UpG. 
dialects  still  preserve  the  form  Skadjeme 
(the  forms  95ra(Te,  f.,  SSraftnt,  m.,  are  Mid 
LG.  and  MidGer.).  Comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  brasem,  E.  brasse.  From  OGer.  is  de- 
rived Fr.  brSme  (horn  brahsme  ?),  whence  E. 
bream  is  borrowed.  The  class  belongs  per- 
haps to  an  OTeut.  str.  vb.  brehioan,  'toshine.' 

"g^rafcn,  ra1  'roast-meat,'  from  Mid 
HG.  brdte,  OHG.  brdto,  m.  ;  in  the  earlier 
periods  of  the  language  the  word  has  the 
general  meaning  'tender  parts  of  the  body, 
flesh,'  but  in  MidHG.  the  modern  mean- 
ing is  also  apparent.  To  this  AS.  brcede, 
'  roast-meat,'  is  allied.  Comp.  the  follow- 
ing word. 

btCltetl,  vb.,  '  to  roast,  broil,  fry,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  brdten,  OHG.  brdtan  ; 
comp.  Du.  braden,  AS.  brmlan,  'to  roast' ; 
a  Goth.  str.  vb.  *bredan  is  to  be  assumed. 
The  root  may  have  been  a  pre-Teut.  b/ired/i 
or  bhrit;  in  support  of  the  latter  we  may 

Serhaps  adduce  OHG.  brddam,  quoted  un- 
er  '-Bcobcm.  53ruten  (Goth.  *brbdjari)  might 
also  be  assigned  to  the  same  root.  The 
pre-Teut.  bhrSdli  is  also  indicated  by  Gr. 
vprflu  (if  it  stands  for  <pprjQw  ?),  *  to  consume, 
set  on  fire'  (chiefly  in  combination  with 
vvpi).    See  also  SMb^tet. 

brcittcfjen,  vb.,  '  to  use,  need,  want,  re- 
quire,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  brUcheu, 
OHG.  brdhhan;  comp.  the  corresponding 
AS.  brAcan,  'to  enjoy,'  also  'to  digest, 
tolerate,'  E.  to  brook;  Goth.  *br£kjan,  'to 
use,  enjoy.'  Notfound  orig.in  Scand.  The 
pre-Teut.  form  of  the  root  bhrUg  accords 
with  Lat.  fruor,  which  originated  in 
*fruvor  for  *frugvor ;  the  Lat.  partic. 
fructus,  which  phonetically  is  identical  with 
gcbraudjt  and  Goih.  br-Ahts,  shows  the  final 
guttural  of  the  root,  ami  so  does  Lat.  fruges, 
&c.  The  following  are  Teut.  noun  forms 
from  the  root  brUk  (bhrAg)  :  ModHG. 
J8wu#,  m.  (comp.  OHG.  brA'i),  Goth. 
brdis,  AS.  brtfce,  OHG.  brAchi,  'service- 
able, useful.' 

"jBrauc,  £>  '  eyebrow '  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  brd,  brdwe,  OHG.  brdica,  f. ;  a 
pre-Teut.  and  more  remotely  old  Aryan 
word,  which  was  perhaps  *brhva  in  Goth. 
The  OGall.  and  Kelt,  brlva,  identical  with 
this  word,  signifies  'bridge,'  and  is  especi- 
ally important  as  proving  the  connection 
between  these  cognates  and  those  of  33rncff. 
OHG.  brdxca  (Aryan  bhriwd)  is  related  by 


gradation  to  Aryan  bhrA,  which  is  proved 
by  AS.  brA,  E.  broxo,  OSlov.  bruvi,  Sans. 
bluH,  Gr.  6-<frpvs.  Comp.  further  Olc.  brd, 
OLG.  brdha  (for  brdica),  AS.  brdiw,  m., 
and  also  perhaps  Lat.  frons,  '  forehead.'  A 
widely  diffused  Aryan  root.  The  ModHG. 
SBWMK  has  added  to  the  stem  the  suffix  n, 
which  belonged  to  the  declension  of  the 
weak  form  93ratte  (comp.  39ieite) ;  similarly 
Olc  br&n,  corresponding  to  AS.  brA,  was 
formed  from  bril  and  the  n  of  the  weak 
declension  (in  AS.  the  gen.  plur.  is  brAna). 
23taue,  like  the  names  of  many  limbs  and 
parts  of  the  body  (see  gu§,  9liere,  £crj,  ?ebcr, 
9htfe),  originated  in  the  primit.  Aryan 
period.  The  orig.  meaning,  however,  of 
the  primit.  Aryan  bhrft-s  ('  eye)-brow,'  is 
as  difficult  to  discover  as  that  of  ^frj.  See 
also  33viicfe. 

braxxen,  vb ,  'to  brew,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  brAwen,  briuwen,  OHG.  briuwan; 
comp.  the  corresponding  Olc.  brugga,  Du. 
brouwen,  AS.  bre&tvan,  E.  to  brew.  To  the 
OTeut  root  bru  (from  Aryan  bhru-,  bhrSw), 
'  to  brew,'  which  may  be  inferred  from 
these  verbs,  belongs  Phryg.-Thrac.  fipvrov, 
'  beer,  cider,'  which  perhaps  stands  for  Gr. 
*<ppvrov,  also  Lat.  defrUtum,  'must  boiled 
down,'  Olr.  bruthe,  'broth,'  bruth,  'live 
coals,  heat,'  bruith, '  cooking.'  It  is  shown, 
moreover,  under  93rob  that  the  meaning  of 
the  root  bhru-  was  at  one  t  i  me  more  general ; 
comp.  further  trebetn.  On  account  of  the 
gutturals,  Gr.  <ppvyu,  Lat.  frtgo,  cannot  be 
cognates.     Comp.  also  hotetn,  93rob. 

brcum,  adj.,  'brown,'  from  MidHG. 
brAn,'  brown,  dark-coloured,  shining,  spark- 
ling,' OHG.  brAa;  comp.  the  correspond- 
ing Du.  bruin,  AS.  brdn,  E.  brown, 
Olc.  brfrnn.  This  Teut.  term  passed  into 
Rom.  (comp.  the  cognates  of  ltal.  bnmo, 
Fr.  bran;  see  SBlcnb) ;  hence  also  Lith. 
brunas,  'brown.'  The  proper  stem  of  Aryan 
biir-Hna-,  appears  in  Lith.  beras,  '  brown  ' 
(comp.  93ar),  and  reduplicated  in  OInd. 
babhru-s,  '  reddish  brown,  bay '  (this  form 
of  the  adj.  being  apparently  a  common 
Aryan  term  for  a  brownish  mammal  living 
in  water  ;  comp.  93iber) ;  hence  it  may  be 
right  to  assign  Gr.  4>pi»>ri,  <ppvvos,  '  toad,'  to 
this  root.  Respecting  9?raun  as  a  name  for 
the  bear,  see  93ar.— "•?.',  ninne.  f.,  from  Mid 
HG.  briune,  '  brown Nft'  related  to  r-raun 
(as  a  malady,  '  brownish  inflammation  of 
the  windpipe '). 

gratis,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
brtis, '  noise,  tumult' ;  perhaps  cognate  with 


Bra 


(      42      ) 


Bre 


AS.  br$san,  E.  to  bruue.—btaufetl,  vb., 

•  to  roar,  bluster,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
br&sen ;  comp.  Du.  bruisen,  'to  bluster,' 
from  bruit,  'foam,  froth' ;  to  this  93raufe, 
f.,  •  watering-pot,'  also  belongs. 

■JJrau  fd)C,  f., '  bump,  bruise,'  from  Mid 
HgT br&iche,  '  a  swelling  with  blood  under- 
neath' ;  to  this  E.  brisket  and  OIc.  brj6sk, 
'  gristle,'  are  allied.  The  stem  common  to 
all  these  must  have  meant '  roundish  ele- 
vation.' 

jBrauf ,  f., '  bride,  betrothed,'  from  tlie 
equiv.  MidHG.  brAt,  OHG.  brAt,  f.  Goth. 
brAps  (stem  brAii-)  means  *  daughter-in- 
law  ' ;  from  this  comes  brA}>-faJ)s,  '  lord  of 
the  bride '  (faf>s  corresponds  to  Gr.  »6<rts, 
which  stands,  as  v&rvia  indicates,  for  v&tis, 
corresponding  to  OInd.  patis,  '  lord '),  i.e. 

*  bridegroom.'  The  MidHG.  brAt  signifies 
'the  young,  newly  married  woman' ;  the 
borrowed  ModFr.  bru,  earlier  bruy,  is,  on 
account  of  its  meaning,  connected  most 
closely  with  Goth.  brAfcs.  '  daughter-in- 
law  '  ;  comp.  vtfupy,  '  betrothed,  bride, 
daughter-in-law.'  In  Eng.  we  may  com- 
p;ire  AS.  brpd,  '  betrothed,'  E.  bride,  which 
are  primit.  allied  to  the  Germ.  ;  comp.  also 
E.  bridal,  from  AS.  br§d-ealo,  hence  orig. 
'  bride-ale.'  E.  bridegroom  is  based  upon 
E.  groom,  and  represents  AS.  brtfdguma, 
the  second  component  of  whicli  is  Goth. 
guma,  '  man,'  corresponding  to  Lat.  homo 
(primary  form  ghomon).  The  ModHG. 
©rdutiflam  is  identical  in  etymology  with 
the  AS.  word  ;  comp.  OHG.  brAtigomo,  Mid 
HG.  briutegome,  in  which  the  first  part  is 
properly  gen.  sing.  (comp.  9lad)tiijafl).  The 
Teut.  root  form  brAdi-  has  not  yet  been 
explained  etymologically  ;  it  is  a  word 
peculiar  to  Teut.,  like  28eib  and  grau. 
Goth,  qino,  'woman,'  MidHG.  hone,  are 
based  on  an  ancient  form  ;  comp.  Gr.  71*1), 
Sans,  gnd,  '  woman.' 

brat>,  adj.,  '  excellent,  manly,  brave,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  Fr.  brave,  the  origin 
of  which  is  not  established  (from  Lat.  bar- 
barusl). 

bred)cn,  vb., '  to  break,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  br'echen,  OHG.  brehhan  ;  comp.  the 
corresponding  Goth,  brikan,  OLG.  and  AS. 
brecan,  E.  to  break,  Du.  brehen,  '  to  break.' 
From  a  root  brek  common  to  Teut.,  which 
is  derived  from  pre-Teut  bhreg  ;  comp.  Lat. 
frangere,  the  nasal  of  which  is  wanting  m 
frSg-i.  The  ModHG.  SBradbfctb,  $8ru<$,  *8ro- 
d en,  are  formed  by  gradation  from  the  same 
root 


^i  rco.cn,  see  ^racjen. 

gjrct,  m.,  '  broth,  pottage,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bi-tf  brie,  m.,  OHG.  brio,  m., 
allied  to  Du.  brij,  AS.  brtw,  '  pottage ' ; 
Goth.  *breiwa-  (Goth.  *breiws  is  related  to 
OHG.  brio  in  the  same  way  as  Goth,  saiws 
to  OHG.  seo).  It  is  hardly  possible  that 
the  word  is  connected  with  the  root  br&, 
discussed  under  rrauen.  Did  a  root  brt, '  to 
cook,'  exist?  comp.  OIc.  brtme, '  fire.'  Gr. 
tppivau  (root  <j>plK)  has  been  suggested. 

brcif,  adj., '  broad,  wide,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  breit ;  it  corresponds  to 
OSax.  brid,  Du.  breed,  AS.  brdd,  E.  broad, 
Goth,  braids,  'broad.'  Probably  from  pre- 
Teut.  mraitd-,  akin  to  the  root  mrit  pre- 
served in  Sans., '  to  fall  to  pieces '  (properlv 
'to  extend'?). 

'SBreme,  '  edge,  border.'     See  ttertrdmen. 

prcmc,  ^Sremfe,  f., '  gadfly.'  Comp. 
MidHG.  br'&me,  brem,  OHG.  bremo,  'gadfly.' 
Sremfe  is  LG.  for  HG.  ©rente ;  comp.  OLG. 
brimissa,  AS.  brimse,  MidE.  brimse.  OHG. 
bremo  would  be  in  Goth.  *brima,  m.,  SBremfc, 
Goth.  *bri»tisi,  f.  Yet  E.  breeze  (horsefly) 
cannot  be  cognate,  since  bredsa  (and  not 
brimes)  is  its  AS.  form.  The  root  of  93remfe, 
discussed  under  rrummeu,  is  brem  (pre-Teur. 
bhrem,  hat.  fremere), '  to  buzz,  hum,'  whence 
also  Sans,  bhramara,  m.,  '  bee.' 

"gSretttfe,  f.,  'drag-shoe,'  from  MidHG. 
brimse,  f.,  '  barnacle,  muzzle.'  It  cannot 
be  identified  with  93remfe,  'gadfly'  (see 
Sreme),  because  the  latter  indicates  a  Goth. 
brimisi,  while  SBremfe,  'drag-shoe,'  points 
to  a  Goth,  brami'sjd.  For  Sirentff,  'drag,' 
dialectal  forms  such  as  bram  (with  a  aud 
the  loss  of  the  suffix  s)  have  been  authen- 
ticated, but  of  a  root  brain  with  some  such 
meaning  as  '  to  press,  squeeze,'  there  is  no 
trace.  The  suffix  s  recalls  Goth,  jukuzi, 
'yoke,'  from  the  equiv.  juk;  comp.  also 
aqizi,  'axe.' 

brennen,  vb.,  'to  bum,  scorch,  sting, 
distill';  it  combines  the  meanings  of  Mid 
HG.  brinnen,  str.  vb.,  '  to  burn,  give  light, 
shine,  glow,'  and  its  factitive  brennen,  wk. 
vb.,  '  to  set  fire  to,  cause  to  bum' ;  the  for- 
mer is  Goth.,  OHG.  and  OLG.  brinnan, '  to 
burn'  (intrans.),  the  latter  Goth,  brannjan, 
'  to  set  tire  to.'  Comp.  AS.  birnan  (intrans.), 
bcernan,  bernan  (trans.).  E.  to  burn,  is 
trans,  and  intrans.,  like  the  ModHG.  word. 
Under  S3ranb  attention  is  called  to  the  fact 
that  only  one  n  of  the  Goth.  verb,  brinnan 
belongs  to  the  root ;  the  second  n  is  a 
suffix  of    the  present  tense  (comp.  also 


Bre 


(    43    ) 


Bro 


tinnen,  rmnen) ;  the  form  with  simple  n  is 
seen  in  AS.  bri/ne,  'conflagration'  (from 
bruni).  A  root  bren-,  pre-Teut.  bhren,  with 
the  meaning  '  to  burn,'  has  not  yet  been 
authenticated  in  the  other  Aryan  lan- 
guages. 

bren&eln,  vb.,  'to  taste  burnt,'  first  oc- 
curs in  ModHG.  a  frequentative  form  of 
bremten. 

^veffie,  f.,  'breach,  gap,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Fr.  brbche,  whence  also  the 
equiv.  Du.  bres.  The  Fr.  word  is  usually 
traced  back  to  the  OG.  stem  of  bredjett. 

"§3rctf ,  n., '  board,  plank,  shelf,  counter,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  br'et,  OHG.  br'et, 
n.  ;  corresponds  to  AS.  bred,  n. ;  Goth. 
*brid,  n.  It  has  been  shown  under  53ort, 
'board,'  that  the  OTeut.  word  for  SSrett  had 
two  stems,  primarily  identical  and  sepa- 
rated only  by  gradation,  viz.,  bredo-  and 
bvrdo-,  whose  connection  might  be  repre- 
sented thus :  Iud.  bradhas  is  related  to 
brdhas,  as  Aryan  bhre'dhos  is  to  bhrdhds,  n. ; 
MidHG.  br'et  combines  the  meanings  'boai  d, 
6hield,'  &c,  like  AS.  bord;  see  also  Jtctb. 

^refjel,  m.,  f.,  'cracknel],'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bnzel,  also  breze,  OHG. 
brezitella  and  brizita  (bergita)  ;  allied  to 
Bav.  die  bretzen,  Suab.  briitzg,  brdtzet,  Alsat. 
brestell.  The  Suab.  form  as  well  as  OHG. 
brizzilla  presupposes  a  Teut.  e;  but  the 
vowel  sounds  of  the  remaining  forms  are 
uncertain.  It  is  most  frequently  referred 
to  MidLat.  brdcellum  (whence  brazil,  and 
by  mutation  brSzil  1),  or  rather  brdcliiolum, 
'little  arm'  (the  different  kinds  of  pastry 
are  named  from  their  shape  ;  comp.  e.g.  Mid 
HG.  krdpfe,  'hook,  hook-shaped  pastry') ; 
MidHG.  broezte  would  be  brdc/iilum.  From 
OHG.  brezitella  the  Mo.iHG.  ©retjhlle 
(Strassb.)  was  produced,  while  breztella  was 
resolved  by  a  wrong  division  of  syllables 
into  93rebf;telle ;  thus  we  deduce  in  Mod 
HG.  Xavfe  from  5»fitapff,  *'•«.  Sufisjlapfe. 
The  absence  of  the  word  in  Rom.  (yet  comp. 
Ital.  bracciatello)  seems  to  militate  against 
the  derivation  of  the  whole  of  this  class  Irom 
Lat.  bracchium.  In  that  case  OHG.  brgita, 
brezita,  might  perhaps  be  connected  with 
AS.  bi/rgan,  '  to  eat,'  Olr.  bargen,  '  cake.' 

^Srtef,  m.,  'letter,  epistle,' from  MidHG. 
brief,  OHG.  brief,  m. ;  from  Lat.  brSvis 
(scil.  libellus)  ;  the  lengthened  S  from  6  in 
words  borrowed  from  Lat.  becomes  ea  and 
then  ie  (comp.  $rU jler) ;  Lat.  brevis  and 
breve,  '  note,  document.'  The  HG.  word 
had  originally  a  more  general  signification, 


'  document,'  hence  the  ModHG.  vcrbricfen. 
MidHG. and  ORQ.brief,  'letter,  document,' 
and  generally  'a  writing.'  When  the 
OTeut.  Runic  characters  were  exchanged 
for  the  more  convenient  Roman  letters 
(see  fcfjreibett  as  well  as  SJud?),  the  Germans 
adopted  some  terms  connected  with  writ- 
ing ;  OHG.  briaf  appears  in  the  9th  cent, 
(the  Goth,  word  is  bbka,  'document'). 

grille,  f.,  'spectacles,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  barille,  berille,  brille,  '  spectacles '  (Du. 
bril) ;  properly  the  gem  Lat.-Gr.  beryllus 
(the  syncope  of  the  unaccented  e  is  amply 
attested  by  banu,e,  bleibeit,  gtauben,  &c.'  ; 
comp.  99m)f(. 

brittgett,  vb.,  'to  bring,  accompany,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bringen,  OHG. 
bringan ;  comp.  OSax.  brengian,  Du.  bren- 
gen,  AS.  bringan,  E.  to  bring,  Goth,  brig g an, 
bringan,  'to  bring.'  The  Aryan  form  of 
this  specially  Teut.  word,  which  is  want- 
ing only  in  OIc,  would  be  bhrengh  (bhrenk  ]) ; 
no  cognates  are  recorded. 

"§3rinb,  m.,  'grassy  hillock,  green 
sward,'  from  LG.  brinJc,  comp.  OIc.  brekka 
(from  *brink6),  f.,  both  meaning  '  hill ' ; 
akin  to  E.  brink,  and  OIc.  bringa,  '  mead.' 

brtnnen,  see  bremten. 

■glrife,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  E.  breeze 
(whence  also  Fr.  brisel;, 

■j^roc&e,  "g&rodien,  m.,  '  crumb,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  brocke,  OHG.  broccho, 
m. ;  Goth.  *brukka,  m.,  for  which  gabruka, 
f.,  occurs :  formed  by  gradation  from 
bred)en  (comp.  Jrctte  from  treten) ;  deriva- 
tives biotfctit,  breefdio,. 

TUrocnpcric,  f.,  *  rough  pearl,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Fr.  baroque,  Port,  barocco  (Span. 
barueco),  'oval.' 

brobeltt,  brubeln,  vb..  'to  bubble,' 
from  MidHG.  brodeln,  vb. ;  hence  MidHG. 
aschenbrodele,*  scullion,'  from  which  9lfd?en- 
brcbcl,  '  Cinderella,'  comes.     See  93rot. 

"gSrobcttt,  m.,  '  fume,  exhalation,'  from 
MidHG.  brddem,  m.,  'vapour,'  OHG.  brd- 
dam,  '  vapour,  breath,  heat'  AS.  brde.}>, 
'  vapour,  breath,  wind,'  E.  breath,  are  per- 
haps cognate,  so  too  ModHG.  braiv  n  1. 

g&vombeerc,  f.,  'blackberry,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  brdmber,  OHG.  brdmberi; 
lit.  '  bramble-berry,'  OHG.  brdmo,  Mid 
HG.  brdme  (also  '  briar '  generally).  Akin 
to  AS.  br&m,  E.  broom  (ModHG.  ©ram, 
'broom  for  besoms);  AS.  brSmel,  'thorny 
plant,'  E.  bramble,  Du.  braam,  'bramble- 
oush,  whence  Fr.  framboise. 

ISrofcmt,  in.,  "gjrofcunc,  f.,  'crumb'; 


Bro 


(     44     ) 


Eru 


connected  iu-tinctively  by  Germans  -with 
g*(si  and  Sameit ;  comp.,  however,  Mid 
IIG.  brdsem,  brCsme,  OHG.  brdsma,  OI.G. 
brtismo,  'crumb,  fragment'  (Goth.  *brausma, 
'crumb,'  is  not  recorded).  It  is  related 
either  to  the  Teut.  root  brut,  which  appears 
in  AS.  breOtan,  '  to  break,'  or  to  AS.  brysan, 
OFr.  bruiser  (E.  to  bruise),  from  a  Kelt.- 
Teut.  root  bras,  which  the  UpGerm.  dia- 
lects preserve  in  broffteii,'  'to  crumble' 
(whence,  too,  OSlov.  bruselu,  'sherd,'  brus- 
nati,  'to  wipe  off,  rub  off'). 

"jJSrofcrjcn,  n.,  'sweetbread,'  first  oc- 
curs in  ModHG.,  from  LG.  ;  com  p.  Dan. 
bryslce,  E.  brisket     See  S3raufcf)c. 

*g&tot,  ]).,  '  bread,  food,  leal,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  brCt,  OHG.  br6t,  n.  The 
form  with  t  is  strictly  UpGer. ;  comp.  LG. 
brOd,  Du.  brood,  AS.  bread,  E.  bread,  OIc. 
brautS.  The  old  inherited  form  for  93rot 
was  iaib  (Goth,  hlaifs)  ;  and  ancient  com- 
pounds like  AS.  Idafird  (for  *hldfward), 
'loafward,  bread-giver,'  E.  lord,  preserve 
the  OTeut.  word  (see  SJaib),  in  addition 
to  which  a  new  word  peculiar  to  Tent, 
was  formed  from  a  Teut  root.  To  this 
root,  which  appears  in  braucu,  we  must 
assign  the  earlier. and  wider  meaning  of 
'  to  prepare  by  heat  or  fire ' ;  comp.  AS.  and 
E.  broth  (Ital.  broda, '  broth,'  is  of  Teut.  ori- 
gin) and  hebrtn.  In  23ret  it  would  have 
the  special  signification  'to  bake.'  There 
is  a  strange  OTeut.  compound  of  33ret-, 
MidHG.  bVbrdt,  ModHG.  S3imembret,  AS. 
beObredd,  E.  beebread,  all  of  which  sig- 
nify 'honeycomb,'  lit.  'bread  of  bees'; 
in  this  compound  the  word  39vet  appears, 
singularly  enough,  for  the  first  time.  In 
earlier  AS.  the  modern  meaning,  'bread,' 
is  still  wanting,  but  it  is  found  even  in  OHG. 

^rud)  (1.),  m.,  '  breach,  rupture,  crack,' 
from  MidHG.  bruch,  OHG.  bruh,  m.  ; 
formed  by  gradation  from  bredjen. 

jKritd)  (2.),  m.,  n.,  'damp  meadow, 
marsh,  bog,'  a  Franc-Sax.  word  from  Mid 
HG.6ruoc/i,OHG.  bruohQih),  n.  m.,  'marshy 
soil,  swamp';  comp.  LG.  br6k,  Du.  broelc, 
'marsh-land,'  AS.  brdk,  'brook,  current, 
river,'  E.  brook.  Similarly  MidHG.  ouice 
combines  the.  meanings  of  'water-stream, 
watery  land,  island.'  It  is  possible  that 
WestTeut.  *broka-  is  allied  to  tredjen,  a 
supposition  that  has  been  put  forward  on 
account  of  the  AS.  meaning  'torrent' ;  in 
that  case  the  OHG.  sense '  swamp '  would  be 
based  upon  'a  place  where  water  gushes  out.' 

33ttld)  (3.),  f.,  n.,  'breeches,'  from  Mid 


HG.  bruoch,  OHG.  bruol,{hh),  f.,  'breech** 

covering  the  hip  and  upper  part  of  the 
thigh'  (akin  to  AS.  brec,  E.  breech)  ;  comp. 
the  corresponding  AS.  br6c,  plur.  brfa,  E. 
breeches,  MidLG.  br6k,  Du.  broek,  OIc.  brO/.; 
'  breeches.'  It  has  been  asserted  that  the. 
common  Teut.  br6k-  has  been  borrowed 
from  the  equiv.  Gall.-Lat.  brdca  (likewise 
Rom.,  comp.  Ital.  brache,  Fr.  bratcs) ;  but 
AS.  brec,  '  rump,'  shows  that  93rud)  contains 
a  Teut.  stem  ;  hence  the  Gall.-Lat.  word  is 
more  likely  borrowed  from  Teut. ;  comp. 
$emb. 

"j^ri'lCUC,  f.,  'bridge,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  briiclec,  OHG.  brucka,  f.,  which 
points  to  Goth.  *brugjo,  f.  ;  comp.  Du. 
brug,  AS.  bryg,  E.  bridge.  Besides  the 
meaning  'bridge,'  common  to  WestTeut., 
the  OIc  bryggja  (likewise  LG.  briigge)  is 
used  in  the  sense  of  'landing-place,  pier,' 
while  bru  (equal  to  ModHG.  93raue)  is  the 
proper  Scand.  word  for  'bridge.'  53rucfe 
(from  *brugj6-)  is  undoubtedly  allied  10 
OIc  bru;  no  common  Aryan  term  for 
bridge  can  be  found.  OSlov.  bruvl  also 
means  both  'eyebrow'  and  'bridge,'  and 
OHG.  brdira  (see  under  93raw)  is  identical 
with  OG.dl.  brine,  'bridge,'  both  of  which 
point  to  Aryan  bhrSicd.  With  regard  to  the 
transition  of  *braut  to  *brugi,  see  3u\3citc. 

'gjruber,  m.,  'brother,  friar,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  bruoder,  OHG.  bruodar ; 
comp.  Goth,  brujxir,  AS.  brCpor,  E.  brother; 
Du.  broeder,  OSax.  brdthar.  Inherited,  like 
most  words  denoting  kinship,  from  the 
period  when  all  the  Aryans  formed  only 
one  tribe,  without  any  dill'erence  of  dialect; 
the  degrees  of  relationship  (comp.  Dfyeint, 
better,  Qkfe)  at  that  period,  which  is  sepa- 
rated by  more  than  three  thousand  years 
from  our  era,  were  very  fully  developed. 
The  primit.  form  of  the  word  93rutcr  was 
bhrat6{r),  nom.  plur.  bhratores ;  this  is 
attested,  according  to  the  usual  laws  of 
sound,  both  by  Goth.-Teut.  brfifrar  and  Lat. 
frdter,  Gv.  <f>pdrijp,  OInd.  bhrdtar-,  OSlov. 
bratrii;  all  these  wonls  retain  the  old 
primary  meaning,  but  in  Gr.  the  word  has 
assumed  a  political  signification. 

^ri't^C,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
biiifje,  'broth,  sauce.'  The  root  of  the 
word  must  not  be  sought  in  rrauen,  which 
is  based  upon  bru-  ;  brii>je  would  be  in 
Goth,  br&ja,  Teut.  root  brd,  in  MidE.  breie, 
.MidDu.  broeye.  From  the  same  stem  Mid 
HG.  93rut  has  been  formed,  with  a  dental 
suffix.     The  wk.  vb.  is  briiren,   MidHG. 


Bru 


(    45    ) 


Bru 


briiejen,  bruen,  '  to  scald,  singe,  burn ' ; 
coinp.  Du.  broeijen,  '  to  warm,  brood ' ;  in 
earlier  ModHG.,  too,  etufjen  signifies  'to 
•brood.'  In  spite  of  the  meaning,  the  con- 
nection with  93rucfy  is,  on  phonetic  grounds, 
improbable. 

"jJ3ruI)(,  m.,  '  marshy  copse,'  from  Mid 
HG.  brtiel,  in.,  'low-land,  marshy  copse,' 
OHG.  bruil;  from  Fr.  breuil,  Prov.  bruelhy 
'thicket'  ;  of  Kelt,  origin  (brogil). 

bvixlicn,  vb., '  to  roar,  bellow,  low,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  briielen;  in  UpG.  dia- 
lects even  now  bride,  brilele.  The  remark- 
able short  u  of  ModHG.  compared  with 
MidHG.  He  may  be  explained  by  t]ie  prer. 
briilte,  where  the  shortness  of  the  vowel  is 
produced  by  the  following  double  conso- 
nant ;  OHG.  *bruowil6n\s  wanting  ;  allied 
perhaps  to  E.  brawl  1.  From  the  root  brd 
\*  to  scald  ')  in  the  sense  of  '  to  bubble'  ?. 

brummen,  vb.,  '  to  growl,  snarl, 
grumble,'  from  MidHG.  brummen,  wk.  vb., 
'  to  grow],  hum,'  a  deriv.  of  the  MidHG. 
str.  vb.  brimmen, '  to  growl,  roar '  (comp.  the 
equiv.  MidE.  brimmen).  This  again  is  cog- 
nate with  MidHG.  bremen,  OHG.  breman, 
6tr.  vb.,  'to  growl,  roar,'  since  mm  belongs 
properly  only  to  the  pres.  and  not  to  the 
other  tenses.  The  cognates  of  the  stem 
brem-,  which  these  verbs  indicate,  also  in- 
cludes OIc.  brim,  'surge,'  MidE.  brim, 
1  glow '  (E.  brimstone) ;  other  related  words 
may  be  found  under  SSrcmfe.  The  Tent, 
root  brem,  pre-Teut.  bhr'em,  appears  in  Lat. 
freinere,  '  to  gnash,'  with  which  some  are 
fond  of  comparing  Gr.  fipifieiv,  'to  rumble.' 
The  Olml.  bhram  as  a  verbal  stem  signifies 
'  to  move  unsteadily ' ;  bhramd,  n^  '  whirl- 
ing flame,'  bhrmi,  m., '  whirlwind.'  Hence 
the  meaning '  to  rush,  gnash,,  crackle,'  seems 
to  have  been  developed  from  a  vibrating 
motion,  especially  that  of  sound.  See  tho 
following  word. 

"§3nmft,  f,  'rutting-time,'  from  Mid 
HG.  brunft,  f., '  fire,  heat,  rutting  season  of 
deer,  cry.'  The  MidHG.  brunft  is  of  dual 
origin  ;  in  the  sense  of  '  heat'  it  belongs  to 
tuemieit,  S3vanb.  33runft,  '  the  rutting  season 
of  deer,'  was  rightly  connected,  as  early  as 
Lessing,  with  hummctt,  since  it  "indicates 
the  impulse  of  certain  animals  to  copula- 
tion, that  is  to  say,  of  those  that  roar  or 
bellow  in  the  act;  ignorance  and  negli- 
gence have  transformed  this  word  into 
23nmji"  (Lessing). 

3$rumt,  'gSrimncri,  "§3orn,  m.,  'foun- 
tain, spring,  well.'    The  form  with  the  me- 


tathesis of  the  r  is  LG.  ;  the  first  two  are 
based  upon  MidHG.  brunnet  m.,  '  spring, 
spring- water,  well ' ;  OHG.  brunno  (beside 
which  a  form  pfuzzi,  '  well,'  from  Lat.  pu- 
teus,  appears  in  OHG. ;  comp.  ^fufce).  It 
is  based  upon  an  OTeut.  word ;  Goth. 
brunna,  'spring,'  AS.  burna  (for  brunna), 
E.  bourn  ('brook').  Sruttnm  has  been 
derived  from  brennen,  for  which  a  primary 
meaning  'to  heave,  seethe '  (comp.  MidHG. 
LG.  s6t, '  well,  draw-well ')  is  assumed  with- 
out proof.  Gr.  <pp£a.p,  'well,'  scarcely  points 
to  a  root  bhru,  '  to  heave,,  bubble '  (cognate 
with  braum?) ;  nn  may  be  a  suffix,  as  per- 
haps in  ModHG.  Sciuic 

^3riinrtC,  f.,.  recently  borrowed  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  briinne  (OHG.  brunna),  f., 
'  breastplate ' ;  comp.  Goth,  brunjd  (whence 
OFr.  brunie),  OIc.  brynja,  AS.  byrne;  not 
from  brennm;  the  appellations  'glowing, 
shining,'  ecarcely  suit  the  earlier  leather 
breastplates.  Olr.  bruvnne, '  breast,'  is  more 
probably  allied.  From  Teut.  are  borrowed 
OFr.  broigne  and  OSlov.  brunja,  'coat  of 
mail.' 

^VUttff,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
brunst,  f.,  'burning,  fire,  glowr  heat,  devas- 
tation by  fire '  (SSnmjijeit,  see  SSnmft) ; 
OHG.  brunst,.  Goth,  brunsts.  In  Eng.  this 
deriv.  from  the  root  of  bremten  is  wanting 
(comp.  Jtunji  from  fctttten) ;  the  s  before  the 
suffix  t  is  due  lo  the  double  n  of  the  verb. 

jJSruff ,  f.,  '  breast,  chest,  pap,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  brust^OUG^  brustrf.;  it  cor- 
responds to  Goth,  brusts,  a  plur.  noun  (con- 
son,  stem),,  f.,.  Du.  and  LG.  borst.  In  the 
other  OTeut.  dialects  the  words  correspond- 
ing exactly  to  Goth,  brusts  are  wanting  ; 
they  have  a  peculiar  neut.  form :  AS.  breOst, 
E.  breast,  OIc.  brjdst,  OSax.  breost,  which 
are  related  by  gradation  to  HG.  33rujr.  This 
term  for  breast  is  restricted  to  the  Teut.  lan- 
guages (including  Olr.  bruinne, '  breast '  ?), 
the  individual  members  of  the  Aryan  group 
dilfering  in  this  instance  from  each  other, 
while  other  parts  of  the  body  (see  SBug) 
are  designated  by  names  common  to  all  of 
them.  Of  the  approximate  primary  mean- 
ing of  93ruji,  or  rather  of  the  idea  underlying 
the  word,  we  know  nothing ;  the  only  pro- 
bable fact  is  that  the  primitive  stem  was 
originally  declined  in  the  dual,  or  rather 
in  the  plural. 

;ltritf ,  f.,  '  brood,  spawn,  brats,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  bruot,  f.,  '  vivified  by 
warmth,  brood,  animation  by  warmth, 
brooding,  heat' ;  comp.  Du.  broed,  AS.  br6d, 


Bub 


(    46    ) 


Buc 


E.  brood.  The  dental  isderiv. ;  br6,  as  the 
root-syllable,  is  discussed  under  f8tut)t ;  the 
primary  root  signified  '  to  warm,  heat.' — 
briitcn.  '  to  brood,'  from  MidHG.  briieten, 
OHG.  bruoten  (Goth.  *br6djan) ;  com  p.  AS. 
bridan,  E.  to  breed  (with  the  further  signifi- 
cation *  to  beget,  bring  up ').  E.  bird,  AS. 
bridd,  '  the  young  of  birds,  little  bird.'  are 
often  incorrectly  allied  to  bruten  ;  AS.  bridd 
would  be  in  Goth.  *bridi  (plur.  bridja), 
and  consequently  the  connection  of  the  E. 
word  with  HG.  bruten  (Goth.  *br6djari)  be- 
comes impossible.  It  is  worth  noticing 
that  Du.  broeijen,  LG.  brayen,  and  ModHG. 
dial,  bcii^en  partake  of  the  meaning  of  bruteru 
See  bruben. 

p;}  it  be,  m.,  'bov,  lad,  rogue,  knave  (at 
cards),'  from  MidHG.  buobe  (MidLG.  bdve), 
m., '  boy,  servant,  disorderly  person'  (OHG. 
*buobo  and  Goth.  *b6ba  are  wanting);  a 
primit.  Ger.  word,  undoubtedly  of  great 
antiquity,  though  unrecorded  in  the  vari- 
ous OTeut.  periods  (yet  note  the  proper 
names  identical  with  it,  OHG.  Buobo,  AS. 
B6fa).  Comp.  MidDu.  boeve,  Du.  boef  (E. 
boy  is  probably  based  upon  a  diminutive 
*b6fig,  *b6fing).  'Young  man,  youth,'  is 
manifestly  the  orig.  sense  of  the  word  ; 
comp.  Bav.  bua,  'lover,'  Swiss  bua,  'un- 
married man.'  To  this  word  MidE.  babe, 
E.  buby  are  related  by  gradation ;  also 
Swiss,  babi,  bdibi  (most  frequently  tokxe- 
bdbi,  tittibdbi),  '  childish  person '  (Zwingli 
— "  SBaben  are  effeminate,  foolish  youths") ; 
akin  to  this  is  OHG.  Bubo,  a  proper  name. 
The  OTeut.  words  babo-bfibo  are  probably 
terms  expressing  endearment  (comp.  &tti, 
SBaff,  SDhtfune),  since  the  same  phonetic 
forms  are  also  used  similarly  in  other  cases  ; 
comp.  OSlov.  baba,  'grandmother';  further, 
Ital.  babbe'o,  'ninny,'  Prov.  babau,  'fop' 
(late  Lat.  babumis,  '  foolish '),  Ital.  babbole, 
'childish  tricks.' 

jSudj,  n.,  '  book,  quire,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  buoch,  OHG.  buoh,  n.  It  differs 
in  gender  and  declension  in  the  various 
OTeut  dialects ;  Goth.  bdka.  f.,  and  b6k, 
n.,  f.,  signify  '  letter  (of  the  alphabet) ' 
in  the  sing.,  but  'book,  letter  (epistle), 
document'  in  the  plur.  ;  akin  to  OSax. 
b6k,  '  book,'  Du.  boek,  AS.  bde,  f.,  equiv.  to  E. 
book.  The  sing,  denoted  orig.,  as  in  Goth., 
the  single  character,  the  plur.  a  combina- 
tion of  characters,  'writing,  type,  book, 
letter'  ;  comp.  Goth,  afstassais  bdkds, '  writ- 
ing of  divorcement '  ;  wadjabdkds,  '  bond, 
handwriting ' ;  frabauhta  bdka,   *  deed    of 


sale.'  The  plur.  was  probably  made  into 
a  sing,  at  a  later  period,  so  that  ModHG. 
93u<b  signified  lit.  '  letters  (of  the  alpha- 
bet).' The  OTeut  word,  which  even  on  the 
adoption  of  Roman  characters  was  not  sup- 
planted by  a  borrowed  word  (see  93rirf), 
made  its  way,  like  the  word  93ud)f,  into 
Slav,  at  an  early  period ;  comp.  OSlov.  buky, 
'beech,  written  character'  (plur.  bulcuve, 
'  l>ook,  epistle ').  Sucfc  was  used  in  the  ear- 
liest times  for  the  runes  scratched  on  the 
twigs  of  a  fruit-tree  (see  reifjni) ;  hence  it 
results  from  Tacitus  (Germania,  10)  that 
aSud)  (lit.  'letter')  is  connected  with  OHG. 
buohha, '  beech.'  The  same  conclusion  fol- 
lows from  the  Ger.  compound  Sudulabf, 
which  is  based  on  an  OTeut.  word — OHG. 
buo/istab,  OSax.  bScstaf,  AS.  bdesteef  (but  E. 
and  Du.  letter),  OIc.  bdhtafr.  Undoubtedly 
the  Germans  instinctively  connect  SSiufcjiabe 
with  95uc6  and  not  with  93tubf.  As  far  as  the 
form  is  concerned,  we  are  not  compelled  to 
accept  either  as  the  only  correct  and  primit! 
Teut.  word  ;  both  are  possible.  Historical 
facts,  however,  lead  us  to  regard  93udj ftabe  as 
93ucbenftab.  Willi  the  term  SBudbenftab  the 
early  Germans  intimately  combined  the 
idea  of  the  rune  scratched  upon  it,  and  con- 
stituting its  chief  value.  Comp.  the  follow- 
ingword  and  tRuttf. 

g3ucf)e,  f.,  '  beech,  beech-tree,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  buoche,  OHG.  buoh'ia;  AS. 
b6c-tre6w,  with  the  collateral  form  bice  (from 
boeciae),  E.  beech.  The  form  b6c  has  been 
preserved  in  E.  bucktruist,  buckwheat ;  comp. 
OIc.  b6k,  Goth.  *b6ka,  'lwech.'  The  name 
of  the  tree  is  derived  from  pre-Teut.  ; 
according  to  Lat.  fdgus,  '  beech,'  and  Gr. 
<j>ay6s,  <prjy6s,  its  Europ.  form  would  be 
bhdgos.  The  Gr.  word  signifies  'edible 
oak.'  This  difference  between  the  Gr. 
word  on  the  one  hand  and  the  Teut. -Lat. 
on  the  other  has  been  explained  "  by  the 
change  of  vegetation,  the  succession  of  an 
oak  and  a  beech  period";  "the  Teutons 
and  the  Italians  witnessed  the  transition 
of  the  oak  period  to  the  beech  period,  and 
while  the  Greeks  retained  <pny6t  in  its  orig. 
signification,  the  former  transferred  the 
name  as  a  general  term  to  the  new  forests 
which  grew  in  their  native  wastes."  Comp. 
(5iif.  Sud)e  is  properly  'the  tree  with 
edible  fruit'  (comp.  Gr.  ipayeiv,  'to  eat,' 
and  <pvy6s),  and  hence  perhaps  the  differ- 
ence of  meaning  in  Gr.  may  be  explained 
from  this  general  signification,  so  that  the 
above  hypothesis  was  not  necessary. 


Buc 


(     47     ) 


Buh 


jJ3ud)S,  m.,  "gjuchsbaum,  'box,  box- 
tree,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
bultsboum;  formed  from  Lat.  buxus,  Gr. 
wv£os ;  comp.  Ital.  bosso,  Fr.  buis,  E.  box. 

"gHudjfe,  f.,  'box,  pot,  jar,  rilie,'  from 
MidHG.  biihse,  'box,  magic-box,  firelock' ; 
OHG.  buhsa,  from  *buhsja,  from  Gr.  irv£is, 
'  a  box  of  boxwood  (7ri5|os),  medicine-box.' 
The  Gr.  medical  art  was  in  vogue  in  the 
Middle  Ages  anions  all  civilised  nations, 
consequently  some  Gr.  medical  terms  found 
their  way  into  German.  See  ?lqt,  $flafhr. 
Comp.  AS.  and  E.  box,  ltal.  bossolo,  Fr. 
bossette,  'box.' 

■§3ucf)t,  f.,  'bay,'  first  occurs  in  ModHG, 
from  LG.  bucht;  comp.  Du.  bogt,  E.  bought 
(from  MidE.  boght),  'a  twist,  bend,'  and  E. 
bight  (from  AS.  byht) ;  properly  a  verbal 
abstract  from  btegeit. 

72.5ucfte(  (1.),  m.,  '  boss,  stud,'  from  Mid 
HG.  bucket,  m.,  f.,  'boss  of  a  shield' ;  from 
OFr.  bode  (whence  Fr.  boucle,  '  buckle '), 
which  is  based  on  Lat.  buccula,  '  beaver  of  a 
helmet,  boss.' 

■gjucfcel  (2.),  "gfucfcel,  m., '  back,  hump,' 
from  MidHG.  bucket.  The  Swiss  bukel  (not 
*buxel)  points  to  a  primary  form  bugg-  (see 
biegen,  SStiljel,  33itgel),  not  directly  to  budfen, 
from  biegen  (root  bug).  33ucfet  is  lit.  'a 
curve,  bend.' 

■§8udten,  vb.,  'to stoop,  bow,'  from  Mid 
HG.  biicken,  'to bend,  bow' ;  frequentative 
of  biec\en,  like  fofymucfen  of  fdjmiegen.  The 
Swiss  bukxfi  points  to  OHG.  bucchen  (Swiss 
bukx,  'bend ') ;  comp.  LG.  buclcen,  'to stoop.' 
See  33ucfel. 

"gSudrntfl,  m.,  'bloater'  (also  JBArftincj, 
based  on  33ucfttng,  'bow,'  from  biegen),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  biickinc ; 
comp.  Du.  bokking,  which  is  probably  a 
deriv.  of  33otf,  Du.  bok,  'hircus';  in  fact, 
the  fish  is  also  called  boxhorn  (bockshorn) 
in  MidDu. 

J$ltOC,  f.,  *  booth,  stall,  shop,'  from  Mid 
HG.  buode,  f.,  '  hut,  tent ' ;  corresponds  to 
MidE.  b6J>e,  '  taberm*,'  E.  booth;  OIc.  b0S, 
f.,  'dwelling,  hut,  tent,'  has  a  different 
vowel,  and  is  based  on  the  widely  diffused 
root  bAbhd,  'to  dwell,  stay.'  By  a  dif- 
ferent derivation  E.  to  build,  AS.  bold, 
boil,  '  dwelling,'  OFris.  bold,  OIc.  b6l,  OLG. 
bodal,  are  produced  from  the  same  root. 
So  too  Olr.  both  (bothdn),  'hut,'  from 
*bu-to,  as  well  as  the  words  discussed 
under  baiten.  Lith.-Slav.  buda,  '  booth,' 
and  Bohem.  and  Silesian  33aube,  'shep- 
herd's hut,'  are  borrowed. 


'gSftflfel,  m., '  buffalo,  boor,  buff  (leather),' 
from  MidHG.  biiffel,  m.,  'ox';  borrowed 
from  Fr.  bufle,  Lat.  bubalus,  Gr.  /3ot5/3oXos; 
hence  also  E.  buff. 

"23ttfl,  m.,  '  bend,  flexure,  hock,  how  (of 
a  ship),'  from  MidHG.  buoc(g),  OHG.  buog, 
in.,  '  upper  joint  of  the  arm,  shoulder, 
upper  joint  of  the  leg,  hin,  hock' ;  comp. 
Du.  boeg,  'ship's  bow,'  AS.  bdg,  bdh,  'ar- 
mus,  ramus,'  E.  bough  ('the  joint  of  a  tree,' 
as  it  were).  The  Goth,  word  may  have 
been  *b6gus  (from  pre-Teiit.  bhdghu-s)  ; 
comp.  Sans,  bdhus  (for  bhdghu-s),  'arm, 
fore-arm,  fore-feet,'  also  Gr.  iraxw,  irijxvt 
(for  <t>axvs),  '  elbow,  fore-arm,  bend  of  the 
arm,'  Armen.  bazulc,  'arm.'  On  account 
of  the  Aryan  base  bhdghu-s  the  derivation 
of  ModHG.  33ug  from  biegen  (root  bug,  pre- 
Teut.  bhuk),  is  impossible.  The  ancient 
terms  for  parts  of  the  body,  such  as  9lnn, 
33 ug,  §erj,  Staff,  Stiere,  &c,  are  based  upon 
obscure  roots,  of  which  we  find  no  further 
trace  anywhere ;  they  belong,  in  fact,  to 
the  most  primitive  vocabulary  of  Aryan 
speech. — gSugfprief,  n.,  from  the  equiv. 
Du.  boegspriet;  comp.  the  equiv.  MidE. 
bouspret,  E.  bowsprit  (Fr.  beaupre"). 

^MxqcI,  m.,  'curve,  arc,  guard  (of  a 
gun),'  ModHG.  only,  derived  from  biegett 
(OTeut.  baug,  'ring,'  corresponding  to  §ugef 
from  OTeut.  haug)  ;  comp.  Du.  beugel, 
'  hoop,  stirrup.' 

"gjurjel,  fKitr>I,  m.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  biihel,  OHG.  bull,  buhil,  m., '  hill' ; 
it  is  probably  rightly  referred  to  the  Aryan 
root  bhuk,  bhUg,  '  to  bend.'  See  biegcn  and 
33ucfel. 

2;{uf)fe,  m.,  'lover,  paramour,'  from 
MidHG.  buole,  in.,  'near  relative,  lover, 
sweetheart ' ;  likewise  MidHG.  buole,  f., 
'  lady-love  '  (OHG.  Buolo,  m.,  as  a  mascu- 
line  name  only)  ;  the  implied  correspon- 
dences in  the  cognate  Teut.  dialects  are 
not  recorded.  It  is  scarcely  disputable, 
however,  that  a  primit.  Germ,  word  lies 
at  the  base  of  33iU)tf.  Since  33ube  in  Up 
Germ,  dialects  signifies  'lover'  also,  it  is 
perhaps  connected  with  33lU)lf,  which  may 
be  a  term  of  endearment  formed  from  it, 

IMubnc,  f.,  'stage,  gallery,  orchestra,' 
from  MidHG.  biine,  biiu,  f.,  'ceiling  of  a 
room  (a  meaning  still  preserved  in  Swiss), 
board,  lath ' ;  the  latter  is  at  all  events  the 
primary  meaning.  Perliaps  AS.  binii, '  crib, 
box,'  E.  bin,  are  allied  by  gradation  to 
MidHG.  biine.  The  origin  of  the  words 
lias  not  yet  been  explained. 


Buh 


(    43    ) 


Bur 


j8fibrc,  f->  '  bed-tick,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  biire;  probably  cognate  with  Fr. 
bure,  '  coarse  stulIV 

Hi ulQC  (Swiss,  also  93u%jf),  f.,  '  leather 
water-pail,'  from  MidHG.  bulge  OHG. 
balga,  ■  leather  bag ' ;  MidE.  and  E.  bilge, 
bulge,  from  *bylcge.  The  cognates  are  allied 
to  Salg  (Goth,  balgs,  '•leather  bottle,  bag'), 
MidLat.  bulga. 

-guile  (1.),  m^'bull,'  MidHa  only, 
from  the  equiv.  LG,  bulk;  comp.  Du.  bid, 
bol,  E.  bull  (in  AS.  only  the  deriv.  bulluca, 
'bullock,' appears);  akintoOIa&ofe,  'bull' ; 
Lith.  bullus  is  not  a  cognate  ;  root  bel  in 
Wltn  ?. 

HJutlc  (2.),  f^ '  bottle,'  first  occurs  at  a 
late  period  in  ModHG.,  corrupted  from 
buttel,  Fr.  bouteille. 

guile  (3.),  f.,  '  bull,  papal  edict,'  from 
MidHG.  bulle,  f.,  'seal,  document,  bull' 
(AS.  bulle,  E.  bull,  ModFr.  bulle).  From 
Lat.  bulla,  lit.  '  water  bubble,'  then  '  boss, 
knob  (on  a  door),'  finally  'a  ball  attached 
as  a  seal  to  documents' ;  whence  also  93i((. 

bumbfew,  vb.,  'to  bounce,'  ModHG, 
only  ;  a  recent  onomatopoetic  word. 

bummeln,  vb., '  to  dangle,'  simply  Mod 
HG.  from  LG.  bummeln;  an  onomatopoetic 
word  of  recent  origin. 

Hjunb,  m^  from  the  equiv.  MidHG, 
bunt\d),  *  bond,  fetter^  confederacy ' ;  re- 
lated to  binbett. 

"gSfittbel,  n.,. 'bundle,,  parcel,'  ModHG. 
only,  though  existing  in  AS.  (byndel,.  E. 
bundle) ;  related  to  binben.  See  the  pre- 
vious word. 

bunbtft,  adj., 'binding,,  valid,  terse,'  not 
from  MidHG.  biindec,  'firmly  bound,'  but 
formed  from  Du.  bondig,  'binding,  firm' ; 
the  latter  word  is  akin  to  biufccn. 

buitf,.  a<lj.,  'gay,  mottled,  variegated,'  a 
MidG.  and  LG.  word  (for  which  geflerft, 
gefprecfelt,  &c,  are  used  in  UpG.),  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG,  bunt  (inflected  bunter) ;  nt 
shows  that  the  word  caunot  have  been 
handed  down  from  OHG.,  for  nt  in  OHG. 
would  have  become  nd  in  Mid  HG.  Akin  to 
MidLG.  bunl,  MidDu.  bout,  also  with  -nt-. 
SMutt  was  borrowed  in  the  MidHG.  period  ; 
the  MidHG.  signification, '  with  black  spots 
on  a  white  ground'  (ModHG.  bunt  is  Mid 
HG.  missevar),  supports  the  view  that  it 
was  borrowed  from  MidLaUpMndus^'dotted^ 
spotted'  (for  the  loss  of  the  medial  c  comp. 
Ital.  punto,  'point,'  as  well  as  Sinte).  In 
spite  of  this  explanation  the  absence  of  the 
word  in  Rom.  is  remarkable.     On  account 


of  the  earlier  reference  to  fur-skin  (Mid 
HG,and  WuXLG.bunt,  n.,  also  signifies  'fur- 
skin'),  MidLat.  mus  ponticut,  'ermine,'  lias 
been  suggested,  the  meaning  of  which 
would  suit  excellently  were  there  no  ob- 
jection to  the  form  of  the  expression. 

"ghtttJCtt,  'gjuttjef,  in.,' punch, stamp,' 
from  MidHG.  punzet  'burin,  chisel'  ;  the. 
latter  word  is  borrowed  from  Rom.  (Ital. 
pwnaone,  Fr.  poingont  Lat.  punctionem), 
whence  also  E.  punch,  punchvon,  puncher. 

"jliuroe,  f.,  'burden,  load,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG,  biirde,  OHG.  burdi,  f.  ; 
it  corresponds  to  Goth,  baurfcei,  '  burden, 
load ' ;  AS.  byr}>cn,  f.,  E.  burthen,  burden, 
have  an  n  suffix ;  allied  to  OTeut.  beran, 
'  to  carry.'    See  SBaljre. 

jBurg,  f.,  'stronghold,  citadel,  castle, 
fortified  town,'  from  MidHG.  burc(g), 
OHG.  burg,  burug,  f.,  'enclosed,  fortified 
place,  stronghold,  castle,  town.'  Comp. 
OSax.  burg,  Du.  burg,  AS.  burh  (plur.  byrg), 
E.  borough,  bury,  burrow  (especially  in  com- 
pounds), Goth.  baurgSi  In  the  OTeut. 
dialects  93urg  corresponded  to  the  modern 
town,  Ulfilas  translated  ir6\is  by  baurgs. 
According  to  the  Germania  of  Tacitus,  the 
Teutons  had  no  urbes,  but  their  oppida 
were  mentioned  as  early  as  Caesar  (De  Bell. 
Gall).  With  Gr.  irvpyos,  'tower,'  the  OTeut. 
Surg  accords  neither  in  form  nor  meaning. 
The  OTeut.  word  appears  strangely  enough 
in  Armen.  as  burgn,  and  in  Arab,  as  burg, 
which  probably  owed  their  immediate 
origin  to  late  Lat.  burgus  (whence  the 
Ronx  words  Ital.  borgo^wbourg,  'market- 
town'  ;  so  too  Olr.  borg,  'town').  In  this 
sense  the  word  is  solely  Teut.,and  belongs 
with  33erg  to  an  Aryan  bhr-gh-,  which  also 
appears  in  Olr.  bri  (gen.  brig),  '  mountain, 
hill,'  but  scarcely  to  the  verbal  stem  of 
bcrgetu  The  words  for  'town'  were  not 
formed  until  the  separate  Aryan  tribes 
ceased  their  wanderings  and  became  per- 
manent settlers;  comp.  also  ©arten. 

H5urgc,  m.,  'surety,  bail,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  biirge,  OHG.  burigo,  m. 
We  may  assume  a  Goth  *bafrrg!a,  which 
would,  however,  be  distinct  from  bafirgja, 
'  citizen.'  OIc.  d-byrgjast,  '  to  become  bail.' 
Allied  to  bcrgen ;  the  root  is  pre-Teut. 
bhergh,  with  the  orig.  sense  '  to  take  care 
of,  heed.' 

HJltrfd)c,  m.,  'fellow,  apprentice,  stu- 
dent,' properly  identical  with  ModHG. 
93crff,  from  MidHG.  burse,  f.,  'purse, 
money-bag,  society,  house  belonging  to  a 


Bur 


(    49    ) 


But 


society,  especially  to  a  students'  society.' 
From  the  last  meaning,  prevalent  in  the 
15th  cent,  the  ModHG.  acceptation  of 
93ttrfdje  (s  after  r  became  sch,  as  in  9lrfd), 
Jpirfd))  was  developed,  just  a3  perhaps 
grauenjimmer  from  ^wueitgemad) ;  comp.  the 
existing  phrase  aUt$  $aut  among  students, 
AS.  geogofi.  '  a  company  of  young  people,' 
similar  to  E.  youth. 

jJ3urffe,  f.',  'brush,' from  MidHG.taVste, 
f.,  a  deriv.  of  93etjre ;  the  equiv.  E„  term  is, 
however,  of  Rom.  origin  (Fr.  brosse). 

"gSltrjel,  m.,  •  purslane,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  burzel,  corrupted  from  the  corre- 
sponding Lat.  portulaca. 

jJBitrael,  m.,  '  hinder  part  of  an  animal, 
buttocks,  brush  (of  a  fox),,  scut,'  &c ;  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  allied  to  btrqeln,  purjeln?.. 

blXt^eltt,  vb.,  'to  tumble  head  over 
heel*,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  bilrzen, 
burzeln;  the  word  cannot  be  traced  farther 
back. 

■gSufcf),  m.,  'bush,  thicket, plume  (of  a 
helmet),'  from  MidHG.  busch,  bosch,  OHG. 
base,  m.,  '  bush,  shrubbery,  thicket,  wood, 
cluster';  comp.  E.  bush,  Du.  bos,  'cluster/ 
bosch,  '  copse,'  bussel,  '  cluster.'  There  are 
similar  forms  in  Rom.,  Ital.  bosco,  Fr.  bois, 
which  are  traced  back  to  a  MidLat.  buscus, 
boscus. — Allied  to  £3ufcf)cl,  'cluster,'' from 
MidHG.  biischel,  m. 

jJStife,  f.,  '  herring-boat,!  not  from  Mid 
HG.  buze,  OHG.  buzo  (z  for  ts),  but  from 
the  equiv.  Du.  buis,  to  which  OIc.  btiza,, 
AS.  butse  (in  butsecearlas),  E.  buss,  also  cor- 
respond. There  are  similar  words  in  Rom. 
—  MidLat.  buza,  bussa,  OFr..  busse,  buce. 
The  origin  of  the  cognates  is  probably  not 
to  be  sought  for  in  Teut. ;  the  source 
whence  they  were  borrowed  is  uncertain. 

"jSltfen,  mM  'bosom,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  baosen,  buosem,  OHG.  buosam, 
buosum,  m.. ;  comp.  OSax.  b6smy  Du.  boezem, 
AS.  bfism,  E_  bosom;  in  East-Teut.  (Goth., 
Scand.)  the  corresponding  word  (Goth. 
*b6sma-)  is  wanting.  It  may  perhaps  be 
allied  to  93ug,  MidHG.  buoc, '  arm,, shoulder' 
(pre-Teut.  bli&ghu-) ;  but  since  a  pre-Teut. 
b/idghsmo,  bhdlcsmo-  does  not  occur  in  the 
cognate  languages,,  nothing  can  be  cited  in 
favour  of  that  explanation  \  at  all  events, 
9)uieit  is  not  allied  to  biegen.. 

Citric,  f.,  'bust,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  buste. 

"gUtfjaar,  "gSuflTarb,  m.,  'buzzard'; 
the  first  form  is  a  popular  corruption 
of  the  second,  which  first  occurs  in  Mod 


HG.,  from  Fr.  busard,  '  mouse-hawk,  buz- 
zard.' 

^iUtfjc,  f,  'penance,  atonement,'  from 
MidHG.  buoy,  OHG.  buo$a,  f.,  'spiritual 
and  legal  atonement,  compensation,  relief  '; 
OSax.  b6ta,  'healing,  relief;  AS.  Ut,  E. 
boot  ('use,  gain,  advantage');  also  E.  bote 
('  wergeld  \jirebote,  firtboot  ('  a  free  supply 
of  fuel '),  housebote  ('  prison  expenses,'  then 
'a  free  supply  of  wood  for  repairs  and 
fuel '),  Goth.  b6ta,  '  use.'  Under  the  cog- 
nate adjs.  beffer,  beft  (comp.  bii§en  in  iiidtn 
bufjen,  'to  repair,'  OHG.  buozzen;  AS. 
bstan),  will  be  found  the  necessary  remarks 
on  the  evolution  in  meaning  of  the  stem 
bat  contained  in  these  words.  Comp,  »ergu- 
tett,  'to  make  atonement,  give  compensa- 
tion' (@rfa{s) ;  ©rfafc  denotes  a  substitute 
of  equal  worth.  Comp.  also  eh»a3  gut 
tnadjen,  'to  make  good  a  loss,'  &c.  See 
beffcr. 

"gBuffc,  f.,  'flounder,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG.,  from  LG.  butte;  comp.  the  corre- 
sponding Du.  bot,  MidE.  but.  Origin  ob- 
scure. 

■§3uffer  ~$&ltile,  f.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  biite,  biilte,  biiten,  OHG.  butin,  f., 
'  tub,  butt' ;  the  cognate  LG.  and  E.  words 
contain  an  abnormal  medial  t;  AS.  bi/tt, 
'flagon,'  E.  butt,  OIc.  bytta.  These  indi- 
cate that  the  HG.  word  was  borrowed  in 
the  OHG.  period,  when  the  shifting  of  t  to 
tz  was  already  accomplished.  In  the  cog- 
nates the  meaning  varies,  'leather  pipe, 
cask,'  just  as  in  the  Rom.  class  from  which 
they  were  borrowed — Span,  bota,  '  leather 
pipe,'  Fr.  botte,  'butt.'  To  OHG.  butin 
(MidLat.  butina),  MidHG.  biiten,  the  Mod 
HG.  deriv.  ©uttnev  (from  MidHG.  biitencere), 
'  cooper '  (likewise  a  frequent  surname),  is 
also  related. 

battel,  m.,  'beadle,,  jailer,'  from  Mid 
HG.  biitel,  OHG.  butil,  m.,  'a  messenger 
of  the  law ' ;  comp.  AS.  bydel,  *  messenger,' 
E.  beadle  (which  is  based  both  on  the  AS. 
bydel  and  on  a  MidE.  word  of  Rom.  origin — 
MidLat.  bedellus,  ModFr.  bedeau, '  beadle ')  ; 
allied  to  butcit. 

gutter,  f.,  'butter,'  from  the  equiv. 
MHG.  buter,  f.,  m.,  late  OHG.  butera,  f. ; 
the  same  medial  dental  appears  in  Du. 
boter,  AS.  bntere,  E.  butttr.  This  necessi- 
tates the  assumption  that  the  HG.  word 
was  first  introduced  into  Germany  about  the 
10th  cent  It  is  derived,  though  changed 
in  gender  (btr  Sutter,  however,  is  com n ion 
to  the  UpGer.  dialects),  from  the  Rom.- 

D 


But 


(     50    ) 


Dal 


MidLat.  butyrum  (whence  Fr.  beiirre,  lta'.. 
burro),  late  Gr.-Scyth.  poCrrvpo*.  Yet  the 
art  of  muking  butter  was  known  in  Ger- 
many ere  the  introduction  of  the  term 
from  the  South  of  Europe.  Butter  was 
called  Slnff,  as  is  still  the  case  in  Alem. ; 
comp  Slnfe  and  Jterne ;  perhaps  the  process 
in  tne  south  was  different,  and  with  the 
new  method  came  the  new  term.  The  art 
of.  making  cheese  may  have  found  its  way 


earlier,  even  before  the  middle  of  the  9th 
cent.,  from  the  South  of  Europe  to  the 
North.     See  Jtdfe. 

^JufjCtt,  m.,  'core,  snuff  (of  candles).' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.  ;  cognate  with  the 
equiv.  Swi-s  bake,  f.  (batzi,  bdtzgi).  Ths 
structure  of  the  word  resembles  ModHG. 
(dial.)  ©rofcen  ;  see  under  @rieb6.  Probably, 
therefore,  SSufeeu  represents  *bugze,  *bHgu^ 
(Swiss  b&ke,  from  *bauggj6)  1. 


C. 

See   &. 


D. 


b<X,  advT.,  'there,  then,  since,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ddr,  dd,  OHG.  ddr ;  the 
loss  of  the  final  r  (Car  still  remained  in 
ModHG.  ;  see  bar)  is  seen  also  in  other 
advs. :  MidHG.  sd,  from  OHG.  sd,  sdr, 
'soon,  at  once'  (cognate  with  E.  soon), 
comp.  »o.  AS.  fxfsr,  E.  there,  corresponds 
to  OHG.  ddr;  Goth,  par  (instead  of  the 
expected  form  *}>$r).  The  adv.  is  formed 
from  the  OTeut.  demonstr.  pron.  J>a-,  Gr. 
to-,  described  under  ber ;  the  r  of  OHG. 
ddr  and  Goth.  J>ar  appears  in  OInd.  tdrhi, 
'at  that  time'  (hi  is  an  enclitic  particle 
like  Gr.  7/) ;  comp.  also  Sans,  kdrhi.  'when,' 
under  ivo.  As  to  the  variation  of  demonst. 
and  relat.  meanings  in  ba,  see  ber. 

~Q<t<f),  n.,  '  roof,  cover,  shelter,'  from 
MidHG.  dach,  n.,  'roof,  covering,  ceiling, 
awning,'  OHG.  dah;  it  corresponds  to  AS. 
Jxec, '  roof,'  E.  thatch,  OIc.  f>ak;  Goth.  *}>ak, 
'  roof,'  is  wanting,  the  term  used  being 
hrdt,  the  primit.  Teut.  term  for  '  roof,'  allied 
to  5)ecfm.  The  art  of  constructing  houses 
(see  under  ©iebel,  Sirjt,  Sqm&,  Sbi'ir,  Sd?n?ellf, 
iemte,  3itnmer,  &c.)  was  not  yet  developed 
when  the  Teutons  were  migrating  from 
East  to  West ;  hence  most  of  the  technical 
terms  are  peculiar  to  Teutonic.  The  pri- 
mary meaning  of  the  word  £ad)  is  ap- 
parent, since  it  is  formed  by  gradation 
from  a  Teut.  root  J?ek,  Aryan  teg,  'to 
cover'  ;  Lat.  tego,  tegere;  Gr.  riyos,  n., 
'  roof  ;  the  same  stage  of  gradation  as  in 
HG.  35adj  is  seen  in  Lat.  toga  ('the  covering 
garment '),  Lat.  tuyurium, '  hut'  The  same 
root  appears  in  Gr.  with  a  prefix  s,  <jriy<*, c  I 
cover,'  ffriyij,  'roof,'  as  well  as  in  Lith.  ttdjas, 


'  roof,*  Ind.  sthdgdmi,  '  I  cover.'  Hence 
the  HG.  3)adj,  like  the  equiv.  Gr.  7/701, 
ariyri,  Lith.  st6gas  (akin  to  stigti,  '  to 
cover'),  signifies  properly  'the  covering 
part.' 

Pctdjs,  m.,  'badger,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  dalis,  OHG.  aahs,  m.  ;  undoubt- 
edly a  genuine  Teut.  word,  like  %\\&)t, 
33ad)i3,  though  it  cannot  be  authenticated  in 
the  non-Germ,  languages  (Du.  and  LG.  das). 
It  was  adopted  by  Rom.  (MidLat.  taxus, 
ItaL  tasso,  Fr.  taisson).  It  is  probable  that 
the  animal,  specially  characterised  by  its 
winter  burrow,  received  its  name  from  the 
Aryan  root  teks,  'to  construct.'  In  OInd. 
the  root  takS  properly  signifies  '  to  con- 
struct skilfully,  make,  build'  (a  carriage, 
pillars  of  an  altar,  a  settle),  while  the 
name  of  the  agent  formed  from  it — takian 
— denotes  'carpenter,  worker  in  wood.' 
To  the  same  root  belong  Gr.  t6$ov,  '  bow,' 
t(ktuv,  '  carpenter '  ;  in  Teut.  also  OHG. 
d'ehsala,  MidHG.  dehsel,  '  hatchet,  axe.' 

"Dad)foI.  f.,  'box  on  the  ear';  like 
Dfyrfeige,  properly  a  euphemism  used  in 
jest  for  a  blow.  £a(fytel  is  an  older  (Mid 
HG.)  form  for  battel.  Comp.  further  the 
term  Jtopfniifff,  'blows  on  the  head,'  the 
orig.  sense  of  which  expresses,  of  course, 
something  different  from  what  is  usually 
understood  by  the  word.     See  91uf. 

baf)lett,  vb.,  'to  talk  nonsense,'  from 
the  LG. ;  comp.  E.  to  dally  (the  initial  d 
indicates  that  the  word  was  borrowed), 
which  is  traced  back  to  OIc  Jyyljoy  'to 
chatter.' 

palles,  m.,  'destruction,  ruin,'  Jew.; 


Dam 


(    Si    ) 


Dar 


properly  the  Jewish  winding-sheet  worn 
on  the  great  'day  of  atonement'  (hence 
orig.  'to  wear  the  Sa(U$')>  from  Hebr. 
taltth.  According  to  others,  the  word  is 
based  on  Hebr.  dalhlt,  'poverty.' 

bctmcxlo,  adv.,  '  at  that  time,  then,'  Mod 
HG.  only.  In  MidHG.  the  expression  is 
des  mdles,  '  at  that  time.'     See  9JJat. 

Pamafl,  n.,  'damask,'  early  ModHG., 
derived,  like  Du.  damast,  E.  damask,  from 
Rom.  (coinp.  Fr.  damas,  Ital.  damasto) ; 
based  on  the  name  of  the  city  2)amcu5fu3. 

Pambocfe,  Pambjrfd),  m.,  '  buck ' ; 
in  ModHG.  often  written  £amm;  in  the 
attempt  to  find  some  cognate  for  this  un- 
intelligible word.  MidHG.  tdme,  from 
OHG.  tdmo,  ddmo,  m.  ;  the  word  is  of  Lat. 
origin,  ddma  (Fr.  daim,  m.,  daine,  f.).  It 
is  remarkable  that  in  AS.  the  labial  nasal 
is  lost — AS.  dd,  E.  doe  ;  perhaps  the  latter 
is  of  genuine  Teut.  origin.  The  initial  d 
of  the  ModHG.  word  is  due  to  the  Lat. 
original,  or  to  LG.  influence. 

Qambrett,  n.,  'draught-board,'  for 
©amcnbrett,  from  2)ame,  which  was  first 
borrowed  by  ModHG.  from  Fr.  dame  (Lat. 
domina). 

bamifd),  b&xnlidf,  adj.,  '  dull,  drowsy, 
crazy,'  ModHG.  only  ;  a  MidG.  and  LG. 
word  (Bav.  damiS,  taumif)  ;  from  a  Teut. 
root  pirn,  equiv.  to  Sans,  tarn  (tdmyali), '  to 
k'et  tired,  out  of  breath,'  whence  Lat  timu- 
lentus,  'drunk.'  Probably  allied  to  the 
cognates  of  bamment. 

famm,  m., '  dam,  dike,  mole,'  MidHG. 
tam(mm) ;  the  d  of  the  ModHG.  word  com- 
pared with  the  t  of  MidHG.  points  to  a 
recent  borrowing  from  LG. ;  comp.  Uu.  and 
E.  dam  (a  bank),  OIc.  dammr.  Goth,  has 
only  the  deriv.  faurdammjan,  'to  embank, 
hinder '  ;  akin  to  AS.  demman,  E.  to  dam, 
ModHG.  bamnmt. 

b&mmevn,  vb., '  to  grow  dusk,  dawn,' 
from  MidHG.  demere,  f.  (also  even  MidHG. 
dememnge',  f.),  OHG.  demar,  n.,  'crepuscu- 
lum,'  a  deriv.  of  a  Teut.  root  f>em,  Aryan 
tern,  '  to  be  dusk '  (see  also  bamifdj).  OSax. 
preserves  in  the  Hrliand  the  cognate  adj. 
thimm,  'gloomy';  allied  to  MidDu.  and  Mid 
LG.  deemster, '  dark.'  A  part  from  Teut.  the 
assumed  root  tern,  meaning  '  to  grow  dusk,' 
is  widely  diffused  ;  Sans,  tama*,  'darkness ' 
(exactly  corresponding  to  OHG.  demar), 
tamrds,  'obscuring,  stilling'  ;  tdmisrd,  f., 
'  dark  night '  ;  Ir.  temel, '  darkness,'  temen, 
'  dark  grey.'  With  the  latter  words  Lat. 
tenebrw,  '  darkness,'  is  connected  (br  in  Lat. 


from  sr ;  n  for  m  on  account  of  the  follow- 
ing labial,  a  process  of  differentiation) ; 
OSlov.  tima,  '  darkuess,'  Lith.  tamsu.*, 
•  dark,'  tamsa,  f.,  '  dusk,'  te'mti,  '  to  grow 
dusk.'  In  the  earlier  Germ,  periods  we 
have  further  MidHG.  dinster,  OHG.  din- 
star,  which  are  so  related  to  Sans,  tdmisrd, 
'  night,'  and  Lat.  tenebrw,  as  to  imply  a 
Goth,  Jrinstra-  as  an  adj.  stem  ;  in  that  case 
t  lias  intruded  between  *  and  r,  as  in  @djtt*- 
fter.  With  regard  to  MidHG.  dinster  comp. 
also  ModHG.  biifler  and  ftttjler. 

Dantpf,  m., '  vapour,  steam,'  from  Mid 
HG.  damp/,  tampf,  m.,  '  vapour,  smoke ' ; 
tampf  seems  to  have  been  the  strictly  HG. 
form  ;  allied  to  the  equiv.  OIc.  dampe,  E. 
and  Du.  damp, '  moisture' ;  not  recorded  in 
the  earlier  periods.  Formed  by  gradation 
from  a  str.  vb. — MidHG.  dimpfen, '  to  fume, 
smoke,'  which  has  disappeared  in  ModHG.; 
its  factitive,  however,  still  exists — bampftii, 
MidHG.  dtmpfen,  orig.  sense,  '  to  cause  to 
smoke,'  i.e.  '  to  stifle  (it  fire).'  See  also 
bumpf ;  buttfel  may  also  be  allied  to  it. 

Pcmh,  m.,  '  thanks,  acknowledgment, 
recompense,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  danc,  m. ;  corresponds  to  Goth,  pagks 
(panfo),  AS.  J>anc,  E.  thanks;  Etymologi- 
cally  £anf  is  simply  '  thinking,'  hence  '  the 
sentiment  merely,  not  expressed  in  deeds.' 
See  benfen,  biinfett. 

barm,  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  danne,  'then,  at  that  time,  in  such 
a  case,  thereupon'  ;  properly  identical  with 
benn  ;  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  danne  is  used 
indill'erently  for  benn  and  batttt.  AS.  fconne, 
Jjoenne,  E.  then.  The  OTeut  adv.  is  based 
on  the  pronominal  stem  J>a-  (comp.  ber) ; 
yet  the  mode  of  its  formation  is  not  quite 
clear.  Comp.  ba,  ber,  and  the  following 
word. 

bcmttOtt,  adv.,  only  preserved  in  the 
phrase  Men  baiuien,  'thence,  from  thence' ; 
MidHG.  dannen,  OHG.  dannana,  danndn, 
and  dandn,  'inde,  illinc' ;  AS.  jxinon,  E. 
thence.  Fur  Goth .  *J>anana  the  word  ]>a]>r6, 
formed  from  the  same  root,  was  used. 

bar,  adv.,  'there,'  etymologically  iden- 
tical with  ba  (whence  the  compounds  baran, 
baritt,  barum,  &c.),  and  with  OHG.  dara, 
'  thither.' 

barbcit,  vb.,  '  to  suffer  want,  famish,' 
from  MidHG.  darhn,  OHG.  darben,  'to 
dispense  with,  be  deficient';  corresponds 
to  Goth,  gajxirban, '  to  abstain  from ' ;  AS. 
fna>fan,  '  to  be  in  need  of.'  The  verb  is 
derived  from  the  same  root  (J>erf)aa  burfm 


Dar 


(    52    ) 


D;iu 


which  see  ;  iis  primary  meaning  is  '  to  he 
in  need  of.' 

Parm,  m.,  'gut,  intestine,'  from  the 
eqniv.  MidHG.  darm,  OHG.  daram,  m.  ; 
eomp.  AS.  pearm,  OFris.  therm,  Du.  darm, 
OIc.  Jxirmr,  m.,  Swed.  and  Dan.  tarm.  Cor- 
responds in  the  non-Teut.  languages  to  Lat. 
trdmes,  '  way,'  Gr.  rprjua,  •  hole,  eye,'  Tpdjxu, 
'perineum,'  from  root  tar,  'to  traverse.' 
Hence  the  orig.  sense  of  £arm  was  pro- 
bahly  '  passage.' — Allied  to  the  collective 
(Sebaritt  (ModHG.),  n.,  'entrails,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  gederme,  OHG.  gider- 
mi,  n. 

PatTC,  f.,  '  kiln  for  drying  fruit,  malt, 
<fec.,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  darre,  OHG. 
darra,  f.  ;  akin  to  MidLG.  darre,  iSwed. 
(dial.)  tarre:  like  benen,  burr,  from  an, 
OTeut.  root  pern,  pre-Teut.  ters,  upon  which 
are  based  ModHG.  35nrjt,  buvjten,  with  a 
specialised  meaning.  The  root  ters  appears 
in  Gr.  ripaop.ai,  'to  become  dry,'  repaalvu, 
'  to  dry ' ;  in  relation  to  ModHG.  2)arre  the 
equiv.  rapaos  and  rapaia,  '  hurdle  for  dry- 
ing fruit,'  deserve  special  notice.  The 
words  connected  with  the  root  ters  are  cited 
under  ©utjl,  since  they,  like  iDurjt,  have 
been  similarly  restricted  in  meaning.  Lat. 
torreo,  for  *torseo,  corresponds  in  form  and 
idea  to  ModHG.  borren ;  comp.  further 
Lat.  torris,  '  firebrand,'  torridas,  '  parched.' 
From  Teut.  ]>arrian,  Fr.  tarii;  '  to  dry  up,' 
is  derived.    See  bevren,  burr,  ©urji. 

bctfo,  conj.,  'that,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  day,  corresponds  to  OLG.  and  E. 
that,  Goth,  fiata;  etymologically  identical 
with  ba#,  the  neut.  article.     See  bcr. 

Paifd,  f.,  'date'  (fruit),  from  MidHG. 
datel,  tatel,  taiele,  f. ;  from  Rom., — Fr.  datte, 
Ital.  dattilo,  the  primary  source  of  which 
isGr.  5dim>\os, '  date '  (comp.  Sltticfy)  ;  hence 
too  Du.  dadel,  E.  date. 

Pttltbc,  f.,  akin  to  the  equiv.  MidHG.. 
dilge,  f.,  '  stave ' ;  the  ModHG.  b  compared 
•\yitli  MidHG.  g  shows  that  the  modern 
word  cannot  be  a  continuation  of  the  Mid 
IIG.  form.  UpGer.  has  preserved  the  word 
dauge,  corresponding  to  MidHG.  dlLge; 
comp.  Du.  duij,  'stave.'  OIc.  J>Afa,  f., 
'  entrenchment,  rampart,'  does  not  appear 
to  be  related.  In  Rom.  is  found  a  word  pho- 
netically allied  and  equiv.  in  meaning — 
Fr.  douve,  'stave  '  (but  also  '  moat ' ;  hence 
this  is  connected  with  the  OIc.  word 
quoted) ;  it  was  most  likely  borrowed  from 
Du.  or  LG.  The  Scand.  ]>itfa  and  the 
MidHG.  dtige  look  very  much  like  Teut. 


words  whether  they  are  allied  or  not.  We 
cannot  possibly  derive  MidHG.  duge  from 
Gr.  5oxi},  '  receptacle.'  Respecting  the  per- 
mutation of  b  (/)  and  g,  see  Urcmbe. 

fcetuern  (1.),  vb.,  '  to  last,  endure,'  from 
the  eqniv.  MidHG.  dAren,  tilren,  from  Lat. 
a-Amre  (Fr.  dunr).  £>auer,  f.,  is  simply  a 
ModHG.  form  from  banerit.  E.  to  dure 
(endure)  conies  from  Fr.  durer. 

bauetn  (2.),  bcoaucrn,  vb.,  'to  cause 
pity,  sorrow,  regret ' ;  the  initial  d  indicates 
that  the  vb.  was  borrowed  from  MidG.  and 
LG.,  for  the  MidHG.  form  was  tHren;  mich 
ttiret  ein  ding  or  eines  dinges,  '  that  appears 
to  me  to  be  (too)  expensive,  dear' ;  tilren  is 
related  by  gradation  to  tetter,  MidHG.  tiure  ; 
for  the  change  from  4  to  iu  comp.  trauna, 
with  AS.  dreOiig,  E.  dreary.  It  is  remark- 
able that  the  verb,  which,  judging  by  its 
gradation,  must  be  very  old,  is  utterly 
wanting  in  the  older  dialects. 

Pcumten,  m., '  thumb,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  ddme,  OHG.  dUmo, 
m. ;  comp.  Du.  duim,  AS.  fiAma,  E.  thumb  ; 
OIc.  purnall,  pumalfingr.  The  same  deriv. 
with  the  suffix  I  is  seen,  but  with  a  change 
of  meaning,  however,  in  AS.  ]>t/mel,  E. 
thimble  (Goth.  */}Ama).  This  word '  thumb ' 
is  consequently  common  to  the  Teut  group; 
even  the  other  fingers  had  each  its  special 
name  in  the  OTeut.  period.  The  AS.  terms 
middefinger,  midlesta  finger,  se  gold  finger,  se 
lltla  finger,  are  in  complete  accord  with 
ModHG.  SMittelftttget  (middle-finger),  ®elb- 
ftnger  (ring-finger),  and  ber  Heine  gtncjer  (the 
little-finder),  respectively.  These  terms 
are  not  formed,  therefore,  like  ©aumeii  from 
an  old  independent  stem  ;  in  this  way 
JDaumcn  is  proved  to  be  primit.,  though  ety- 
mologically it  is  not  quite  clear ;  the  pre- 
Teut.  form  may  have  been  *tHmon,  perhaps 
akin  to  tiimeo,  'to  swell'?.  In  that  case 
2)iiumen  would  be  equiv.  to  'swollen  fin- 
ger'; comp.  also  Sans,  tumrd-s,  as  'greasy, 
fat,  vigorous,'  and  t&tuma-s,  'strong,'  Zend 
ttima, '  strong,'  with  Lat.  tum-eo.  Gr.  tv\<k, 
Tv\rj(S),  'callosity,  swelling,  knob,  hump,' 
are  based  upon  a  root  tU,  while  the  Lat. 
cognates  point  to  turn.  The  orig.  sense  of 
both  may  have  been  '  to  swell,  be  thick.' 

Paunc,  Punc,  f.,  'down,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  LG.  d-Ane,  f.  ;  comp. 
OIc.  dtmn,  m.,  E.  down.  Hence  the  initial 
dental  proves  that  the  ModHG.  word  U  of 
LG.  origin,  for  since  the  Scand.  and  Eng. 
words  begin  with  d,  a  genuine  HG.  word 
would  necessarily  have  an  initial  t.     The 


Dau 


(    53    ) 


Dei 


origin  of  Scand.  dunn  is  obscure.  See 
(Sicer,  glaum. 

"$ClU5,  n.,  'deuce  (of  dice),  ace  (of 
cards),'  from  MidHG.  d4s,  ids,  with  the 
same  meanings  ;  late  OHG.  d&s.  From  a 
Rom.  word  originating  in  the  Lat.  duo; 
OFr.  dous  (ModFr.  deux,  Pro  v.  duas,  from 
Lat.  *duos  for  duo),  whence  E.  deuce.  Dice- 
playing  was  a  favourite  amusement  even 
among  the  Teutons  described  by  Tacitus 
(Germ.  24)  ;  unfortunately,  however,  we 
can  gather  nothing  from  his  brief  remarks 
88  to  the  details  and  technical  terms  (but 
seegcfallen,  £unb,  <8au)  of  the  OTeut.  game  ; 
the  words  died  out  at  an  early  period,  and 
with  the  new  games  from  the  South  new 
Row,  words  have  been  introduced.  See 
2lfj,  Sreff,  bcppcltt. 

Pedjctttf,  ni.,  'dean,'  from  MidHG.  de- 
chent,  tecltant(d),  MidHG.  and  OHG.  techdn 
from  Lat.  dScdnus,  whence  also  Ital.  decano, 
Fr.  doyen  (E.  dean). 

Peq)er,  m.,  '  a  tale  of  ten  hides,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  techer,  decker,  m.  n. ; 
borrowed  by  MidHG.  from  Lat.  decuria. 

IPedie,  f.,  'cover,  ceiling,  disguise,' from 
MidHG.  declce,  f.,  '  cover,  covering,  cover- 
ing up';  OHG.  de.chi,  related  to  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

OCdtCtt,  vb.,  'to  cover,  screen,' from  the 
equiv.  ModHG  dpiken,  OHG.  decchan;  the 
latter  (with  cch-  from  kj)  from  *pakjan, 
which  was  most  likely  the  Goth,  form  ; 
comp.  AS.  p$ccan  (obsolete  in  E.) ;  OIc, 
pekja,  '  to  cover.'  pakjan  is  a  deriv.  of  the 
Aryan  root  teg  (discussed  under  5)ad)), 
which  appears  with  the  same  meaning  in 
Lat.  tegere,  Gr.  <r-T4yeiv,  Sans,  sthagdmi.  A 
str.  vb.  pekan  corresponding  to  tego,  areyu, 
is  nowhere  recorded  within  the  Teut.  group ; 
the  wk.  vb.  has  assumed  its  function. 

ocftig,  adj.,  ModHG.  only,  from  LG. 
deftig;  the  latter,  with  E.  daft,  AS.  gedceft^ 
'mild,  meek,  gentle'  (Goth,  gadaban,  'to 
be  fitting '),  and  perhaps  with  HG.  tapfer,  is 
derived  from  a  Teut.  root  dab,  dap.  See 
tapfcr. 

PcflCtt  (1.),  m.,  '  valiant  warrior' ;  it  is 
not  etymologically  a  sort  of  figurative  sense 
of  !X)egen  (-2.),  though  the  tendency  of  Mod 
HG.  is  to  regard  it  thus,  in  such  expres- 
sions as  alter  Jpaubeacn, '  a  practised  swords- 
man,' &c.  While  SDecjen,  'sword,'  first  ap- 
pears in  the  15th  cent.,  2>a,en, '  hero,'  is  an 
OTeut.  word,  which  is  wanting  in  Goth. 
(*pigns)  only.  Comp.  OHG.  degan,  AS. 
pegn,  '  retainer,  attendant,'  E.  thane  (from 


pegn)  ;  MidHG.  degen, '  hero.'  There  is  no 
phonetic  difficulty  in  connecting  these 
cognates  (Goth,  pigna-,  from  telend-),  as  is 
usually  done,  with  Gr.  riKvov,  '  child '  ;  the 
difference  in  sense  may  be  paralleled  by 
AS.  magu,  '  boy,  son,  servant,  man.'  But 
since  pegn  was  already  an  established  tech- 
nical term  in  the  OTeut.  system,  we  must 
in  preference  regard  '  vassal'  as  the  primary 
sense  of  the  word.  We  have  too  in  Goth. 
puis  (stem  piua-)  for  pigicd-,  'servant, 
attendant'  (AS.  p.o,  pe6w,  OHG.  diu;  see 
S£)inte  and  bteitcn),  a  more  suitable  connect- 
ing link.  Moreover,  pegn,  £eo,eu,  would, 
if  cognate  with  rin-vov,  be  related  to  tUtu, 
'  to  give  birth  to,'  roicevs,  '  begetter,'  tokos, 
'birth,'  and  Sans,  takman,  'child.' 

PcflCtt  (2.),  m.,  'sword,'  first  occurs  in 
late  MidHG,  see  iSeom  (1.);  from  Fr. 
dague,  '  dirk.' 

bcifXXClX,  vb.,  '  to  stretch,  extend, 
lengthen,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  denen, 
dennen,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  stretch,  draw,  strain' ; 
comp.  Goth,  vfpanjan,  'to  extend';  AS. 
penian,  pennan,  '  to  stretch.'  The  Goth. 
panjanis  a  deriv.  of  a  str.  vb.  *penan,  like 
pakjan,  '  to  cover,'  from  a  str.  vb.  *p'ekan 
(Lat.  tego) ;  panja  and  pena  are  primit. 
cognate  with  Gr.  reivw.  The  root  ten  is 
widely  diffused  in  the  Aryan  group.  Sans, 
root  tan, '  to  strain,  widen,  extend  (of  time), 
endure';  tdntu-s,  m.,  'thread,'  tdnti-*,  f., 
'line,  rope' ;  Gr.  rdvu,  T&vvuai,  rdais,  rivuv, 
'  sinew,'  raivia,  'strip';  OSlov.  teneto,  ten- 
oto,  '  cord,'  Lat.  tinus,  '  cord,'  Lith.  tinklas, 
*  net.'  The  idea  of  extension  is  shown 
also  by  the  root  ten  (Lat.  teneo,  tendo)  iu 
an  old  Aryan  adj. ;  see  burnt  and  ©ctme. 
A  figurative  sense  of  the  same  root  is  seen 
iu  bomtern  ;  the  evolution  of  meaning  may 
be  '  extension — sound — noise.' 

Pcid),  m.,  'dike';  MidHG.  tick,  m. ; 
since  the  HG.  word  would,  according  to 
phonetic  laws,  begin  with  t,  we  must  sup- 
pose that  it  has  been  influenced,  like 
JDamvf  perhaps,  by  LG. ;  comp.  LG.  dlk, 
Duw  dijk,  AS,  dtc,  E.  dike.  Respecting  their 
identity  with  HG.  £cid)  and  E.  dilce  ('a 
ditch '),  see  £eidj. 

Pctcr)fcf  (1.),  f., '  pole,  thill,  shaft,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  dthsel,  OHG.  dihsala,  f. ; 
comp.  Ola  pisl,  AS.  ptxl,  ptsl,  Du.  di&sel, 
OLG.  tltlsla,  f.  It  has  no  Connection  with 
E.  thill,  which  is  related  rather  to  ModHG, 
£iclf.  A  word  peculiar  to  the  Teut.  dialects, 
and  of  obscure  origin  ;  perhaps  Lat.  temo, 
'  pole,  shaft,'  is  primit.  allied  (if  it  represents 


Dei 


(     54    ) 


Devi 


teixnio;  comp.  Ala  from  *axla,  under  Sldjftl). 
Tlie  Aryans  had  learnt  the  way  to  build 
wiiggons  in  their  Asiatic  home  ere  they 
separated  into  different  tribes :  this  is 
proved  by  the  words  3cd),  91abe,  €?ab, 
BDayn. 

Pcid)fcl  (2.).  f>  'adze' ;  comp.  MidHG. 
d'elisel,  OHG.  dehsala, '  axe,  hatchet' ;  from 
a  Teut.  root  />e/'«,  equiv.  to  Aryan  te&s. 
Comp.  OSlov.  tesati,  'to  hew,'  Lith.  taszyti, 
4  to  hew,  fashion  with  an  axe,'  Sans,  tatean, 
'carpenter'  (see  under  J'acbe).  The  ei  of 
the  ModHG.  word  is  based  upon  a  variant 
fit/is,  which  is  MidG.  and  LG.  ;  numerous 
HG.  dialects  preserve  the  old  e. 

bcxxx,  pronom.  adj.,  '  thy,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  din,  corresponds 
to  Goth.  }>einsy  AS.  pin,  E.  thy,  thine;  re- 
lated to  bu. 

pemattf,  Ptamanf,  m.,  'diamond, 
adamant,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  dia- 
mant,  dtemant,  from  Fr.  diamant,  Ital. 
diamante  (Lat.  adamantem). 

Pcttiut,  f.,  ' submissiveiiess,  humility,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  demuot,  diemuot, 
diemiiete,  OHG.  deomuoti,  '  condescension, 
gentleness,  modesty.'  The  correctly  de* 
veloped  form  from  the  OHG.  deomuoti 
would  be  ModHG.  5)iemute ;  the  present 
form  is  due  partly  to  LG.  influence,  partly 
to  its  having  been  connected  with  9lvtnut ; 
but  while  in  the  latter  silt  is  properly  a  suf- 
fix, OHG.  deomuoti,  f.,  is  a  compound.  The 
second  component  is  a  deriv.  of  OHG. 
muot  (see  QJJut) ;  OHG.  dio,  however,  is 
Gotli.  J>ius  (stem  piwa-  ;  comp.  bienen, 
5)tntf,  and  also  ^ecjen),  'hind,  servant'; 
JDcmut  is  '  the  befitting  quality  of  a  servant, 
the  disposition  of  the  attendant.'  Neither 
the  word  nor  the  idea  is  OTeut.  (the  Goth, 
said  hauneins,  'abasement,  baseness,'  for 
2>emut) ;  both  were  introduced  by  Chris- 
tianity. 

betXQeln,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
te,»geln,  '  to  sharpen  by  hammering,  beat, 
hammer' ;  the  ModHG.  d  points,  as  in  the 
case  of  2)eidj,  to  a  LG.  influence  ;  comp. 
AS.  dencgan,  *  to  knock,  ding,'  E.  to  ding. 
Akin toOHG. tangol, 'hammer';  Golh.*dig- 
fficav,  'tostrike,'  indicated  also  by  OSwed. 
diunt/a,  ModSwed.  ddnga,  is  not  recorded. 

benketl,  vb.,  '  to  think,  call  to  mind, 
conceive,  believe,'  from  MidHG.  de,nlcen, 
OHG.  deiichen,  'to  think,  bear  in  mind, 
devise,  excogitate';  corresponds  to  Goth. 
Jxiqtyan  (}>ankjan),  '  to  consider,  ponder, 
reflect,'  AS.   jjencan.     E.    to  think,  is  an 


intermediate  form  between  AS.  pelican,  '  to 
think,'  and  J>yncan,  '  to  seem.'  JDtnfen  is 
in  form  a  factitive  of  bihtfen,  which  was 
originally  a  str.  vb.,  meaning  '  to  seem'; 
'to  make  a  thing  seem'  is  'to  consider, 
ponder.'    See  biinfen. 

bcnrt,  conj.,  '  for,'  from  MidHG.  danne, 
denne,  OHG.  danne,  danna  ;  identical  witli 
bcmn. 

bev,  art.,  'the,'  formed  from  the  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  detnonstr.  and  relat.  stem  d'e- ; 
comp.  Goth.  f>a-,  Gr.  to-,  OInd.  ta-.  The 
details  belong  to  grammar. 

bexb,  adj.,  'compact,  stout,  blunt,  un- 
couth,' derived  in  form  from  MidHG.  derp 
(b),  '  unleavened,'  but  blended  in  meaning 
with  a  word  berbf,  bcrb,  '  worthy,  honest ' 
(see  bteber),  deduced  Irom  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  biderb*.  MidHG.  derp,  OHG.  derb, 
'  unleavened,'  are  equiv  to  OIc.  fcjarfr,  AS. 
fceorf,  E.  therf.  ©ieber  is  related  to  bebi.rfett, 
but  betb,  'unleavened,'  on  account  of  its 
meaning,  cannot  belong  to  the  same  stem  ; 
it  is  connected  rather  with  the  root  vcrberben. 

befto,  adv.,  '  so  much  the,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  deste,  d'est,  late  UHG.  desde ; 
in  an  earlier  form  two  words,  des  diu  (de$, 
gen.,  diu,  instr.  of  the  art.) ;  the  Goth, 
word  was  simply  f>#  (instr.  of  the  art.) ; 
thus,  too,  AS.  py  before  comparatives,  E. 
the  (the  more,  bcflo  mefjt). 

"Qeube,  see  2)ieb. 

Pcuf ,  f.,  '  doit,  trifle,'  simply  ModHG., 
from  Du.  duit,  'smallest  coin'  (whence 
also  E.  doit)  ;  the  latter  is  of  Scand.  origin  ; 
OIc.  Jrveit,  'a  small  coin'  (from  pvita,  '  to 
cut '). 

belli  en,  vb.,  '  to  point,  beckon,  inter- 
pret, explain,'  from  MidHG  diuken,  tiuten, 
OHG.  diuten,  vb.,  '  to  show,  point,  signify, 
notify,  explain,  translate'  ;  Goth.  *piud- 
jan-  comp.  OIc.  J>0a.  In  place  of  piudjan, 
Goth,  has  a  form  J>iuJ>jan,  'to  praise,  laud,' 
which,  however,  is  scarcely  identical  with 
beuten.  Probably  the  latter  signifies  rather 
'to  make  popular';  Jnuda  is  the  Goth, 
word  for  '  nation '  (see  beutfcfy).  Comp.  Mid 
HG.  ze  diute,  'distinct,  evident,'  and  'in 
German'  (diute,  dak  sing,  of  diuti,  tiute, 
f.,  '  exposition,  explanation ')  ;  note  too 
AS.  gej>e6de, '  language'  (as  the  main  charac- 
teristic of  the  nation). 

beut fcf),  adj., '  German,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  diutsch,  tiutsch;  the  initial  d  of 
the  ModHG.  and  MidHG.  words  is  MidG., 
the  earlier  form,  teutfdj  (MidHG.  tiutsch), 
is  UpGer.,  and  was,  especially  by  the  Up 


Dib 


(    55    ) 


Die 


Ger.  writers,  constantly  u?ed  till  the  end 
of  the  last  century.  OHG.  diuti<k  (for 
MidLat.  theodiscus,  the  earliest  records  of 
the  word  are  in  the  years  813,  842,  860), 
'  German,'  nroperly  only  '  pertaining  to  the 
people'  (OSax  thiudisca  liudi,  'Teutons')  ; 
Goth,  preserves  the  corresponding  Jriudiskti, 
adv.,  in  the  sense  of  'like  a  heathen'  (in 
close  connection  with  Gr.  idviK&s).  The  suf- 
fix isle  denotes  '  pertaining  to.'  The  subst. 
MidHG.  diet,  OHG.  diot,  diota,  '  people,' 
upon  which  this  word  is  based,  is  pre- 
served in  such  compound  proper  names 
as  SJtettid),  2)ctlef,  !£etmclb,  3)etmat ;  as  an 
independent  word  it  is  also  obsolete  in 
Eng. ;  AS.  J>e6d ;  Goth.  Jnuda,  f.  The 
OTeut.  subst.  is  based  upon  a  word — 
pre-Teut.  teutd,  '  people ' — found  in  many 
We>t  Aryan  languages  ;  comp.  Lith.  tautd, 
f.,  'country,'  Lett,  tauta,  'people,  nation' ; 
Olr.  Math,  'people' ;  Oscan  touto,  'people' 
(Livy  calls  the  chief  magistrate  of  the 
Campauian  towns  lmedix  tuticus').  Thus 
the  word  betttfd)  has  a  singular  and  com- 
prehensive history ;  it  was  used  in  the 
earliest  OHG.  and  MidLat.  writings  only 
of  the  language  (since  845  A.D.  Theodisci 
occurs  also  as  the  name  of  a  people,  and 
first  of  all  in  Italy)  ;  beutfd),  'popular,'  was 
the  term  applied  to  the  native  language 
in  contrast  to  the  Lat.  ecclesiastical  speech 
and  the  Lat.  official  phraseology.  We 
may  note  E.  Butch,  because  it  is  restricted 
to  the  language  of  Holland  ;  till  about 
1600  A.D.  the  people  of  Holland  were  con- 
vinced that  their  language  was  German. 

oibbcrn,  vb.,  Jew.,  'to  talk'  (espe- 
cially in  a  low  voice),  from  Hebr.  dibbdr, 
'  to  talk.' 

Md)f,adj.,  'close,  dense/dial,  d'icht  (Liv. 
and  Esth.),  from  MidHG.  dthte,  'dense.' 
The  absence  of  the  diphthong  is  probably 
due  to  LG.,  since  the  word  does  not  occur  in 
UpGer.  (Suab.  and  Bav.).  Corresponds  to 
Olc.  f>Mr, '  dense '  (related  to  Goth.  *f>eihts, 
as  I4ttr,  '  light,'  to  Goth,  leihts)  ;  allied  to 
the  Teut.  root  fcinh  (see  gebeifyen),  just  as 
Goth,  leihts  to  the  root  ling  (see  gelingen). 
E.  tight,  from  MidE.  ttht,  has  an  abnormal 
t  for  th  initially,  probably  due  to  the  in- 
fluence of  Swed.  and  Dan.  tcet;  in  MidE.  the 
normal  thiht  is  also  found.  For  another 
derivation  see  btrf. 

bidften,  vb.,  'to  invent,  imagine,  write, 
fabricate,'  from  MidHG.  tihten,  l  to  write, 
draw  up  (in  writing),  compose,  invent,  ex- 
cogitate';  the  ModHG.  meaning  is  very 


much  restricted  compared  with  the  fulness 
of  MidHG.  Even  in  the  16th  and  17th 
cents,  ©tdjtet  (MidHG.  tihtcsre)  meant  gene- 
rally 'writer,  author,'  and  was  applied  to 
the  prose  writer  as  well  as  the  poet.  The 
origin  of  bidden  (OHG.  tHit6n,  'to  write, 
compose '),  from  Lat.  dictate,  '  to  dictate,' 
late  Lat.  also  'to  compose,'  may  have 
favoured  the  change  from  ttd)tm  to  bidden  ; 
AS.  dihtan,  which  is  of  the  same  origin, 
has  the  further  signification  '  to  arrange, 
array.' 

Mdt,  adj.,  'thick,  stout,  corpulent,'  from 
MidHG.  die,  dicke,  adj.,  'thick,  dense,  fre- 
quent,' OHG.  dicchi,  'thick,  dense';  in 
Eng.  too  the  double  meaning  of  the  adj. 
obtains ;  comp.  Olc.  pykkr,  pjgklcr,  AS. 
piece,  E.  thick.  Corresponds  to  Olr.  tiug 
(from  *tigu),  '  thick,'  so  that  we  must  pre- 
suppose a  Goth.  *Jnqus.  Beside  which  the 
double  sense,  '  thick,  dense,'  makes  the 
kinship  with  btd)t  probable.  In  OHG.  the 
meaning  'dense'  has  been  preserved  in 
2)icf id)t,  lit.  '  a  place  densely  overgrown ' 
(orig.  used  by  sportsmen)  ;  in  MidHG. 
dicke  is  the  equiv.  term. 

Pieb,  m.,  '  thief,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  diep(b),  OHG.  diob,  m.;  common  to 
the  Teut.  group  ;  comp.  G»th.  f>iufs(b),  Du. 
dief,  AS.  pedf,  E.  thi'f.  The  word  cannot 
be  traced  beyond  Teut.  In  the  sense  of 
'  3Mebflal)l,'  E.  has  a  form  with  a  dental 
suffix— AS.  />$//>,  f.  (Olc.  /tf/S,  f.,  Goth. 
*J>iubiJ>a),  E.  theft.  The  form  in  HG.  is 
a  j-  stem — OHG.  diuba  (diuva),  MidHG. 
diube  (dime),  earlier  ModHG.  £>eube  (as 
late  as  Logan,  1604-1655),  which  is  now 
met  with  only  in  2Bilbbeube,  '  petty  poach- 
ing.' The  latter  forms  the  base  of  ModHG. 
35iebfkfy(,  in  MidHG.  diepstdle  and  diupstdle 
(OSwed.  Jnufdolet),  lit.  'theft-stealing.' 
The  second  part  of  the  compound  expresses 
the  same  idea  as  the  first ;  35teb  is  simply 
the  concrete  which  has  replaced  the  ab- 
stract ;  comp.  Goth.  Jriubi,  n.,  and  its  adv. 
form  jriubjd,  'secretly.'  Besides  thema.-c. 
Dieb,  there  existed  in  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
a  feminine  form,  which  in  Goth,  would 
have  been  *}>iubi;  comp.  OHG.  diupa,  Mid 
HG.  diupe,  '  female  thief.'  We  must  seek 
for  the  primit.  word  in  a  pre-Teut.  root 
with  a  final  p;  this  is  proved  by  OHG. 
diuva,  MidHG.  diuve,  f., '  theft '  ;  comp.  the 
Arvan  root  tup,  *  to  duck,'  under  SDudjt. 

"Dido,  f.,  '  plank,  board,'  from  MidHG. 
dU,  dille,  f.,  m., '  board,  partition  of  boards, 
boarded  floor '  (in  LG. ■ vestibule '),  OHG. 


Die 


(    56    ) 


Din 


di/i,  111.  (neut,  J),  dilUi,  f.,  with  the  same 
meaning,  Originally  Teut.  peloz,  piliz,  11., 
*  board,'  wa3  piljon,  '  made  of  boards ' ; 
comp.  AS.  pel,  '  board,'  OIc.  pilja,  '  rowing 
seat'  (Finn,  teljo  'ship's  beam,  oar-bench,' 
comes  from  Teut.).  Comp.  further  Du. 
deel,  'board,  floor,'  MidLG.  dile,  'board.' 
Lith.  tile,  '  plank  of  a  boat,'  OSlov.  tilo, 
'  ground,'  Sans,  tala-m,  '  surface,'  seem  to 
be  primit.  allied  ;  also  Lat,  tellus,  'earth '  ?. 

Molten,  vb.,  '  to  serve,  attend  upon,  be 
of  use  to,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid  II G.  dienen, 
OHG.  diondn  (OSax.  thion6n) ;  comp.  Du, 
dienen,  Goth.  *piun6n.  The  latter  is  formed 
in  the  same  way  as  reikinSn,  '  to  rule,'  from 
reih,  ' ruler,' fraujin&n,  'to  be  master  of,' 
from  frav ja,  'master' ;  that  is  to  say,  bienen 
is  based  upon  Goth,  pius  (stem  piwa-), '  ser- 
vant, menial.'  Comp.  AS.  pe6w,  '  servant,' 
OHG.  deo, '  menial '  (comp.  ©euutt)  ;  also  a 
fern,  form,  Goth,  pirn,  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
diu,  'maid-servant';  another  similar  old 
fem.  form  is  ModHG.  3)ivne.  The  corre- 
sponding abstract — iStenfr,  MidHG.  dienest, 
m.,  n.,  OHG.  diondst,  n.  (comp.  OSax.  Uio- 
nost,  n.),  is  worth  noting  from  the  gramma- 
tical point  of  view  on  account  of  the  suttix 
st  (comp.  9lna.fi,  also  AS.  ofost,  '  haste,'  with 
the  same  suilix).  From  Goth.  frauji»assus, 
'rule,'  piudinassus,  '  reign,'  we  should  have 
expected  Goth,  frlunassus,  '  the  state  of  a 
servant,  service,'  that  is  to  say,  the  Germ. 
6uffix  -niss  for  nest.  Moreover,  before  the  10 
of  Goth,  piwa-  a  g  may  have  disappeared 
(comp.  ?lue,  9Zicre),  so  that  the  Teut.  root 
was  possibly  pegw  ;  in  that  case  the  OTeUt. 
pejrwz,  '  sword '  (Goth.  *pigns),  would  be- 
long to  the  same  stem  as  btenen  and  £>eo.en. 

Ptensf  ttg,  m., '  Tuesday,'  a  West  Teut. 
word,  which  has  quite  as  important  a  bear- 
ing upon  the  religious  views  of  the  Teutons 
as  Djlern.  Originally  there  were  three 
names  for  the  day.  One  contains  in  the 
first  component  of  the  compound  the  name 
of  the  OTeut.  god  Tin,  to  whom  the  day 
was  sacred  ;  OIc.  Tysdagr,  AS.  Ttwesdcrg, 
E.  Tuesday,  preserve  this  name  in  the 
gen.  (comp.  Goth,  baurgswaddjus,  just  as 
if  33ura3mauer  were  used  for  33uranianer ; 
see  91ai|ttaa(l).  OHG.  Zio  (OIc  Tyr)  is  a 
primit.  deity  whose  worship  the  Teutons 
brought  with  them  from  their  Asiatic 
home  ;  it  is  identical  with  Or.  Zeus  (for 
Sjevs),  gen.  At6s  (for  5iF6s,  hence  correspond- 
ing to  Goth.  *Titi8-dags) ;  Lat.  Jupiter,  Jovis 
(for  *dj«vis) ;  Sans.  Djdus,  gen.  Divas;  orig. 
the  word  meant  simply  '  sky,'  then  the  shy 


personified  as  a  god.  Among  the  Teutons 
%\w  appears  as  a  god  of  war  ;  this  change 
of  meaning  is  explained  by  the  supposition 
that  Xtu,  corresponding  to  the  Greek  Zeus, 
was  at  first  regarded  simply  as  the  chief 
god,  but  was  afterwards  connected  with 
the  main  occupation  of  our  ancestors,  i.e. 
war  (see  fufnt).  From  Tiu,  OHG.  Zio, 
'Tuesday'  in  OAlem.  is  termed  (OHG.) 
Ziostac,(M.idllG.)  Ziestac  {Ziestag'm  Hebel). 
Another  appellation  is  the  OBav.  Ertuc 
(Erchtag),  instead  of  which,  on  the  adop- 
tion of  Christianity  in  the  east  of  Suabia, 
the  word  qftermwntig,  '  after  Monday,'  was 
introduced.  In  the  Franc,  and  Sax.  dia- 
lects the  term  dingestag  has  existed  from 
time  immemorial,  and  was  at  one  time  in- 
correctly thought  to  mean  '  court-day '  (see 
£ing).  The  latter  word,  however,  is  based 
rather  on  an  attribute  of  the  OTeut.  Tiu, 
who  in  aTeut.-Lat.  inscription  is  designated 
Mars  Thingsus.  Thinx  is  the  Lomb.  term 
for  35ituj,  'assembly  of  the  people,'  hence 
Thinxus,  the  god  of  the  assemblies.  Among 
the  Sax.,  Fris.,  and  Francon.  tribes  Tues- 
day was  sacred  to  this  god  ;  comp.  MidDu. 
dinxindach,  MidLG.  dingsedach,  earlier 
ModHG.  dingsdag. 

bicfer,  pron.,  'this,  the  latter,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  diser,  OHG.  disir,  eailier 
desUr;  corresponds  to  AS.  pes,  E.  this.  See 
the  grammars  for  further  details, 

Piefrid),  m.,  '  false  key  '  (in  UpGer, 
9ladjfd)tuffd),  occurs  late  in*  MidHG.  ;  the 
age  of  the  word  and  of  its  meaning  is  at- 
tested by  the  loan-word  Swed.  dyrk  (Dan. 
dirk),  which  has  the  same  signification, 
and  is,  like  the  ModHG.  proper  name 
©ierf,  '  Deny,'  a  pet  name  from  JDietricb, 
'  Derrick.'  Similarly,  instead  of  '  £)ietrtd\' 
$eterdjen  (^etetfen),  'Peterkin,'  and  JUaih5 
(JlloScfyen),  'Nick,'  are  used,  probably  be- 
cause $eter,  'Peter,'  like  35ietrid),  'Der- 
rick.' and  9iifclau£, '  Nicholas,' are  favourite 
Christian  names,  which  might  serve  to  veil 
(in  thieves'  slang?)  the  term  'false  key' 
(comp.  Ital.  grimaldelld)  The  word  in 
MidHG.  is  mitesliixxel,  OHG.  afterslu$yl. 

PtH,  m.,  'dill/  In  ModHG.  the  LG. 
form  is  current,  just  as  in  the  case  of  $afcr. 
MidHG.  tille,  f.,  m.,  is  used  of  the  same 
umbelliferous  plant  (anethum),  OHG.  tilli, 
n. ;  comp.  AS.  dile,  E.  dill ;  of  obscure 
origin. 

Pinft,  n.,  '  thing,  matter,  transaction/ 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  dinc(g),  n., '  thing, 
matter,'  prop,  'judicial  proceeding,  court- 


Din 


(    57    ) 


Don 


day  '  (for  a  similar  change  of  meaning 
cotup.  <&atf)c) ;  the  corresponding  Scand. 
ping  (thing),  meaning  *  judicial  transac- 
tion, court-day,  court  of  justice,'  is  well 
known.  The  OTeut.  ping  (Lonib.  thinx) 
is  therefore  connected  with  the  old  mahal, 
niapl,  as  'assembly  of  the  people'  (see 
©ematjl).  In  Eng.  the  subst.  (AS.  ping, 
n.,  E.  tiling)  has  essentially  the  ModHG. 
meaning  ;  but  the  deriv. pingan,  'to  make 
a  treaty,'  pingian,  'to  settle,  adjust,'  and 
pingang,  '  mediation,'  imply  also  '  treaty, 
discussion.'  In  ModHG.  a  remnant  of  the 
earlier  meaning  remained  in  bitigcn,  from 
MidHG.  'to  hold  a  court,  negotiate,  make 
a  treaty  '  (whence  ModHG.  93ebingung, '  sti- 
pulation '),  and  specially  '  to  conclude  a  bar- 
uaiQj  buj",  hire'  (also  generally  'to  talk,' 
like  AS.  pingian,  '  to  talk ') ;  so,  too,  in 
ttcvtfycibiijen,  2>tcuStag.  Hence  the  primary 
meaning  of  the  subst.  is  '  public  transac- 
tion in  the  folk-moot,'  lit.  'term' ;  this  is 
supported  by  Goth,  peihs,  '  time,'  from  pre- 
Teut.  te'nkos  (equal  to  Lat.  tempus).  The 
Aryan  base  of  Lomb.  thinx,  OHG.  ding, 
is  tenkos.  The  OBulg.  teza,  f.,  'judicial 
transaction,'  is  of  Teat  origin. 

PutucI,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
dinkel,  OHG.  dinchil,  m.,  '  bearded  wheat, 
spelt ' ;  of  obscure  origin. 

Phtfc,  see  Sinte. 

Pipfam,  m.,  '  dittany,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  didam,  diptam;  borrowed  from 
Gr.  dlTTTa/ju/os. 

Pinte,  f.,  '  lass,  hussy,  wench '  (not 
found  in  UpG.),  from  MidHG.  dime, 
dierne,  OHG.  diorna,  'maid-servant,  girl, 
wench.'  Comp.  Du.  deem,  OSax.  thiorna, 
OIc.  perna,  f.  ;  in  Goth,  probably  *piwair- 
n6;  comp.  widuvcairna,  'orphan,'  orig.  sense 
perhaps  '  widow's  son.'  Thus,  too,  *piioalr- 
nd,  'menial's,  thrall's  daughter,  who  is 
therefore  herself  a  slave,  i.e.  a  servant.' 
The  deriv.  syllable  is  a  diminutive  sufiix 
(comp.  (S'id)f)cni)  ;  the  stein  is  indisputably 
pina-,  '  menial.'  For  further  cognates,  see 
bieucn,  JDeijnt. 

pi  ft  cl,  f,  '  thistle,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  distel,  m.  and  f.,  OHG.  distila,  f.,  distil, 
m.  ;  corresponds  to  Du.  and  LG.  distel,  AS. 
pistel,  E.  thistle,  OIc.  pistell.  Modern  LG. 
and  Eng.  dialects  have  t  in  the  accented 
syllable  ;  hence  the  root  is  ptst  ?.  Akin 
to  Goth,  wiga-deind,  'milk-thistle'?. 

Pdbel,  m.,  'peg,  wedge,'  from  MidHG. 
tiibel.  m.,  '  pin,  plug,  nail ' ;  OHG.  tubilt, 
D.,  'plug'     Comp.  E.  dowel,  Du.  deuvik, 


<plug.'  The  Teut.  root  dub,  upon  which 
it  is  based,  appears  in  Swed.  dubba;  so, 
too,  perhaps  in  Litb.  dubti,  '  to  get  hollow,' 
daubd,  diibt,  '  pit.'  The  d  of  the  ModHG. 
word  is  due  to  MidG.  influence. 

bod),  conj.,  '  vet,  however,'  from  Mid 
HG.  doch,  OHG  odh,  'yet,'  also  '  although' ; 
#,  on  account  of  the  toneless  nature  of  the 
conj.,  is  shortened  from  6  ;  Goth,  pduh,  cor- 
responding to  AS.  p-d/i,  E.  though.  Scarcely 
from  pa  (variant  of  pata,  HG.  da$)  and  vJi, 
*  and.'     Goth,  pauh  is  lit.  '  and  that'  1. 

Pod)f ,  m, '  wick.'  The  strictly  ModHG. 
form  should  be  dacht,  which  is  still  dialec- 
tal, as  well  as  the  variant  tacht,  with  the  t 
from  p,  as  in  taufeiib.  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
laid,  m.  n.  ;  comp.  OIc.  pdttr,  *  thread, 
wick.'  A  Teut.  root,  pel),  pig,  still  ap- 
pears in  Swiss  dcegel,  '  wick,'  Bav.  ddlien, 
Alsat.  doclie,  '  wick.'  In  the  non-Teut. 
languages  no  primit.  root  tek  has  as  yet  been 
found.  For  another  OTeut.  term  for  Sedjt, 
see  under  5Biecf)e. 

Podt,  n.,  '  dock,'  simply  ModHG  ;  from 
the  equiv.  E.  dock,  the  origin  of  which  is 
very  obscure.  From  E.  and  Du.  (dok)  the 
word  was  adopted  by  Swed.,  Dan.,  Mod 
HG.,  and  ModFr. 

Potfte,  f.,  'doll,'  from  MidHG.  tocke, 
f.,  'doll,'  also  ' young  girl,'  OHG.  toccha, 
'  doll.'  The  word  is  not  found  in  the 
oldest  periods  of  the  other  dialects,  nor 
can  the  ModHG.  meanings,  'skein,  yam,' 
be  authenticated  from  MidHG.,  OHG.,  and 
the  early  stages  of  connate  languages  ;  yet 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  the  real  Teut. 
origin  of  the  word. 

PoftftC,  f,  'bulldog,  mastiff,'  simply 
ModHG.,  from  the  equiv.  Du.  and  E.  dog 
(from  about  1050  a.d.  the  word  occurs  in 
AS.  as  docga),  whence  also  Fr.  dogue.  With 
regard  to  HG.  gg,  as  a  proof  of  a  word  being 
borrowed  from  LG.,  comp.  St«89f> 

Poljle,  f.,  'jackdaw,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tdhele,  idle,  tdhe,  OHG.  tdJia,  f.  ; 
primary  form  *d$hic6,  dSwd,  according  to 
AS.*ddwe,  E.  daw,  whence  also  E.  caddow, 
'  daw  '  (the  first  part  of  the  compound  is 
AS.  cd,  Du.  M,  OHG.  chdha,  'daw' ;  so, 
too,  E.  chough).  From  Teut.  pah  train  is 
derived  Ital.  taccola,  'magpie.' 

PoI)rte,  f.,  'gin,  noose,  springe,'  from 
MidHG.  don.  done,  f.,  'stretching,'  OHG. 
dona, '  branch,  twig.'  !Tct)ne  is  the  'branch 
bent  or  stretched  for  catching  birds.'  The 
Aryan  root  ten,  '  to  stretch,  extend,'  is  dis- 
cussed under  fcetnteit,  buna.    OBulg.  tonoto, 


Dok 


(    58    ) 


Dor 


1  cord,  noose,'  Lat.  tenas,  11.,  '  cord,'  Sans. 
tantu-s,  tantrt,  '  wire,  cord,'  Gr.  rhwp, 
sinew,'  are  closely  allied  in  meaning  to 
£cf)Hf.  So  too  OHG.  donAn  (Gotli.  *}>unan), 
'to  exert  oneself.' 

Pohcc,  pouches,  m.,  '  fundament,'  a 
Jewish  word,  but  of  doubtful  etymology  ; 
hardly  from  Hebr.  tdchath,  '  underneath.' 

pold),  m., 'dagger,  dirk,'  simply  Mod 
HG.  (from  the  beginning  of  the  16th  cent.), 
derived  like  the  equiv.  Du.,  Dan., and  Swed. 
dolk,  from  Slav.  (Boheni.  and  Pol.  tulich  ?). 

Poloe,  f.,  '  umbel,'  from  MidHG.  tolde, 
f.,  '  top  or  crown  of  a  plant  or  tree,'  OHG. 
loldo,  m.  ;  the  ModHG.  word  has  appa- 
rently a  LG.  initial  sound.  The  root  is 
did  (pre-Teur.  dliel),  as  is  indicated  by 
OHG.  tola,  '  grape-stalk.'  From  Aryan 
dhel,  Gr.  06\os,  'dome'  (allied  in  meaning 
to  ModHG.  £clbe,  'umbel'),  is  formed  by 
gradation.  Yet  0dXXw,  '  to  sprout,  bloom,' 
6d\os,  n.,  'young  shoot,  twig,  may  also  be 
cognates. 

pole,  f.,  'canal,'  from  MidHG.  *dol, 
OHG.  dola,  f., '  pipe ' ;  akin  to  LG.  and  Fris. 
dole,  'pit,  ditch.' 

Poltncf  fcf),  m.,  '  interpreter,'  from  tlie 
equiv.  MidHG.  t-dmetsche,  tolmetze,  tul- 
metsche  ;  a  Turk,  word  (North  Turk,  tilmac) 
which  found  its  way  into  MidHG.  through 
Magyar  (tolmdcs)  or  Slav.  (OSlov.  tlumuct, 
Pol.  tlumacz,  Buhem.  tlumaS)  ;  also  in 
MidHG.  tolc,  tolke  (comp.  further  Du.  folk), 
'interpreter,'  from  OSlov.  tluku,  (whence 
also  Lith.  tullcas,  Lett,  tulks,  'interpreter'). 

Pom,  m.,  '  cathedral,  dome,  cupola,' 
ModHG.  only,  borrowed  from  Lat.  aomus 
(for  domus  del;  comp.  the  Goth,  word 
gudhAs,  '  the  house  of  God,  church  ').  An 
earlier  loan-word  is  OHG.  tuom  (also  dom), 
MidHG.  tuom,  'a  bishop's  collegiate  church, 
cathedral,'  which  was  naturalised  in  Ger- 
many about  the  9th  cent.  ;  comp.  OHG. 
scuola  from  Lat.  scdla,  as  if  it  were  scdla; 
so  tuom  for  tdm  from  ddmus;  see  ©djule. 
The  form  Sum,  developed  from  MidHG. 
tuom,  kept  its  ground  till  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century. 

Poittter,  m., '  thunder,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  doner,  OHG.  donar,  m.,  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  punor,  E.  thunder;  Goth. 
*J>unara-,  m.  It  is  the  OTeut  name  for 
thunder,  under  which  also  the  weather-god 
was  worshipped  (see  £onner$tag).  The 
name  comes  from  the  Aryan  root  ten,  dis- 
cussed under  beljncn,  £or>nf,  and  burnt.  In 
its  application  to  sound  we  meet  with  this 


root  in  Gr.  twos,  'string,  rope,  stretching, 
tone,  accent,'  Sans,  root  tan,  *  to  resound, 
roar,'  tannyitnUs,  'roaring,  thundering,' 
Lat  tonare  (AS.  J>un»an,  Goth.  *J>un6n, '  to 
thunder'),  Lat.  tunitrus;  the  latter  corre- 
spondences are,  on  account  of  their  mean- 
ing, the  most  closely  allied  to  the  Teut 
words. 

Ponncrsfag,  '  Thursday,'  from  Mid 
HG.  doutrstac,  duurestac,  OHG.  donares- 
tag ;  comp.  Du.  donderdag,  AS.  Jjunresdoeg, 
E.  Thursday,  OIc.  }>6rsdagr  ;  the  day  sacred 
10  the  OTeut.  sod  faunar  (OHG.  Donar, 
OLG.  Thunar,  OIc.  Jj&rr  for  Jxmraz) ;  see 
!DUn$tU3  and  SBccfoe.  A  remarkable  form 
occurs  in  MidHG.  (Bav.),  pfinz-tac, '  Thurs- 
day,' from  the  equiv.  Gr.  xiu-KTtf. 

boppcltt,  vb.,  'to  play  at  dice,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  dcppeln,  from  MidHG.  top- 
pel,  '  dice-playing,'  which  corresponds  to 
Fr.  doublet, ' doublet'  (at  dice).    See  25au$. 

OOppclt,  adj.  (a  parallel  form,  £oppt(, 
occurs  in  the  compounds  JDoppclabler,  £)op- 
pclkjanget),  'double,  duplicate,  twofold,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Fr.  double;  MidHG.  dublin, 
'double,'  is  a  deriv.  from  the  same  source. 
The  final  t  of  the  ModHG.  word  is  a 
secondary  suffix,  as  in  §lrt,  Dbjr. 

Porf,  n.,  '  village,  hamlet,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  dorf,  n.  ;  an 
OTeut.  word  ;  comp.  OSax.  thorp,  Du.  dorp, 
AS.  frorp,  E.  tlwrp,  throp  (existing  now  only 
in  proper  names);  OIc.  J>>rp,  'hamlet'; 
Goth,  paurp  signifies  'fields,  land,'  while 
in  the  other  dialects  the  ModHG.  meaning 
of  the  word  is  current  (in  Goth,  haims, 
'village';  sea  J£>eim).  The  meaning  of 
ModHG.  (Swiss)  dorf,  '  visit,  meeting,'  con- 
nected perhaps  with  OSlov.  trugu,  '  mar- 
ket,' deserves  special  notice.  If  the  hisiory 
of  the  word  is  rendered  difficult  by  such 
variations  of  meaning,  it  is  made  still  more 
so  by  the  Kelt.  *tfbo,  'village';  W.  tref, 
'  village'  (to  which  the  name  of  the  OGall. 
tribe  Atrebatcs  is  allied),  also  connected 
with  Lat  tribus,  '  tribe.'  Moreover,  OIc. 
fiyrpa,  'to  crowd,'  is  closely  akin  to  Gr. 
TOppy,  Lat.  turba,  '  hand.'  Note  too  AS. 
prep,  prdp,  '  viUage,'  Lith.  trobd,  £, '  build- 
ing.' 

Pom,  m.,  '  thorn,  prickle,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  dorn,  m. ;  corre- 
sponds to  Goth.  paurnus,  OIc.  porn,  AS. 
porn,  E.  tlwrn,  Du.  doom,  OSax.  thorn, 
'thorn';  from  pre-Teut  trnu-.  Comp. 
OSlav.  trunu,  'thorn,'  Sans,  trna,  'blade 
of  grass.' 


Dor 


(     59    ) 


Dra 


borrctt,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
dorren,  OHG.  dorren,  '  to  get  dry,  dry  up '  ; 
comp.  OSax.  thorron,  Goth.  *f>aurzan.  A 
deriv.  oijjorz-,  which  appears  inbiirr  ;  comp. 
Lat.  tomre, '  to  dry '  (torret  i*  exactly  equiv. 
to  OHG.  dorrit,  Goth.  * Jjaurzaip).  Instead 
of  the  form  */?aurza»,  Goth,  has  gapaursnan 
(OIc.  fcorna),  '  to  get  dry,  dry  up,'  which 
is  differently  derived  (comp.  $)arre,  burr). 

Porfd),  m.,  'torsk,'  simply  ModHG, 
formed  from  LG.  dorsch;  corresponds  to 
OIc.  frorskr,  E.  torsk,  tusk,  from  the  equiv. 
Dan.  torsk. 

Porfd)e,  f.,  'cabbage-stump,  cole-rape,' 
with  LG.  initial  d,  trom  MidHG.  torse, 
*  cabbage-stump,'  OHG.  turso,  torso, '.  stalk' ; 
lor  the  change  of  s  to  sch  comp.  birfdjen. 
There  is  a  parallel  Rom.  class  (Ital.  torso, 
OFr.  tros,  *  stump,  morsel ')  which  is  un- 
doubtedly of  Teut.  origin.  The  HG.  word 
is  probably  primit.  allied  to  the  Gr.  Ovpaos, 
1  wand.' 

&orf,  adv.,  'there,  in  that  place,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  dort,  OHG.  dorot,  pro- 
bably from  darot ;  Goth.  *parapa  (formed 
like  dalajja),  would  be  the  corresponding 
adv.  in  answer  to  the  question  where  1  The 
OHG.  has  dardt,  *  thither ' ;  derived  from 
bar,  ba. 

Pole,  f.,  'box,'  first  occurs  in  ModHG., 
from  LG.  do«e,  Du.  doos  (Dan.  daase). 

Poff,  Poftett,  m.,  'marjoram,'  from  Mid 
HG.  doste,  toste,  OHG.  tosto,  dosto,  m., 
'  wild  thyme.'  It  may  be  really  identical 
with  MidHG.  doste,  toste,  m.,  '  bunch,  nose- 
gay,' so  that '  thyme  '  would  be  a  specialised 
meaning.  The  Goth,  word  was  probably 
*t>usta, '  shrub.'  Further  cognates  to  help 
in  determining  theroot  are  wanting.  Comp. 
Soft. 

potter  (1.),  m.  and  n.,  'yolk,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  toter,  OHG.  totoro,  tutar-ei; 
the  ModHG  word  seems  to  have  a  LG. 
initial  sound.  Corresponds  to  OSax.  dddro, 
Du.  dojer,  AS.  dj/dring,  'yolk'  ;  a  pre- 
Tent.  term  for  the  '  yolk  of  an  egg '  (see  also 
(Si).  AS.  dott,  m ,  '  point,  spot,'  E.  dot  are, 
on  account  of  LG.  dott,  dStte,  'yellow  part 
of  the  egg,'  to  be  derived  from  the  same 
Aryan  stem  dhut ;  the  orig.  6en*e  of  JDottcr 
may  have  been,  therefore,  'point  in  the 
egg.'  The  E.  term  yolk,  AS.  geolca,  is  lit. 
'  yellow  part,'  from  AS.  geolo,  equiv.  to  E. 
yellow.    In  OIc.  bldme,  'yolk.' 

Potter  (2.),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
toter,  in.,  '  gold-pleasure ' ;  comp.  MidE. 
doder,  E.  dodder  ('toad-flax') ;  Dan.  dgdder, 


Swed.  dgdra.  Perhaps  allied  to  hotter  (1.), 
so  that  the  plant  was  named  from  its  colour 
(or  from  the  similarity  of  its  seeds  to  the 
yolk  of  an  egg?). 

Pottdjes,  see  £cfe,?. 

Poufes,  m.,  '  prison,'  Jew.,  from  Hebr. 
tafas, '  to  seize,  take  prisoner.' 

Prctd)e,  in.  (with  a  MidG.  d),  'dra- 
gon, kite,  termagant,'  from  MidHG.  trache, 
(UpG.  tracke).  OHG.  trahho  (UpG.  traccho), 
m.  ;  the  ModHG.  initial  sound  is  to  be 
regarded  in  the  same  way  as  in  bidjten 
(comp.  MidLG.  and  MidDu.  drdke).  The 
word  was  naturalised  in  Germany  before  the 
8th  cent. ;  as  in  the  case  of  the  bird  ©rctf, 
'  griffin,'  the  dragon  as  a  fabulous  beast 
furnished  material  for  the  imaginative 
faculty  of  the  Germans,  and  supplanted 
the  native  mythological  creations.  The 
E.  loan-word  is  equally  old — AS.  draca, 
E.  drake  (in  drake-fly  or  dragon-fly).  The 
word  is  based  on  Lat.  (Rom.)  draco  (dracco), 
which  again  is  derived  from  Gr.  Sp&Kwv, 
'dragon,  lit.  'the  sharp-sighted  animal' 
(from  Stpitofiai).  E.  dragon,  is  of  recent 
Rom.  origin  (Fr.  dragon). 

Pral)t ,  m.,  '  wire,  file,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  drdt,  m.  ;  comp.  Du. 
draad,  AS.  prced,  equiv.  to  E.  thread,  OIc. 
/>r«Sr,  Goth.  *J>re)js  ;  a  dental  deriv.  of  the 
Teut.  root  prS,  '  to  turn,  twist,'  which  ap- 

{ tears  in  ModHG.  breljen .  The  pre-Teut  trS 
ies  at  the  base  of  Gr.  rprjim,  '  hole,'  which 
is  identical  in  form  with  ModHG.  iDra^t ; 
for  the  meaning  comp.  brefyen,  $)arm. 

Prafte,  LG,  see  (Sittertdj. 

brail,  adj.,  '  tight,  twisted,  stalwart, 
active,'  simply  ModHG.,  akin  to  MidHG. 
dr'el,  OIc  pearle,  adv.,  '  firmly,  strongly, 
very  ' ;  from  briflcn  ?. 

Prong,  m.,  'crowd,  throng,  pressure,' 
from  MidHG.  dranc(g),  m.,  '  throng,  op- 
pression.' Comp.  Du.  drang,  'pressure, 
throng,  desire,'  AS.  geprang,  equiv.  to  E. 
throng ;  from  bringrn. 

britngett,  vb.,  'to  press,  pinch,  dun,' 
from  MidHG.  dre,ngen,  factitive  of  brina.rn. 
2)rangfal  in  early  ModHG.  ;  sfal  is  the  fre- 
quent ModHG.  suffix,  the  older  form  of 
which  is  as  isal,  Goth,  id,  AS.  and  E.  -Is. 
Goth,  formed  from  the  same  stem,  but  by 
a  different  gradation,  an  abstract  Jrreihsl, 
'  hardship,  oppression.' 

brmts,  orcutfjctt,  'outside,  abroad,' 
from  barauS,  baraujjm ;  comp.  MidHG.  drabe, 
from  dar  abe ;  ModHG.  bran,  from  barati, 
brin,  from  barm. 


Dre 


(    60    ) 


Dri 


5rccf)fcln,  vl>.,  'to  turn  (on  a  lathe),' 
deiiv.  of  MidHG.  drilisel,  drahsel,  'turner,' 
in  Goth.  *J*rihs<U;  bretjm  (root  jW,  trf) 
cannot  l>e  closely  allied  to  brccfyfcln  ;  it 
must  rather  be  connected  with  a  root  con- 
taining a  guttural,  />rSlw-  or  pr(h.  Gr. 
Tfxwonai  (with  x  for  A;),  and  Lat.  torqiteo 
(Gr.  dr/xwcroj,  'spindle,'  Lat.  torcular,  'oil- 
press'),  point  to  a  root  trek,  '  to  turn.'  The 
OHG.  ardltsil,  'turner,'  is  probably  the 
only  remains  of  this  root  in  Teut.  ;  in  Mid 
HG.  and  also  in  UpG.  and  LG.  dialects 
brcfycn  (MidHG.  drcsjen,  drcen)  signifies  '  to 
turn  (on  a  lathe).'    See  brefyeu. 

Prccft,  m.,  'dirt,  mire,  tilth,  dung,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  dree  (gen.  -ekes),  m., 
'dirt';  OHG.  *drecch,  Goth.  *J>riI:k,  m., 
are  supported  by  OIc.  prelchr,  m.,  *dirt' 
{Dan.  draclc).  Perhaps  derived  from  the 
meaning  'sediment,  lees,'  so  that  Gr.  rpO$, 
rpvyds,  'lees,  sediment,  fresh  must'  (with 
v  for  0?),  may  perhaps  be  compared. 

bref)Cn,  vb.,  '  to  turn,  whirl,  wind,'  from 
MidHG.  drcsjen,  drcen,  *to  turn,  turn 
round,'  OHG.  drdjan.  The  Goth,  form 
may  have  been  />  aian  (comp.  lvrtyeit,  Goth. 
waian ;  faen,  Goth,  saian) ;  comp.  Du. 
draaijen,  '  to  turn  (on  a  lathe) ' ;  AS.  frrd- 
tcan  (comp.  sdican,  vdican),  and  MidE. 
fcrdwen,  'to  turn,'  are  str.  vbs.,  while  the 
ModHG.  verb  is  wk.  even  in  OHG.  The 
assumed  Goth,  form  *}>ravin,  '  to  turn,' 
was  undoubtedly  conjugated  strong  (pret. 
*}mi}?r6).  }>rS  is  the  verbal  stem  common 
to  Teut,  from  which  a  subst.,  2>ral)t,  mean- 
ing '  twisted  thread,'  was  formed  by  adding 
a  dental  suffix.  This  subst.  proves  most 
clearly  that  the  root  of  fcrcficn  did  not  end 
in  a  guttural,  and  that  therefore  ModHG. 
2>red)0l«r,  from  OHG.  drdhsil,  cannot  be 
allied  to  fcrefyett.  In  ModE.,  to  throw  ('  to 
turn '),  is  obsolete.  The  root  pri  is  from 
pre-Teut.  trS,  ter  ;  this  appears  in  Gr.,  with 
the  meaning  'to  bore,' in  numerous  deri- 
vatives. '  To  bore '  is  a  specialisation  of  the 
meaning  'to  turn,'  ro\&rpTrrot,  'porous,' 
rprj/xa,  'hole,'  avvrpTJcau,  rerpalvw,  'to  bore 
through,'  Ttptw,  '  to  bore,  turn  on  a  lathe ' 
(comp.  MiuHG.  drcejen,  'to  turn  on  a 
lathe'),  rdpros,  'turner's  chisel,'  riptTpov, 
Lat.  terebra,  '  borer.'     Comp.  also  ©arm. 

brei,  num.,  'three,' from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  dri,  which  is  prop,  simply  the  noni. 
masc.  ;  the  rest  of  the  old  cases  are  obso- 
lete in  ModHG. ;  AS.  jrrt,  Jrreo,  E.  three, 
Goth,  preis,  from  *prijis.  It  corresponds 
to  Aryau  trejes,  equiv.  to  Sans,  trdyas,  Gr. 


rpth,  from  rpija,  Lat.  tres,  OSlov.  trljf. 
SDlti,  like  the  other  units,  is  a  primit.  word. 
See  2)riUi$,  £ritre. 

breifl,  adj.,  'bold,  audacious,  8elf-con> 
fident,'  simply  ModHG.,  from  the  equiv. 
LG.  drtste  (hence  breijt  is  not  found  in  the 
UpG.  dialects)  ;  comp.  OSax.  thrtsti,  Du. 
driest,  AS.  frrtste,  '  bold,  daring.'  The  simi- 
larity iu  the  initial  sound  with  Lat.  tristis, 
'  sad,'  is  perhaps  of  no  etymological  value  ; 
as,  however,  a  similar  change  of  meaning 
is  met  with  in  the  cognates  of  ModHG. 
tapfer,  Lat.  tristis  and  OSax.  thrtsti  may 
perhaps  be  derived  from  a  common  root. 
Otherwise  it  might  well  be  connected  with 
fcringen,  OSax.  thrtsti,  for  thrlltsti,  from 
prinh-sti  ?. 

bret&tg,  see  jig. 

bvefd)en,  vb.,  'to  thresh.'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  dreschen,  OHG.  dreskan; 
corresponds  to  Du.  dorschen,  AS.  Jxrscan 
(for  prescan),  E.  to  thrash,  t/tresli,  (comp. 
MidHG.  dreschen,  which  also  means  'to 
torment');  Goth.  J>rUkan.  Threshing  was 
practised  in  primit.  Teut.  times,  as  this 
common  term  testifies.  The  Teutons, 
even  before  they  became  settlers,  and 
hence  while  they  were  still  migrating 
were  acquainted  with  the  most  elementary 
methods  of  agriculture  ;  comp.  the  various 
kinds  of  com,  and  also  $jhta,,  (§#$(,  93ret, 
&c.  The  Teut.  cognates  found  their  way 
intoRom., — Ital.  trescare,  'to  trample,  move 
the  feet  about,  dance,'  OFr.  trescJie,  'chain- 
dance.'  From  these  the  OTeut.  method 
of  threshing  may  be  easily  inferred.  Tlie 
flail  (2>ref<f)jlfgel)  came  from  Italy  through 
the  medium  of  Rom.  (see  ijlegel) ;  for  this 
a  simpler  term  is  found  in  OHG.  driscil, 
MidHG.  and  ModHG.  drisehel.  The  mean- 
ing of  the  Teut.  base  tresk  is  probably  '  to 
stamp  noisily,  tread '  ;  comp.  Lith.  tras- 
keti,  '  to  rattle,  clatter,'  OSlov.  triskii, 
'  crack,'  troska,  '  thunderclap.'  E.  threshold 
is  mostly  connected  with  t>wfd)en,  OTeut. 
frreskan,  regarding  it  as  the  threshing-staff, 
or  as  the  place  at  the  entrance  to  the  house 
where  corn  was  threshed. 

fcrtllcrt,  vb.,  '  to  revolve,  bore,  drill,' 
from  MidHG.  drillen,  '  to  turn,  make 
round '  (with  the  partic.  gedrollen, '  round '). 
The  meaning  'to  bore'  comes  from  LG. 
drillen  (see  brttjtn,  bredjfcln,  for  the  con- 
necting link  between  the  meanings),  akin 
to  Du.  drillen,  E.  to  thrill,  and  also  LG. 
drall  (MidDu.  drel),  'round,  turning,' 
which  is  formed  by  gradation.     The  cog- 


Dri 


(     61     ) 


Dro 


nates  point  to  a  Teut.  root  prel,  'to  turn 
on  a  lathe).' — brillett,  'to  plague'  or  'to 
drill  (recruits),5  may  be  derived  from  the 
first  or  the  second  meaning. 

Prillic^,  m.,  'ticking,'  from  MidHG. 
drilich,  drilch,  m., '  a  stuff  woven  with  three 
threads';  an  adj.  signifying  'threefold' 
formed  into  a  subst. ;  see  3nnflt<fy.  Dri- 
is  the  older  form  for  fcrei  in  compounds  (see 
britte,  3w\U,  ami  ©rilling) ;  OHG.  drlfalt, 
'  threefold.'  OHG.  driltch, '  threefold,  con- 
sisting of  three  threads,'  is  the  convenient 
Ger.  rendering  of  the  Lat.  trttix  (trtlicem), 
'  triple  -  twilled,'  from  licium,  'thread.' 
Similar  formations  maybe  seen  in  Stmflicb 
and  Suntntet. 

Prilling,  m., '  triplet,  one  of  three  born 
at  the  same  time,'  simply  ModHG.,  formed 
like  3»t fling. 

bringctt,  vb.,  '  to  press,  crowd,  pierce,.' 
from  MidHG.  dringen,  OHG.  dringan,  '  to 
compress,  throng,  press  on,'  then  also  '  to 
plait,  weave'  (MidHG.  drlhe,  'embroider- 
ing needle ')  ;  comp.  Goth,  preihan  (eih 
from  inh),  'to  throng,  oppress,  cramp, 
afflict.'  The  Teut.  root  is  prinhw,  prang;. 
comp.  also  with  OHG.  dringan,.  OSax. 
thringan,  AS.  pringan,  'to  press,'  OIc. 
pryngva.  The  h  was  retained  by  MidHG. 
drlhe,  f.,  '  embroidering  needle,'  whence 
MidHG.  drihen,  '  to  embroider.' — With  the 
general  meaning  '  to  press '  are  connected 
ModHG.  ©rang,  braitgen,  ©cbrdnge  (OHG. 
gidr$ngi),  Goth,  praihns, '  crowd '  (in  faihu^ 
praihns,  '  wealth  ') ;  E.  throng.  With  the 
Teut.  cognates  Lith.  trenkti,  'to  shake, 
push,'  trdntwias,  'din,  tumult,'  Lett,  trceht, 
'to  shatter,'  are  primit.  allied. 

btittc,  ord.  of  brci,  'third,'  MidHG. 
dritte,  OHG.  drilto  ;  corresponds  to  Goth. 
pridja ;  AS.  pridda,  E.  third,  pri-  is  the 
stem  (see  ©rillicfy),  dja  the  suffix,  which 
forms  the  ordinal  from  the  cardinal  ;  it  is 
-tio-  in  Lat.  tertius  Sans,  trtiya-s. — Priffcl, 
n.,  'third  part,  third,'  from  MidHG.  drit- 
U  il. 

Progc,  f.,  'drug,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  drogue,  which  with  its  Rom.  cognate 
droga  (ltal.,  Span.)  is  usually  derived  from 
Du.  droog  (see  tvccfni) ;  yet  there  are  essen- 
tial  reasons  for  ascribing  the  word  to  an 
Eastern  origin. 

broken,  vb.,  '  threaten,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  diCii),  wk.  vb.,  which  is  the  deno- 
minative of  an  earlier  dro,  f.,  'threat.'  The 
more  ancient  vb.  is  ModHG.  brancn,  from 
MidHG.  drouwen,  drouwen,  OHG.  drewen, 


drouwen;  Gotb.  *praujan,  AS.  predn  pred- 
de)  (equiv.  to  E.  to  threaten).  OHG.  dr6, 
drda  (gen.  drawa),  corresponds  to  AS.  pred  ; 
Goth,  prawa  is  wanting,  gen.  prawtis,  f., 
1  threat.'  In  E  the  word  is  obsolete.  Be- 
yond Teut  there  are  no  cognates. 

Prof)ttC,  f.,  'drone.'  The  strict  HG. 
form  is  %t( f)ne,  Xxtne  (so  still  in  Saxony  and 
Austria),,  according  to  MidHG.  trene,  tren, 
OHG.  trenoy  m.  ©refute  is  a  LG.  form  de- 
rived from  Sax.  drdn,  plur.  drdni,  to  which 
AS.  drdn,  plur.  drdm,  E,  drone,  correspond ; 
both  point  to  Goth.  *drainus,  *drSnus, 
while  OHG^  treno  assumes  perhaps  Goth. 
*drina;  the  relation  between  the  theoretical 
Goth,  forms  has  not  yet  been  definitely 
fixed.  The  base  drSn  seems  to  appear  in 
brofjnen  (Goth.  drunjusy  '  loud  sound '). 
From  the  same  root  probably  a  Gr.  term 
for  '  bee '  is  formed — revOp^vri,  '  a  sort  of 
wasp  or  humble-bee '  (also  avOpfyij,  '  wild 
bee'  1 — comp.  too  revOpySdiv,  avOprfSdiv),  also 
Lacon.  0pd>va.£,  '  drone.'  5Mene,  like  ©rotnif, 
is  a  primit.  Teut.  term.  See  the  following 
word. 

broIjttCtt,.  vb.,. '  to  roar,  Bumble,  creak, 
drone,'  simply  ModHG.,  borrowed  from 
LG.  dronen ;  comp.  Du.  dreunen,  OIc. 
drynja,  vb.,  cto  drone,  roar,'  OIc.  drynr, 
m.,  'droning,'  Goth,  drunjus,  m.,  'loud 
sound.'  See  derivatives  of  the  same  root 
drcn,  dhren,  under  JDrctuie ;  comp.  besides 
Gr.  6pr}vos,  '  lamentation.' 

btrolttg,  adj.,  'droll,  ludicrous,  queer,' 
simply  ModHG,  from  LG.  dndligs  Du. 
drollig;  E.  droll  (subst.  and  adj.),  also  adj. 
drollish  ;  Fr.  drdle,  '  droll,  merry.'  None 
of  these  are  recorded  in  the  older  periods 
of  the  several  languages, hence  their  origin 
(Rom.  %  Teut.  ?)  is  obscure.  The  deriva- 
tion from  the  Scand.  name  trgll  applied  to 
ghostly  monsters  is  improbable,  for  in  the 
Scand.  dialects  the  word  has  an  initial  t 
while  the  ModHG.  bvollig  and  its  cognates 
have  d. 

ProfJTel  (1.),  f->  'thrush,'  a  LG.  form 
from  MidLG.  drosle,  OSax.  throssela,  throsla; 
the  strictly  UpG.  term  for  JBrpJTct  is  Bav. 
©rofdjef,  from  MidHG.  drdschel,  f. ;  comp. 
OHG.  drdseela,  f.,  also  without  the  deriv.  /, 
drdsca,  drdscea,  f.  ;  the  latter  form  corre- 
sponds to  AS.  prfisce  (from  *prauslci6),  E. 
thrush.  E.  throstle,  from  AS.  prostle,  '  me- 
rtil.i,'  corresponds  to  MidHG.  drostel;  in 
Goth,  the  latter  would  be  *prustla  and  the 
former  praitska(nr  rather *prauskjov) ;  akin 
to  Gr.  rpVywv,  '  turtle-dove,'  from  *Tpv<ry<bv  !. 


Dro 


(    62    ) 


Due 


(Jump,  on  tlie  other  hand  01c.  prgstr,  in., 
4  thrush,'  Goth.  *prastus.  This  abundance 
of  words  which  are  undoubtedly  closely 
allied  renders  any  sure  comparison  with 
cognate  words  beyond  Teut.  a  difficult  task. 
The  Lat.  turdSla,  '  thrush,'  may  l>e  for 
*trzdila;  in  that  case  the  tt  of  MidHG. 
drostel,  E.  throstle,  is  shifted  from  sd  (see  21  jl, 
©erftf,  SKajt,  9leji) ;  turdSla  is  a  derivative 
of  turdus,  '  thrush,'  closely  connected  with 
OIc.  prgstr,  m.  (Goth.  *prastus,  m.).  Lith. 
has  a  longer  form  for  IDroffel,  with  an  initial 
$ — str&zdas,  which  makes  the  origin  of  st 
of  MidHG.  drostel  from  zd,  sd,  a  certainty. 
Russ.  droztlii,  OSlov.  drozgu,  are  abnormal. 
The  words  of  the  Teut  group  found  their 
way  into  Rom. :  ModFr.  trdle  (from *prasla, 
*prastla). — S)rcffet  is  one  of  the  few  names 
of  birds  found  in  several  Aryan  languages 
at  the  same  time,  and  entirely  free  from 
the  assumption  that  they  were  borrowel. 

proflTel  (2.),  f.,  'throat,  throttle,  Adam's 
apple,'  preserved  only  in  the  deriv.  erbroffeln, 
'  to  throttle,  strangle ' ;  not  allied  to  2)rofffl 
(1.),  as  is  shown  by  MidHG.  dro^y,  f., 
'  gullet,  throat.'  Comp.  OHG.  dr<n$a,  AS. 
protu,  f.,  E.  throat,  and.  likewise  E.  throttle 
isubst.  and  vb.),  an  I  deriv.  There  is  a 
parallel  group  with  an  initial  s  added  (see 
SDroffet  (1.),  £ad))  _;  MidHG.  8^0336,  OLG. 
strotu,  'throat,  windpipe,'  Du.  stroot;  see 
ftrofcen.  From  HG.  the  word  found  its 
way  into  Rom., — Ital.  strozza,  'throat,'  stroz- 
zare,  '  to  strangle.' 

Profl,  m.,  'chief  magistrate'  (a  LG. 
word),  from  MidLG.  droste,  drossite;  the 
latter  is  identical  with  MidHG.  truhtscey, 
ModHG.  Srucfofejj ;  for  £>rofht  see  also  under 
Xrudjfeg. 

Prudi,  m., '  pressure,  oppression,  print- 
ing, proof,'  from  MidHC.  druc  (-ekes),  m., 
'  pressure,  violent  impact,  rebound,  hostile 
encounter,'  OHG.  druckj  corresponds  to 
AS.  }>ryc  (cc  supported  by  ofpryce),  '  pres- 
sure.' 

brudten,  brudten,  '  to  pre.*s,  oppress, 
hug,  print,'  from  MidHG.  driieken,  drucken, 
OHG.  drucchen  (comp.  AS.  pryecan,  '  to 
press'),  MidHG.  drucken,  an  unmodified 
UpG.  variant,  has  a  specialised  meaning 
in  ModHG.  In  Goth,  the  subst.  would  be 
*prukks,  the  vb.  prukkjan.  Since  the  Mid 
HG.  vb.  driieken  is  equiv.  to  '  to  press, 
throng,  oppress,  thrust  oneself,'  the  mean- 
ings harmonise  well  with  bringen,  which  is 
based  upon  an  Aryan  root  trenk,  while 
trurfen  would  be  derived  from  a  root  trek 


without  the  nasal  ;  the  Ik  of  the  theoreti- 
cal Goth,  form  originated  probably  in  kit. 
— I>rudtfcn,  ModHG.  a  frequentative, 
form  of  brucfen. 

Prube,  f.,  'sorceress,'  LG.  ;  MidHG. 
trute,  f..  'demoness,  nightmare';  Drubtnfu§, 
MidHG.  trutenvuo^.  In  spite  of  its  wide 
diffusion  (Dan.  drude,  Gothland,  druda),  the 
form  of  the  word  is  obscure,  for  it  is  im- 
possible to  see  to  what  the  MidHG.  ini- 
tial t  and  ModHG.  d  are  related.  Perhaps 
MidHG.  trute  is  to  be  connected  with  the 
adj.  traut ;  in  that  case  JDrube  would  be  a 
euphemism  similar  perhaps  to  Gr.  Eume- 
nides. 

Prufe  (1.),  f.,  'ore  with  a  drossy  or 
crystal  surface,'  simply  ModHG. ;  of  ob- 
scure origin. 

Prufe  (2.),  'glanders,'  ModHG.  ;  iden- 
tical with  iDriife. 

Prufe,  f.,  'gland,  kernel,  swelling  of 
the  glands,'  from  MidHG.  driiese,  druose 
(whence  the  ModHG.  variant  druse,  but 
only  in  a  special  sense) ;  OHG.  druos, 
druosi, f., 'glanders,'  Goth.  *pros or  prdhsi  ?, 
is  wanting ;  so  too  in  E.  there  is  no  cog- 
nate term. 

Prufetl,  plur.,  an  UpG.  word  for  'dregs, 
lees,'  from  MidHG.  druosene,  OHG.  truos- 
una  (UpG.  dialects  have  ue  in  the  accented 
syllable) ;  corresponds  to  Du.  droesem,  Mid 
Du.  droesene,  AS.  drdsn, '  dregs.'  The  base 
is  perhaps  Goth.  *dr6hsn6,  to  which  E. 
dregs,  M.odHG.  Zxtbtx,  Sredjer  are  also 
allied. 

bit,  2nd  pers.  pron.,  'thou' ;  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  du,  and  the  collateral  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  d4;  comp.  AS.  pti,  E.  thou ; 
Lat.  tu,  Gr.  rtf,  «n),  and  Sans,  tvam,  are 
prim,  cognates.  The  details  respecting  the 
Arvan  pronom.  stem  belong  to  grammar. 

Pucafen,  m.  (ducat,  m.,  rarely  fem.  in 
earlier  ModHG.),  'ducat,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  duedte,  m.  (Mid Lat.  duedtus). 

Pud)t,  f.,  Pudjtbtmfc,  and  Puff, 
'  rowing  seat,  thwart ;'  the  form  with  /  is 
HG.,  that  with  ch  LG.  ;  OHG.  dofta,  f.,  OIc. 
popta,  f.,  'thwart';  OHG.  gviofto,  prop. 
'  comrade  on  the  thwart,'  AS.  gepufta, '  com- 
rade.' One  of  the  prhn-Teut.  naval  terms 
developed  during  the  migrations  of  the 
Teutons  ;  see  {Rubrr,  Sfgcl,  SHaft,  <Sdnff,  &a 
That  the  LG.  form  found  its  way  into  HG. 
is  not  remarkable  after  what  has  been  said 
under  ©orb,  SSufe,  and  SSoot.  The  OTeut. 
word  for  'thwart'  (Goth.  *pu/(6,  f.),  be- 
longs probably  to  a  root  tup,  '  to  squat 


Due 


(    63    ) 


Dun 


down'  ;  comp.  Lith.  tupeti, '  to  squat,'  tupti, 
'to  squat  down.' 

buc&Ctt,  vb., '  to  bow,  duck,  stoop,  dive,' 
with  LG.  initial  d,  from  MidHG.  tucken, 
tiicken,  '  to  incline  the  body  quickly,  bend, 
bow ' ;  prob.  a  frequentative  of  MidHG. 
tOchen,  '  to  dive,'  which  see. 

Pucfttttciufer,  'sly,  stealthy  person,' 
appears  in  MidHG.  as  tockelmuser,  'sneak, 
hypocrite ' ;  the  ModHG.  form  is  based 
anew  on  burfen,  MidHG.  tucken.  A  parallel 
form  £iitfmaufor  is  based  on  Zudt,  'malice,' 
the  second  part  of  the  compound  being 
connected  with  MidHG.  musen,  prop.  '  to 
catch  mice,'  then  (with  thievish  intent), 
'  to  sneak.' 

bubeftt,  vb.,  simply  ModHG.  formed 
from  the  equiv.  Pol.  dudli6,  '  to  play  the 
batrpipes,'  from  dudy,  '  bagpipe.' 

Puff  (1.),  f.,  see  JDtt($t.  * 

Puff  (2.),  m.,  '  exhalation,  odour,'  with 
LG.  initial  d,  from  MidHG.  tuft,  m.,  '  va- 
pour, fog,  dew,  rime,'  OHG.  tuft,  '  frost ' ; 
of  obscure  origin. 

bulbett,  vb.  (unknown  to  the  Suab.,  and 
perhaps  also  to  the  other  UpG.  dialects), 
'  to  bear,  tolerate,  suifer,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  dulten  ;  a  denominative 
of  OHG.  dult,  MidHG.  didt,  f.,  ModHG. 
©ebulb.  The  Goth  used  frulan  for  bulben 
without  the  dental  deriv.  (OHG.  dolSn, 
MidHG.  dolny  both  far  more  general  in 
meaning  than  the  ModHG.  bufben,  'to 
suffer' ;  AS.  polian, '  to  suffer ').  The  pre- 
Teut.  root  is  tel,  tol,  tU,  which  appears, 
exactly  corresponding  to  the  meaning  of 
the  Teut.  cognate*,  in  Gr.  r\fj-vai,  '  to 
suffer,'  tMi-uuv,  'miserable,'  iroKfoXas,  'much 
enduring,'  &c.  Lat.  tolerdre  and  ertragen 
(Lat.  perferre),  show  that  Lat.  tollo  (panic. 
latusiox*tld-tus;  pret.  tuli,h-om  <>ffero),&n(l 
Gr.  Tokfiav,  '  to  venture,  endure,'  may  be 
cognates.  Hence,  the  primary  sense  of  the 
root  appearing  in  the  graded  forms  tel, 
tol,  tie,  tld,  is  '  to  bear,  tolerate.'  See 
©ebulb. 

Pulf,  f.,  Bav.  'fair,'  with  MidG.  initial 
rf,  from  MidHG.  tult,  f.,  'fair,  church  fes- 
tival, dedication  festival,'  OHG.  tuld.  The 
word  is  the  OTeut.  term  for  '  festival ' ; 
Goth,  dulfrs,  f.,  '  festival,  holiday.' 

immm,  adj.,  'stupid,  silly,'  from  Mid 
HG.  turn  (gen.,  -mmas),  tump  (gen.  -bes), 
'stupid,  foolish,  weak  in  understanding, 
dumb,'  OHG.  tumb.  In  Goth,  dumbs,  OIc. 
dumb):  the  adj .  is  equi  v.  to  AS.  and  E.  dumb ; 
the  OHG.  word,  in  addition  to  the  mean- 


ings of  MidHG.,  has  likewise  the  significa- 
tion '  deaf,'  which  also  belongs  to  bumm  in 
early  ModHG.  '  Dull  in  sense  and  intel- 
lect' may  be  the  primary  sense  of  the  adj., 
which  has  not  yet  been  found  in  the  non- 
Teut.  languages  ;  fhtmm  too  has  a  peculiar 
history  ;  see  fdjmecfett,  fyeR.  Words  express- 
ing the  perceptions  of  one  sense  are  often 
transferred  to  those  of  another.  Hence 
Goth,  dumbs,  'dumb,'  OHG.  tumb,  'deaf, 
dumb,'  may  possibly  be  allied  to  Gr.  rvtp\6s, 
'  blind '  (root  dhubh ;  rv<p  by  the  well- 
known  rule  for  6v<p).  This  conjectural 
etymology  is  quite  as  uncertain  as  that 
offered  under  !Dieb. 

butttpf,  adj.,  '  damp,  dull,  heavy,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  formed  by  the  weakest  stage  of 
gradation  from  MidHG.  dimpfen,  str.  vb., 
'to  fume,  smoke';  comp.  also  MidHG. 
dumpfen,  diimpfen,  '  to  fume,  damp.'  The 
oriy.  sense  of  the  adj.  is  probably  'smoky,' 
i.e.  'damp,'  or  'dimming  the  sight  and 
dulling  the  hearing';  bumyf  appears  in 
Uu.  dompig,  with  the  meaning  'damp, 
gloomy.'  Perhaps  the  word  is  connected 
with  buitfct ;  comp.  E.  dank. 

Punc,  f.,  'down,  dune,'  simply  Mod 
HG.  from  the  equiv.  LG.  diine  (OSax. 
*duna),  Du.  duin  (whence  Fr.  dune) ;  re- 
specting ModHG.  it  from  Du.  ui,  comp. 
SBufe,  ©iiten.  Akin  to  AS.  dtin,  'hill,'  E. 
down  ('  plateau  ').  So  too  E.  down,  adv. ; 
for  AS.  ad&ne,  ofdune,  '  from  the  moun- 
tain, towards  the  valh-y,'  corresponds 
exactly  to  MidHG.  ze  tal  (comp  Fr.  ci 
mont,  '  up  the  stream \  Likewise  Gr. 
0vpafr,  '  before  the  door,  has  the  general 
meaning  'outside';  MidHG.  ze  berge  is 
'aloft,  upwards';  comp.  ModHG.  bie, 
Qaaxt  jtebett  einem  ju  53er\je,  '  one's  hair 
stands  on  end.'  The  diine  group  (E.  dorcn) 
seems  to  have  spread  from  Eng.  into  Du. 
and  LG.  (comp.  besides  93afe,  Scot,  $raf)m). 
Hence  the  assumption  that  AS.  Jdn  is  of 
Kelt,  origin  is  not  to  be  discarded — Olr. 
dun,  'hill'  (comp.  the  OKelt.  names  of 
towns  ending  in  dUnum,  August  odnnum, 
Lugdunum)  ;  though  the  attempt  to  show 
that  it  is  priniit.  allied  to  Gr.  Oit>  (110111.  Ots), 
'sea-beacli,'  and  Sans,  dhdnu-s,  'dry  land, 
continent,  inhospitable  land,'  cannot  be 
recommended  ;  AS.  dun  would  be  pre- 
Teut.  dh&nd  (the  indubitable  form  of  the 
cognate  word  in  Ind.). 

puna,  m.,  with  LG.  initial  d;  'dung, 
manure,  from  MidHG.  tungf,  f.,  'dung, 
manuring' ;  MidHG.  tunc,  ni.,  f.,  signifies 


Dun 


(    64    ) 


Dur 


*an  underground — prop,  dung-covered — 
chamber  occupied  in  winter,' and  especially 
•the  underground  weaver's  room';  OHG. 
tunra,  'manuring,'  E.  dung  (subst..  and 
vb.) ;  OHG.  tunc,  'weaver's  room  under- 
ground' hunger  from  late  MidHG.  tunger). 
This  double  meaning  of  the  cognates  is  ex- 
plained by  the  remark*  of  Tacitus  (Ger- 
mania,  §  16)  and  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.y  19,  1). 
'Dung'  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  cog- 
nates of  35uitg  and  bumjen  ;  in  the  other 
Aryan  languages,  however,  no  priinit.  cog- 
nates can  be  adduced. 

buttkel,  adj.,  'dark,  gloomy,  obscure,' 
with  MidG.  initial  d;  from  MidHG. 
tunkel,  'dark,  dull,  damp,'  OHG.  tunchal 
(with  the  parallel  form  tunchar,  MidLG. 
dunker).  By  another  stage  of  gradation 
OIc  dipkkr,  OFris.  djunk  are  formed  from 
the  same  root ;  they  presuppose  a  Goth. 
*digqs  (pre-Teut.  dhengwos).  The  priinit. 
allied  E.  dauk  points  to  a  connection  with 
bumfcf  (Tent,  root  dinq,  dump). 

jDunfccf,  m.,  'fancy,  imagination,  arro- 
gance, prejudice,'  simply  ModHG.  Related 
to  the  vb.  bfmfett,  from  MidHG.  dunken 
(pret.  dithte),  '  to  seem,  appear  to,'  OHG. 
dunchan  (chiefly  impers.  with  dat.),  '  to 
seem'  (pret.  dulita) ;  Goth,  pvgkjan,  puhta, 
mostly  impers.  with  dat.  'to  seem';  AS. 
pyiican,E.  to  t/iiu&,  which,  however,  really 
represents  the  meanings  of  AS.  penceui, 
OHG.,  MidHG,  and  ModHG.  benf  en.  <Dfnt- 
fen  appears  to.  have  been  originally  a  str. 
vb.,of  which  benfen  was  perhaps  the  factitive 
form.  The  Tfeut  punk,  pank,  is  based  upon 
an  old  Aryan  root  tng,  teng,  and  this,  again, 
appears  in  OLat.  tongere,  '  to  know'  (comp. 
Praenest  tongitio, '  notion ').  Comp.  benfen, 
JDattf. 

burnt,  adj.,  'thin,  slender,  attenuated,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG*  diinne,  OHG. 
dunni;  comp.  AS.  pynne,  E.  thin,  OIc. 
punnr,  Du.  dun,  Goth.  *punnus.  The 
adj.  retained  the  primit.  meaning  'thin,'  in 
all  the  periods  and  dialects  of  Teut.  The 
stem  punnu  is  preserved  in  OHG.  dun- 
teengi,  AS.  punwenge,  OIc.  punnvange, 
'temples,'  prop,  'thin  cheek'  (comp.  Mod 
HG.  dial.  JDuninge,  ©uitcge,  'temples'). 
The  adj.  is  priinit.  Aryan,  in  the  form 
UinH-s  (respecting  Tent,  nn  comp.  Juitn, 
9)?unn) ;  comp.  OInd.  tanu-s,  '  long,  drawn 
out,  narrow,  thin';  Lat.  tenuis,  'thin, 
narrow' ;  Gr.  raw-,  existing  only  in  com- 

{jouuils,  denotes  'drawn  or  stretched  out, 
ong ' ;  comp.  ra.va.6s.  which  has  the  same 


meaning  ;  OSlov.  tlnulcu,  '  thin,'  ha>  a 
suffix.  The  idea  of  attenuation  comes 
from  'extension  in  one  direction,  drawn 
out  lengthwise,'  still  retained  by  the  Ind. 
and  the  Gr.  adjs.  Lat.,  Teut.,  and  Slav, 
deprived  the  orig.  meaning  of  one  of  its 
characteristics.  In  OInd.  and  Gr.  there 
occurs  a  verbal  stem,  tanu  (raw),  with  the 
primary  sense  'to  stretch  out^  extend.' 
Comp.  beljnen,  2)ol)nf,  S5ciuter,  and  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

Uhtrtfi,  m.,  'vapour,  fume,  mist,'  from 
MidHG.  dunst,  tunst,  m.,  f, '  steam,  vapour,'. 
OHG.  tunist,  dunist,  dunst,  'storm,  breath' ; 
respecting  the  MidG.  initial  d.  comp.  3)ufr, 
bunfcl.  Corresponds  to  AS.  dtist  (for  *dunst), 
E.  dust.  Teut.  duns-,  for  dwuns-,  is  based 
upon  an  Aryan  root  dJiwens,  which  still 
appears  in  Sans,  dhvans,  'to  fall  to  dust' 
(dhvasti,,  ^falling  to  dust'). 

buret),  prep.,  'through,  owing  to,  by,' 
from  MidHG.  durch.  dur,  'through,'  also 
'  for  the  sake  of,'  OHG.  duruh,  durh ; 
comp.  OSax.  thurh,  AS.  purh,  E.  through 
and  thorough.  Goth.  pairh, '  through,'  with 
an  abnormal  vowel,  is  related  to  the  OHG. 
d'erh,  'perforated,'  with  which  are  con- 
nected OHG.  durhily  durihit,  MidHG.  dicr- 
hel,  diirkel,  '  pierced,  porous,'  AS.  J>prel  (for 
pyrhiV),  'hole'  (comp.  9h"ijler),  as  well  a3 
Goth.  pairkd,  f.,  'hole'  (k,  from  kk,  for 
knl)..  The  prepos*  might  easily  be  a  case 
of  an  older  adj.,  perhaps  the  ace.  neut. 
Besides  the  passive  meaning  of  OHG.  derh, 
'pierced,'  an  active  sense,  'piercing,'  may 
also  be  added.  The  base  perh  would  be 
best  defined  by  '  to  pierce,  penetrate,'  which 
recalls  the  HG.  bttngen ;  the  former  is 
based  upoa  a  pre-Teut.  root  terkr  the  latter 
upon  a  root  trenJc.  The  connection  with 
Lat.  trans  is  exceedingly  problematical. 

Purd)laud)f,'SereneHigb.ness,'simplv 
ModHG.  with  MidG.  vowel  au;  MidHG. 
and  MidG.  durMAht,  partic.  for  MidHG. 
durchliuhtet,  '•illustrious,'  from  durhliuhten, 
'to  shine,  light  through,  illuminate.'  See 
(Stlaiicfyt,  Uneaten. 

biXrf en,  anom.  vb.,  '  to  be  allowed,  ven- 
ture)  need,'  from  MidHG.  diirfen,  durfen, 
a  preterite  pres^  'to  have  reason,  cause, 
be  permitted,  need^  require' ;  OHG.  dur- 
fan,  preterite  pres.,  'to  lack,  be  destitute 
of,  require,  be  in  need  of  •  comp.  Goth. 
pa&rban,  Du.  durven,  AS.  purfan,  '  to  be 
in  need  of.'  In  addition  to  the  Teut  root 
pitrf,  purb,  Swiss  points  to  an  old  parallel 
form  Jwrp.     In  the  ModHG.  deriv.  barben, 


Dur 


(    65     ) 


Ebb 


23eburfni$,  Dlotbuifr,  btebei,  &c,  the  primary 
sense  of  the  root  frrf,  from  trp,  'to  be 
destitute  of,  lack,'  still  appears. 

burr,  adj.,  'dry,  meagre,  barren,' from 
MidHG.  diirre,  OHG.  durri,  '  withered, 
dry,  lean' ;  corresponds  to  Du.  dor,  OLG. 
thurri,  AS.  fiyrre,  Goth,  fratirsus,  'dry' 
(with  regard  to  IIG.  rr,  from  Goth,  rs, 
comp.  irre,  Quite).  From  a  pre-Teut.  adj. 
fiurzu-,  '  dry,  withered,'  which  belongs  to 
a  root  f>urs,  from  pre-Teut.  trs.  As  a  re- 
sult of  the  restriction  of  the  word — pro- 
bably in  primit.  times — to  denote  the  dry- 
ness of  the  throat,  we  have  the  OInd. 
irsUs,  'greedy,  panting,'  and  ModHG.  bur; 
{ten  ;  as  applied  to  the  voice,  or  rather 
speech,  trs  appears  in  Gr.  rpavKbt,  'lisp- 
ing,' for *7paav\6$ (comp.  6av\6s,  'dense,'  for 
*5a.Tv\6s,  Lat.  densus),  and  OInd.  tr$td-s, 
'hoarse,  rough  (of  the  voice).'  With  the 
general  meaning  'dryr'  ModHG.  JDarre, 
bcrrett,  and  their  cognates  are  connected. 

Purff ,  m.,  '  thirst,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  durst,  m. ;  comp.  MidLG. 
and  Du.  dorst,  AS.  fryrst,  E.  thirst ;  Goth. 
paurstei,  f., '  thirst.'  The  final  t  of  the  OHG. 
and  Eng.  words  is  a  deriv.,  as  may  be  inferred 
from  Goth,  pafirseip  mile,  '  I  am  thirsty.' 
The  further  comparisons  made  under  £)aire, 
bcrren,  biiir,  amply  prove  that  the  short 
form  jiors,  from  pre-Teut.  trS,  signifies  '  to 
be  thirsty' ;  comp.  especially  OInd.  trhiaj, 
1  thirsty/  trhid,  f.,  '  thirst,'  trS,  str.  vb*.  (3rd 
pers.  sing.  trSyati,  Goth  fcaurseij?), '  to  pant, 
be  thirsty';  trS&-s,  'panting.' 

Pufcl,  m.,  'dizziness,' simply  ModHG., 
from  LG.  dusel,  'giddiness';  a  genuine 
HG.  word  would  have  had  an  initial  (,  as 
OHG.  tusig,  'foolish,'  6hows  ;  the  latter 
corresponds  to  AS.  dysig,  'foolish,'  ~E^dizzy. 
To  the  root  dus  (dhus),  contained  in  this 


class,  belong  Sfjor,  tfycricfyr,  with  the  genuine 
HG.  t  initially.  A  different  gradation  of 
the  same  root  dus,  from  Aryan  dhus,  ap- 
pears in  AS.  dwtes,  Du.  dwaas,  '  foolish.' 

Pttfi,  m.,  '  dust,  powder,'  simply  Mod 
HG.,  from  LG.  dust;  corresponds  to  E. 
dust  (but  see  further  25unft).  The  final  t  is 
probably  a  deriv. ;  dus,  the  root,  may  be 
the  weakest  form  of  an  Aryan  dhwes ; 
OInd,  dhvas,  dlivahs,  seems  to  have  been 
always  nasalised  ;  it  signifies  '  fly  about  like 
dust,  scatter  dust  when  running  swiftly,' 
which  is  in  harmony  with  the  meaning  of 
JDujl,  'dust.' 

bilflev,  adj.  (unknown  to  UpG.  ?), 
'gloomy,  dismal,  sad/  from  the  equiv.  LG. 
duster,  d-Aster ;  comp  OSax.  thiustri,  AS. 
fceostre,  fipstre,  'dark.'  MidHG.  dinster, 
OHG.  dinstar,  OHG.  finstar,  OSax.  Jinistar 
are  remarkable  parallel  forms  expressing 
the  same  idea  ;  so  too  AS.  peSstru,  '  dark- 
ness.' The  primary  form  may  be  seen  in 
the  stem  of  bammern,  Goth.  *J>imis,  '  twi- 
light,' OInd.  tdmas,  'darkness'  ;  Lat.  tene- 
brae  (for  Hemebrae)  comes  nearest  perhaps 
to  MidHG.  dinster.  f  is  interchanged  with 
f>  in  ftucfef,  AS.  pcecele;  in  the  same  way 
ftufkr  might  be  related  to  dinstar  (from 
JAnstar).  These  guesses  are,  however,  too 
uncertain. 

Pitfc,  Pcufc,  "gitfc,  f.,  'paper  bag, 
screw ' ;  merely  ModHG.  from  LG.  tiite 
(akin  to  Du.  tuit,  'pipe' ?) ;  respecting  the 
LG.  and  Du.  ii  sound,  see  under  SSiife.  In 
Swab,  and  Bav.  the  terms  are  gugge,  gucken. 

Pttfijettb,  n.,  'dozen,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  totzen,  with  an  excrescent 
final  d  (see  3entaub,  Sflcttb)  ;  from  Fr.  dou- 
zaine  (comp.  Ital.  dozzina),  whence  also  E. 
dozen,  Du.  dozijn  ;  ultimately  derived  from 
Lat.  duodecim. 


E. 


§bbcr  f.r  'ebb,'  merely  ModHG.,  bor- 
rowed, like  many  terms  relating  to  the  sea, 
from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  ebb,  ebbe,  f.,  Dan.  ebbe, 
Swed.  ebb,  m.  The  word  is  first  found  in 
AS.,  where  ebba,  m.,  is  the  form  (comp.  E. 
ebb,  whence  also  Fr.  e'be),  nautical  terms 
being  generally  recorded  at  an  earlier  period 
in  that  language  than  elsewhere  ;  comp. 
23eot,  8ecf,  Scbete  (2.),  ©tevcit,  and  SJorb. 
Had  the  OTeut  word  been  preserved  in 
Ger.  we  should  have  expected  OHG.  eppor 


ModHG.  ©We.  It  is  possible  that  the 
word  is  connected  with  the  cognates  of  ebctt 
(©bbe,  lit.  '  leveller,'  ?  '  plain » ?).  Yet  Gbbf, 
from  its  meaning,  is  more  appropriately 
connected  with  Goth,  ibuks,  'backwards, 
back'  (OHG.  ippihh6n,  'to  roll  back'); 
hence  Sbbe  is  lit.  '  retreat' ;  the  connection 
with  eben  (Goth,  ibns)  is  not  thereby  ex- 
cluded. Scand.  has  a  peculiar  word  for 
(Sbbe— ; fjara,  '  ebb,'  fi/rva,  '  to  ebb.'  No 
Goth,  word  is  recorded. 


Ebe 


(    66    ) 


Ehe 


cben,  adj.,  '  even  level,  plain,  smooth,' 
from  MidHG.  then,  OHG.  eban,  adj.,  'level, 
flat,  straight';  common  to  Teut.  under 
these  meanings,  but  it  is  not  found  in  any 
other  Aryan  group ;  comp.  OSax.  eban, 
Du.  even,  AS.  efn,  E.  even,  OIc.  jiifn,  Goth. 
tbns,  'level.'  Akin  perhaps  to  Goth,  ibuks, 
adj.,  '  backward '  (see  (Sbbe  ).  Apart  from 
Teut.  the  stem  ib  in  the  form  ep  or  ebh  has 
not  yet  been  authenticated  ;  Lat.  ckquus 
(Sans,  ika),  cannot,  on  account  of  phonetic 
differences,  be  regarded  as  a  cognate. — 
cben,  adv.,  'even,  just,'  from  MidHG. 
eb*ne,  OHG.  ebano;  comp.  OSax.  ifno,  AS. 
e'fne  (whence  E.  even)  ;  the  old  adv.  form 
of  the  adj.     (Comp.  neben.) 

fSbertbcmm,  ni.,  ' ebony-tree,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  late  OHG.  ehinus, 
adopted  as  a  foreign  word  (still  declined 
after  the  Lat.  method  in  OHG.)  from  Lat. 
ebenus  (Gr.  l^evos). 

(Sbcr,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  eber, 
OHG.  ebar,  m.,  '  wild  boar '  ;  corresponds 
to  AS.  eofor,  m.,  '  wild  boar '  (E.  York  from 
AS.  Eo/ortvic,  lit. '  boar- town  '),  Olc.jgfurr, 
'wild  boar,'  figuratively  'prince'  (&\so  jor- 
bj&ga,  '  a  kind  of  sausage') ;  Goth.  *ibrus, 
*ibarus.  With  the  pre- Teut.  base  epr&s 
some  have  connected  OBulg.  vepri,  m.,  Lat. 
aper,  m.,  'wild  boar.'  Similarly  in  the 
terms  for  tyerfct  and  ©djtveitt,  the  West 
Aryan  languages  only  partially  agree. 

(Sbrtl3,  m.,  '  southern-wood,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  eberilz  (ebereize),  f.,  from 
Lat.  abrotanum  (whence  also  aberrant?,  see 
aber),  but  corrupted  by  connection  with 
(Sber. 

ed)f,  adj.,  'genuine,  real,  legitimate,' 
nimply  ModHG.  adopted  from  MidG.  and 
LG.,  where  echt  is  the  normal  correspondent 
of  MidHG.  and  OHG.  Shaft,  'lawful'; 
comp.  Du.  edit ;  akin  to  OFris.  d/t,  '  law- 
ful' ;  from  (£i)t,  compared  with  which  the 
adj.  has  retained  the  old  meaning  of  (Btyc, 
'  law.'  By  means  of  the  law-books  based  on 
the  Saxon  Code  the  LG.  adj.  found  its  way 
into  HG.,  but  not  until  after  Luther ;  yet  the 
word  does  not  occur  in  the  UpG.  dialects. 

gdt,  n.,  gdte,  f.,  'edge,  corner,'  from 
MidHG.  ecke,  f.  (seldom  neu.),  'edge  of 
weapons,  point,  corner,  brim,'  OHG.  ekka, 
{.,  '  point,  edge  of  a  sword.'  Corresponds 
to  OSax.  eggui,  f., '  edge,  sharpness,  sword,' 
AS.  ecg,  'comer,  point,  edge  (of  a  sword, 
&c),  sword,'  E.  edg;  OIc.  egg,  f.,  'point' ; 
Goth.  *agja,  f.,  is  not  recorded.  The 
meaning  '  point,  sharp  edge,'  which  origi- 


nally was  the  most  prominent  in  the  cog- 
nates (see  also  So,a,e),  recalls  the  develop- 
ment in  ModHG.  Drt.  The  Tent  root 
ag(ah),  pre-Teitt.  ok  (Goth.  agj6-,  from 
Aryan  akya-),  with  the  primary  meaning 
'  pointed,'  is  found  in  very  many  non-Tent, 
languages,  since  ModHG.  &fyre  and  the  non- 
Teut.  words  cited  under  that  word  are 
primit.  allied  to  it,  as  are  also  Lat.  acies,  Gr. 
diets,  '  point,'  both  in  form  ami  meaning. 

{idier,  f., '  acorn,'  simply  ModHG.,  from 
MidG.  and  LG.  ecker,  'acorn,  beech  nut'  ; 
there  is  also  in  UpG.  a  word  *acheren  prim  it. 
allied  and  equiv.  to  Swiss  ach^ram  (Bav. 
akram).  Comp.  the  corresponding  Goth. 
akran,  n.,  '  produce,  fruit  (generally),'  OIc. 
akarn,  n.,  AS.  ozcern,  E.  acorn,  Du.  aker, 
'  acorn.'  Since  the  meaning  '  acorn,  beech- 
nut,' is  a  recent  specialisation  in  compari- 
son with  Goth,  akran,  'produce,  fruit,'  the 
cognates  may  l>e  connected  with  Goth,  akrs, 
HG.  9lcfer,  and  perhaps  also  with  L\t\\, ugn, 
'  berry,' unless  the  latter  is  more  closely 
allied  to  Lat.  uva.  In  any  case  its  kinship 
with  (Sicbe  must  be  denied,  since  the  latter 
would  be  *aiks  in  Goth.  The  mntntion  of 
the  stem  in  ModHG.  and  LG.  Stfer  must  be 
explained  by  a  Goth.  *akrin. 

Cod,  adj.,  'of  noble  birth  or  qualities, 
excellent,  generous,'  from  MidHG.  edel, 
edele,  OHG.  edili  (adal-),  adj.,  '  of  a  good 
family,  noble,  high-minded';  a  deriv.  of 
9lbel,  OHG.  adal.  Comp.  OSax.  eMi 
(aftal-),  'of  a  good  family,  noble,'  from 
atSali,  'noble  family,'  AS.  <eoV«,  'noble, 
distinguished.'    For  details  see  9lbff. 

ggel,  see  3gel. 

{SflflC,  f.,  '  harrow,'  simply  ModHG., 
from  LG.  egge ;  likewise  ffloen  from  LG., 
because  a  corresponding  HG.  word  would 
be  t rff n  or  egett.  The  MidHG.  word  is  egede, 
OHG.  egida,  f.,  '  harrow,'  OHG.  ecken  (par- 
tic,  gi-egit),  '  to  harrow,'  MidHG.  (gen. 
Comp.  L)u.  e:ge,  AS.  ege'&e;  Goth.  *agjan, 
'  to  harrow,'  *agi/>a,  '  harrow,'  are  not  re- 
corded. The  Teut.  root  ag  (eh),  '  to  liar- 
row,'  from  pre-Teut.  ak,  ok,  is  most  closely 
connected  with  Lat.  occa,  '  harrow,'  Lith. 
akeiti, '  to  harrow,'  akeczos, '  harrow,'  OConi. 
out,  W.  oged,  '  harrow.'  The  West  Eur. 
cognates  may  also  be  further  connected 
with  Qidt  (Lat.  acies). 

efye,  adv.,  '  before,'  from  MidHG.  S,  a 
parallel  form  to  ModHG.  eljr,  MidHG.  Sr, 
like  ModHG.  ba  from  bar,  tuo  from  war. 
See  fljer. 

(Sb,e,  f., '  marriage,  wedlock,  matrimony,' 


Ehe 


(    67    ) 


Eic 


from  MidHG.  e,  iwe,  f.,  *  customary  right, 
justice,  law,  marriage,'  OHG.  Swa,  l,  'law, 
marriage?;  corresponds  to  OSax.  io,  m., 
'law,'  Du.  edit,  'marriage'  (from  i-haft, 
see  ed)t),  AS.  tie,  tietv,  {.,  '  law,  marriage.' 
These  West  Tent,  cognates  aiwi-  might  be 
derived  from  aigwl-,  aihwi,  and  connected 
with  Lat.  aequum  (base  aiqo-).  To  this 
there  is  no  objection  from  the  linguistic 
standpoint,  for  it  is  probable  that  the  cog- 
nates similar  in  sound  and  signifying '  time, 
eternity,'  are  totally  different  from  those 
just  quoted  ;  comp  Goth,  aiws,  OHG.  ewa, 
AS.  tie,  tiew,  '  time,  eternity,'  which  are 
allied  to  Lat.  aevum,  aeternus,  Gr.  aldv, 
aUl;  so  too  Sans,  ayas,  'duration  of  life.' 
Yet  the  first  group  might  also  perhaps  be 
connected  with  Sans,  iva,  m.,  'progress, 
course,  procedure,  custom.' 

eber,  er)f ,  adv.,  '  sooner,  earlier,  rather,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  Sr  (e),  'formerly, 
previously,'  compar.  adv.  ;  comp.  Goth. 
uiris,  '  formerly,'  from  air,  '  early,'  also  AS. 
tier,  E.  ere.     See  et;e,  erfh 

erjcrn,  see  @r$. 

(Sr)ni,  see  9l(?n. 

1§t)Xe,  f.,  'honour,'  from  MidHG.  ire, 
OHG.  ira,  f.,  '  honour,  fame,  sense  of 
honour';  corresponds  to  OSax.  ira,  f., 
'  honour,  protection,  pardon,  gift,'  AS.  dr, 
f., '  honour,  help,  pardon '  (drian, '  to  spare, 
pardon '),  OIc.  eir,  {.,  '  pardon,  gentleness.' 
Goth.  *aiza  is  by  chance  not  recorded  ;  it 
is  probably  allied  to  Goth,  ais-tan,  'to 
shun,  respect,' which  is  undoubtedly  primit. 
akin  to  Lat.  aes-tumare,  'to  acknowledge, 
value.'  It  is  probably  connected  with  the 
San?,  root  iS,  '  to  desire,  seek  to  obtain.' 

§i,  m.,  '  egg,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
ei,  n.,  '  egg ' ;  common  to  Teut.  with  the 
same  meaning,  although  Goth.  *addjis,  n. 
(comp.  OIc.  egg),  is  wanting  ;  ada,  however, 
is  found  in  Crim.  Goth.  Comp.  OSax.  ei, 
Du.  ei,  AS.  tiej,  n.  E.  egg  is  borrowed 
from  Scand.  egg.  Between  the  Teut.  aias 
(ajjas),  n.,  'egg,'  and  the  corresponding 
terms  in  the  West  Aryan  languages  there 
is  an  unmistakable  agreement  of  sound, 
although  the  phonetic  justification  for  the 
comparison  has  not  yet  been  found  ;  comp. 
Lat.  drum  (LowLat.  *dvum,  on  account  of 
Fr.  oenf),  Gr.  tj>6v,  OSlov.  jaje,  aje  (from 
the  base  *ejo-l),  Olr.  og,  'egg.'  Arguing 
from  these  cognates,  Teut.  ajjas,  n.,  has 
been  derived  from  e"wjo-,  6wjo-,  and  con- 
nected with  Lat.  avis,  Sans,  vi,  'bird.'  In 
East  Aryan  no  corresponding  word  is  found. 


(pibe,  f.,  'yew,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  twe,  OHG.  iwa,  f.  (MidHG.  also  'a 
yew-tree  bow ') ;  comp.  the  corresponding 
AS.  tw,  e&w,  E.  yew,  and  OIc.  yr,  m., '  yew ' 
(and  'bow').  Goth.  *eiws  is  by  chance 
not  recorded.  Swiss  tche,  tge,  OHG.  tha, 
OLG.  fch,  AS.  eoh,  prove  that  the  word 
had  originally  a  medial  guttural ;  hence 
the  primary  form  Goth.  *eihwa  ?.  From 
the  Teut.  word,  MidLat.  tvus,  Fr.  if,  Span. 
iva,  'yew,'  are  derived.  The  relation  of 
OHG.  twa,  tha,  AS.  tw,  eoh,  to  Olr.  do, 
W.  yw,  'yew'  (Lith.  jevd,  'bird -cherry 
tree,'  OSlov.  iva,  '  willows'),  has  yet  to  be 
determined. 

Cptbirrf),  m.,  'marsh  mallow,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ibische,  OHG.  tbisca,  f.,  '  marsh  mal- 
low, dwarf  mallow ' ;  borrowed  early  from 
the  equiv.  Lat.  ibiscum  (Gr.  ipiaicos). 

(Sid)?,  f.,  '  oak,  oak-tree,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  eich,  OHG.  eih  (hh),  f.  ;  a  term 
common  to  Teut.,  but  by  chance  not  re- 
corded in  Goth.  (*aiks,  f.) ;  comp.  Du.  eek 
(eik),  AS.  dc,  I,  E.  oak.  In  Iceland,  where 
there  are  no  trees,  the  old  word  eik,  f., 
received  the  general  meaning  'tree'  (for  a 
similar  change  of  meaning  see  (§fd)e,  ftcljrf, 
Xamte;  comp.Gr.  dpvs,  'oak,  tree  (generally).' 
The  term  «i/c- is  peculiar  to  Teut.  ;  whether 
it  is  connected  with  OIc.  eikenn,  adj.,  'wild,' 
and  with  the  Sans,  root  ej,  'to  shake,' 
is  undecided. 

(Stcbef,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
eichel,  OHG.  eihhila,  'acorn,  fruit  of  the  oak' 
(corresponding  to  Du.  eikel).  The  form  was 
orig.  a  diminutive  of  @id?e,  '  the  offspring 
of  the  oak,'  as  it  were ;  the  derivative  is 
wanting  in  E.  and  Scand.  (Bfttttt,  ModHG, 
is  not  a  cognate. — {Sid)born,  n.,  'squirrel,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  cichorn,  OHG. 
eihhorn(*eicchorn  according  toSwissetX-xer), 
but  corrupted  at  an  early  period  by  con- 
necting it  with  £eru.  The  primit.  Teut. 
base  cannot  be  discovered  with  any  cer- 
tainty, since  the  word  has  been  trans- 
formed by  popular  etymology  in  all  lan- 
guages. Du.  eekhoren  corresponds  to  the 
HG.  form.  AS.  dc-wern  (earlier  dcweorna), 
'squirrel,'  is  abnormal,  and  apparently  a 
compound  ;  still  more  remote  is  the  equiv. 
OIc.  ikome,  from  eik,  'oak,  tree.'  The 
implied  Goth  (primit.  Teut.)  word  *aika- 
wairna  (*eikawairna)  seems  by  its  forma- 
tion to  resemble  Goth,  widuwairna,  OHG. 
diorna  (see  SDirne) ;  in  that  case  AS.  dc- 
weorna (OIc.  ikorne)  might  be  a  diminutive 
of  aik  (Ik  ?),  '  oak,'  meaning  lit.  '  little  oak- 


Eic 


(    68    ) 


Eig 


animal'?.  Comp.  tlie  diminutive  forms 
HidLat  squiriolus,  ModHQ.  eid^erndjeii, 
OSlov.  vSvcrica.  On  the  other  hand,  somu 
maintain  that  weorn'm  AS.  dcweorna means 
'tail,'  while  others  connect  it  with  Lat. 
viverra,  derived  from  a  North  Europ.  word 
(Lith.  vovere",  OSlov.  veverica).  At  all 
events,  since  tlie  Tent,  cognates  include 
OIc,  AS.,  and  OHG.,  we  need  not  suppose 
the  word  was  borrowed  from  a  Southern 
Horn,  term  ;  Lat.  sciHrus  (Gr.  oidovpos),  Fr. 
ecureuil,  Span,  esquilo  (MidLat.  squiriolus) 
— whence  E.  squirrel — are  too  remote  in 
sound  from  the  Teut  words.  There  is  no 
reason  for  assuming  that  the  Teut.  word 
was  borrowed  from  another  source. 

eidfen,  aid)en,  vb.,  'to  gauge,'  from 
MidHG.  token  (ahten),  '  to  survey,  gauge, 
inspect' ;  akin  to  MidHG.  iche,  tch,  f., 
'measure,  official  standard,  office  of  weights 
and  measures >;  corresponds  to  Du.  ijl; 
'gauge,  stamp,'  ijken,  'to  gauge,  stamp.' 
In  LG  and  MidLG  ilce,  f.,  means  '  gauge 
mark,  instrument  for  gauging,'  generally 
'a  pointed  instrument,  lance/  for  which 
reason  the  cognates  have  been  derived  from 
a  Teut.  root  Ik,  'to  prick.'  Yet  MidHG. 
ahten  points  to  a  connection  with  ahten. 
In  UpG.  pfedjten  (see  $egel)  has  a  parallel 
form  pfedjen.  The  solution  of  the  diffi- 
culty with  regard  to  aidjett  has  not  yet 
been  found.  The  spelling  of  the  word  with 
OBav.  ai  is  also  remarkable,  since  in  Suab. 
and  Bav.  ei  corresponds  to  the  MidHG.  t. 

gtd)f)orn,  see  (5id)e. 

(lib,  m.,  '  oath,  execration,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  eit(d),  OHG  eid,  m,j  a 
word  common  to  Teut.,  but  not  found  in 
the  other  groups ;  Goth,  aifie,  OIc.  et'oV, 
AS.  dp,  E.  oath,  Du.  eed,  OSax.  eth,  m.  • 
for  the  common  Teut.  aipa-z,  from  pre- 
Teut.  6i-to-s  (comp.  Olr.  oelh,  '  oath '),  no 
suitable  cognate  has  yet  been  found.  @fje 
and  its  cognates  are  scarcely  allied  to  it, 
though  (Sifcam  may  be  so. 

(Stoctllt,  m.,  'son-in-law,'  from  MidHG 
eidem,  m., c  son-in-law,'  also '  father-in-law ' 
(comp.  Setter,  <Sd)tt>ager,  33afe,  9?effe,  with 
regard  to  the  fluctuating  meaning),  OHG. 
eidum,  '  son-in-law ' ;  corresponds  to  AS. 
diSum,  OFris.  dthum,  '  son-in-law.'  Goth. 
*aipmus  (?)  is  wanting,  the  word  megs  (see 
SDiage)  being  used.  This  merely  West  Teut. 
term,  the  derivation  of  which  appears  to  be 
similar  to  that  of  Dfjeim,  is  connected  with 
MidHG.  eide,  OHG.  eidl,  Goth,  aipei, 
*  mother.'     It  is  not  impossible  that  it  may 


he  allied  to  @ib  also  ;  comp.  E.  son-in-law. 
In  Sual).  and  Alem.  (Sitam  is  unknown, 
the  word  used  being  £i>d;termanit. 

@ibc,  f.,  'awn,  beard,'  LG.     See  ftfirc. 

(Sibcd)f<;,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Midi  It  I. 
egedehse,  OHG.  (gidehsa,  f.,  'lizard'  ;  like 
(fidjfycut,  the  word  has  been  corrupted  in 
various  ways  in  the  other  languages  of  the 
West  Teut.  group,  so  that  it  is  impossible 
to  discover  its  primary  meaning.  Du. 
haagdis,  hagedis, '  lizard,'  is  based  on  hang, 
'hedge,'  in  MidDu.  eggedisse;  AS.  dp'exe, 
whence  E.  ash,  asher,  '  water-newt,'  is  alto- 
gether obscure.  The  component  OHG. 
-dehsa,  AS.  -p'exe  (to  use  Sdjfen,  '  lizard.-,' 
in  natural  history  as  an  equiv.  term  for 
(Saurter,  '  Saurian.','  is  a  mistake  due  to  a 
wrong  derivation),  may  be  connected  with 
the  Aryan  root  teles,  '  to  make,'  which  ap- 
pears in  5)acb3  ;  OHG.  egi-dehsa,  lit.  '  one 
who  inspires  fear'?.  Comp.  OHG.  <.gi, 
Goth,  agis,  '  fear,'  primit.  cognate  with  Gr. 
dxos>  '  p:dn,  sadness.' 

giber,  (Siberians,  f.,  '  eider-duck,' 
simply  ModHG.  from  LG.  eider;  the  latter, 
like  E.  eider,  eider-diick,  is  from  Ic.  cbpr 
(gen.  cepar),  wpekolla,  'eider-duck'  (Mod. 
Ic.  cb  is  pronounced  like  ei).  Eider-down 
wa3  brought  by  the  Hanse  traders  from 
Iceland  to  England  and  Germany,  and 
from  the  latter  imported  into  Sweden 
(Swed.  ejder,  ejderdun).  To  the  OIc.  depr, 
Sans,  dti-,  '  water-bird,'  may  correspond  ; 
the  latter,  it  is  true,  is  mostly  connected 
with  (Snte ;  comp.  further  Norw.  Adder, 
Swed.  (dial)  Ada,  'eider-duck'  (from  OIc. 
*dpr,  without  mutation). 

(Stfer,  m.,  '  zeal,  fervour,  passion,'  from 
late  MidHG.  ifer,  m.  (ifern,  n.),  'zeal, 
jealousy.'  Tlie  word  appeared  at  a  remark- 
ably late  period  (15th  cent.),  and  its  pre- 
vious history  is  quite  obscure  ;  it  found  its 
way  from  UpG.,  in  connection  with  Luther's 
translation  of  the  Bible,  into  LG.,  Du.,  Dan. 
and  Swed.  Nothing  can  be  adduced  in 
favour  of  the  assumption  that  the  word 
was  borrowed  from  UpG.  eifern.  An  older 
Ger.  adj.,  etfer,  'sharp,  bitter'  (as  late  as 
Logan),  OHG.  eivar,  eibar,  'sharp,  bitter,' 
AS.  dfor,  '  sharp,  bitter,'  might  perhaps  be 
cognate  with  ModHG.  ©ifer. 

citfCtt,  adj.,  '  own,  pertinent,  peculiar, 
odd,'  from  the  equiv.  ModHG.  eigen,  OHG. 
eigan ;  an  adj.  common  to  Teut.;  comp. 
OSax.  igan,  Du.  eigen,  AS.  dgen,  E.  own, 
OIc.  eiginn;  Goth,  used  stcis  for  *aigans. 
The  old  adj.  eigen  is,  as  the  suffix  n  show?, 


Eil 


(    69   ) 


Ein 


prop,  a  partic.  ending  in  -ana-  of  a  vb., 
which  only  appears,  however,  as  a  pret.- 
pres.,  meaning  '  to  possess,'  throughout  the 
Teut.  group  ;  comp.  Goth,  digan,  (dihan), 
OIc.  eiga,  AS.  dgan,  *  to  have'  (E.  to  owe), 
pret.  in  AS.  dhte,  in  E.  ought,  whence  also 
AS.  dgnian,  E.  to  own.  The  Teut.  root 
aig  (aih),  from  pre-Teut.  aik,  preserved  in 
these  words,  has  been  connected  with  the 
Sans,  root  tg,  'to  possess,  have  as  one's 
own,'  the  partic.  of  which,  icdnd-s  (tgdna-s\ 
agrees  exactly  with  HG.  eigan,  Goth. 
*aigans.  In  ModHG.  %xad)t  (which  see) 
we  have  a  suhst.  formed  with  a  dental 
suffix  (Goth,  aihts,  *  property,  possession,' 
OHG.  V 

<Siilano,  n.,  '  isle,'  from  MidHG.  eilant, 
einlant(d),  11.,  'land  lying  by  itself,  island' 
(comp.  MidHG.  eilif,  from  6HG.  einlif,  see 
elf).  (Sin  here  has  the  meaning  'solitary, 
alone,'  as  in  Sinftebter,  (Stttcbe.  E.  island, 
and  Du.  eiland,  are  not  allied  ;  they  belong 
to  Slit ;  see  the  latter. 

eilevt,  vb.,  'to  hasten,  hurry,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  Hen,  OHG.  "den 
(Ulen  from  iljari) ;  akin  to  AS.  tie,  OFris. 
He,  OIc.  il  (gen.  iljar),  '  sole  of  the  foot.' 
If  the  I  be  accepted  as  a  deriv.,  as  it  often 
is  in  other  words,  we  obtain  the  widely 
diffused  root  1,  '  to  go,'  as  the  source  of  the 
cognates  ;  comp.  Gr.  livai,  Lat.  ire,  Sans. 
root  i,  '  to  go,'  OSlov.  iti,  Lith.  eiti,  '  to 
go.'    See  gefyctt. 

etlf,  see  elf. 

§ix\XCY,  m., '  pail,  bucket,'  from  the  Mid 
HG.  eimber,  ein-ber,  m.,  OHG.  eimbar,  ein- 
bar,  m.,  n.,  '  pail ' ;  corresponds  to  OSax. 
Smbar  (immar),  Du.  emmer,  AS.  dmbor,  om- 
bor,  m.,  '  pail.'  Apparently  a  compound  of 
ein-  (Goth,  ains)  and  a  noun  formed  from 
the  root  ber  (Gr.  <pep,  Lat.  fer),  '  to  carry,' 
which  is  discussed  under  93alne,  93uvbe ; 
hence  'a  vessel  to  be  carried  by  one  per- 
son'?, or  rather  '  a  vessel  with  a  handle '  t 
In  reality,  however,  the  words  cited  are 
only  popular  corruptions,  which  were  sug- 
gested by  Qahex  (OHG.  zwi-bar)  as  well  as 
by  OHG.  sumbiriin)  ;  for  undoubtedly 
OHG.  ambar,  AS.  ombor,  are  the  older 
forms,  as  is  also  proved  by  the  borrowed 
words,  OSlov.  aboru,  Piuss.  wumbaris, 
'  pail ' ;  in  that  case  it  would  be  connected 
with  Gr.  &n<t>op&.  Note  too  the  diminutives 
OHG.  amprl  (MidHG.  emmer  1),  AS.  em- 
bren,  '  pail,'  formed  from  OHG.  swnbirt(n). 

em,  nuin  ,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  ein,  '  one,'  also  the  indef.  art.  even 


in  OHG.  and  MidHG.  ;  comp.  OSax.  Sn, 
Du.  etn,  AS.  dn  (E.  one,  as  a  num.  a,  an,  as 
indef.  art.),  OIc.  einn,  Goth.  ains.  The 
num.  common  to  Teut.  for  'one,'  orig. 
ainos,  which  is  primit.  cognate  with  Lat. 
■Anus  (comp.  communis  and  cjemetn,  '  com- 
mon '),  and  also  with  Olr.  6en,  OSlov.  inu, 
Lith.  venas,  Pruss.  ains,  'one.'  From  this 
old  num.,  which  strangely  enough  is  un- 
known to  East  Aryan  (in  which  the  cog- 
nate terms  Sans.  Ska,  Zend  aha,  'one/ 
occur),  Gr.  (dial.)  has  preserved  olv6s,  'one,' 
and  otvt}, '  the  one  on  dice,  ace.'  See  ©ilaub, 
(Sittobe.— einanbev,  'one  another,'  thus 
even  in  MidHG.  einander,  OHG.  (in  the 
oblique  cases)  einander,  pron.,  '  one  an- 
other'— a  senseless  combination  of  the 
nom.  ein  with  an  oblique  case  of  anber  ;  e.g. 
OHG.  sie  sind  ein  anderen  ungellh,  '  they 
are  unlike  one  another'  (lit.  the  one  to  the 
other),  zeinanderen  quedan,  '  to  say  to  one 
another '  (lit.  one  to  the  others),  for  which, 
however,  by  a  remarkable  construction, 
zeinen  einanderen  may  be  used  in  OHG. — 
(Etttbeere,  f., '  one-berry,  true-love,' simply 
ModHG.  ;  the  assumption  that  the  word  is 
a  corruption  of  juniperus  is  not  necessary 
in  order  to  explain  the  word.  Comp.  Ic. 
einer. — gtinfttu,  f.,  '  simplicity,  silliness,' 
from  MidHG.  einvalt,  einvalte  (-velte),  f., 
OHG.  einfaltt,  f.,  '  simplicity,  silliness ' ; 
comp.  Goth,  ainfalpei,  f.,  '  silliness,  good- 
nature ' — an  abstract  noun  from  Goth,  ain- 
faips,  '  silly,'  OHG.  and  MidHG.  einfalt, 
'silly,'  whence  OHG.  einfalttg,  MidHG. 
einveltec,  adj.,  '  silly.'  See  fait. — etttQC- 
ffeifd)f,  see  ftleifdj.— (Smgewcibe,  n., 
'  entrails,  bowels,  intestines,'  from  MidHG. 
ingeweide  (AS.  innop  from  *inwdj>),  it., 
'  bowels,'  for  which  geweide,  n.,  also  mean- 
ing '  food,'  chiefly  occurs ;  ModHG.  ein;  for 
ModHG.  tn, '  within,  inside ' ;  OHG.  weida, 
'  food,  pasture.'  Therefore  Singetveibc  must 
have  meant  lit.  'the  food  that  has  been 
eaten,'  and  afterwards  '  the  organs  at  work 
in  digesting  it' ;  comp.  also  auflnxiben,  'to 
disembowel.'  See  2Beibe. — Ctttig,  adj., 
'  agreed,  sole,  only,'  from  MidHG.  einec(jg), 
OHG.  einag,  adj.,  'sole,  only' ;  a  deriv.  of 
ein.— @mooe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
tincede,  eincete,  einSte,  f.,  '  solitude,  desert,' 
OHG.  eindti,  11.,  '  solitude,  desert.'  By  be- 
ing based  on  obe,  the  MidHG.  and  ModHG. 
word  received  its  present  form  ;  properly, 
however,  -6ti  in  the  OHG.  word  is  a  suffix 
(comp.  #eimat,  SDicnat,  Slrmut)  ;  Goth.  *ain6- 
dm  (comp.  mannisk-6dus,  '  benevolence ')  is 


Ein 


(    70    ) 


Eke 


wanting ;  comp.  AS.  dnad  (from  dndd), 
OSax.  Snddi,  *  desert ' ;  the  suffix  -Sdtis  cor- 
responds to  Lat.  -dtns  (senatvs,  mayi&tra- 
tus). —  outfitm,  adj.,  'lonely,  solitary,' 
pimply  ModHG.  derived  from  ein  and  the 
suflix  of  lancu'am,  roonnefatn,  cljrfam.  See 
jfam. —  Csinftcocl,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  einsidel,  einsidtle  (also  even  tinside- 
Irere),  m ,  OHG.  einsidUo  {einsidillo,  Goth. 
*ainsi J>lja),  '  hermit ; '  an  imitation  of  Gr. 
avaxupyrris,  Lat.  anachoreta,  basing  it  on 
OHG.  sedal,  '  seat.'    See  jtebeln. 

Ctn,  adv.,  '  in,  into,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  in,  adv.,  'in,  into,'  beside  which 
Mill  HG.  and  OHG.  in  with  the  same  mean- 
ing. The  Ion;,'  form  was  derived  from  the 
short,  as  is  proved  by  the  connection  with 
the  cognates  of  in,  which  see. 

etttff,  adv.,  from  the  eqniv.  MidHG. 
einst,  einest,  OHG.  einist,  adv., '  once,  at  one 
time';  an  obscure  deriv.  of  ein;  in  AS. 
denes,  E.  once,  to  which  OHG.  eines,  Mid 
HG.  tines,  'once,  at  one  time,'  also  corre- 
spond. Comp.  OHG.  andnres,  anderist, 
MidHG.  anderes,  anderst,  '  otherwise,'  as 
similar  formations. 

{Shtf racfjf.  f., '  concord,  harmony,  agree- 
ment,' from  tlie  equiv.  late  MidHG.  ein- 
traht,  {.,  which,  however,  belongs,  as  a  Mid 
G.  word,  to  trefen  ;  hence  MidG.  cht  for  ft. 
OHG.  preserves  the  correct  form  eintroft, 
'  simple.'    Comp.  3n>tetrad)t. 

ettt3eln,  adj.  and  adv.  (in  Suab.  and 
Bav.  einzacht),  'single(ly),  sole(ly),  indivi- 
dually),' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  einzel, 
a  modification  of  the  older  and  more  fre- 
quent einHilze,  OHG.  einluzzi,  '  single, 
alone ';  comp.  Thur.,  and  Sax.  eelitzg  (Slizx), 
*  unmarried,'  from  MidHG.  einliitzec  (OHG. 
einluzzo),  '  unmarried.'  The  second  com- 
ponent belongs  to  ModHG.  2co«3  (OHG. 
hlio^an)  ;  OHG.  ein-luzzi,  '  one  whose  lot 
stands  alone.'  Comp.  also  OIc.  einhlitr, 
'single'? 

emfltg,  adj.,  *  only,  sole,  unique,'  from 
MidHG.  einzec,  'single,'  a  developed  form 
of  OHG.  einazzi  (adv.,  einazzim),  the  zz  of 
which  is  deriv.,  as  in  emftfl  (comp.  Gr. 
KpirrrdSios  with  a  cognate  suffix). 

$is,  n.,  'ice,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  ts,  n. ;  a  word  common  to  TeuL  ; 
comp.  Du.  ijs,  AS.  is,  E.  ice,  OIc.  iss,  '  ice ' 
(Goth.  *eisa  is  by  chance  not  recorded). 
Outside  the  Teut.  group  no  term  identical 
with  this  can  be  found.  It  is  still  unde- 
cided whether  it  is  connate  with  (Sifen  (root 
U  '  to  shine '  ?)  or  with  Zend  isi  ('  ice '  ?). 


(Siisbcht,  n.,  a  North  Ger.  word,  from  the 
equiv.  LG.  tsbfn,  MidLG.  Ubin,  'hip-bone' ; 
comp.  Du.  ijsbeen,  isdtbeen,  'the  socket  of 
the  hip-bone,'  AS.  isbdn,  m.  The  first  part 
of  the  compound  seems  to  contain  a  subst. 
isa-,  'gait,  walking,'  which  Sans.  eSa,  m., 
4  hastening  on,'  resembles. 

{St fen,  n.,  'iron,  weapon,  sword,  fetters,' 
from  MidHG.  an  I  MidLG.  isen  (tsern), 
OHG.  Isan,  tsarn,  n., '  iron ' ;  corresponds  to 
Du.  ijzer,  AS.  tsern,  tren,  E.  iron,  OIc.  team, 
Goth,  eisarn,  'iron.'  Its  relation  to  ©is  is 
still  undecided;  it  is  most  closely  connec- 
ted with  Olr.  lam,  '  iron '  (for  *isarno-), 
whence  OIc.  jam  (Dan.  jern)  is  borrowed. 
It  is  less  certain  that  OHG.  ir,  Goth,  aiz, 
Lat.  aes,  '  bronze,'  are  allied  to  it  The 
deriv.  r  of  the  earlier  forms  is  retained  by 
ModHG.  etfern,  which  is  based  on  MidHG. 
tserin,  tserntn,  OHG.  isarnln,  adj.,  'of  iron.' 

eifel,  adj.,  '  vain,  idle,  useless,  void,' 
from  MidHG.  ttel,  adj.,  'empty,  vacant, 
vain,  useless,  fruitless,  pure,  unadulterated,' 
OHG.  Ital,  'empty,  vacant,  vain,  boast- 
ful ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  idal, '  empty, 
invalid,'  Du.  ijdel,  AS.  tdel.  'empty,  use- 
less, worthless,'  E.  idle.  The  orig.  mean- 
ing of  the  adj.  was  probably  'empty' ;  but 
if  we  accept  '  shining'  as  the  primary  sense, 
it  follows  that  the  word  is  connected  with 
Gr.  aldw,  Sans,  root  idh,  '  to  flame.' 

(pjfer,  n.,  'pus,  matter,  suppuration,' 
from  MidHG.  eiter,  OHG.  eitar  (eittar),  n., 
'  poison '  (especially  animal  poison)  ;  Goth. 
*aitra-  is  wanting  ;  an  old  tr  remains  un- 
changed in  HG.  (see  treu,  jtttern).  Comp. 
MidLG.  and  Du.  etter,  AS.  dttor,  attor,  E. 
atter  (? pus,  poison'),  OIc.  eitr,  n.  Also  a 
variant  without  the  suffix  r  (Goth.  *aita-) ; 
comp.  OHG.  and  MidHG.  ei$  (Alem.  eisse, 
Bav.  aiss),  m.,  '  abscess,  ulcer,'  with  a  nor- 
mal permutation  of  t  to  33.  The  Teut. 
root  ait,  'poisonous  ulcer,'  has  been  rightly 
connected  with  the  Gr.  otSos,  n.,  otdfia,  11., 
'swelling,'  olSdw,  'to  swell';  hence  the 
root  is  Aryan  oid. 

(Sltcf,  m.,  '  nausea,  disgust,  aversion,'  a 
ModHG.  word,  which  has  obtained  a  wide 
circulation  through  Luther  (he  used  the 
form  (Scfct;  unknown  in  the  contempora- 
neous UpG.  writings).  A  MidG.  word  with 
obscure  cognates  ;  it  is  perhaps  connected 
with  AS.  dcol,  'burdensome,  troublesome' 
(base  aiklo-),  and  probablv  also  to  LG.  ertern, 
'  to  vex '  (Du.  akelig,  '  terrible,'  E.  ♦  ache  ■  ?). 
The  h  in  UpG.  ljeifet  (Swiss,  heikxd)  may 
be  excrescen  t,  as  in  tjcifd)eru    These  cognates 


Blc 


(    7i    ) 


Ell 


have  probably  110  connection  with  a  Teut. 
root  erk,  '  to  vomit,  nauseare,'  to  which  old 
UpG.  erkele,  'to loathe,'  E.  irksome,  to  irk,a.re 
allied. — {Sfrefnctme,  '  nickname,'  simply 
ModHG.,  in  MidHG.  d-name,  prop.  <  false 
name' ;  from  LG.  cekelname  ;  com  p.  Swed. 
oknamn,  '  nickname,'  OIc.  aukanafn,  '  epi- 
thet, surname '  ;  from  the  Teut  root  auk, 
'  to  increase.'     See  aud). 

(fid),  iSlon,  see  (Slcntier. 

{|tefcmf,  see  (Stfenbeitt. 

elettb,  adj.,  'wretched,  pitiful,  miser- 
able, despicable,'  from  MidHG.  ellende, 
adj.,  '  unhappy,  woful,  living  in  a  foreign 
countr}',  banished,'  OHG.  eli-lenti,  'ban- 
ished, living  out  of  one's  country,  foreign, 
alien,  captive'  ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
di-lendi,  :  alien,  foreign.  To  this  is  allied 
the  abstract  (Slcnb,  n.,  from  MidHG.  ellende, 
OHG.  di-lenti,  n.,  '  banishment,  foreign 
country,'  MidHG.  alsp,  '  want,  distress, 
misery,'  OHG.  also,  '  captivity,'  OSax.  eli- 
lendi,  n,,  '  foreign  country.'  The  primary 
meaning  of  the  adj.  is  'living  in,  born  in 
a  foreign  country '  (comp.  (§lfa{3,  from  early 
MidLat.  Absatia,  from  OHG.  Elisd^o,  lit. 
'incola  peregrinus,' or  'inhabitant  of  the 
other  bank  of  the  Rhine').  Goth.  aJjis, 
'  another,'  is  primit.  cognate  with  Lat  alius, 
Gr.  dXXos  (for  &\jos),  Olr.  axle,  'another'  ; 
comp.  the  corresponding  gen.  OHG.  and 
AS.  elks,  '  otherwise,'  E.  else.  The  pro- 
nominal stem  alja-f  was  even  in  the  Goth, 
period  supplanted  by  an/iara-,  'another.' 
Comp.  Sftecfe. 

glenliev,  n.,also  (Stat,  gtfenb,  m.  and 
n.,  '  elk,'  first  occurs  in  ModHG.  with  an 
excrescent  d  (as  in  SNottb) ;  borrowed  from 
Lith.  dnis,  'elk'  (OSlov.  jeleni,  'stag'), 
with  which  OSlov.  lani,  'hind'  (from 
*olnia),  is  primit.  allied.  From  the  Mod 
HG.  word  Fr.  dan,  '  elk,'  is  derived.  The 
genuine  OG.  term  for  (Slen  is  ($ld)  (E.  elk); 
comp.  MidHG.  elch,  like,  m.,  OHG.  elaho, 
AS.  eolh,  OIc.  elgr.  The  last  word  (origi- 
nating in  algi-)  is  termed  alces  in  Caesar's 
Bell.  Gall,  with  which  Iiuss.  losi  (from 
OSlav.  *olsi1)  is  also  remotely  connected. 
Perhaps  OG.  (Sldj  facilitated  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Lith.  word. 

^If,  m.,  simply  ModHG.  borrowed  in 
the  last  century  from  the  eqniv.  E.  elf 
(comp.  £alle,  #eim)  ;  also  ModHG.  ©Iff, 
f.  ;  for  further  references  see  Sl(p.  The 
MidHG.  elbe,  dbinne,  f.,  shows  that  a  cor- 
responding ModHG.  would  have  6  in  place 
off. 


elf,  et(f,  num., '  eleven,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  eilf,  eilif,  einlif,  OHG.  einlif;  a 
term  common  to  Teut.  for '  eleven.'  Comp. 
OSax.  illetan  (for  inlibari),  AS.  dndleqfan, 
endleofan  (for  dnleofan),  E.  eleven,  OIc.  ellifu, 
Goth,  ainlif.  A  compound  of  Goth,  ains, 
HG.  ein,  and  the  component  -lif  in  3»iHf 
(Goth,  ttcalif).  In  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages only  Lith.  has  a  corresponding  for- 
mation ;  comp.  Lith.  v'enOlika,  '  eleven,' 
twy.lika,  '  twelve,'  lry.'ika,  keturiblika  (and 
so  on  up  to  nineteen) ;  the/of  the  Ger.  word 
is  a  permutation  of  k,  as  in  2Dolf  (Xtkos). 
The  signification  of  the  second  component, 
which  is  met  with  in  Teut.  only  in  the 
numbers  (If  and  jnjclf,  is  altogether  uncer- 
tain. Some  have  derived  the  compound, 
upon  which  the  Lith.  and  Teut.  words  are 
based,  from  the  Aryan  root  h'k,  '  to  remain 
over '  (*ee  tetljen),  or  from  the  Aryan  root 
lip  (see  Meifeen),  and  regarded  elf  as  'one 
over.' 

(SIfenbem,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
helfenbein,  OHG.  helfanbein,  n.,  '  ivory,' 
but  based  anew  on  (Slefcmt.  How  the  word 
came  b  the  initial  h  (AS.  ylpendbdn),  which 
is  also  ound  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  helfant 
(also  less  frequently  elfant,  equiv.  to  AS. 
ylpend),  '  elephant,'  is  not  known.  It  is 
possible  that  the  excrescent  h  at  the  begin- 
ning is  due  to  the  word  being  connected 
with  fyelfeit  (in  the  Middle  Ages  special 
healing  qualities  were  ascribed  to  ivory). 
Perhaps  the  word  was  obtained  not  from 
Romance,  but  from  the  East,  from  Byzan- 
tium (Gr.  i\£<pai>T-)  ;  for  the  word  would 
probably  correspond  to  Lat.  (ebur]  eboreus 
had  it  been  introduced  into  Ger.  through  a 
Romance  medium.  Comp.  Ital.  avorio,  Fr. 
ivoire,  '  ivory,'  Du.  ivoor,  E.  ivory  (yet  also 
Span,  marjil,  Port,  marfim). — With  regard 
to  the  meaning  of  the  second  part  of  the 
compound  (53ein,  lit.  '  bone '),  see  SSein. 

(§(te,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  die, 
ele,  eln,  elne,  OHG.  elina  (and  elin),  f. '  ell ' ; 
corresponding  to  Goth,  aleina  (wrongly 
written  for  *alina1),  OIc.  qln,  AS.  eln,  f., 
E.  ell,  Du.  el,  elle  ;  all  these  words  signify 
'  ell,'  which  is  derived  from  the  lit.  mean- 
ing '  fore-arm '  (comp.  gufj,  ©panne,  Jtlafter, 
as  standards  of  measure).  The  word  in  the 
form  Sliud  is  also  preserved  in  other  Aryan 
languages.  Comp.  Gr.  <L\imj,  'elbow,  arm,' 
Lat.  ulna,  'elbow,  arm,  ell,'  Olr.  uile,  Sans. 
aratni,  OSlov.  lakutl  (from  *olk&i{),  Lith. 
6lekti*  (ulektii),  'elbow,  ell,'  are  more  re- 
mote ;    they  also  contain,   however,  the 


Ell 


(    72 


Eng 


common  Aryan  6le-  (whence  too  SUjtf?). 
From  the  Teut.  *alina  the  Romance  cog- 
-Ital.  ahia  (Ft.  aune) — are  borrowed. 
— gllenbogou,  gUbOQCW,  m.,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  eflenboge,  elenboge,  OHG. 
e'inbogo,  m.,  '  elbow.'  Comp.  Du.  elleboog, 
AS.  e.lnboga,  m.,  E.  e^iow,  OIc.  glnboge,  nu, 
'  elbow,'  lit.  '  bend  of  the  arm.' 

gjller,  see  ©rle.— glfcbeere,  similarly. 

(Slrtfjje,  f.,  'minnow,'  akin  to  MidHG, 
and  OHG.  erlinc.     See  fftfe 

(Slffer,  f.  (in  Swiss  cegtrSt,  on  the  Mid- 
Rhine  atzel,  Suab.  /itfte  and  kteger$\  '  mag- 
pie,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  egclster,  agel- 
stcr,  aglaskr,  OHG.  aglastra,  f.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  OLG.  agastria,  LG.  dgster, 
Du.  eXsfer,  aakster,  '  magpie.'  Its  origin  is 
altogether  dubious  ;  -striCn  seems  here,  as 
sometimes  in  other  cases,  to  be  a  fem.  suffix. 
The  meaning  of  the  base  ag-ul-  may  have 
already  been  '  magpie,'  as  is  indicated  by 
OHG.  agazza,  'magpie'  (hence  ModHG. 
atzel  for  agze-l;  comp.  5Bli|,  Senj,  {Jhtnjcl), 
AS.  09a,  'magpie.'  From  the  OTeut. 
(type  *agatja),  Ital.  gazza,  and  Fr.  agace, 
are  derived. 

(Stfent,  plur.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(seldom  occurs)  eltern,  altern,  plur.,  OHG. 
eltiron,  (altrori),  plur.,  'parents';  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  elliron,  Du.  ouders,  ouderen, 
AS.  yldran,  OFris.  aldera,  '  parents ' ;  the 
plur.  of  the  compar.  of  alt  used  as  a  subst. 
in  West  Teut.  only.  In  AS.  the  corre- 
sponding sing,  yldra  in  AS. denotes  'father.' 
For  a  similar  evolution  of  meaning  comp. 
£<rr,  Sunder. 

empfcmgett,  empfmben,  see  nth. 

cmpor,  adv., '  upwards,  aloft,' from  Mid 
HG.  enbor,  enbore,  adv.,  '  into  or  in  the 
heights';  OHG.  inbore,  in  bore,  with  the 
same  meaning  ;  a  combination  of  the  prep. 
in  with  the  dat.  of  OHG.  and  MidHG.  bor, 
'upper  space'  (OHG.  also  'summit'),  the 
origin  of  which  is  obscure.  It  scarcely  be- 
longs to  the  root  ber,  '  to  carry '  (in  93aftre) ; 
more  probably  to  entperm.  The  p  of  the 
ModHG.  word  is  based  on  an  early  ModHG. 
medium  form  entbdr,  from  which  ettfyct, 
entpor,  must  have  been  produced. 

CUtporcn,  vb., '  to  excite,  enrage,  (refl.) 
to  revolt,'  from  MidHG.  enbceren,  OHG. 
(occurs  only  once)  anab&ren,  '  to  raise '  ; 
akin  to  MidHG.  Mr,  m.,  'defiance,  revolt.' 
The  origin  of  the  cognates  is  uncertain, 
because  it  is  difficult  to  determine  whether 
the  r  is  primitive  or  whether  it  is  by  a  later 
change  based  upon  s  (z) ;  with  bor,  '  upper 


space' — see   empcr — there   seems  to   be  a 
connection  by  gradation  of  u  to  auj 
JIG.  bcfe  (OHG.  Msi)  is  not  allied. 

cmfig,  adj.,  'busy,  active,  assiduous, 
industrious,'  from  MidHG.  $my.c,  em^c, 
OHG.  pnaftig,  emi^ig  (also  with  tz),  '  con- 
stant, persistent,  continuous';  Suab.  and 
Alem.  have  fhijjig,  instead  of  the  non-exis- 
tent cmftij.  A  derivative  by  means  of  the 
suffix  -ig  from  OHG.  emiy,  whence  Mid 
HG.  eme^iche.  Its  connection  with  SJiujje 
is  questionable,  since  a-  as  an  accented 
prefix  is  not  to  be  found.  AS.  cemetig, 
emtig,  '  free,  empty,'  E.  empty,  is  not  allied. 
With  greater  probability,  the  West  Teut. 
term  for  'ant'  (see  Slineife)  is  related  to 
entity. 

fSnbe,  n.,  '  end,  aim,  termination,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  ende,  OHG.  enti,  m., 
n. ;  corresponds  to  OSax.  $ndi,  m.,  Du. 
einde,  AS.  ende,  m., E.  end,  OIc.  ender,  ende, 
m.,  Goth,  andeis,  m.,  'end.'  The  common 
Teut.  stem  andja-,  from  pre-Teut.  antyu-, 
is  closely  connected  with  Sans,  dnta-s,  in., 
'  boundary,  end,  edge,  border,'  Olr.  it 
(from  anto-  ?),  *  end,  point' 

(Sn&hrie,  f.,  'endive,'  early  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  MidLat-. 
and  Rom.  endivia  (Lat.  intibus). 

eng,  adj.,  '  narrow,  close,  strait,  con- 
fined,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  Mid 
LG.  enge,  OHG.  pigi,  angi;  corresponds 
to  Goth,  aggwus,  OIc  frigr  (seldom  qngr), 
*  narrow,'  Du.  eng;  from  the  Tent,  root 
ang,  Aryan  angh,  preserved  also  in  Shtgjr. 
Comp.  Lat.  angustus,  angnstice,  angere  (see 
also  fringe),  as  well  as  Sans,  anlrfi,  '  narrow,' 
unhas,  n.,  'narrowness,  chasm,  oppression,' 
OSlov.  qziiku,  'narrow,'  Gr.  &yxu,  'to 
strangle,'  Armen.  anjiJ;^  If.  cum-ung, 
'  narrow.' 

{Sngel,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
engel,  OHG.  eng\l,  angil,  m.,  '  angel ' ;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  engil,  Du.  engel,  AS. 
engel  (but  E.  angel  is  borrowed  from  the 
OFr.  angele),  OIc.  engell,  Goth,  aggilus,  m., 
1  angel.'  The  cognates  which  are  diffused 
throughout  Teut.  are  borrowed  from  the 
ecclesiastical  Lat.  angelus,  or  more  pro- 
bably from  Gr.  &yye\os,  'angel.'  How  they 
were  borrowed  cannot,  it  is  true,  be  dis- 
covered with  any  certainty  (comp.  Seufcl). 

(Sngerling,  m.,  'grub  of  the  cock- 
chafer,' from  iMidHG.  engerlinc,  MidHG. 
OHG.  engerinc(g),  m.,  'coin-weevil,'  a  rk-- 
rivative  of  OHG.  angar,  angari,  MidHG. 
anger,  enger,  'corn-weevil';  scarcely  con- 


Enk 


(    73    1 


Ent 


nected  directly  with  eitije.  It  is  more 
probable  that  Lith.  anksztirai,  '  measles 
(of  swine),  cockchafer  grabs,'  Pol.  wyjry, 
*  measles  (of  swine),'  are  primit.  cognates. 

(girtfte,  m.  (unknown  to  UpG.),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  enke,  m.,  '  farm  servant, 
hind,'  OHG.  encho,  *ancheo  (*ankjo\  m., 
'servant';  corresponds  only  to  OFris, 
inka  and  LG.  enke,  *  servant.'  It  is  uncer- 
tain whether  the  word  is  primit.  cognate 
with  Lat.  ancilla,  *  maid  -  servant,'  since 
Lat.  c  would  be  normally  changed  into  LG, 
h  or  g;  perhaps,  however,  it  is  based  on 
the  Aryan  root  ank  or  ang. 

£ttfccl(l.),  m.,  'ankle,'  from  MidHG, 
qnlcel,  m.,  OHG.  e,nchil,  anchal,  m. ;  nume- 
rous prim  it.  variants  obscure  the  etymology. 
OIc.  qkkla,  n.,  AS.  q.ncleow,  n.  (E.  ankle), 
MidDu.  anclau,  OHG.  anchldo,  'ankle- 
bone,'  seem  to  be  modifications  of  the 
primary  form,  but  do  they  suggest  any 
connection  with  JUaue  (comp.  AS.  ondcleOw 
with  oncleOw)  ?.  There  is  a  difficulty  in 
determining  the  relation  of  OHG.  eixchil, 
anchal,  to  anchldo,  and  their  further  con- 
nection with  MidHG.  anke,  m.,  'joint  of 
the  foot,  nape'  (even  now  Slnfe  in  UpG. 
and  MidG.  dialects  is  the  term  for  'nape, 
neck '),  OHG.  enclia,  f.  (from  ankia), '  thigh, 
tibia'  (Fr.  anche,  'reed,  mouthpiece'). 
Perhaps  allied  to  Sans  <itt(/a,  'limb,'  aiiguri, 
'  finger.' 

(Sltftel  (2.),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
enenkel,  eninkcl,  m.,  late  OHG.  eninchilt(n), 
n.,  'grandson.'  Since  even  in  MidHG. 
the  forms  gnikel  and  qnikliii  appear,  Mod 
HG.  (Snfel  is  most  closely  connected  with 
a  form  cnekel,  in  which  the  medial  e  was 
syncopated.  The  termination  inkltn  is 
frequently  found  as  a  diminutive  fuffix  ; 
comp.  AS.  scipincel,  '  small  ship,'  lipincel, 
'  small  limb,'  OHG.  le.wincliiU(n),  '  small 
lion,'  huoninchili(n),  'chicken.'  Hence 
OHG  piinchill  is  a  diminutive  of  9ll)n, 
OHG.  ano  (Goth.  *ana,  gen.  *anin-s), 
'  grandfather,'  and  signifies  lit.  'little 
grandfather,  grandfather's  child';  comp. 
the  similar  evolution  of  meaning  in  Lat. 
avunculus  (see  JDIjcim).  In  the  non-Teut. 
languages  there  is  probably  another  corre- 
sponding term  besides  the  word  cited  under 
9ll)tt—  OSlov.  viinukii,  'grandson.' 

cnfs,  prefix,  '  forth,  from,  out,  away,' 
from  MidHG.  ent-,  OHG.  int-,  an  un- 
accented prefix  corresponding  to  the  ac- 
cented ant-,  which  is  of  the  same  ori- 
gin.    In  words  with  initial  /,  ent-  even 


in  MidHG.  becomes  emp-,  hence  entpfait- 
<jen  (from  fangctt),  cntpfiufccti  (from  ftnbni), 
empfeljten  (fcefeljten),  OHG.  int-fdhan,  int- 
Jindan,  *intfelhan.  The  meaning  of  the 
prefix  belongs  to  grammar. — enfbef)rett, 
vb,,  from  MidHG.  cnbern,  OHG.  (int-1) 
inberan,  *  to  do  without,  want' ;  a  corre- 
sponding vb.  is  wanting  in  the  OTeut. 
dialects.  The  meaning  of  OHG.  in-beran- 
can  hardly  be  deduced  from  beran,  '  to 
carry  '  (see  93afyre,  gefcarcn,  SBfivbc) ;  whether 
it  is  connected  wiili  fcaar,  OSlov.  bosit,  from 
an  Aiyan  root  bhes,  *  to  be  empty,'  remains 
uncertain,  because  the  prefix  has  no  very 
definite  meaning,  and  because  no  other 
verb  from  this  root  has  been  found. 

gltf  C,  f.,  'duck,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ente  (for  *enete),  ant  (plur.  e,nte),  OHG.  anut, 
enit,  f.  ;  a  term  common  to  Teut.  ;  comp. 
MidLG.  anet(d\  Du.  eend,  AS.  amed,  OIc. 
qnd,  f.,  '  duck.'  The  assumed  Goth,  form 
*anu}>s  points  to  a  primit.  kinship  with  Lat. 
anat-,  'duck,'  with  which  some  have  also 
connected  Sans,  dti  (see,  however,  ©iter),  as 
well  as  OSlov.  ati,  Lith.  dntis,  *  duck.'  For 
the  E.  term  'duck'  (AS.  dike),  see  taucfycn). 
— (pttf  eridj  (Suab.  antrecht),  m.,  *  drake,'  a 
modification  of  MidHG.  antreche,  OHG. 
antrahho  (Dan.  andrik) ;  probably  the  cor- 
rect form  is  *anutlrahho'\.  In  LG.  simply 
£>rafe,  equiv.  to  E. drake,  which  has  certainly 
nothing  to  do  with  5)rad)e,  '  dragon,'  Lat. 
draco.  Other  terms  for  drake  are  LG.  erpel 
in  Pomerania,  weddik  in  Mecklenburg,  and 
wart  in  Holstein,  all  of  obscure  origin. 
Note  further  Swiss  and  Bav.  (Sntvccjcl  for 
Gntterid). 

Cttf  ent,  vb.,  '  to  board  (a  ship),'  simply 
ModHG.,  formed  like  Du.  enteren,  from 
Span,  entrar  (Lat.  intrare). 

cnfftCftCtt,  adv.,  'against,  in  opposition, 
towards,'  from  MidHG.  engegen,  OHG.  in- 
gegin,  and  ingagan,  ail  v.  and  prep., 'toward*, 
against' ;  comp.  OSax.  angegin,  AS.  ongedn, 
E.  again;  see  flcgen. — cntrflftcf,  'exaspe- 
rated, irritated,'  partic.  of  MidHG.  entriisrev, 
'  to  take  off  one's  armour,  to  disconcert'  (Du. 
and  LG.  ontrusten, '  to  disturb ') ;  see  rtijhit. 
— entfei$et\,  '  to  displace,  depose' ;  (refl.) 
'  to  be  shocked,  terrified,'  from  MidHG.  ent- 
s$tzen,  '  to  lay  aside,  disconcert,  be  afraid,' 
from  MidHG.  entsitzen,  OHG.  intsizzen,  'to 
lose  one's  seat,  fear,  terrify,'  Goth,  andsitan, 
'  to  shun,  fear.' 

cnftDC&cr,  particle,  'either,'  from  Mid 
HG.  eintweder,  an  uninflected  neu.,  corre- 
sponding 03  a  disjunctive  particle  to  an 


Eph 


(    74    ) 


Erf 


oDct  following  ;  in  MidHG.  eintueder,  is 
mostly  a  pron.  (sometimes  with  oder  follow- 
ing, '  one  of  two,'  corresponding  to  OHG. 
ein-de-weder  (*ein-dih-wedar),  '  one  of  two'  ; 
see  jpcber.  The  origin  of  the  OHG.  de-  is 
obscure  ;  see  feitt. 

(Spljeu,  m.,  'ivy,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  ephbu,  ebehou,  OHG.  ibahewi,  n.  ;  even 
at  the  present  day  the  word  is  pronounced 
Gp4fU  in  UpGer.  dialects  (Franc,  Suab., 
and  Alem.),  partly  corrupted  to  flidbj^cu, 
while  the  ModHG.  pronunciation  has  been 
influenced  by  the  written  language.  Of 
course  it  is  impossible  to  say  positively 
whether  £eu  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  second 
component,  especially  as  the  other  forms 
are  difficult  to  explain.  OHG.  has  also 
ebawi,  ebah,  AS.  tfig,  E.  ivy,  MidLG.  tflSf, 
twldf,  Du.  eiloof,  'ivy.'  The  base  of  the 
cognates  seems  to  be  a  common  Teut.  iba- ; 
yet  no  definite  clue  can  be  found. 

(f ppid),  m.,  '  celen',  parsley,'  with  LG. 
consonants,  from  MidHG.  epfich,  OHG. 
epflh,  n.,  which  are  preceded  by  the  shorter 
forms,  MidHG.  epfe,  effe,  OHG.  epfi,  n. 
This  word,  like  other  names  of  plants  con- 
nected with  horticulture  and  cookery,  was 
borrowed  previous  to  the  OHG.  period  (see 
Mcfyl)  from  Lat. ;  the  original  word  in  this 
instance  is  apium,  which  denotes  a  species 
of  umbelliferous  plants,  comprising  parsley, 
celery,  &c.  ;  only  in  Mod  11 G.  has  (Sppicfy 
been  confused  in  meaning  with  (fpfatt. 

er,  pron.,  'he,  it,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  er,  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Goth. 
is,  from  a  pronom.  stem  of  the  third  person 
i-j  comp.  Lat.  t-s(Lat.  id,  Goth,  ita,  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  e'3,  ModHG.  eg).  Akin  to  the 
Sans,  pronom.  stem  i-. 

er*,  prefix,  signifying  '  transition,  begin- 
ning, attaining,'  from  MidHG.  er-,  OHG. 
ir,  ar,  ur-,  the  unaccented  verbal  prefix 
from  the  accented  ur-.     See  the  latter. 

1§vbe,  n.,  'heritage,  inheritance,'  from 
MidHG.  erbe,  OHG.  erbi,  arbi,  n.,  'inherit- 
ance'; a  word  common  to  Teut.;  comp. 
the  equiv.  Goth,  arbi,  AS.  yrfe  (obsolete  in 
E.),  Du.  erf,  OSax.  ertii.  Akin  to  (Erbe,  m., 
'  heir,  inheritor,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
erbe,  OHG.  erbo,  arbeo  (Goth,  arbja),  m. 
With  the  Teut.  root  arbh, '  to  inherit,'  some 
have  connected  the  Olr.  comarpi,  'joint 
heirs,'  and  Gr.  6p<pav6s,  Lat.  orbus,  '  or- 
phaned,' Armen.  orb,  '  orphan ' ;  (Srbe,  lit. 
orphan'?. 

grbfe,  f., '  pea,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
anweiy  erweiy  ericiy  f.,  OHG.  arawei$,  ar- 


wiy  f.  ;  corresponding  to  OLG.  erit,  Du. 
erwt,  ertf  OIc.  ertr,  plur.  The  cognate-t 
are  probably  borrowed,  as  is  indicated  by 
the  similarity  in  sound  to  Gr.  ipipwOoz  and 
6pofioi,  'chick-pea'  (see  Sllmofen) ;  comp. 
also  Lat.  ervum,  '  bitter  vetch,'  akin  to  the 
equiv.  AS.  earfe.  Direct  adoption  from 
Gr.  or  Lat.  is  impossible  ;  the  way  it  wa< 
introduced  cannot  be  discovered.  Probably 
(Stbfe  is  one  of  the  words  which  Gr.  and 
Teut.  have  obtained  from  the  same  source, 
as  in  the  case  of  -§anf.  In  Eng.,  Lat  pisum 
(Fr.  pois)  was  adopted  for 'pea'  early  in 
the  AS.  period  ;  comp.  AS.  peose,  pise,  E. 
pease  (and  pea). 

(fra)fag,  Bav.,  see  aMenStag. 

(Srbe,  (.,  '  earth,  ground,  soil,  world,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  erde,  OHG.  erda, 
f. ;  a  word  common  to  Teut. ;  comp.  Goth. 
airpa,  OIc.  jgr'S,  AS.  eorSe,  E.  earth,  Du. 
aarde,  OSax.  ertha,  f.,  'earth.'  To  the 
dental  derivative  er-J>6-,  OHG.  ero,  'earth,' 
also  belongs  ;  so  too  Gr.  tpa$e,  '  to  earth,' 
and  perhaps  Lat.  arvum, '  arable  land '  (  AS. 
eard),  as  well  as  the  old  Aryan  root  ar, 
'to  plough';  see  Slcfer,  Slrt.— gtbbeere, 
f.,  'strawberry,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ertber,  OHG.  ertberi,  n.  ;  perhaps  not  really 
a  compound  of  (Stbe,  but  of  OSax.  erda, 
'  honey-flower,  common  balm';  yet  Swed. 
jordbar,  tells  in  favour  of  a  compound  of 
(§rbe. 

etbxoffeltl,  see  £>roffet  (2). 

(preignts,  n., '  event,  occurrence,'  for  an 
earlier  erougiiis  from  MidHG.  erbugen,  OHG. 
ir-ougen,  '  to  show.'  OHG.  ougen,  Goth. 
augjan,  '  to  show,'  are  derivatives  of  Sluc^e. 
Hence  erougnis  means  lit. '  what  is  shown, 
what  can  be  seen.'  The  spelling  Sreionis, 
found  even  in  the  16th  cent.,  was  due  to 
the  corruption  of  a  word  no  longer  under- 
stood. 

evfafyretl,  vb.,  '  to  experience,  come  to 
know,  learn,  undergo,'  from  MidHG.  er- 
varn,  'to  travel,  inquire,  investigate,  pro- 
claim ' ;  akin  to  faljren.— erQot$en,  erge- 
lien,  vb.,  '  to  delight,'  from  MidHG.  erge:- 
zen,  '  to  cause  to  forget  (espec.  grief),  com- 
pensate for'  ;  factitive  of  MidHG.  ergey 
yn,  '  to  forget.'  See  tter^effen. — erfyaben, 
adj.,  '  sublime,  exalted,  superior  to,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  erhaben,  which  is  pro- 
perly a  partic.  of  MidHG.  erheben, '  to  raise 
aloft.'— erittttcrn,  vb.,  'to  remind,  ad- 
monish,' (refl.)  '  to  recollect,  remember,' 
from  MidHG.  innern,  inren,  '  to  remind, 
inform,  instruct,'  akin  to  inner. 


Erk 


(    75    ) 


Erw 


1§xker,  m.,  '  bow,  projection  (of  a  build- 
ing), balcony,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHQ. 
arker,  erker,  in.  ;  the  latter  u  formed  from 
MidLat.  arcora  (a  late  plur.  of  Lit.  arcus, 
'bow')?. 

evlctuben,  earlier  erf  euben,  vb., '  to  allow, 
permit,  grant,'  from  MidHG.  erlouben  (er- 
leuben),  OHG.  irlouben  (irlouppen),  '  to 
allow ' ;  comp.  Goth,  uslaubjan, '  to  permit, 
grant,,'  AS.  dlfifan.  Tlie  original  meaning 
of  erfaubeit,  like  that  of  gfauben,  is  '  to  ap- 
prove,' which  is  also  inherent  in  the  Teut. 
root  lub,  upon  which  the  word  is  based 
(comp.  gob,  fieb,  ©(aube,  which  are  connected 
by  gradation  of  the  root  lub,  Hub,  laub). 
An  old  abstract  of  ertauben  appears  in  Mod 
HG.  ttrtauft. 

erlattc^f ,  adj.,  *  illustrious,  noble,'  from 
MidHG. erlinht  (with  a  MidG.  vowel  erWit), 
'illuminated,  famous';  a  particof  erliuhten. 
See  leucf/ten  and  fSurcf/laut. 

(Srle,  f.,  '  alder,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  erle,  OHG.  e.rila,  elira  (to  this  is  allied 
ModHG.  (Strife  'minnow,'  OHG.  erlinc,\\t. 
'elder  fish'?).  Comp.  LG.  eller,  Du.  els 
(ModHG.  (Slcbccre,  '  wild  service-berry '), 
AS.  alor,  E.  alder,  OIc.  qlr,  elrer,  elrej 
Goth.  *alisa  (*aluza)  appears  in  Span,  alisa, 
'  alder,'  Fr.  alize, '  wild  service-berry.'  The 
change  of  the  orig.  OHG.  elira  to  erila  is 
analogous  to  Goth.  icairil6s  compared  with 
AS.  weleras,  'lips'  (see  (Sfjtg).  Cognates 
of  (Srle,  like  those  of  93ud)e,  S3irfe,  &c,  are 
found  in  the  non-Teut.  languages.  Comp. 
OSlov.  jelicha,  Lat.  alnus  (for  *alsnus), 
•alder.'    Comp.  lUme. 

^rntcl,  m.,  '  sleeve,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ermel.  OHG.  ermilo,  armilo,  m. ; 
diminutive  of  Slrut.  Comp.  the  diminutive 
form  of  %<x\\$,  MidHG.  viustelinc,  'mitten,' 
also  MidHG.  vingerlin,  'ring  (worn  on  the 
finger),'  dimin.  of  Singer,  E.  thimble,  dimin. 
of  thumb. 

{Srnfi ,  m., '  earnestness,  seriousness,  grn- 
vity,'  from  MidHG.  ernest,  m.,  OHG.  emust, 
n.,  f.,  '  contest,  earnest,  decision  of  charac- 
ter'  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  ernst,  AS.  e»r- 
nost,  'duel,  earnest,'  E.  earnest;  the  suffix 
-n-ust  as  in  SMenft ;  see  also  Slttflft.  Akin 
also  to  OIc.  orrosta,  'battle' ;  the  stem  er 
{erz  1,  ers  ?)  is  not  found  elsewhere  with  a 
similar  meaning  ;  the  evolution  in  mean- 
ing resembles  that  of  Jfampf,  Jfriecj.  The 
cognates  in  other  Aryan  languages  are  un- 
certain.— The  adj.  ernft,  simply  ModHG., 
is  represented  by  Srnesthaft  in  MidHG.  and 
by  ernusthaft  and  ernuslltch  in  OHG. 


(Sfttf C,  f., '  harvest,'  from  the  equiv.  M»d 
HG.  erne,  f.,  like  ModHG.  J&uftf,  from  tbfl 
equiv.  MidHG.  hiiffe,  plur.  of  Am/;  MidHG. 
erne  (Franc,  and  Alem.  Urn),  a  plur.  used 
as  a  sing.,  is  related  similarly  to  OHG.  araii, 
'  harvest,'  which,  like  Goth,  asans,  '  har- 
vest, autumn,'  is  connected  with  a  root  as, 
'  to  work  in  the  fields,'  widely  diffused  in 
OTeut.  Comp.Goth.#s?im(OHG.gs>ii,AS. 
gsnfi),  'day-labourer,'  OIc.  qnn  (from  *aznu), 
f., '  work,  season  for  tillage' ;  akin  to  OHG. 
arndn,  'to  harvest'  (AS.  e<irnia»,  equiv. 
to  E.  to  earn,  OIc.  drnal),  MidHG.  asten, 
1  to  cultivate.'  Probably  Lat.  anntma  (for 
*as»6na),  'produce  of  corn,'  belongs  to  the 
Teut.  root  as. 

erobern,  vb.,  'to  conquer,  win,'  from 
MidHG.  er-obern,  *  to  excel,  conquer,'  allied 
to  ober,  fiber. — erdrfcrn,  vb.,  'to  discuss, 
determine,'  formed  from  late  MidHG.  in- 
tern, ortern,  '  to  examine  thoroughly,'  from 
MidHG.  ort,  'beginning, end.' — crqutcnctt, 
vb.,  'to  revive,  refresh,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  erqiu'cken,  'to  reanimate,  wake 
from  the  dead,'  OHG.  ir-quicchan ;  allied 
to  fecf,  €luecf  fUber,  rerqutcfen.—  erfd)uf  fern, 
see  ©cfyutt. 

erft,  adj.,  'first,'  from  MidHG.  Srst, 
OHG.  irut,  '  the  first ' ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  Srist,  AS.  chest, '  the  first' ;  superlat. 
of  the  compar.  form  cited  under  efyer.  Goth. 
airis,  adv.,  formerly,'  airiza,  '  predecessor, 
ancestor,'  OHG.  Sriro  (Srro),  '  predecessor' ; 
the  positive  is  preserved  in  Goth.  air.  adv., 
'  early,'  AS.  cer,  adj.,  adv.,  '  early,'  OIc.  dr, 
adv.,  '  early  '  (OHG.  ir-acclw,r,  '  awake 
early  ').  Probably  the  stem  air-,  on  which 
the  word  was  based,  was  used  orig.  like 
friif),  only  of  the  hours  of  the  day.  It  is 
connected  most  probably  with  Gr.  fat,  'early 
in  the  morning.' 

crflichcn.  vb.,  'to  stifle,  choke,'  from 
MidHG.  ersticken,  intrans.,  '  to  be  stifled,' 
and  ersteclcen,  trans.,  '  to  stifle.' 

crwci^nctt,  vb.,  •  to  mention,  call  to 
notice,'  formed  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gewehenen,  OHG.  giimhinnen,  giwahannen 
(pret.  gi-ivuog,  partic.  ghoa/itand  giwahinit). 
allied  to  OHG.  giwaht,  '  mention,  fame.' 
Goth.  *wahnjan  belongs  to  the  root  wok, 
w6q  (Teut.  wah), '  to  speak,'  which  is  widely 
diffused  in  the  Aryan  languages.  Comp. 
Lat.  vox,  '  voice,'  vocare,  '  to  call,'  Gr.  6<r<ra 
(for  FoKJa)  and  6w-  (for  F ot),  '  voice,'  trot 
(for  Firm),  '  word,'  Sans,  root  vac,  '  to  say, 
speak.'  In  Teut.  this  old  root  was  not  so 
widely  developed. 


Erz 


(    76    ) 


Ess 


gr,3,  n.,  '  ore,  metal,  bra*s,  bronze,'  from 
the  equiv.  MiilHG.  (rze,  arzr,  OHG.  erizzi, 
aruzzi,  aruz,  11.  ;  an  obscure  word,  which  is 
unknown  to  the  other  Teut  dialects  ;  pro- 
bably borrowed  under  the  form  azuti,  ar- 
vmti  I  In  Goth,  ais,  AS.  dr,  E.  ore,  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  eV, '  bronze,'  whence  the  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  adj.  Srin,  ModHG.  ehetn  ; 
these  are  primitively  cognate  witli  Lat  aes, 
'bronze,'  and  Sans,  ayas,  'metal,  iron.' 

{girfo  prefix, '  arch-,  chief,'  from  MidHG. 
erz- ;  comp.  MidHG.  erz-erigcl,  -bischof, 
-priester;  OHG.  only  in  e.rzi-bischof ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  aarts  in  aarts-engel, 
aartsbisschop,  AS.  arcebiscop,  E.  archbisliop, 
AS.  arcengel,  E.  archangel ;  from  the  Lat.-r 
Gr.  prefix  archi-  (&px<--),  much  affected  in 
ecclesiastical  words.  HG.  and  Du.  ex- 
hibit the  late  Lat.  pronunciation,  arci 
(see  Jfreuj) ;  Goth,  ark-aggilus,  'archangel,' 
from  archangelus,  like  AS.  arce-,  retain  the 
older  sound  of  the  c.     Comp.  also  5lv$t. 

CS,  pron.,  '  it,'  from  MidHG.  e'3,  n.  sing., 
and  its  gen.  es,  OHG.  e'3  (gen.  es) ;  formed 
from  the  Aryan  pronom.  stem  of  the  3rd 
pers.  (i-)  mentioned  under  er.     See  ifyn. 

Gfcf)C,  f., '  ash,  ash-tree,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  asch,  OHG.  asc,  m. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  esch,  AS.  ozsc,  E.  ash,  OIc.  adr, 
'  ash.'  The  remoter  cognates,  Slav,  jasika, 
Lith.  iisis,  with  the  same  meaning  ;  Gr. 
iifal,  '  a  kind  of  beech,'  and  Lat.  aesculus, 
'  winter  oak,'  are  not  allied. 

{Sfct,  m.,  '  ass,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
esel,  OHG.  esil,  m.  ;  corresponds  to  OSax. 
esil,  Du.  ezel,  AS.  $sol,  eoso\  Goth,  asiltts 
(whence  OSlov.  osilii),  'ass.'  It  is  self- 
evident  that  these  cognates  are  related  to 
Lat.  asinus.  Yet  it  is  remarkable  that  the 
Komance  languages  have  not  an  I,  but  an 
n  in  the  suffix ;  Span,  asno,  OFr.  asne 
(whence  OIc.  asne),  ModFr.  dne,  Ital.  asino 
(the  Lat.  diminutive  asellus  does  not  come 
under  consideration,  since  it  is  not  found 
in  any  Romance  language  ;  comp.  further 
Slffd).  For  the  change  of  n  to  I  in  deriva- 
tives, see  <£>tmmet,  Jtummcl,  Crcjcf.  The  ab- 
normal AS.  assa  (equiv.  to  E.  ass)  may  be 
traced  back  to  Olr.  assan,  borrowed,  with 
the  usual  change  of  sound,  from  the  Lat. 
Consequently  all  the  cognates  come  from 
Italy  ;  no  primit.  word  for  '  ass '  can  be 
found  in  any  language  of  the  Aryan  group. 
— The  term  ^ellfrcfct  is  a  late  imitation  of 
Ital.  asello;  the  equiv.  9l|Ttl  appears,  how- 
ever, to  be  unconnected  with  it. 

{Sfpe,  f.,  '  a*pen-tree,'  from  the  equiv. 


MidHG.    aspe,  OHG.  aspa  (hence    I 
aSpe).   Comp.  the  exactly  equiv.  AS.  a 
asp,  OIc.  qsp ;  scarcely  allied  to  (Jute  ;  1 
probably  connected  with  Lat  arbor,  '  tree,' 
if  the  latter  represents  an  orig.  *arf>os. 

{Sffe,  f.  (the  word  seem3  to  be  unknown 
to  the  UpG.  dialects),  '  forge,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  esse,  OHG.  essa,  f.,  'chim- 
ney, hearth  of  a  worker  in  metals.'  Like 
OSwed.  avja,  they  indicate  a  Goth.  *asj6, 
which  is  also  assumed  by  the  borrowed 
term,  Finn.  ahjo.  Whether  (S\\(  is  allied 
to  OIc.  esja,  'clay,'  and  hence  means  lit. 
'  what  is  made  of  clay,'  remains  doubtful. 
Its  assumed  connection  with  OHG.  eit, 
'  funeral  pile,'  Gr.  aWos,  '  glow,'  Suns,  root 
idh,  '  to  burn,'  is  untenable. 

effen,  vb.,  'to  eat,  dine,  feed  on,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  etfen,  OH(i.  <;;*«; 
common  to  Teut.,  and  orig.  an  O Aryan  str. 
vb. ;  comp.  Goth,  itan,  OIc.  eta,  AS.  etan,  E. 
to  eat,  Du.  eten,  OSax.  etan;  see  frcjfeti.  The 
verbal  root  et,  'to  eat,'  common  to  Teut., 
to  which  OHG.  and  MidHG.  ds,  ModHG. 
?la3  (comp.  Lat.  Ssus  for  *ed-to-,  the  partic 
of  edere),  also  belong,  is  based  upon  an  A 1  y  an 
root  id;  comp.  the  Sans,  root  ad,  Gr.  !5' 
otiai,  Lat.  Mo,  Lith.  edmi,  tmi,  OSlov.  jam  I 
(from  *edmt),  '  I  eat' — {Sffert,  n.,  'food, 
meal,  dinner,'  even  in  MidHG.  e^en,  OHG. 
e^aii,  n.,  as  an  equiv.  eubst.  ;  it  is  scarcely 
an  infinitive  used  as  a  subst,  but  rather 
an  independent  subst.  form  like  Gr.  idavov, 
'  food,'  Sans,  ddana,  n.,  '  provender.' 

(Sffig,  m.  (with  the  normal  unaecent  (1  g 
for  ch),  '  vinegar,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(jj'ch  (that  the  i  is  Ions;  is  proved  by 
iis  change  into  the  diphthong  ei  in  late 
MidHG.  ezseich),  OHG.  e%$h  Qih),  m.  A  re- 
markable loan-word,  corresponding  to  Kid 
J.G.  etik,  OSwed.  wtikia,  Swed.  attika;  also 
OLG.  ecid,  AS.  e.ced,  which  with  Goth. 
akeit(s),  '  vinegar,'  are  based  upon  Lat. 
acetum.  For  the  HG.,  LG.,  and  Swed. 
words  we  must  assume  a  form  *atecum, 
produced  by  metathesis  of  the  consonants — 
OHG.  ftjih  from  atVc  for  ateko,  which,  how- 
ever, is  not  attested  by  any  Romance  form  ; 
for  such  transpositions  comp.  Romance 
alendre  from  Lat  anlielare,  MidHG.  bicver 
from  vieber  (see  further  citations  under 
etojeta,  Sieber,  @ri>,  JJabeljau,  ftjscln,  ^itc\t). 
There  is  a  remarkable  form  in  Swiss  dia- 
lects, achiss,  echiss,  which  is  based  upon 
an  untransposed  form  corresponding  to 
Goth.  akeit(t).  The  Lat-Rom.  acitum  (Ital. 
aeeto;  but  Fr.  vinaigre  and  E.  vinegar  from 


Est 


(    77    ) 


Fac 


Lat.  vinum  acre)  has  also  made  its  way 
into  other  countries — OSlov.  acitu  (from 
Goth,  akeitsl),  Oh:  acat. — The  UpG.  vb. 
efieln,  '  to  taste  of  vinegar,'  may  perhaps  be 
based  upon  some  such  form  as  OFr.  aisil 
(MidE.  aisil). 

dftrtd),  m.,  'floor,  plaster-floor,  pave- 
ment,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  estrlchy 
esterlch,  OHG.  estirlh,  astrth(hh),  m.  ;  comp. 
MidLG.  astralc,  esterck,  Du.  estrik  (these  two 
forms  are  not  recorded).  In  Middle  Ger- 
many the  word,  which  was  unknown  to 
Luther,  is  not  found.  Perhaps  it  is  really 
native  to  the  valleys  of  the  Rhine  and 
Danube,  being  introduced  by  Roman  colo- 
nists. Comp.  early  MidLat.  astricus,  astra- 
cus,  'paving,'  Milan,  astregh,  Sicil.  astracu, 
Ital.  tastrico ;  OFr.  astre,  Fr.  dtre, '  hearth,' 
lit.  '  pavement.' 

ei lid),  pron.,  '  some,  sundry,'  from  Mid 
HG.  etelic/i,  OHG.  etalth,  also  earlier  Mod. 
HG.  <$idj,  from  MidHG.  eteslich,  OHG. 
ettedtch,  etteshw'elich,  'anyone'  (plur.  'many 
a  one ').  The  same  first  component  is  seen 
in  cttva,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  etwd  (ete- 
sivd),  OHG.  etteswdr,  '  anywhere '  ;  etttaS, 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  etewa$  (neu.  of 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  eteuSr,  eteswer,  'any 
one ').  The  origin  of  this  pronominal  ete, 
ites,  ettes,  eddes,  'any,'  is  quite  obscure. 
Some  have  compared  it  with  Goth,  aij?)?au, 
'  perhaps,  nearly '  (see  cber),  and  frisJnvazuh, 
'  every.' 

Cttd),  pron., '  you,  to  you,'  from  MidHG. 
inch,  iuwich,  OHG.  iuvrih,  accus.,  the  dat. 
of  which,  however,  is  iu  in  MidHG.  and 


OHG. ;  comp.  AS.  eow  (and  e&wic),  accus., 
eow,  dat.  (£.  you),  Goth,  izuris,  accus.,  dat. 
Is  Lat.  vos,  vester,  akin  ?  All  other  refer- 
ences are  dubious. — euer,  poss.  pron.  of 
the  preceding, '  your,'  from  MidHG.  iuwer, 
OHG.  iuwar.  Comp.  AS.  e6wery  E.  your, 
Goth,  izwar,  '  your.' 

<§\\le,  f., '  owl,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
iule,  iuwel,  OHG.  dioila,  f.  Comp.  Du.  uil, 
AS.  Hie  (from  *Awle),  E.  owl,  OIc.  ugla, 
from  pre-Teut.  *uwwaU,  or  rather  *uwwil6, 
L  owl.' 

guff,  Swiss,  'sheepfold.'     See  <£d}af. 

|uW,  m.  and  n.,  'udder,  dug,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  iuten,  titer,  OHG.  Htar, 
titiro,  m. ;  a  word  common  to  Teut.  and 
orig.  a  primit.  Aryan  word,  which  has  the 
same  sense  everywhere.  Comp.  Du.  uijer, 
AS.  dder,  E.  udder;  also  with  gradation 
eudar  in  MidLG.  jeder,  OFriB.  iuder,  OIc. 
j&gr.  The  resulting  Teut.  Mr-,  eudr-,  from 
Aryan  ildhr-,  corresponds  to  the  equiv. 
Sans.  Hdhar,  Gr.  oS0a/>,(with  gradation),  Lat. 
liber j  Slav.  vyme.  (from *vyd-nien-),  'udder,' 
is  differently  derived. 

eunct,  adj.,  '  eternal,  perpetual,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  Sunc(g),  OHG.  twig; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  Swig,  Du.  eeuioig, 
'eternal';  derived  from  an  OTeut.  root 
meaning  '  eternity.'  Comp.  Goth,  aiws, 
'  time,  eternity,'  OHG.  ewa,  '  eternity,' 
which  are  primit.  cognate  with  Lat.  aevum, 
'eternity,  lifetime,'  and  Gr.  alihv.     Comp.  jje. 

extern,  vb., '  to  vex,  tea-e,'  a  MidG.  and 
LG.  word,  probably  connected  with  (BUI ; 
allied  alsato  Hess,  ickern  with  the  same  sense. 


F. 


gfabel,  f., '  fable,'  even  in  MidHG.  fabel, 
Jabele,  f.,  from  Fr.  fable,  Lat.  fabula. 

JJcul),  n.,  'compartment,  shelf,  panel, 
special  branch,'  from  MidHG.  vach,  OHG. 
fah(hh),  n.,  '  part,  division  of  space,  of  a 
partition,  wall,  &c.,'  also  '  contrivance,  an 
enclosed  space  in  water  for  catching  fish, 
fish-weir,  hurdles  for  fishing' ;  with  the 
latter  meanings  some  have  connected  Gr. 
irdyri,  '  noose,  snare,  fishing  hurdles,'  to 
which  there  is  no  objection  phonetically. 
Yet  we  must  proceed  in  the  case  of  the 
HG.  word  as  well  as  of  AS.  fac,  '  space, 
time,'  from  a  general  and  primary  sense, 
such  as  '  division,  a  portion  of  space  or 
time.'    Allied  to  HG.  fftgen. — ;fad),  adj , 


suffix,  '-fold,'  from  MidHG.  (very  rare) 
vach,  in  manecvach,  zwivac/i,  OHG.  not 
found ;  mannigfad?,  lit.  '  with  many  divi- 
sions ';  moreover,  MidHG.  vach,  denotes 
also  'fold,'  and  ?fad)  as  a  suffix  may  be  an 
imitation  of  the  earlier  suffix  -fait  in  manec- 
valt,  'manifold.' 

fddjeln,  vb.,  '  to  fan,'  simply  ModHG. 
from  gather. 

gFfidjer,  earlier  also  ffad^et,  m.,  'fan,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  the  derivation  is  uncertain  ; 
perhaps  a  diminutive  of  MidHG.  vach, 
'  veil.'  Yet  the  suspicion  that  the  word 
was  borrowed  is  not  unfounded,  since  Mid 
HG.  foclie,  focher,  'fan,'  point  to  Lat.  foca- 
rius,  focidare  (from  focus).    The  change  of 


Fac 


(    78    ) 


Fah 


o  to  0  may  be  due  to  LG.  (comp.  Slfcttitfaubt, 
Vlbtbar),  as  in  anfadjen,  from  Lat.  focare. 

iJadtel,  f.,  '  torch,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vackele,  rackel,  OHG.  facchala,  f.  ; 
comp.  AS.  facele,  f, '  torch,'  with  the  abnor- 
mal variant  J>mcele,  f.  It  is  usually  regarded 
as  a  loan-word  from  Lat.  facvla,  (dimin. 
of  fax).  The  sounds,  however,  point  with 
greater  probability  to  a  genuinely  Teut. 
word,  which  was  perhaps  connected  with 
Lat.  facula;  Du.  fakkel,  f.,  has  ck,  like  the 
HG.  word,  in  contrast  to  AS.  c;  the  vowels 
too  of  the  AS.  stem  and  derivative  syllable 
tell  in  favour  of  a  genuinely  native  word  ; 
likewise  OHG.  r&rea  gafaclita,  'reed  shaken 
to  and  fro  by  the  wind.' 

^faocn,  m.,  'thread,  file,  shred,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  vaden,  vadem,  OHG. 
fadam,  Jadum,  m.  ;  Goth.  *fa}yms  is  want- 
ing. Comp.  OSax.  fathmos,  '  both  arms 
stretched  out,'  AS.  foejrm,  '.  both  arms  dis- 
tended, embrace,  protection,  bosom,'  E. 
fathom  (a  measure),  OIc.  fafimr,  '  both 
arms,  bosom.'  Consequently  the  primary 
sense  is  '  encompassing  with  both  arms,' 
which  could  be  adopted  as  a  measure  (see 
JUafter) ;  hence  the  use  of  'fathom'  as  a 
measure  in  Eng.,  Scand.,  LG.,  Du.,  and 
also  in  ModHG.  (adopted  from  LG.  and 
Du.).  The  ModHG.  meaning 'thread'  is 
a  recent  development ;  its  lit  sense  is  '  as 
much  yarn  as  can  be  measured  with  the 
arms  stretched  out.'  The  primary  sense, 
'  encompassing,'  results  from  Goth,  fajja, 
f.,  MidHG.  vade,  f., '  hedge,  enclosure.'  The 
base  of  the  cognates  is  a  Teut.  root,  /<?/>, 
faf>,  pre-Teut.  pet,  pot,  which  accords  with 
the  Gr.  itct  in  ireT&vvviu,  '  to  spread  out,' 
irtrdkos, '  outspread,  broad,  flat' ;  Lat.  patere, 
'  to  stand  open,'  is  even  more  remote. 

fttf)tg,  '  capable,  competent,  able,'  from 
faugen. 

fal)I,  adj.,  '  dun,  fawn-coloured,  pale,' 
from  MidHG.  val  (gen.  wes),  adj.,  '  pallid, 
discoloured,  faded,  yellow,  fair,'  OHG.  falo 
(nom.  falawer) ;  comp.  OSax.  jalu,  AS. 
fealo  (gen.  fealwes),  E.  fallow,  OIc.  fglr, 
'  pallid,  pale ' ;  comp.  falb.  Allied  priinit. 
to  Lat.  palleo, '  to  be  pal  lid,'  pallidus, '  pallid,' 
Gr.  xo\t6$  (suffix  to  as  in  Sefioj,  Goth,  taihs- 
wt-)  'grey,'  OSlov.  plavu,  'whitish,'  Lith. 
pdlvas,  'tawny,'  Sans,  palita-s,  '  grey.'  By 
this  interpretation  of  the  cognates  the  ch  of 
UpG.  falch,  '  cow  or  horse  of  fawn  colour,' 
yefalchet,  '  fallow,'  remains  unexplained  ; 
these  suggest  a  connection  with  Salff. 
The  cognates,  Ital.  falbo,  Fr.  fauve  (comp. 


also  braun,  blent,  blau),  are  derived  from 
Teut. 

fctrjnocn,  vb.,  'to  inform  against,'  from 
MidHG.  vanden,  OHG.  fdnton,  'to  visit' ; 
comp.  OSax.  fandian,  AS.  fandian,  'to 
test,  beseech,  demand ' ;  probably  from  a 
root  fenj>  in  ftnteu  (comp.  Du.  vanden,  'to 
visit  a  woman  in  childbed'). 

3?af)nc,  f.  (mas.  in  UpG.),  *  banner,  flag, 
standard,  squadron,'  from  MidHG.  vane, 
van,  m.  'flag,  banner' ;  in  this  sense  OHG. 
has  the  compound  gundjano,  m.,  since  fano 
most  frequently  means  'cloth '  (comp.  ouga- 
fano,  '  veil,'  halsfano,  '  neckcloth ') ;  allied 
to  Goth,  fana,  'cloth,  stuff,  rag,'  AS.  fana 
and  gUj>fana,  m.,  'standard,  banner,'  E. 
fane,  vane,  Du.  vaan,  'flag.'  The  Teut. 
fa><an,  pre-Teut.  pano-n-,  has  in  the  wider 
sphere  of  the  Aryan  languages  many  cog- 
nates which  also  point  to  the  general  and 
older  meaning,  'stuff,  cloth' ;  Lat. pannva, 
'small  piece  of  cloth,  rag,'  OSlov.  o-pona, 
'curtain,'  ponjava,  f,  'sail.'  Akin  also 
perhaps  to  Gr.  t^os,  n.,  'garment,'  xrjviov, 
'spool,  spindle.'  An  Aryan  verbal  root> 
pen,  appears  in  OSlov.  plug,  (peti), '  to  span, 
hang.'  The  OTeut.  gunpfano,  '  standard,' 
was  adopted  with  the  meaning  'flag'  by 
Romance  (comp.  Fr.  gonfalon,  Ital.  gonfa- 
lone),  while  the  simple  form  in  Romance 
retained  at  different  times  the  earlier  and 
general  meaning  (comp.  OFr.  and  ModFr. 
finmi,  'rag,  towel,  fanon  (of  a  priest).' — 
3?af)nbridj,  g?dl>nrtd),  'cornet,  ensign,' 
like  ©dnfetid),  first  formed  in  ModHG. 
from  the  shorter  MidHG.  word  ;  cornp. 
MidHG.  venre  (the  ModHG.  d  is  excres- 
cent, as  in  fdjaufccrn,  mincer),  OHG.  faneri, 
in.,  '  standard-bearer.' 

3»df)re,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vere, 
ver,  f.,  n.,  '  ferry ' ;  comp.  Du.  veer  (E.  ferry 
is  borrowed  from  OIc.  ferja,  t,  'ferry'). 
Also  akin  to  OHG.  farm,  MidHG.  varm, 
'skiff,  ferry,'  and  OHG.  ferid,  n.,  'navi- 
gium';  like  Sercjf,  connected  with  far)rcn. 
See  lUaam. 

faf)rcrt,  vb.,  'to  drive,  convey,  sail.' 
from  MidHG.  varn,  OHG.  faran,  '  to  move 
from  one  place  to  another,  go,  come ' ;  cor- 
responds to  Goth,  (rare)  faran,  'to  wander, 
march,'  OSax.  and  AS.  faran,  ;  to  proceed, 
march,'  E.  to  fare,  OIc.  fara,  'to  move' 
(of  any  kind  of  motion).  The  root  jar  in 
Goth,  farjan  (OHG.  ferian,  MidHG.  vern) 
means  'to  go  by  ship,'  and  is  therefore 
connected  with  the  nouns  mentioned  under 
gdlj«.    The  primary  meaning  of  the  Teut. 


Fah 


(     79    ) 


Fal 


root  far,  •  continued  motion  of  every  kind,' 
is  supported  also  by  fuljren.  As  derivatives 
of  the  Aryan  root  per,  for,  coinp.  Gr.  irbpos, 
*  way,  passage,'  irbpdp.os,  '  straits '  (see  %uxt), 
vopd/j.eus,  '  ferryman,'  iropetia),  '  to  bring,  con- 
vey, cross,'  iropeOeffdai,  '  to  <;o,  travel,  march' 
(hence  there  is  a  leaning  in  Gr.  also  to  the 
meaning  'to  go  by  ship'  in  the  case  of  the 
root  wop)  ;  OSlov.  perq.  plrati,  '  to  fly '  ; 
Sans,  root  par,  *  to  lead  across ' ;  Lat.  peritus, 
'experienced.' — gfa^renbc  <&abe,  'mov- 
ables,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vanide 
habe,  varndez  guot,  OHG.  faranti  scaz. 

3rrtf)rf ,  f.,  '  jourrfey,  ride,  drive,  voyage, 
course,'  from  MidHG.  vart,  OHG.  fart; 
comp.  OSax.  fard,  'journey,  voyage,'  AS. 
fijrd.ferd,  f.,  'journey,  voyage,  expedition, 
troops  on  the  march,'  Olc.  feift,  f.,  'jour- 
ney ;  Goth.  *farf>s  or  *fards  is  wanting,  but 
the  term  us-fa>}>6  (us  skipa,  'shipwreck') 
occurs  once.  From  por-ti-s,  a  derivative  of 
the  root por  appearing  in  fafyreu ;  comp.  also 
fevttct. 

§fdf)rte,  f.,  'track,  trail,  scent,'  prop, 
the  plur.  of  MidHG.  vart,  OHG.  fart, 
'•  track,  way,  journey,  voyage.'      See  §al)rt. 

fait),  adj.,  identical  with  fflM. 

gtalbet,  f.,  'flounce,'  simply  ModHG., 
from  Fr.  and  Ital.  falbula,  whence  also  E. 
furbelow. 

^tat&e,  m.,  'falcon,  hawk,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  valke,  OHG.  falcho,  m.  (in 
UpG.  still  written  galdj).  In  the  other 
Teut.  languages  the  word  does  not  appear 
till  late  in  the  Middle  Ages  (Olc.  falke, 
E.  falcon,  Du.  vallc),  yet  Falco  already  ex- 
isted in  Lombardic  proper  names  (comp. 
also  AS.  Wester-falcna).  Among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  the  falcon  was  called  wealhheafoc, 
Welsh  hawk  '  ;  Olc.  valr,  '  falcon,'  is  prop, 
'the  Keltic  (bird)' ;  comp.  Sfiktnufj,  nxlfd). 
Hence  it  is  possible  that  OHG.  Jalcho  origi- 
nated in  the  tribal  name  Volcae,  'Kelts'; 
*volcon-  may  have  become  falkon-,  and  the 
Romance  cognates  (Ital.  falcone,  Fr.  fau- 
con)  borrowed  from  it.  But  it  is  also 
possible  that  the  word  is  connected  with 
the  cognates  of  fat)t  (UpGer.  falch,  *  a 
fawn-coloured  cow')  ;  hence  jyalfe,  'a  fawn- 
coloured  (bird)'?.  If,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  word  originated  in  the  Lat. -Rom.  cog- 
nates (Lat.  falco  is  recorded  in  the  4th 
cent.),  we  must  base  it  on  the  Lat.  falx, 
'sickle' ;  falco,  lit.  'sickle-bearer'  (on  ac- 
count of  its  hooked  claws?). 

fallen,  vb.,  'to  fall,  abate,  diminish,' 
from  the  equi  v.  MidHG.  vain,  ORQ.fallan; 


the  common  Teut.  word  for  '  to  fall'  (singu- 
larly, however,  it  is  unknown  to  Goth.) ; 
comp.  Olc.  falla,  AS.  feallan,  E.  to  fall, 
OSax.  fallan.  The  Teut.  root  fal-l,  pre- 
Teut.  phal-n,  appears  in  Gr.  and  Sans.  a3 
sphal  with  an  s  prefixed  ;  comp.  Gr.  <r<p6Xku, 
'to  fell,  overthrow,'  <r<pd\\onat,  'to  fall,  be 
deceived.'  Lat.  fallo  is  based  directly  upon 
the  root  phal, '  to  deceive ' ;  Sans,  root  sphal, 
'  to  stagger '  ;  also  Lith.  pulu  pulti,  '  to  fall,' 
and  akin  to  Sans,  phala,  'ripe,  falling  fruit'  ?. 
—  3ritU,  m«,  'fall,  ruin, event,  case  (in  gram., 
&c.),'  OHG.  and  MidHG  val.  (gen.  valla), 
in. ;  comp.  AS.fyll,  m., '  fall,  death,  ruin.' — 
$aUe,  f.,  from  MidHG.  voile,  OHG.  falla, 
f.,  'snare, decipula';  AS.fealle,f.,  'laqueus, 
decipula'  (wanting  in  E.),  Du.  val,  '  snare, 
noose.' 

fctlfdj,  adj.,  '  false,  wrong,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  valsch,  adj. ;  OHG.  *falsc 
is  not  recorded.  On  account  of  late  AS. 
fals,  E.  false,  Scand.  fals,  which  are  clearly 
derived  from  Lat.,  the  word  is  doubtlessly 
connected  in  some  way  with  Lat.  falsus. 
But.  since  the  latter  retained  its  s  un- 
changed (comp.  Ital.  falso,  Fr.  faux,  from 
OFr.  false),  we  cannot  imagine  that  the 
word  was  borrowed  directly  from  Lat.- 
Romance  (Olc.  falskr  is  a  German  loan- 
word of  the  15th  cent.).  Probably  Mid 
HG.  valsch,  a  comparatively  recent  forma- 
tion (comp.  fifin,  toad)),  from  OHG.  gifalsctin, 
gifelscen,  vb.,  'to  falsify,'  which  is  derived 
from  a  Lat.  *falsicdre,  Romance  */ "discard 
'to  falsify.'  The  assumption  that  MidHG. 
valsch  (akin  to  vdlant,  'demon'?)  is  primit. 
allied  to  Lat.  fallere,  Gr.  o-<pd\\effOai,  is 
scarcely  valid. 

if  alt,  jfctltig,  adj.  suffix,  '-fold,'  from 
MidHG.  -valt,  OHG.  fait;  comp.  Goth. 
-falfrs,  AS.  -feald,  E.  -fold,  Olc  -faldr;  a 
common  Teut.  suffix  in  the  formation  of 
multiplicatives;  itcorresponds  to  Gr.*Xd<7«or 
in  St-rXdoios,  &c.  (also  SItoKtos,  'twofold'), 
for  pltios,  with  which  sfalt  seems  to  be 
primit.  cognate.  See  fatten,  and  Qinfalt 
under  fin. 

fatten,  vb..  'to  fold,  plait,  knit  (the 
brow),'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vallen, 
OHG.  faltan,  faldan  ;  corresponds  to  Goth, 
falpan,  Olc.  falda,  AS.fealdan,  E.  to  fold; 
the  Teut.  root  is  fal/>,  '  to  fold,'  pre-Teut, 
pit,  with  which  comp.  OSlov.  pletq,  plesti, 
'  to  twist,'  Gr.  SiirMaws,  '  twofold  (see 
under  sfalt),  Sans.  pu(a,  'fold,'  for  pita.— 
>attc,  f.,  'fold,  plait,  crease,  hem,'  irom 
MidHG.  voile,  OHG.  fall,  m.,  'fold,'  is 


Fal 


(    So    ) 


Fas 


derived  theFr.  cognate  fauteuil,  which  lia3 
lately  been  adopted  again  by  ModHG.  \. 
conip.  MidLat.  fuldistolium,  faldistorium, 
Ital.  fitldistorio. 

>altcr,  m.,  simply  ModHG.,  'butter- 
fly'; the  MidHG.  term  is  vivalter  (cor- 
rupted also  into  zwivalter),  •  butterlly,'  from 
which  the  ModHG.  word  has  been  cor- 
rupted by  connecting  it  with  fatten.  But 
MidHG.  vivalter  is  based  upon  an  OTeut. 
term  for  *  butterfly,'  which  may  have  been 
*feifaldr6  in  Goth.  ;  conip.  OHG.  flfaltra, 
OSax.  ftfoldara,  AS.  flfealde,  OIc.  fifrilde, 
1  butterfly ' ;  akin  to  Du.  vijfwouter,  '  a  sort 
of  butterfly.'  The  origin  of  this  term  is 
not  yet  established,,  although  it  is  probably 
a  reduplicated  form  like  fceben  and  jittem. 

fallen,  vb.,  '  to  fold,  groove,  rabbet,' 
from  MidHG.  velzen,  valzen,  OHG.  falzen, 
'to  fold';  galj,  m^  from  MidHG.  valz, 
m.,  'fold,  joint' ;  akin  to  OHG.  anafalz, 
'  anvil,'  AS.  anfilt,  E.  anvil,  Du.  anbeeld, 
'anvil'  (see  Slmbofj).  Tlie  cognates  are 
undoubtedly  connected  with  fatten ;  Mid 
HG.  valz  may  have  been  *falti  in  Goth., 
which  would  probably  represent  falt-ti, 
pltni-  (conip.  fdniifcen  from  fdjneibett). — gofj^ 
6ee  93a($. 

fangcn,  fallen,  vb., '  to  catch,  seize,  fish 
(an  anchor),  soften  (hides),'  from  MidHG. 
vdhen,  vdn,  OHG  fdhan,  '  to  catch,  inter- 
cept, seize' ;  the  common  Teut.  vb. — Goth. 
fdhan,  OIc.  fd,  AS.  f$n  (for  */6han  from 
*fohan;  wanting  in  K)— has  the  same 
meaning.  Boot  fanh  (whence  fah,  fdh)r 
and  by  a  grammatical  change  fang  (this 
form  is'  really  found  only  in  the  partic. 
and  pret.,  but  it  has  made  its  way  in  Mod 
HG.  into  the  pre?,  also),  pre-Teut.  panic. 
With  the  Teut.  cognates  some  have  com- 
pared the  unnasalised  root  pak,  in  Lat. 
pax,  pacem  (lit.  '  strengthening '  1) ;  akin  to 
the  nasalised  pango  (partic.  pactum),  with 
g  for  c  1,  Sans,  paca,  '  cord ' ;  the  root  pak 
appears  without  a  nasal  in  Teut.  f6g;  see 
HG.  fiigen. — ^ang,  m.,  'catch,  capture, 
fang,  clutches,  haul,' from  MidHG.  vanc,m., 
OHG.  fang  ;  conip.  AS.  feng,  '  clutch,  em- 
brace,'/an<7, '  capture,'  E./an<7  (tooth,  claw). 

gfttttf ,  m., '  coxcomb,'  a  LG.  form  (comp. 
Du.  vent, '  a  would-be  wit,  fool '),  for  Mid 
HG.  vanz,  m.,  'rogue'  (still  existing  in 
alfaiiz,  lit.  'vagabond';  comp.  ModHG. 
gtile.  £anj,  the  first  part  of  which  is  ob- 


scure, perhaps  connected  with  AS.fyrleH, 
'  foreign '  1).    See  Sllfaitjeret. 

^tarbe,  f.,  '  colour,  complexion,  suit  (of 
cards),'  from  MidHG.  varwe,  OllQ.farawa, 
'  colour' ;  a  fem.  subst  from  the  MidHG. 
adj.  var,  inflected  form  varwer,  '  coloured,' 
from  OHG.  faro  (nom.  farawSr) ;  comp. 
Du.  verw.  The  word  originated  probably 
in  Middle  Europe,  but  found  its  way  to 
the  North  ;  Dan.  farve,  Swed.  fUrrj.  Is 
Goth.  *farwa-,  adj.  (whence  Lith.  par  was, 
'  colour '),  or  *fazica  to  be  postulated  ? 

farrt,  m.,  n_ '  i'ern,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
and  OHG.  ram,  varm;  corresponds 
to  Du.  varenkruid,  AS.  fearn,  E.  fern.  The 
interchange  of  n  and  m  in  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  is  due  to  the  assimilation  of  the  suffix 
na-  to  the  initial  labial ;  comp.  OHG./mn 
with  OInd.  phina,  and  OHG.  bodam  with 
Sans,  budhna.  gam  is  wanting  in  OIc. ;  yet 
comp.  Swed.  dial,  fdnne  (Ic.  *ferne).  The 
type  is  doubtlessly  Aryan  parna-,  which 
is  identical  with  Sans,  parna,  n.,  'wing, 
feather,  foliage,  leaf  ;  hence  gam  is  lit. 
'  feather-like  leaf  (Gr.  irrepls,  '  fern,'  and 
irrepbv,  'feather').  Probably  allied  also  to 
Lith.  papartis,  Russ.  paporotl  (OSlov.  *pa- 
pratl),  'fern.' 

3?arre,  m.,  'bullock,  bull,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  varre,  var,  m.,  OlIG.  farro, 
far,  m. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  varre,  var, 
'bull,'  AS.. /earr,  m^.  OIc.  farre,  m.,  'bulL' 
Since  there  is  a  corresponding  fem.  form, 
gdrff,  the  rr  must  have  originated  in  rzfrs), 
(comp.  bmr,  irre). — ^arfe,  f.  (unknown  to 
UpG),  'heifer,'  from  MidHG.  (MidG.  and 
LG.)  verse,  f . ;  comp.  Du.  vaars,  'heifer' 
(likewise  vaarkoe,  'heifer');  in  Goth,  pro- 
bably *farsi,geu.fai-sj6s;  E.  heifer,  from  the 
equiv.  AS.  hedlfore,  hedfre,  f.,  seems  to  con- 
tain garre,  garfe,  in  the  final  syllable.  The 
stem  farZy  fars,  does  not  recur  exactly  in 
the  cognate  languages,  yet  Gr.  ir6pis,  rdprn, 
'calf,  heifer,'  agree  with  it  in  sound  ;  like- 
wise Sans.  prSatt, '  white-spotted  cow '  (fem. 
of priat,  'speckled,  spotted')?. 

5?arfc,  see  under  tfarre. 

far3e»t,  vb.,  'to  fart,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  varzcn  (also  vurzen,  verzen),  allied 
to  OHG.  fer&xn,  'to  fart'  ;  corresponds  to 
AS.  feortan,  E.  to  faii  ;  OIc.  (with  trans- 
position of  the  r)j  freta.  Teut.  root  fert, 
from  the  Aryan  perd,  with  the  same  mean- 
ing ;  comp.  Sans,  root  pard,  Gr.  Tctpfetv, 
Lith.  perdzu,  persti,  ltuss.  perdltt. 

Safari,  m.,  'pheasant,'  from  the  equiv. 
MiclHG.  and  OHG.  fasdn,  fasunt,  m.  ;  the 


Pas 


(    81    ) 


Fau 


Litter  is  derived  from  Lat.  Gr.  fasianus 
(<pa<ria.vbs,  '  a  bird  from  the  Phasis  in  Col- 
chis'), '  pheasant,'  whence  also  Ital./a</iawo,. 
Fr.  faisan. 

^fafcfytng,  m., '  carnival,'  from  MidHG. 
vaschanc,  m.,  '  Slirovetide'  ;.  how  it  is  con- 
nected with  gafhtad)t  (Shrove-Tuesday)  has 
not  yet  been  explained. 

fafeltt,  vb.r  'to  talk  irrationally/  only 
in  ModHG.,  a  derivative  of  OHG.  fas6n, 
'to  track,  seek  here  and  there' ;  but  the 
latter  word  is  probably  not  from  the  root 
fas  in  gafci\ 

^fafer,  f.r  'fibre,  filament/  from  late 
MidHG.  vaser,  f.,  '  fringe,'  most  frequently 
vase,  m.,  f.,  'fibre,  fringe,  border,' OHG./oso, 
m. .fasa,  f. ;  AS.  fees,  n.,  MidE./asiJ,'  fringe.' 

3-acnacf;f ,  see  gafiuadjt. 

faff ett,  vb.,  'to  hold,  grasp,  compre- 
hend,' (refl.)  'to  make  up  one's  mind,'  from 
MidHG.  va^en,  OHG.  fatfdn,  '  to  handle,, 
seize,  load,  pack,  arm  oneself,  dress,  go' ; 
it  seems  to  be  a  combination  of  two  or  more 
really  different  roots.  Comp.  OIc.  fqt,  neu. 
plur.,  'garments'  (Goth.  *fata, ' garments,' 
may  be  deduced  from  Span.,  hato,  Port. 
fato,  'stock  of  clothes,  wardrobe');  the 
West  Teut.. fat  (see  gag),  has  not  this  mean- 
ing, but  MidHG.  (OHG.)  vawen,  Ho  dress 
oneself,'  points  that  way.  In  the  sense 
'  to  seize,'  the  word  may  be  connected  with 
gafj,  lit.  '  engulphing,'  from  which  the 
meaning  'to  load'  would  be  evolved.  la 
the  sense  of  '  to  go'  (sich  va^en,  MidHG.) 
it  must  probably  be  connected  with  guf?, 
or  more  closely  with  AB.fcetr '  step.'  See 
gefceit,  gifce. 

fctfl,  adv.,  'almost,  nearly,'  from  MidHG 
vaste,  vast^adv.  (from  ve.ste, ' firm'),. '  firmly, 
strongly,  powerfully,  very,  very  quickly,' 
OHG.  vasto,  adv.,  i'rom  festi;  similar  un- 
nRitated  advs.  from  mutated  adjs.  are  fdjott 
from  fdjon,  fpat  from  fpat.  ModHG.  has 
also  turned  fejt  into  an  adv.,  the  older  adv. 
faji  having  been  specialised  in  meaning  ; 
even  in  MidHG.  vyste  is  an  adv. 

faflctt,  vb.,  'to  fast,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vasten,  OHG.  fasten;  comp.  Goth. 
fastan,  OIc.  fasta,  AS.  fastan,  E.  to  fast,. 
J>i.  vasten;  a  common  Teut.  verb,  invari- 
ably used  in  the  sense  of  '  to  fast,'  which, 
therefore,  was  probably  a  religious  concep- 
tion even  of  the  heathen  Teutons.  The 
corresponding  abstract  is  Goth,  fastubni, 
AS.  fasten,  OSax.  fastunniar  OHG.  fasta, 
fusto,  m.,  MidHG.  vaste,  f.,  vasten,  n., '  fast,' 
whence  Slav,  postfil, '  fast,'  was  borrowed*  at 


an  early  period.  The  cognates  are  pro- 
bably connected  with  fefi  in  the  sense  of 
'to  contain  oneself,  exercise  restraint  in 
eating  and  drinking,'  or  '  to  obey  a  reli- 
gious precept';  comp.  Goth,  fastan,  'to 
adhere  to>  hold,  observe.' — %>aftnad)t,  f., 
c  Shrove  Tuesday,'  from  MidHG.  vasenaht, 
'  eve  of  the  first  day  of  Lent.'  According 
to  the  OTeut.  computation  of  time  (comp. 
Slbcnb)  the  evening  and  night  were  counted 
as  part  of  the  following  day  (thus  in  AS. 
frtgedfen,  c Thursday  evening,'  frigeniht, 
'  Thursday  night ').  The  meaning  given 
above  did  not  belong  to  the  word  origi- 
nally. The  first  part  of  the  compound  is 
an  old  verb  fafctn,  '  to  play  the  fool ' ;  the 
form  Qfafhtacfyt  may  have  been  introduced 
by  the  priests. 

^fct£,  n.,  l vessel,  cask,  vat,'  from  Mid 
HG.  va$,  OHG.  /a3(5^),  n.,  '  cask,  vessel, 
chest' ;  corresponds  to  MidLG.  and  Du.  vat, 
A  S.  fat, '  vessel,  receptacle,  chest '  (E.  vat), 
OIc.  fat,  ^cask.'  The  prim,  signification 
of  those  cognates  (pre-Teut.  podo-)  may 
have  been  'receptacle,'  and  since  gejfel  is 
an  allied  word,  we  have  to  postulate  the 
meaning  '  to  hold  together '  for  the  Teut. 
root/a^.  Lith.  pudas,  '  pot,  vessel,'  would 
be  in  Goth.  *f6ta-  instead  of  *fata-.  Mod 
HG.  ©cfag  is  not  an  immediate  derivative 
of  gag,  because  it  assumes  a  Goth.  *gafeti, 
n.     See  faffett,  gefcen,  gifce. 

fctul,  adj.,  'rotten,  worthless,. lazy r'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  vul,  OHG. 
ful ;  comp.  Du.  vuil,  AS.  fill,  E.  foul,  OIc. 
fHll,Goth.fuls,  'decayed' ;  la-  is  derivative  ; 
fH-  as  the  Teut.  root  is  deduced  from  OIc. 
fuenn,  'putrefied,'  which  as  a  partic.  points 
to  an  obsolete  verb  (Goth.  *fauan,  formed 
like  bauan\  of  which  OIc.  feyja,  '  to  allow 
to  putrefy,'  is  the  factitive  (Goth.  *faujan). 
From  fU  several  Teut.  dialects  have  formed 
nouns  with  the  meaning  '  cunnus '  (OIc. 
fup) ;  see  £unb$fcti.  The  root  f4,  from 
Aryan  pil,  i»  equally  represented  in  the 
allied  languages  ;  Gr.  rtiov,  '  matter,'  and 
the  equiv.  Lat.  pits,  n.;  Sans,  and  Zend  root 
p4  (p&y),  '  to  stink,  putrefy,'  Lith.  jntvii, 
pitii.  'to  putrefy'  (akin  to  Lith.  ptild, 
'matter,'  with  a  derivative  I  as  in  faul)  ; 
also  Gr.  irvQu,  '  to  cause  to  rot,'  Lat.  pHteo, 
'  to  stink,'  puter,  '  putrid,  rotten.'  The 
primary  meaning  of  the  root  pit  is  '  to 
emit  a  smell  of  putrefaction.' — fmtfenjcn, 
vb.  'to  be  lazy,'  from  late  MidHG.  v&letzen, 
'  to  be  rotten,'  an  intensive  derivative  of 
faitl ;  comp.  Mifecn,  fcufj*n. 

E 


Fata 


(    82    ) 


Foh 


>aufl ,  f., '  fist,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ana  Mi>iLG.  v&st.  OH.Q.f&st,  tj  corresponds 
to  AS.  fyst,  E.  fist,  Du.  vuist.  This  term, 
common  to  West  Teut.,  is  unknown  to  OIc. ; 
in  Goth,  it  may  liave  been  */Asti-  or  *fHhsti-, 
f.  The  possible  loss  of  a  h  before  st  is  sup- 
ported by  the  connection  with  Gr.  irtff, 
'  with  the  fist,'  Trty/iaxot,  '  boxer,'  irvyfir), 
1  fist,  boxing,'  Lat.  puynus,  '  fist,'  pugil, 
'boxer,'  perhaps  also  pugio,  'dagger'  (lit. 
'  fist  weapon'),  and  further  pugna,  pugnare, 
&c.  The  comparison  of  gauft  with  OSlov. 
pestl,  f.,  '  fist,'  is  less  trustworthy  ;  this  is 
possible  only  if  the  assumed  Goth.  *fHhsti 
is  further  derived  from  funhsti-,  pre-Teut. 
pnksti- ;  in  that  case,  however,  the  Gr.  and 
Lat.  terms  cited  would  have  no  connection 
with  the  word. 

$axe,  plur.,  '  fooleries,  tricks,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  of  obscure  origin. 

fed)t<m,  vb.,  '  to  fight,  fence,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vetten,  OHG.  fehtan;  a 
term  common  to  West  Tent,  for  'to  fight, 
contend,'  unknown  to  Scand.  and  Goth.  ; 
comp.  Du.  and  MidHG.  vechten,  OFriB.fiuch- 
ta,  AS.  feohtan,  E.  to  fight.  Whether  the 
verb  has  always  belonged  to  the  e  class 
is  questionable  ;  it  may  have  passed  from 
the  pret.  plur.  and  partic.  of  the  u  class 
into  the  e  class  ;  in  that  case,  we  should 
have  to  assume  Goth.  *fiuhtan,  *fduht, 
*fatihtum,  *faUldans,  instead  of  *falhtan, 
*faht,  *fauhtam,  *fauhtans.  This  conceiv- 
able assumption  facilitates  the  connection 
with  Lat.  pugna,  pugnare ;  yet  the  latter 
are  probably  only  derivatives  of  pugnus, 
1  fist ' ;  perhaps  the  inferred  Goth.  *fiuhtan, 
'  to  fight,'  is  similarly  related  to  5au|l. 

5?c6er,  f.,  'feather,  pen,  plume,  spring, 
flaw  (in  jewels),'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
veder,  v'idere,  OHG.  fedara,  f .  ;  the  term 
common  to  Teut.  for  '  feather ' ;  comp. 
OSax.  fethara,  AS.  feper,  f., '  feather,  wing,' 
E.  feather,  OIc.  fjgfrr,  f.,  Goth.  *fifrra, 
f.,  akin  to  the  collective  noun  ©efhber 
(see  gitttd)).  Goth.  *fifrra,  from  pre-Teut. 
p&rd,  i\,  has  in  the  allied  Aryan  languages 
some  correspondences  which  prove  the  exist- 
ence of  an  Aryan  root  pet,  'to  fly' ;  comp. 
the  Sans,  root  pat,  'to  fly,'  pdtatra,  n., 
'  wing,'  patard,  adj.,  '  flying,'  gatdpatra, 
'having  a  hundred  wings  or  feathers,'  Gr. 
irtrofiai,  '  to  fly,'  irrepdv  (for  *irerep6v),  'wing,' 
vtIXov  (for  *t€tL\ov),  'feather';  it  is  less 
certain  whether  Lat.  penna,  '  feather '  (for 
*petsna1),  is  allied.  See  gittid).— gfcbcr- 
lefen,  n.,  lit.  '  picking  off  the  feather  from 


a  person's  dress'  as  a  mark  of  servile  flat- 
tery ;  found  even  in  MidHG.— gtcfccr- 
fptcl,  11.,  'lure,'  from  MidHG.  vederspil, 
n.,  'a  bird  trained  for  hawking,  falcon, 
sparrow-hawk,  hawk.' 

j3fCC,  ^Fei,  f.,  'fairy,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  fei,  feie,  f. ;  borrowed  from  an 
OFr.  dialect  (Hurgund.),  feie,  ModFr.  fe'e 
(Ital.  and  Romance,  fata,  lit.  'goddess  of 
destiny,'  from  Lat./atwm),  whence  also  E. 
fay  and  fairy. 

fegefeuer,  n.,  'purgatory,'  from  Mid 
vegeviur,  n.,  '  purgatory,'  from  Mid 
HG.  vegen,  '  to  purify ' ;  formed  on  the 
model  of  MidLat.  purgatorium. 

fegert,  vb.,  'to  sweep,  scour,  winnow 
(corn),  purge,'  from  MidHG.  vegen,  (OHG. 
*feg6n),  'to  purity,  adorn,  sweep,  scour,' 
Du.  vegen.  Goth.  *fig6n  is  connected  with 
Goth,  fugrs,  'suitable,'  AS.  fdbger,  E.  fair, 
OHG.  and  OSax.  fagar;  from  the  root  feh. 
fah,fag,f  tig  in  fftgm;  OIc.  fcegja,  'to cleanse,' 
probably  belongs  to  the  same  root  (the 
Goth,  form  being  fSgjan) ;  Aryan  root,  pgk, 
pOkl. 

%ie1)be,  f.,  'feud,'  from  MidHG.  vehede, 
vide,  OHG.  fShida,  'hate,  enmity,  quarrel, 
feud ' ;  corresponds  to  AS.  fcehf>,  f.,  '  en- 
mity, revenge,  feud '  ;  Goth  *faihif>a, 
'  enmity,'  is  probably  an  abstract  noun 
from  the  Goth.  adj.  *faihs,  'hostile,' which 
appears  in  AS.  as  fdh,  fdg,  '  exiled,  out- 
lawed, proscribed '  (AS.  gefda,  m.,  '  enemy,' 
Fj.  foe  ;  comp.  OHG.  gifili,  MidHG.  gevec/i, 
'  hostile,  malignant ').  A  pre-Teut.  root, 
piq,  '  to  injure,  cheat'  (comp.  also  Goth. 
faih,  '  imposition,  deception,'  bifaihdn,  '  to 
deceive,  overreach'),  is  indicated  by  the 
Lith.  ;  comp.  Lith.  piktas,  '  angry,'  pykti, 
'  to  get  angry,'  peikti,  '  to  curse,'  palkas, 
'  stupid '  (akin  to  Pruss.  po-paikd,  '  he 
cheats').  Respecting  the  interchange  of 
meaning  between  '  to  injure' and  'to  de- 
ceive,' see  trugen.  Hence  E./oe  is  lit.  '  one 
who  injures,'  OHG.  fihida,  lit  'hurt,  in- 
jury.' 

fef)Ien,  vb.,  '  to  miss,  want,  err,'  from 
MidHG.  vSlen,  vcelen,  'to  fail,  mistake, 
cheat,  be  wanting,  miss ' ;  burrowed  in  the 
MidHG.  period  (about  1200  a.d.)  from  Fr. 
failtir,  '  to  fail,  miss,  deceive,'  which  again, 
like  Ital. fallire,  is  derived  from  Lat.  fallere. 
The  word  was  also  adopted  by  E.  in  the 
13th  cent.  ;  comp.  E.  fad,  likewise  Du. 
feilen,  '  to  fail,  miss,  deceive,'  Scand.  (since 
the  14th  cant),  fe da. 

§e1)xne,  f., '  criminal  tribunal '  (in  West- 


Pei 


(    83    ) 


Fei 


phalia  formerly),  from  MidHG.  veime,  f., 
'condemnation,  punishment,  secret  tri- 
bunal.' Goth.  *faima,  f.,  would,  on  the 
analogy  of  riceapez,  Goth,  fidvdr,  favour  the 
connection  with  the  root  n  in  Gr.  rlvu,  'to 
atone  for,'  derived  from  ki,  '  to  punish, 
avenge';  Gr.  irolvij,  as  a  derivative  of  the 
same  root,  may  have  been  formed  with  a 
different  suffix  from  that  which  appears  in 
gebme.  In  spite  of  the  late  formation  of 
the  word,  its  origin  is  difficult  to  discover 
and  uncertain.  Its  connection  with  Du. 
veem,  '  guild,  association,'  is  also  disputed. 
Others  again  refer  it  to  OSax.  a-fehian,  '  to 
condemn '  (see  feige).  It  is  quite  impossible 
to  connect  it  with  an  older  LG.  form, 
iiyefyme,  '  oak-mast,'  which,  with  Bav.  dehme, 
deehd,  '  oak-mast,'  belongs  to  a  different 
stem. 

^feier,  f.,  'holiday,  festival,  celebration,' 
from  MidHG.  vtre,  I,  OHG.  jtra,  ftrra,  f., 
'festival,  holiday';  borrowed  from  Mid 
Lat.  firia  (formed  from  Lat.  feriae),  with 
the  lat  S  strengthened,  as  Jlretbf,  ©peife, 
€>etbe,  *V?ein ;  the  cause  of  the  rr  in  OHG. 
ftrra  is  the  i  oifiria.  §fetcrf  ctg,  m., '  holi- 
day, festival,'  from  MidHG.  vtr-,  vlretac, 
OHG.  flratag.  —  feiern,  'to  celebrate,' 
from  MidHG.  viren,  OHG.  ftrrdn,  ftrdii, 
'  to  celebrate,  keep  a  festival,'  formed  from 
Lat.  feriari.  The  borrowed  word  is  found 
in  the  Teut.  languages  of  Middle  Europe 
(Du.  vierdag,  OFris.  jtra),  but  is  wanting 
in  E.  and  Scand.  The  Romance  languages 
preserve  hat.  feriae  in  the  sense  of  'fair' ; 
comp.  Ital.  fiera,  Fr.  foire  (hence  E.  fair). 
Comp.  SWeJTe  and  gejh — ModHG.  gferiett 
(since  the  16th  cent.),  'vacation,  holidays,' 
has  been  derived  anew  from  Lat.  feriae. 

fetfte,  adj.,  'cowardly,  dastardly,'  from 
MidHG.  veige,  OHG.  feigi,  adj.,  'doomed 
to  death,  accursed,  unhappy,'  then  also 
'timid,  cowardly'  (in  the  ModHG.  sense 
fcige  is  wanting  in  the  UpG.  dialects) ; 
comp.  OSax./e(/i,  'doomed  to  death,'  Hess. 
fig,  Du.  veeg,  veege,  '  on  the  point  of  death,' 
AS.  fcege,  Scotch  fey,  Olc.feigr,  'doomed 
to  death,  on  the  point  of  death.'  In  the 
sense  of 'fated  to  die,'  the  adj.  is  primit. 
Teut.  (Goth.  *faiiis).  It  has  also  been 
compared  with  Sans,  pakvds,  '  ripe,'  so  that, 
the  Tent,  cognates  would  represent  pSkj, 
piki  (with  an  inserted  vowel) ;  comp.  fed. 
Far  more  improbable  is  the  assumption 
that  it  is  connected  with  Goth,  faihs,  OHG. 
f$h,  AS.  fdh,  'variegated,'  as  if  it  were 
thought  that  the  person  doomed  to  death 


by  the  fates  was  distinguished  by  some 
coloured  mark.  Some  compare  it  with 
the  cognates  discussed  under  %tl)ie,  some 
with  Lith.  patios,  'stupid,  silly,'  others, 
again,  with  an  OSax.  fehian,  'to  condemn.' 
See  gefjme. 

gfetge,  f.,  '  fig,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vtge,  OHG.  ftga,  L,  '  fig '  ;  comp.  OSax. 
ftga,  Du.  vijg ;  derived,  like  other  South 
Europ.  names  of  trees  and  fruits,  from  Rom. 
Lat.  (ftcus,  f.),  or  more  strictly  from  North 
Ital.  and  Provenc.  figa,  whence  also  Fr. 
figue.  The  AS.  fictredw  is  connected  directly 
with  the  Lat.,  the  later  E.  form  fig-tree  being 
based  upon  Fr.  figue.  Comp.  $&#<&, 
*TJjIauine,  SSirne,  varieties  of  fruit,  which 
were  borrowed  in  the  OHG.  period,  or 
even  earlier,  from  the  Lat.  Goth,  smakka, 
'  fig,'  corresponding  to  OSlov.  smoku,  was 
obtained  from  a  different  source.  See 
Dfjtfetge. 

%eiQtvax&e,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(rare)  vtcwarzen,  n.,  vicwerze,  f.,  'venereal 
ulcer,'  for  which  is  found,  mostly  in  the 
same  sense,  MidHG.  vtc,  m.,  from  Lat. 
ftcus,  whence  also  the  equiv.  AS.  ftce; 
comp.  Ital.  fico,  'fig,  venereal  ulcer.' 

feil,  adj.,  '  for  sale,  venal,'  from  Mid 
HG.  veile,  veil,  OHG.  feili,  with  the  curious 
variant  fall,  adj.,  '  purchaseable ' ;  akin  to 
the  equiv.  OIc.  fair,  with  an  abnormal 
vowel.  Teut.  faili-  has  according  to 
OHG.  fait,  OIc.  fair,  an  inserted  vowel  in 
the  accented  syllable  (comp.  feige) ;  hence 
it  corresponds  to  Aryan  pSli-,  and  is  con- 
nected with  Gr.  vwXtofiai,  '  to  sell,'  and 
more  remotely  with  the  OInd.  root  pan 
for  pain-,  'to  purchase,  buy,  exchange.' — 
fetlfd)en,  with  sch  alter  I  for  8,  'to  higgle, 
bargain,'  from  MidHG.  veilschen,  OHG. 
*feilistm,  'to  bargain  for  something.' 

3-oilo,  f.,  'file,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vile,  OHG.  ftla,  fthala  (not  flhala),  tj 
corresponds  to  AS.  fe6l  (dial,  variant  *ftl), 
f.,  E.  file,  Du.  vijl, '  tile.'  The  OIc.  term  is 
pe%  f.,  'file,'  with  an  abnormal  initial  sound; 
Goth  *feiliala  or  *J>eihala  must  be  assumed. 
The  form  with  initial  /  from  Aryan  p 
points  to  the  widely  diffused  root  pik,  '  to 
scratch,'  akin  to  Lat.  pingo.pictor,  OSlov. 
plsati,  '  to  write.'  Yet  OIc.  J>el,  from 
*f>tlU,  points  to  Teut  Jrinh,  equiv.  to  pre- 
Teut.  Uk,  tenk,  in  ModHG.  £>a$« ;  for  the 
interchange  of/ and  f>  comp.  biiftft  (fitijlfr), 
garfcl,  gehme  (also  OHG.  ftn,  ftma  com- 
pared with  LG.  dime,  '  heap  of  corn.' 

3?eim,  m., '  foam,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 


Fei 


(    84    ) 


Fol 


HG.  veim,  OHG.  feim,  m.  ;  comp.  the  cor- 
responding AS.  fdm,  E.  foam,  which  are 
pri'mit  allied  to  the  equiv.  Sans,  phena, 
OSlov.  pena.  ModHG.  aKyfeimt,  from  an 
earlier  abfeimen, '  to  skim '  (comp.  raffintcrt, 
from  Fr.  rafiiner,  '  to  refine '). 

feitt,  adj.,  '  fine,  elegant,  cunning,'  from 
MidHG.  vln,  fin,  adj.,  'fine,  beautiful'; 
OHG.  *fin  may  be  inferred  from  the  adv. 
finllhlw,  which  is  first  recorded  in  a  gloss 
o"f  the  10th  cent ;  comp.  Du.  fi/jn,  E.  fine. 
Borrowed  from  a  word  common  to  Romance,, 
I  till,  fino  (Fr.  fin),  with  the  prim,  meaning 
'perfect,  genuine,  pure,'  which  is  a  late 
adj.  form  from  Lat.  finite. 

gfetnt>,  m.,  'enemy,  foe,  fiend,'  from 
MidHG.  vtnt,  vlent,  viant,  OHG.  ftant, 
m.,  'enemy' ;  the  common  Teut.  noun  for 
'enemy'  ;  comp.  OSax.  fiund,  AS.  feOnd, 
E.  fiend,  OIc.  fjdnde,  Goth,  fijands.  In 
contrast  to  Lat.  hostis,  discussed  under 
©afl,  the  Teut  designates  his  enemy  ac- 
cording to  the  disposition  of  the  latter ; 
Seinb  (pres,  part,  of  the  Sans,  root  pi,  piy, 
'to  scorn,  hate')  is  lit.  'the  hater' ;  comp. 
OHG.  fleny  AS.  feOgan,  Goth,  fijan,  'to 
hate,'  akin  to  Goth,  faian,  'to  blame.' 
gefybe  is  perhaps  allied  to  it ;  for  the  trans- 
formation of  the  pres.  part,  into  a  subst. 
comp.  also  grcunb,  SBeujanb,  and  £eitanb. 

feift,  adj.,  '  fat  in  good  condition,'  from 
MidHG.  vei$t,  vei^et, OH.G.  fei^it,  adj.,  'fat, 
greasy ' ;  properly  a  partic.  without  gi-,  ge- 
of  a  Goth,  verb  *faitjan,  '  to  fatten,'  OHG. 
feiy^en,  which  is  from  the  nominal  stem 
faita-,  'fat,'  OIc.  feitr,  MidHG.  veiy  With 
the  assumed  Goth.  *faitij>s  are  connected 
AS.  fasted,  fddt,  and  E.  fat  (comp.  fdt). 
Goth.  *faita-,  from  pre-Teut.  paido-,  has 
no  unquestionable  cognates  in  the  allied 
languages  ;  it  can  scarcely  be  connected 
with  OSlov.  piteti,  'to  nourish,  feed,'  on 
account  of  the  faulty  shifting  of  the  dental 
(Slav,  t  corresponding  to  Goth,  t  is  impos- 
sible) ;  it  is  more  probably  related  to  the 
root  iB,  '  to  swell,  flow  forth ' ;  comp. 
*?5a|,  '  a  spring,'  irtSwo,  '  to  gush  forth.' 

3ielberr  m.,  'white  willow,'  from  Mid 
HG.  velwer.  older  velware,  SB.,  from  velice, 
£,  '■willow,  OHG.  felawa,felwa,  f., '  willow 
tree.'  Probably  Osset  farwe,  'alder,'  is 
primit  allied  to  it' 

3?eK>,  n.,.  'field,  space,  square  (chess- 
board), panel,'  from  MidHG.  v'elt  (gen. 
-des\  OHG.  feld,  n.,  'field,  soil,  surface, 
plain';  a  word  common  to  West  Teut.  point- 
ing to  Goth.  *fil}>,  n.;  OSax.  and  AS.  feld 


(lp  in  both  dialects  are  regularly  changed 
into  Id),  E.  field,  Du.  veld.  It  is  still  ques- 
tionable whether  OIc.  fjall, '  mountain,'  is 
identical  with  it,  since  the  former  is  more 
probably  connected  with  ModHG.  get*. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  following  are  cer- 
tainly allied:  —  OIc.  fold,  f.,  'pasture,' 
AS.  folde,  {.,  OSax.  folda,  '  earth,  country, 
ground'  (pointing  to  Goth  *fuldS).  Finn. 
pelto  is  derived  from  Teut.  felpos,  which, 
with  OIc.  folda,  is  based  upon  the  Aryan 
loot  pith  (Sans,  prth),  '  to  be  broad,  flat ' ; 
comp.  Sans,  prthivi,  '  earth,'  as  well  glaben. 

3felftC,  f.,  '  felly  (of  a  wheel),'  from  Mid 
HG.  v'e%ge,  OHG.  filga,  f.,  '  rim  of  a  wheel, 
tyre,'  OHG.  also  '  harrow,  roller  for  break- 
ing clods';  comp.  Du.  radvelge,  'felloe,' 
AS.felg,  E.  felly  (rim,  fellow).  Is  OHG. 
felga,  '  roller,  harrow,'  to  be  connected  with 
AS.  *fealge  (MidE.  falge,  'fallow  land'), 
E.  fallow,  and  its  e  to  bo  regarded  there- 
fore as  formed  by  mutation?  MidHG. 
valgen,  '  to  plough  up,  dig,'  makes  such  a 
supposition  very  probable.  It  is  possible 
that  the  two  classes  in  the  sense  of '  fel- 
loe '  and  '  harrow '  are  not  allied  to  each 
other.  Between  OHG.  felga  and  AS.  felga, 
*  felloe,'  there  is  no  connecting  link. 

gfcll,  n.,  '  hide,  skin,  fur,'  from  MidHG. 
vel(ll),  OHG.  felUl),  '  human  skin,  hide ' ; 
comp.  Goth,  fill,  n.,  in  prdts-fill,  'leprosy,' 
faurafilli,  'foreskin';  OIc.  fjall,  'skin, 
hide,'  in  compounds,  AS.  fell,  n.,  '  skin, 
hide,'  E.  felly  Du.  vel.  Common  to  Teut. 
orig.,  but  universal  in  the  wider  sense  of 
4  skin,'  both  of  men  and  animals.  Teut 
fella-  from  pre-Teut.  pello-  or pelno- ;  comp. 
Lat.  pellis,  Gr.  u-eXXa,  '  hide,  leather,'  direX- 
Xos,  n.,  '  (skinless)  unhealed  wound,'  epwri- 
weXas,  '  erysipelas,  St  Anthony's  fire,'  eVf- 
ir\oos,  '  caul  of  the  entrails,'  the  latter  for 
eirlvXoFos,  akin  to  Ljth.  pleve,  '  caul,  skin ' ; 
also  akin  to  AS.  filmen,  '  membrane,  fore- 
skin,' 'E.film;  likewise  Gr.  wA/ta,'soleof  the 
foot  or  shoe,' and  perhaps  WirXos, '  garment,' 
as  a  reduplicated  form  (W-tX-os,  root  reX). 

^cUcifcn.  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
veils,  m., '  valise,  knapsack '  ;  the  ModHG. 
form  is  a  corruption  of  the  MidHG.  word 
which  is  based  upon  the  equiv.  Fr.  valise. 

^tclfcr*,  m.,  'rock,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  velse,  vels,  m.,  OHG.  felis,  m.,  felisa,  f. 
(from  which  Fr.  falaise, '  ciiff,'  is  borrowed); 
akin  to  OSax.  felis,  m.,  probably  also  to 
OIc.  fjall,  '  mountain ' ;  the  latter  would 
be  *filza-  in  Goth.,  the  former  *falisa-; 
in  Du.  and  E.  the  word  is  wanting.     Olr. 


Fen 


(    85    ) 


Fer 


ail  (from  *paMk),  'rock,'  OSlov.  planina, 
'mountain,'  Sans,  parvata,  'rock,  moun- 
tain,' may  be  primit.  allied.  Connected  also 
with  OInd.  p&r, '  fastness,  citadel,'  to  which 
Or.  tt6\l-s  has  been  referred  ?  or  with  Sans. 
pdsdna  (for  *palsdna),  'stone'  ?. 

3fCttd)Cl,  m.  (Snab.  and  Alem.  ftenfel), 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  venchel,  venichel, 
OHG.  fenahhal,  fenihhal,  m.,  'fennel'; 
comp.  AS.finul,  E.  fennel;  formed  from 
Lat.  (foznicidum,feniculum,feniclum),  fenu- 
clum;  from  the  same  source  the  Romance 
cognates  Fr.  fenouil,  lta\.  fmocchio,  'fennel,' 
are  derived. 

^tCttfier,  n.,  '  window,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  venster,  OHG.  venstar,  n.  ;  coinp. 
Du.  venster,  n.  Based,  with  a  curious 
change  of  gender,  on  Lat.  fenestra,  from 
which,  however,  the  fenstar  of  the  Mid 
Europ.  Teutons  could  only  be  produced  by 
shifting  the  accent  back  according  to  the 
Teut.  custom  (comp.  9lbt)  and  by  syncopating 
the  second  e.  This  indicates  that  the  word 
was  borrowed  very  early,  in  the  beginning 
of  the  OHG.  period.  Yet  the  idea  was 
wel  1  known  to  the  older  periods,  as  is  tes- 
tified by  the  terms  naturally  applied  to  the 
existing  object — Goth.  augadaurS,  'eye- 
gate,'  AS.  Sgfii/rel,  'eye-hole,'  Olc.  vindauga 
(whence  MidE.  winddge,  E.  window).  By 
the  introduction  of  the  Southern  term 
(comp.  also  Olr.  senister,  W.  ffenester)  the 
idea  was  probably  reconstructed.  This 
word  was  borrowed  at  the  same  period  as 
other  words — 3iegel,  SKaucv — relating  to  the 
building  of  houses. 

gfcrgc,  m.,  'ferryman,'  from  MidHG. 
verge,  verje,  vere,  OHG.  ferjo,  fero  (nom. 
sing,  ferjo,  gen.  and  dat./grw,  accus./gr/tt?i), 
m.,  '  mariner,  ferryman.'  The  j  is  changed 
into  g  after r  as  in  ©emerge,  Satrcergf.  Goth. 
*farja,  m.,  'mariner,'  is  wanting.  Most 
closely  allied  to  O^fyte ;  also  akin  to  Goth. 
farjan,  'to  navigate,'  see  root  far  under 
fafyrm. 

f~evicn,  see  gtier. 
erftcl,  n.,  'sucking-pig,'  from  MidHG. 
verier,  verchel,  verhtlin,  OHG.  farhel$(ii) ; 
diniin.  of  MidHG.  varch,  n.,  'pig,  sucknu,'- 

Eig,'  OHG.  farah,  farh,  n.  ;  AS.  fearh,  in., 
I.  farrow  j  Du.  varlcen,  n.,  'pig';  Goth. 
*farha-  is  wanting.  In  any  case  it  is  a 
pre-Teut.  word,  since  the  allied  Aryan  lan- 
guages have  words  corresponding  to  it  both 
in  sound  and  meaning  ;  *farhaz  from  pre- 
Teut.  porfcos,  corresponds  to  Lat.  porous 
(Gr.  t6/)kos),  Lith.  pdrszas,  OSlov.  prasf,  n., 


Olr.  ore.  Like  (Sber  and  <2>d)roein,  this 
word  too,  unknown  to  Indian,  is  essentially 
West  Aryan,  while  Mai)  is  a  common  Aryan 
word. 

fern,  adv.,  '  far,  distantly,  remotely,' 
from  MidHG.  verrene,  verren,  verne,  OHG. 
verrana,  v'errandn,  adv.,  'from  afar';  the 
adv.  in  answer  to  the  question  '  where  1 '  is 
verre  in  MidHG.  and  v'erro  in  OHG.  The 
adject,  form  in  MidHG.  is  verre,  in  OHG. 
ver,  which  are  probably  derived  from  the 
old  adv.  The  remaining  Teut.  branches 
have  no  old  orig.  adj.;  as  an  adv.,  how- 
ever, we  meet  with  Goth,  fairra,  which  is 
also  a  prep.,  'distant,  away  from,'  Olc. 
f jarre,  AS.  feor,  E.  far,  OSax.  f'err.  Be- 
sides these  words  relating  to  distance  in 
space,  OTeut.  has  also  allied  terms  for  dis- 
tance in  time  ;  Goth,  fairneis,  '  old,  in  the 
preceding  year,'  OSax.  firn,  'preceding, 
passed  away  (of  years),'  OHG.  firni,  Mid 
HG.  virne,  '  old '  (see  under  girnewcin) ; 
akin  also  to  Olc.  forn,  'old,'  MidHG. 
vorn,  '  earlier,  formerly,'  with  a  differently 
graded  vowel.  To  the  Teut.  stem /er-,/or- 
from  pre-Teut.  per,  pr,  are  allied  Gr.  irtpa, 
'  further,'  iripav, '  on  the  other  side,'  Armen. 
heri, '  distant,'  Sans,  pdra-s, '  more,  remote,' 
paramds,  'remotest,  highest,'  paras,  adv., 
'far  off,  in  the  distance.'  The  cognates 
of  Aryan  per-  have  too  great  and  involved 
a  ramification  to  be  fully  explained  hem 
See  fun. 

^fcrfe,  f.,  'heel,  track,  footsteps,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  v'ersen,  OHG.  firsana, 
f. ;  corresponds  to  Goth,  fairzna  (for  *fairs- 
na),  ft,  AS.  fyrsn,  f.  (pointing  to  Goth. 
*fairsni-) ;  E.  obsolete,  the  term '  heel '  (AS. 
Mia)  being  used,  in  Scand.  hchll ;  Du.  ver- 
zen,  OSax.  fersna.  Common,  like  Sufl,  and 
numerous  other  terms  relating  to  the  body 
(Jjjerj,  91iere,  £)t)r,  91afe,  &c),  to  Teut.  and 
the  allied  languages,  and  hence  derived 
from  the  OAryan  vocabulary;  corny,  fers- 
n6-,  -ni-,  from  pre-Teut.  pCrs-nd,  -nt-,  with 
Sans.  pdrSni-s,  f.  (like  AS.  fi/rsn  in  the 
formation  of  its  stem),  Zend  pdSna,  in.,  Gr. 
irripva,  {.,  'heel,  ham,'  Lat.  perna,  'leg  (of 
mutton,  &c),  ham,'  pernix, '  quick,  speedy ' 
(for  *pcrsna,  *persnix). 

fcrttg,  adj.,  'ready,  complete,  dexte- 
rous,' from  MidHG.  vertec,  vertic  (from  vart, 
'journey'),  adj.,  'able  to  walk,  walking, 
in  motion,  ready,  fit,'  OHG.  farttg;  Du. 
vaardig,  '  ready.'  The  adj.,  like  btrtit  and 
ruftig,  probably  meant  orig.  'equipped  for 
a  military  expedition.' 


Fes 


(    86    ) 


Fie 


JrcfTcl  (1.),  '•»  'fetter,  chain,  shackle,' 
from  MidHG.  vfi$d,  OHG./^i'J,  m., '  band 
for  fastening  and  holding  the  sword,'  then 
also  'band,  fetter' ;  AS.fetel, ' sword-belt,' 
OIc.  fetelly  m., '  band,  bandage,  sword-belt ' ; 
akin  to  root  fat  (see  %a$,  faffen),  '  to  hold '  ?. 
The  ModHG.  has  retained  its  general  sense 
by  taking  the  place  of  another  OTeut.  word 
for  'fetter';  MidHG.  ve^er,  f.,  'fetter, 
shackle  for  the  foot,'  OHG.  fe$$era,  OSax. 
feter,  AS.  feter,  E.  fetters  (plnr.),  Olcfjgturr. 
These  words,  which  are  usually  connected 
with  Lat.  vedica,  Gr.  *£8ti,  '  letter,'  Lat. 
compes,  and  hence  with  the  cognates  of 
ModHG.  Sitfj,  can  scarcely  be  allied  to  the 
terms  indicating  a  Goth.  *fatils,  '  sword- 
belt.' 

feftel  (2.),  f.,  '  pastern.'  See  gu&. 
eft,  n.,  '  festival,  fete,  feast,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  fed,  n.,  from  Lat.  fedum, 
whence  Ital.  festa,  Fr.  fSte  (E.  feast) ;  $tm 
is  the  earlier  loan-wont  Gothic  has  simply 
a  native  dulfrs,  '  feast.'     See  JDult. 

feff,  adj., '  firm,  solid,  strong,'  from  Mid 
HG.  vest,  vede,  OHG.  f(di,  adj.,  '  firm, 
strong,  steadfast'  ;  see  the  corresponding 
adv.  fail,  which  is  not  mutated  ;  neither 
was  the  adj.  originally  formed  by  mutation, 
since,  according  to  OSax.  fast,  AS.  feed, 
"E.fast,  OIc.  fastr,  adj.,  'firm,'  we  have  to 
assume  a  Goth.  *fastu-,  which  is  probably 
an  old  to-  partic.  like  laid,  traut,  jart,  alt, 
&c,  from  the  root  fas-,  'to  fasten  ;  *fas- 
ta-,  lit.  'fastened,'  then  '  firm.'  Goth,  still 
retains  only  the  verb  fastan,  '  to  keep  firm, 
hold  fast'     See  faflett. 

fefifd),  in.,  'fetish,'  adopted  by  Mod 
at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cent. 
The  earlier  parallel  form  gettfio  is  more 
closely  connected  with  the  Port,  base 
feitico,  '  enchantment,'  but  the  modern 
form  with  Fr.  fetiche. 

felt,  adj.,  '  fat,  plump,'  only  in  ModHG., 
introduced  by  Luther  from  MidG.  and  LG. 
instead  of  the  genuine  UpG.  feijl ;  LG. 
fdt,  comp.  Du.  vet  from  an  earlier  fitt,  AS. 
fdett,  'fat,'  which,  with  OHG.  feix$it,  are 
derived  from  Goth.  *faiti/>s  ;  see  fit  ft.  As 
to  the  origin  of  the  ModHG.  idiom,  fein 
Sfett  fyaben,  jentantem  fein  gctt  geben,  '  to  get 
one's  due,  give  any  one  his  due,'  opinions 
are  divided  ;  although  the  reference  to 
einbrocfen,  {fttianbcm  etttjaS  einbrocfen  (to  play 
one  a  trick),  &c,  supports  the  assumption  of 
a  purely  Ger.  origin,  some  etymologists  re- 
gard it  as  partly  translated  and  partly  bor- 
rowed from  the  Fr.  donner  d  quelqu'un  son 


fait,  avoir  son  fait,  others  even  as  an  ironi- 
cal reference  to  the  Fr.  f aire  f He  a  quelqu'un. 
'  to  make  a  person  heanily  welcome.' 

$et&exx,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vetzf,  m.,  'rag,  tatters';  probably  from 
MidHG.  va^en,  '  to  dress,'  OIc.  fgt, 
•clothe-.'  From  a  Teut,  (Goth.)  faVi, 
'  clothes,'  Span,  hato,  and  Port,  fato, '  ward- 
robe,' are  derived.  Comp.  faften,  S^P-  In 
the  dialectal  compounds  2llltag3;,  (Sonntaaes 
frfcen,  5f$en  denotes  '  clothes.' 

feitd)t,  adj., '  moist,  damp,  humid.'  from 
the  equiv.  Mi'dHG.  viulite,  ORG. filhtiJiUit, 
(Goth.  *f&htu-  is  wanting).  The  adj.  is 
WestTeut. ;  comp.  LG.  fucht,  AS.  f&ld,  E. 
obsolete,  Du.  vochtig,  'damp.'  An  allied 
root  (pllk),  qUk,  quak,  is  assumed  for  OSlov. 
kysnati, '  to  grow  sour,'  kvasiti, '  to  acidify,' 
which  are  scarcely  connected  with  tins 
word. 

^fetter,  n.,  '  fire,  ardour,  passion,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  vinr,  OHG.  and  OLG. 
fiur,  older  fair,  n.  ;  comp.  Du.  vuur,  AS. 
f$r  (from  *fUir),  n.,  E.fire;  a  word  common 
to  West  Teut.  for  '  fire' ;  in  Goth,  fon  (gen. 
funins),  OIc,  fune,  '  fire,'  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  they  are  cognate  with  HG.  Setter  ; 
comp.  OIc.  (only  in  poetry)  furr,  in.,  and 
fj/re,  n.,  '  fire.'  The  r  in  all  the  words  is  a 
suffix,  and/#  (from  pre-Teut.  pit)  the  root ; 
comp.  Gr.  vvp  and  Mo\.  vd'Cp,  n.  (rrvpads, 
'torch').  In  Sans,  a  verbal  root  pit,  'to 
flame,  beam  brightly,'  is  found,  whence 
pAvakd,  '  fire.' 

§fibcl,  f.,  '  primer,'  first  occurs  in  early 
MidHG.  (15th  cent.),  probably  a  LG.  word 
orig.  formed  from  93ibet ;  the  earlier  vari- 
ant wibel  (wivelV)  points  to  ModGr.  pro- 
nunciation. Perhaps  gibel  represents  93iwl 
(comp.  (Sfitg,  5Meber). 

J3?td)fc,  f.,  'pine,  fir,'  from  MidHG. 
vishte,  f.,  OHG.  fiohta,  fluhta,  f.,  '  fir.'  No 
cognate  term  is  found  in  any  of  the  other 
Teut.  dialects,  yet  §ictote  is  proved  from  the 
non-Teut  languages  to  be  primitive  ;  comp. 
Gr.  vevKr,,  '  fir,'  Lith.  puszls,  'fir.'  The  HG. 
form  is  fuller  by  a  dental  affix  than  the 
Gr.  and  Lith.  words. 

fieber,  n.,  •  fever,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
vieber,  OHG.  fiebar,  n.  ;  from  Lat.- 
Romance  febris,  with  a  change  of  gender 
as  in  AS.ftfor,  n.,  equiv.  to  E.  fever ;  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  ie  for  «,  as  in  93rtef,  Stead, 
Spiegel,  $riejhr;  so  too  ModHG.  93teber=, 
MidHG.  biever,  from  vieber,  with  an  inter- 
change of  consonants,  as  in  ©fftg  and 
Jfabeljau. 


Fie 


(    87    ; 


Pin 


gtiebel,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
tridd,  videle,  f.,  OHG.  fidula  (as  early  as 
Otfried),  f.,  'fiddle,  violin';  com  p.  Du. 
vedel,  AS.  fifiele,  E.  fiddle,  OIc.  fifrla.  OHG. 
fidvla  is  based,  according  to  AS.  fij>ele, 
'fiddle,'  fifrelere,  '  fiddler,'  fifcelestre,  '  fidi- 
cina,'  upon  an  older  West  Tent.  *fij?ula. 
The  latter  form  with  Jy  might  be  deduced 
from  Lat.  *fitula  or  fidula  (for  fidicula  ?), 
yet  these  primary  forms  are  not  recorded. 
There  is  undeniableconnection  between  the 
Teut  class  and  the  Romance  cognates — Ital. 
viola,  Fr.  viole,  *  violin,'  the  origin  of  which, 
it  is  true,  is  much  disputed.  Stiil  £arfe 
found  its  way  from  Teut.  into  Romance. 

ftHett,  vb.,  'to  flay,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  villen,  OHG.  fillen;  allied  to  %tll. 

^ft(3,  m.,  ' felt,  blanket;  miser;  repri- 
mand,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vilz,  OHG. 
filz,  m. ;  comp.  Du.  vilt,  AS.  and  E.  felt, 
Swed.  and  Dan.  jilt,  '  felt '  (Goth.  *filtis, 
pre-Teut.  *peldos,  n.).  Lat.  pilus,  pileus, 
Gr.  iriXoj,  are  scarcely  allied  ;  it  is  more 
probably  connected  with  OSlov.  plusti, 
( felt.'  From  the  Teut.  word  are  derived 
the  similarly  sounding  Romance  words, 
Ital.  feltro,  Fr.feutre,  Mid  Lat.  filtrum,  'felt.' 
Other  words  also  relating  to  weaving  were 
introduced  into  Romance  from  Teut.  See 
£afpe,  Oiocfen. 

finoctt,  vb.,  'to  find,  discover;  deem, 
consider,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vinden, 
OHG.  findan ;  comp.  Goth,  finfcan,  OIc. 
finna,  AS.  findan,  E.  to  find,  OSax.  flthan, 
findan,  '  to  find.'  Teut.  fenf>,  as  a  str. 
verbal  root  from  pre-Teut.  root  pent ;  akin 
to  OHG.  fendo,  m.,  'pedestrian,  AS.  fSJja, 
'foot-soldier,'  OHG.  funden,  '  to  hasten'  ?. 
Some  etymologists  adduce  Lat.  invenire 
and  OSlov.  na  iti,  'to  find,'  to  show  by 
analogy  that  from  a  verb  of  'going'  the 
meaning  '  find '  can  be  evolved.  With  the 
Teut.  root  fen  J?  the  equiv.  Olr.  root  e%- 
(from  pent-)  is  most  closely  connected. 

3ftnger,  m.,  '  finger,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vinger,  OHG.  fingar,  m.;  a  common 
Teut.  term  ;  comp.  Goth,  figgrs,  OIc.  fingr, 
AS.  and  E.  finger.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
the  word  is  derived  from  fctngeit,  root  fanh, 
and  it  is  questionable  whether  it  comes 
from  the  root  finh,  pre-Teut.  pink,  '  to 
prick,  paint,'  Lat.  jingo  (see  ffetU)  ;  it  is 
most  probably  primit.  allied  tofunf  (Aryan 
penqe).  The  terms  J&anb,  Singer,  3«&e  are 
specifically  Teut.,  and  cannot  be  etymolo- 
gically  explained  with  certainty.  Besides 
there  existed  even  in  OTeut.  a  definite 


term  for  each  linger.  First  of  all  the  thumb 
obtained  its  name,  which  is  a  rudimentary 
and  hence  very  old  form  ;  for  the  remain- 
ing names  see  under  25aumett. 

gftttfe,  m.,  '  finch,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vinlce,  OHG.  fincho,  m. ;  corresponds 
to  Du.  vink.  AS.  fine,  E.  finch,  Swed.  fink, 
Dan.  finke,  'finch' ;  Goth.  *finki-,  *finkjan-, 
are  wanting.  There  is  a  striking  similarity 
of  sound  in  the  Rom.  words  for  '  finch ' — 
Ital.  pincione,  Fr.  pinson,  to  which  the  E. 
dialectal  forms  pink,  pinch,  '  finch,'  belong. 
Yet  there  is  no  suspicion  that  the  Teut. 
word  was  borrowed  ;  the  Teut.  class  is 
probably  primit.  allied  to  the  Rom.  word. 

finne  (1.),  f.,  'fin,'  first  occurs  in  Mod 
,  from  hG.finne,  Du.  vin, '  fin ' ;  first  re- 
corded in  the  Teut.  group  in  AS.  (Jinn,  m., 
E.  fin),  hence  it  cannot  have  been  bor- 
rowed from  Lat. pinna,  '  fin  of  the  dolphin, 
feather.'  No  Teut.  word  can  be  proved 
to  have  been  borrowed  from  Lat.  before 
the  period  of  the  OTeut.  substitution  of 
consonants,  i.e.,  before  the  beginning  of 
our  era  (see  Ǥanf).  Hence  AS.  Jinn  must 
be  assumed  as  primit.  cognate  with  Lat. 
pinna.  Is  it,  like  penna,  based  upon  pesna 
(OLat)?  If  it  were  based  upon  *pis-nd, 
'  fin,'  it  might  perhaps  be  regarded  as  cog- 
nate with  piscis,  Goth,  fiska-  (Jis-ka),  'fish.' 
^finite  (2.),  f.,  '  tumour,  scrofula,'  from 
MidHG.  vinne,  pfinne, '  pimple,  foul  rancid 
smell';  comp.  Du.  vin,  'pimple.'  The 
relation  of  the  initial  sounds  is  not  clear  ; 
MidHG.  pfinne  points  to  Goth,  p,  Du.  vin 
to  /  initially  ;  perhaps  the  double  form  is 
due  to  confusion  with  ginne  (1.) ;  p  may  be 
the  correct  initial  sound. 

fittffcr,  adj.,  'dark,  gloomy,  morose, 
sullen,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vinster, 
OHG.  finstar;  OSax.  *finistar,  as  an  adj., 
is  not  found,  but  it  may  be  inferred  from 
a  subst.  with  the  same  sound,  meaning 
'darkness';  the  stem  is  essentially  Ger., 
but  a  series  of  phonetic  difficulties  (see 
bujler)  hamper  the  discovery  of  the  type. 
In  OHG.  there  exists  besides  ftttjtn:  an 
OHG.  dinstar,  MidHG.  dinster,  whose 
initial  d  must  have  been  substituted  for 
an  earlier  (OSax.,  Goth.)  ]> ;  to  these  OSax. 
thimm,  'aark,'  corresponds.  The  inter- 
change of  }>  and/,  judging  from  the  parallel 
forms  under  fttilt  and  fta&tl,  cannot  be 
denied.  In  that  case  the  root  would  be 
J>em  (see  ^ammtrung).  But  OSax.  thiustri, 
AS.  pp8tre,  '  gloomy,'  have  no  connectiou 
with  it. 


Fin 


( 


) 


Fla 


^fintc,  f.,  lit.  'feint,'  also  'trick,  til.,' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  from  Ital.  finta, 
*  cunning '  (Fr.  feinte). 

gtirlcfon,^,  m.,  'nonsense,  drollery,' 
from  MidHG.  virlefanz,  m.,  '  a  sort  of 
dance,'  whence  the  meaning  in  ModHG. 
'  foppish,  silly  manner.'  Some  have  tried 
to  connect  it  with  Norw.  fillefant,  '  scoun- 
dv*t\,'fantefolk, '  gipsies,'  which  would  make 
it  akin  to  %ant.  On  account  of  the  late 
appearance  of  the  word  it  is  impossible  to 
decide,  however,  whether  AS.  fyrlen,  '  far, 
distant,'  is  the  basis  of  the  first  part  of  the 
compound,  or  rather  MidHG.  faciei,  'a 
dance '  (Fr.  virelai,  *  virelay ').     See  ftant. 

ftrn,  adj.,  '  old,  of  last  year,'  from  Mid 
HG.  virne,  adj.,  'old,'  also  'experienced,' 
OHG.  firni,  'old';  corresponds  to  Goth. 
falrneis,  'old,'  AS.  fyrn,  'old,'  OSax.  fern, 
'  past '  (of  years).  The  reference  to  the 
year  gone  by  exists  in  the  Goth,  and  OSax. 
words,  but  does  not  appear  to  be  found  in 
OHG.  and  MidHG.,  although  the  stem  is 
known  to  modern  UpG.  dialects ;  comp. 
Alem.  fernig,  '  of  last  year.'  *  In  the  pre- 
ceding year'  is  MidHG.  vert, verne ;  MidG. 
and  UpG.  preserve  even  now  an  OTeut. 
adv.  fert,  fered,  '  in  the  preceding  year ' ; 
comp.  OIc.  fjgrjy,  adv.,  'in  the  preceding 
year,'  from  Goth.  *fairu}>,  pre-Teut  peruti 
(perouti),  Gr.  vipvri,  irtpvat,  '  in  the  preced- 
ing year,'  Olr.  onn-urid,  '  from  the  preced- 
ing year  onwards,'  Lith.  pernai,  '  in  the 
preceding  year,'  Sans,  pa-rut.  Hence  the 
idea  of  'the  preceding  year'  is  primit  in- 
herent in  the  stem  per,  Teut.  fer;  the 
general  sense  of  time  gone  by  appears  iu 
the  Teut  adj.  fern  and  its  cognates. 

gftrrt,  ^irrte,  m.,  '  snow  of  the  preced- 
ing year  or  years,  glacier,'  prop,  an  adjecti- 
val subst.  in  the  sense  of  'old  snow,  first 
recorded  in  the  last  century  ;  see  the  pre- 
ceding word. — gfancroetn,  'last  year's 
wine  ' ;  see  ftrn. 

§firnis,  m.,  'varnish,'  from  MidHG. 
firnts,  'varnish,  rouge';  from  Fr.  vernis 
(whence  also  E.  varnish),  Ital.  vernice. 
Finally  derived  from  Lat  vitrum,  vitrtnus. 

5?irff ,  m.,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
virst,  OHG.  first,  m.,  '  ridge  of  a  roof,  sum- 
mit' ;  comp.  LG.  and  Du.  (with  gradation), 
vorst,  '  ridge  of  a  roof,'  AS.  first,  fyrst,  f.  ; 
Goth.  *falrsti-  or  fairshti-  is  wanting.  Al- 
lied to  Sans,  prithd-m,  n.,  '  back,  summit, 
mountain-peak,'  which  is  nearest  in  sound 
to  Du.  vorst.  From  Teut,  OFr.  frette, 
Prov.  /rest,  '  gable,'  are  derived. 


§?ifd),  m.  'fish,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  visch,  OHG.  fisk,  m.  ;  a  common  Teut 
term  ;  comp.  Goth,  fiski,  OIc  fiskr,  AS. 
fisc,  E.  fish,  Du.  visch,  OSax.  fisc  Teut 
fiska-z,  from  pre-Teut  pisko-s,  corresponds 
to  Lat.  piscis  and  Olr.  iasc  (with  the  normal 
loss  of  p  from  prehistoric  peiskos).  The 
word  belongs  to  the  three  most  western 
groups  of  the  Aryan  division,  which  have 
also  the  word  SKfct  in  common ;  in  East 
Aryan  matsya.  Further,  there  are  no 
names  of  fishes  common  to  Teut  and  Lat- 
Kelt  Perhaps  the  term  was  a  migratory 
word  of  early  civilisation,  the  source  of 
which  cannot  be  discovered. 

gftff,  m.,  'fart,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vist,  m. ;  akin  to  the  equiv.  Du.  veest,  AS.fist. 
A  common  Aryan  root  pezd  appears  in  Lat 
pido  for  pezdo,  as  well  as  in  Gr.  /35^w,  from 
*/9<r5^w,  Lith.  bez>M  (beztUti).  Hence  Teut 
fisti-  is  to  be  explained  by  Aryan  pezd-i-. 
From  the  verbal  noun  fist  a  verbal  root  f  is, 
*  pedere,'  was  inferred  iu  very  early  times. 
Comp.  Olc.  flsa. 

^ftftel,  f->  'fistula,  reed,  falsetto,'  from 
MidHG. fistel,  f.,  'a  deep  abscess  in  ducts 
or  passages,'  even  in  OHG.  fistul,  formed 
from  the  equiv.  Lat.  fistula  ;  the  term  was 
first  applied  to  the  voice  in  ModHG. 

J3ttfftdj,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vittich,  v&tach,  m.,  n.,  v'ettache,  f.,  m.,  '  wing, 
pinion,'  OHG.  fettah,  older  felhdhah,  m. ; 
in  meaning  a  collective  of  fybtx ;  comp. 
OSax.  fetherac,  OHG.  federah,  MidHG. 
fedrach,  'wing';  the  formation  of  OHG. 
fethdhah  is  not  clear  ;  was  the  Goth,  form 
*fipj>akst  The  dentals  are  obscure,  yet 
the  word  is  undoubtedly  related  to  §ebcr. 

^tifjc,  f.,  'knot  of  yarn,  skein,  wrinkle,' 
from  MidHG.  vitze,  OHG.  fizza,  f.,  'a  num- 
ber of  reeled  threads  tied  together,  skein, 
yarn ' ;  akin  to  OIc.  fgt,  '  clothes,'  MidHG. 
vaften,  '  to  dress,'  root  fat,  fet?  'to  spin ' ? 
'  to  weave '  ?.  Yet  it  is  more  closely  con- 
nected with  OSax.  fittea,  AS.  fitt,  '  chap- 
ters, divisions  in  poems.' 

fix,  adj.,  'quick,  smart,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG. ;  Lat  fixus  and  its  Romance  deri- 
vatives are  not  used  in  this  sense  ;  whether 
borrowed  from  it  or  not  is  doubtful. 

flad).  adj.,  'flat,  shallow,  superficial,' 
from  MidHG.  vlach,  OHG.  flah(hh\  adj., 
'flat,  smooth';  comp.  Du.  vlak,  'even.' 
Akin  to  the  graded  forms  AS.  fiSc,  E.  fiook, 
fluke  ('flounder'),  North E.flook-footed\  'flat- 
footed.'  This  suggests  Lat  plaga,  'dis- 
trict,' or  more  probably,  on  account  of  its 


Fla 


(    89    ) 


Fla 


meaning,  OSlov.  plosku, ' flat' ;  Lat.  pldnus 
scarcely  represents  *plagnus  (see  Slur)  ;  re- 
lated to  Gr.  7rXd|  (stem  tXo*c),  'surface,' 
Gr  jtXcucoOs,  Lat.  placenta,  'cake.'  But  E. 
flat,  Olc.flatr,  OUG.Jla^  '  flat,  level,' have 
nothing  to  do  with  flad).  A  MidG.  and  LG. 
parallel  form  of  flad)  is  mentioned  under 
SSladjfelb. 

3?lad)0,  m.,  *  flax,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vlahs,  OHG.  fla/is,  m.  ;  comp.  Du. 
vlas,  AS.  fleux,  n.,  E.  flax;  a  common 
West  Teut.  term,  unknown  to  Scand.  and 
Goth.  Usually  referred  to  the  rootfleh  (or 
fleht)  in  flecfyten  ;  s  (Goth.  *flahsa-)  is  pro- 
bably a  suffix. 

flacftem,  vb.,  'to  flare,  flicker,'  from 
MidHG.  vlackern,  'to  flicker,'  OHG.  (once) 
flagardn  (for  flaggardnl),  'to  fly,  flutter 
about ' ;  akin  to  AS.  flacor,  '  flying,  flutter- 
ing,' MidE. fiakeren,  'to  fly,  flutter  about,' 
MidDu.  flackeren,  Scand.  fioJcra,  vb.,  'to 
flutter,'  as  well  as  the  equiv.  flokta.  Comp. 
the  cognate  stems  AS.  flicorian,  E.  to 
flicker,  Du.  flikkem,  '  to  glimmer,  gleam ' ; 
this  class,  on  account  of  the  numerous 
words  it  comprised  at  an  early  period, 
cannot  be  derived  from  Lat.  flacjrare,  nor 
even  be  connected  with  fliegen,  to  which 
OHG.  flogardn,  flokrdn,  'to  flutter,'  and 
flogezen,  MidHG.  vlokzen,  'to  flutter,  gleam,' 
may  be  referred. 

,3-laocit,  m.,  '  flat  cake,  cow  dung,'  from 
MnlHG.  vlade,  mn  'broad,  thin  cake,' 
OHG.  flado,  '  offering-cake ' ;  corresponds 
to  Du.  vlade  via,  i\,  'pancake,'  MidE.  flafre 
(Goth.  *flafia).  Pre-Teut.  platan-  or  pla- 
thaiir-  would  have  to  be  assumed,  perhaps 
with  the  primit.  sense, '  surface,  flat  thing' ; 
comp.  Gr.  irXartfj,  '  broad '  ;  Gr.  nXadavov 
(0  for  Aryan  th),  '  cake-mould ' ;  Sana 
prth&s,  '  broad '  (akin  to  Sans,  prthivt, 
'earth,'  under  %elt),  prdthas,  n.,  'breadth,' 
Lith.  platus,  '  broad.'  Allied  to  the  graded 
forms  pl6th,  Lat.  PlOtus,  Plautus,  lit.  '  flat- 
footed,'  semipWtia,  '  slipper,'  MidHG. 
vluoder,  '  flounder,'  lit. '  flat  fish.'  Remoter 
cognates  of  the  whole  class  are  OIc.  flatr, 
OHG.  flai,  'level,  flat.'  From  glaben, 
which  is  probably  West  Teut  only,  are 
derived  the  early  MidLat.  flado,  Ital. 
fladone,  '  honeycomb,'  Fr.  flan,  '  flat  cake, 
custard '  (whence  E.  flavm,  '  a  kind  of  cus- 
tard'). Comp.  for  its  meaning  MidHG. 
breitinc,  m.,  '  a  sort  of  biscuit,'  akin  to 
brett. 

gtlagftC,  f.,  '  flag,  ensign,  standard,'  bor- 
rowed, like  most  words  with  gg  (see  Dcgae, 


Sagger),  from  LG.  and  Du.  in  the  ModHG. 
period  ;  comp.  Du.  vlag,  E.  flag,  Dan. 
flag,  Swed.  flagg.  A  modern  Teut  word 
not  recorded  in  the  earlier  periods.  In 
which  of  the  Teut.  maritime  tribes  this 
and  other  nautical  terms  were  first  used  we 
know  not,  for  the  earlier  history  eludes  us. 
Since,  however,  AS.  preserves  the  earliest 
forms  of  a  number  of  nautical  terms  which 
are  afterwards  found  in  all  the  cognate 
languages  (see  93orb,  S3oot,  §elm  (2),  Sprict, 
&c),  the  silence  of  the  AS.  records — no 
term  *flacge  is  found — may  be  accepted 
as  a  proof  that  Stoflfle  is  not  native  to  Eng- 
land. 

^iambevQ,  m.,  'broad-sword,'  simply 
ModHG.  from  Fr.  flamberge,  the  origin  of 
which  is  often  referred  to  Ger.,  though  no 
suitable  type  can  be  found. 

gffctmme,  f.,  '  flame,  blaze,  flash,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  flamme,  vlamme,  f.  ; 
comp.  OLG.  flamma,  Du.  vlam,  formed 
from  Lat.  flamma. 

fiarxke,  f.,  •  flank,  side,'  simply  Mod 
,  from  Fr.  flanc,  which,  with  its  Rom. 
cognate  (Ital.  fianco),  is  derived  from  OHG. 
hlanca,  '  side '  (see  lenfen).  For  Fr.  fl,  from 
Teut.  hi,  see  flau. 

gflafdje,  f.,  'bottle,  flask,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vlasche,  OHG.  flasca,  f. 
(MidHG.  also  vlcsche  with  mutation)  ; 
comp.  Du.  flesch,  AS.  flasce,  f.,  E.  flask, 
Olc.  (found  early)  flaska,  f.,  Goth.  *flask6, 
whence  Finn,  lasku.  The  word  is  recorded 
in  Teut  at  an  early  period,  but  on  account 
of  its  correspondence  with  the  Rom.  words 
for'  bottle,'  it  may  have  been  borrowed  ; 
comp.  MidLat.  fiasco  (occurs  very  early), 
Ital.  fiasco,  ModFr.  flacon.  Some  etymo- 
logists derive  MidLat.  fiasco  from  Lat.  vas- 
culum.  An  exhaustive  history  of  theje 
cognates  has  not  yet  been  attempted. 

flatfertt,  vb.,  '  to  flutter,  dangle,'  in  Mid 
HG.  vladern  from  MidHG.  vledern  (see 
Slebermaitf) ;  MidDu.  flatteren,  E.  to  flatter, 
akin  to  flutter,  also  MidE.  fliieren,  E.  to 
flitter;  AS.  flottrian,  MidE.  floteren,  'to 
undulate,'  are,  however,  certainly  allied  to 
the  root  flut,  '  to  flow.' 

flau,  adj.,  '  feeble,  stagnant,  insipid, 
dull,'  simply  ModHG. ;  borrowed  in  the 
last  century  from  LG.  flau,  Du.  flauw, 
*  languid,  faint,  indifferent,'  which,  with  E. 
flew,  '  soft,  tender,'  are  derived  from  Rom. 
Considering  the  late  appearance  of  the 
cognates,  and  the  area  to  which  they  arc. 
confined,  it  is  certain  that  they  originated 


Fla 


(    90    ) 


Fie 


in  Fr.  flou,  OFr.  fiau,floi;  the  latter  is  of 
Teut.  origin  (see  lau),  so  that  ModHG. 
flau  is  finally  derived  from  a  pre-Teut. 
hliwa-.     Comp.  fftanfe. 

JUuim.  m.  (Up.G.  <)>flaum  also),  'down,' 
from  MidHG.  phldme,  f.,  OHG.  pfldma, 
'down,'  from  Lat.  plAma,  whence  also  AS. 
pltimfefrere.  As  the  shifting  of  the  initial 
sound  proves,  however,  the  word  must  have 
been  borrowed  in  the  earlier  OHG.  period  ; 
comp.  the  Olr.  word  (also  derived  from 
the  Lat.)  clUrn,  'feather'  (OW.  plumauc, 
'  pillow ').  Scund.  and  E.  have  for  gfoum 
an  apparently  genuine  Teut.  word  (see 
1)aune.  It  is  certainly  recorded  by  Pliny 
that  Teut.  tribes  in  the  olden  time  sent 
flocks  of  geese  to  Rome  ;  but  perhaps  it 
was  only  *  down '  (see  also  §lotfe),  which 
was  valuable  to  the  Southerners,  and  so 
the  Lat.  pluma  may  have  been  introduced 
into  Teut.  at  an  early  period.  The  initial 
/  of  the  ModHG.  form  for  pf  may  be  due 
to  the  connection  with  fttiin. 

3-lcutc,  m.,  orig.  '  a  tuft  of  wool,'  then 
'a  woollen  coat,  pilot  cloth,'  from  MidHG. 
vius,  'fleece,  sheepskin,'  a  variant  of  Mid 
HG.  vlies.    See  glie*. 

3flaufe,  L,  'trick,  pretence,'  simply  Mod 
HG.;  MidHG.  *vluse  does  not  occur  ;  it  is 
probably  connected  with  OHG.  giflds,  n., 
'  whispering,'  gifldsida,  f.,  '  illusion,' J^sdri, 
'liar.' 

§F(ed)fe,  f.,  'sinew,  tendon,' only  Mod 
HG.,  from  Lat.  flezus. 

<3-lccl)  t  c,  t, '  plait,  braid  (of  hair),  wattle, 
lichen,'  from  late  MidHG.  vlehte,  f.,  'plait, 
lock  of  hair,'  allied  to  the  following  word. 

flcdjf Ctt,  vb.,  '  to  plait,  braid,  wreathe,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vlehten,  OHG. 
vlehtan;  a  corresponding  Goth.  *flalhtan, 
akin  to  flahta,  f., '  lock  of  hair,'  is  wanting  ; 
Oic.  fle'tta  iorflehtan.  Teut.  root fleht,  from 
pre-Teut.  plekt ;  the  t,  as  also  in  Lat.  plecto 
compared  with  plicare,  was  orig.  only  a  for- 
mative element  of  the  present  tense,  for 
according  to  Gr.  irX^/cw,  it\ok^,  *-X6kos,  the 
Aryan  root  must  have  been  plek;  comp. 
Sans,  pracna,  '  braid,  basket'  Salten  (root 
JalJ})  and  jiecfjten  (root  fleh)  are  entirely  un- 
related. 

>lecft,  ^f  ledum,  m.,n.,  with  many  senses 
which  are  historically  the  same,  '  spot, 
stain,  patch,'  from  MidHG.  vlec,  vlecke,  m., 
'  piece  of  stuff,  patch,  rag,  piece  of  land, 
place,  spot,  differently  coloured  spot,  stain, 
blemish,'  OHG.  flee,  fleccho;  Du.  vlek,  f., 
*  spot  of  dirt,'  vlek,  n.,  *  village ' ;  Goth. 


*flikka-  or  *flikkan-  (or  rather  */»/-)  is 
wanting ;  comp.  OIc.  flekkr  (gen.  plur. 
flekkja),  m.,  '  a  fleck,  spot,  stain,  as  well  as 
flik,  f.,  '  rag,  piece  of  stuff.'  Its  connection 
wiih  Scand.  flikke,  AS.  fliece,  E.  flitch,  is 
dubious.     See  flicfen. 

gflcbctrmaits,  f.,  'bat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vledermus,  OHG.  fledarmds,  f.  ; 
corresponds  to  Du.  vledermuis;  E.  flitter- 
mouse  does  not  occur  in  AS.,  and  may  be 
due  to  the  influence  of  MidEurop.  Teu- 
tonic. That  the  animal  was  thought  to  be 
a  mouse  is  shown  by  AS.  hreape-,  hreremHu; 
the  E.  term  bat,  MidE.  backe,  Dan.  "ften- 
bakke  (often, '  evening '),  is  unique.  gieber- 
maui,  lit.  'fluttering  mouse,'  from  OHG. 
fledardn,  MidHG.  vl&dern,  '  to  flutter.' 

gFte6ertt>ifd),  m.,  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.  with  a  reference  to  fledern,  '  to 
flutter.'  In  MidHG.  once  vedei-wisch,  Do. 
vederwisch ;  prop,  'a  goosewing  for  dust- 
ing,' or  rather  tflebertoifd),  '  whisk  for  fan- 
ning away.' 

gFlegel,  m.  (Suab.  $fleget),  'flail,  churl/ 
from  MidHG.  vlegel,  OU.Ot.flegit,  m., '  flail ' ; 
comp.  Du.  vlegel,  E.  flail;  probably  from 
MidLat. flagellum,  'quofrumentum  teritur ' 
(whence  also  Fr.jUau, '  flail ').  On  account 
of  its  meaning  it  cannot  be  connected  with 
the  Teut.  root flah,  'to  flay'  (OIc.  fid,  'to 
flay ').  Yet  it  may  be  primit.  allied  to 
Lith.  plakH,  plakti, '  to  strike,'  Lat.  plango, 
Gr.  irXfawni,  '  to  strike.' 

fle^Ctt,  vb.,  'to  implore,  supplicate,' 
from  MidHG.  vWhen,  OHG.  flihan,  flilidn, 
'  to  implore,'  OHG.  also '  to  fondle,  flatter ' ; 
initial^  for  earlier  ]>l,  as  in  fltefyen  (Goth. 
frliuhan)  ;  comp.  Goth,  gafcl&ihan  (ai  a 
genuine  diphthong),  '  to  fondle,  embrace, 
console,  exhort  in  a  friendly  way,'  akin 
to  Goth,  gafildiht*,  f.,  'comfort,  warning.' 
Also  allied  to  OIc.  fldr,  *  false,  cunning,' 
AS.  fldh.  '  wily,  cunning,'  both  pointing  to 
Goth.  *J)laiha,:  The  primary  meaning  of 
the  root  flaih  was  perhaps  '  importunate, 
insinuating  speech.' 

^fletfd),  11., '  flesh,  meat,  pulp  (of  fruit),' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vleisch,  OHG. 
fleisk,  n.  ;  it  has  the  same  meaning  in  West 
Teut.  and  Scand.  Si  range  to  say,  a  Goth. 
*flaisk,  *flaiskis,  n.  (or  J>1~  comp.  fltefyen), 
is  not  recorded,  the  term  used  being  leik 
or  mims,  n.  Comp.  Du.  vleesch,  AS.  flcesc, 
n.,  E.  flesh ;  OIc.  flesk  is  used  only  of 
'  pork,'  and  more  especially  of  '  ham  '  and 
'  bacon,'  while  kjot  was  the  common  Scand. 
word  for  '  meat.'    It  may  well  be  imagined 


Pie 


(    91    ) 


Fli 


that  the  Scand.  specialised  meaning  of  the 
word  was  the  oldest,  and  that  the  meaning 
common  to  West  Teut.  was  established 
only  by  generalisation  ;  comp.  OIc.  flikke, 
AS.flicce,  E.  flitch  (dial,  flick),  as  well  as 
AS.  (Kent.)  flcec  for  flcesc,  'meat.'  Bus?. 
polti,  Lith.  pdltis,  •  flitch,'  cannot,  on  ac- 
count of  their  vowel-sounds,  be  cognates. 
The  k  of  the  OTeut.  word  is  probably  a 
suffix  ;  comp.  Du.  vleezig, '  plump '  ?. — cm- 
gef(eifd)f,  'incarnate,'  simply  ModHG. 
lormedlike  the  Lat. incarnatus,  'embodied.' 

Srlctfj,  m.,  '  industry,  application,  dili- 
gence,' from  MidHG.  vltj,  OHG.  fliT,,  m., 
'  diligence,  zeal,  care,'  OHG.  also  '  contest,' 
from  OHG.  flitfan,  MidHG.  vlt$en,  '  to  be 
zealous,  applv  oneself,'  ModHG.  feefleijjen, 
partic.  bit,  gefliffen.  Comp.  Du.  vlijt,  '  dili- 
gence,' AS.  flitan,  '  to  emulate,  quarrel, 
contend,'  E.  to  flite.  On  the  evolution  of 
meaning  see  J?rieg.  '  To  emulate '  seems  to 
have  been  the  lit.  meaning  of  the  merely 
West  Teut.  vootfltt  (Goth,  jfl-  or  >M— see 
fliefyen).  No  further  references  have  been 
discovered. 

flemtett,  vb.,  '  to  weep  ruefully,  grin,' 
from  MidHG.  *vlennen;  akin  to  OHG. 
JlannSn,  '  to  make  a  wry  face,'  from  pre- 
Teut.  *flaznan  ?.  Root flas,  from  pre-Teut. 
ploa,  in  Lat.  pl&rare,  '  to  weep '  ?. 

fief  fdjen,  vb.,  '  to  beat  fiat,  grin,'  from 
MidHG.  vletsen,  '  to  show  one's  teeth ' ;  re- 
moter history  obscure. 

fftcnen,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vlicken,  '  to  put  on  a  patch,  mend ' ;  akin 
to  glecf. 

^liebet,  m.,  'elder,'  simply  ModHG. 
from.  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  vlier,  'elder.'  Ear- 
lier forms  are  not  recorded  ;  the  word  did 
not  originate  in  either  Scand.,  E.,  or  HG. 

^fliege,  f.,  'fly,  fluke  (of  an  anchor),' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  fliege,  OHG.  flioga, 
f.  ;  comp.  Du.  vlieg,  AS.  fledge,  equiv.  to 
E.  fly,  which  is  based  upon  AS.  fl^ge,  OHG. 
flivga,  MidHG.  fliuge,  '  fly ' ;  hence  a  mu- 
tated form  (Goth.  *fliugj6),  besides  an  un- 
mutated  Goth.  *fliug6 ;  in  OIc.  with  a 
different  gradation  fluga,  f.,  'fly,  moth' ; 
akin  to  fliegm  (Goth.  *fliugan).  For  an 
older  terra  for  '  fly'  see  under  WMt. 

fltegen,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vliegen,  OHG.  fliogan,  '  to  fly ' ;  comp.  Du. 
vliegen,  AS.  fledgan  (3rd  sing.  flphj>),  E.  to 
fly,  OIc.  fljuga-  the  common  Teut.  term 
for  'to  fly ' ;  Goth.  *fliugan  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  factitive  flavgjan, '  to  keep 
on  flying.'    gltegen  is  in  no  wise  connected 


with  fliefyen,  as  is  proved  by  the  initial  sound 
of  the  root  in  Qoth.  fcliuhan, '  to  flee,:  com- 
pared with  usflaugjan ;  see  Sftiege,  SSogel. 
Teut.   root  fliug,  from   pre-Teut.  pleugh, 

?lugh ;  akin  to  Lat.  plUma  for  plkhma  i. 
'or  an  older  root  extending  beyond  Teut. 
see  under  Sfefcer. 

flicrjcn,  vb.,  '  to  flee,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vliehen,  OHG.  fliohan;  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  fliohan,  AS.  fleim  (from 
fledhari),  E.  to fle<-,  OIc.  flpja;  the/  before 
/  is  a  common  substitution  for  an  older  ini- 
tial f>,  as  in  flefyen  (Goth,  plaihan),  flad)  (from 
Goth,  fclaqus) ;  comp.  Goth,  pliu/ian,  'to 
ffee.'  This  older  form  was  retained  only  in 
Goth. ;  Scand.  has/  (flyja),  like  the  West 
Teut.  verbs.  Hence  the  Teut.  root  is  f>luh, 
and  by  a  grammatical  change  plug,  pre- 
Teut.  root  tluk,  tlevJc.  Sliegen  is  primit. 
allied,  since  it  is  based  upon  the  root plugh. 
In  the  earliest  OIc.  and  in  West  Teut.  the 
forms  of  both  the  verbs  must  undoubtedly 
have  been  confused  ;  thus  OIc.  flugu  and 
AS.  flvgon  in  the  earliest  period  may  mean 
'  they  fled '  and  '  they  flew.'    See  g'ludjt. 

^flicg,  j$Ke|!3,  n.,  'fleece,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vlies,  n.  ;  comp.  Du.  vlies, 
AS.  fle6s,  n.,  E.  fleece  ;  also  a  mutated  form 
AS.  flys,  flyss,  MidHG.  vlius,  earlier  Mod 
HG.  fleuss,  fliiss.  A  second  parallel  form 
is  represented  by  ModHG.  %Uu&.  In  East 
Teut.  the  cognates  are  wanting ;  whether 
Goth.  *fl-  or  *filiusis,  n.  (comp.  flteljm),  is 
to  be  assumed  we  cannot  say,  since  satis- 
factory references  to  non-Teut.  forms  have 
not  yet  been  produced.  To  explain  9$lu§ 
from  Lat.  vellus  is  futile,  since  the  latter  is 
more  probably  primit  allied  to  ffiollf,  and 
10  regard  SBltejj  as  borrowed  from  vellus  is 
impossible  ;  fledjten,  glad^,  &c.,  are  also 
totally  unconnected  with  the  word. 

fltcfjcn,  vb.,  '  to  flow,  stream,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vliegen,  OHG.  fliohan,  str. 
vb.  ;  corresponds  to  OSax.  fliotan,  Du. 
vlieten,  AS.  fleOtan,  E.  to  fled,  OIc.  flj6ta, 
Goth.  *fliutan,  '  to  flow.'  The  Teut.  root 
fliut,  flut,  from  pre-Teut  pleud-plvd,  cor- 
responds to  Lett.  pludSt,  '  to  float,'  plMi, 
'  inundation,'  Lith.  plfisti, '  to  take  to  swim- 
ming,' pltidis,  '  floating  wood.'  Several 
Teut.  terms  for  'ships'  point  to  the  latter 
sense,  which,  of  course,  is  earlier  than  the 
ModHG.  'flowing,'  though  in  OHG.  Mid 
HG.  and  ModHG.,  jlif  jjen  signifies  '  to  be 
driven  by  flowing  water,  to  swim.'  See 
glofj,  ftlotte  (glut,  Goth.  flMui,  is  not  a 
cognate).     Instead  of  the  root  pliid,  other 


Fli 


(    92    ) 


Flo 


Aryan  languages  have  an  allied  shorter 
root  plu;  comp.  Gr.  t\4u,  'to  navigate, 
swim,'  Sans,  plu,  pru, '  to  swim,'  Lat.  pluere, 
'  to  rain'  (flicfjm  in  a  restricted  sense). 

^liete,  f., '  fleam,  lancet,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vliete,  vlieten,  OHG.  flietuma  ;  fur- 
ther derived  from  Gr.  and  MidLat.  phlc- 
botomum,  '  lancet,  an  instrument  for  open- 
ing veins,'  whence  also  the  equiv.  cognates 
AS.  fliftme,  Fr.  flamme,  E.  fleam,  Du.  vlijm. 

ftimmern,  vb.,  'to  glimmer,  sparkle, 
scintillate,'  like  the  older  ModHG.  flimmen, 
a  ModHG.  derivative,  by  gradation,  of 
flamme. 

fli  nit,  adj.,  'brisk,  nimble,  lively,'  simply 
ModHG.  from  LG.  and  Du.  flink,  '  brisk, 
agile,  nimble';  akin  to  earlier  ModHG. 
flinfen,  *  to  glitter,  shine ' ;  comp.  Gr.  dpy6s, 
'gleaming,  quick.' 

^flinle,  f.,  *  flintlock,  gun,  musket,'  first 
used  in  the  17  th  cent. ;  comp.  Dan.  flint, 
'musket' ;  probably  akia  to  Swed.  flinta, 
Dan.  flint,  'stone,'  prop,  'flint-stone.'  Du. 
and  E.  preserve  older  terms — Du.  vuurroer, 
ModHG.  geue vroljr,  E. firelock.  Flint, '  stone,' 
AS.  and  E.  flint,  whence  Fr.flin, '  thunder- 
stone,'  is  probably  related  to  Gr.  irXMos, 
'  brick.' 

flitter,  m.,  'spangle,  tinsel,'  simply 
ModHG.  ;  orig.  '  a  small  thin  tin  coin ' ; 
akin  to  MidHG.  gevlitter,  '  secret  laughter, 
tittering,'  vlittern,  vb.,  '  to  whisper,  titter,' 
OHG.  flitarezzen,  '  to  coax  in  a  flattering 
manner ' ;  MidE.  fliteren,  '  to  flutter,'  E. 
flittermouse.  The  root  idea  is  'unsteady 
motion,'  upon  which  ModHG.  glitter  is 
based.  With  the  meaning  of  OHG.  flit- 
arezzen, '  to  flatter,  fondle,'  as  well  as  Mod 
HG.  flitern, '  to  whisper,  titter,'  is  connected 
glitterwocfye,  f.,  which  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.  The  following  foreign  terms  are 
interesting  : — Scand.  hjun6ttsmdnaf>r,  lit. 
'a  month  of  the  nuptial  night';  Dan. 
hvedebrodsdage,  lit.  '  wheat-bread  days ' ;  E. 
honeymoon,  derived  from  the  Scand.  word  ?, 
or  rather  formed  from  the  Romance  phrases, 
such  as  Fr.  lune  de  miel,  Ital.  luna  di 
miele. 

^flif  jbOftCtt,  m., '  crossbow,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.  from  LG. ;  comp.  Du. 
flitsboog,  'crossbow,'  fromDu.^tte,  'javelin ' ; 
hence  Fr.  fle'che,  '  arrow,'  and  its  Romance 
cognates  are  probably  derived. 

gflodte,  f.,  '  flake,  flock  (of  wool),  flue,' 
from  MidHG.  vlocke,  m.,  '  flake,  snow- 
flake,'  OHG.  floccho ;  comp.  Du.  vloh,  Dan. 
flokke,  Swed.  flokka,  E.  (not  in  AS.)  jiock, 


but  OIc.  fl6ke,  '  flock  (of  hair,  wool,  &c.).' 
The  supposition  that  the  word  was  borrown  1 
from  Lat.  floccus  is  hardly  worth  consider- 
ing, since  the  HG.  word  is  recorded  even 
in  the  OHG.  period,  and  gives  no  support 
to  such  a  derivation  (yet  comp.  glaum). 
Besides  many  possible  roots  exist  within 
the  Teut.  group,  either  in  fliegen  (Teut. 
root  flugh,  from  pre-Teut.  plugh)  or  in  AS. 
flacor,  '  flying'  (see  flacfcvn)  ;  on  account  of 
OIc.  fl6ke,  the  latter  is  to  be  preferred.  E. 
flock,  '  herd,'  is  beside  the  mark  ;  like  OIc. 
flokkr, '  herd,  flock,'  and  AS.  flocc,  it  almost 
certainly  belongs  to  fufgen,  and  probably 
signified  orig. '  a  swarm  of  flying  creatures ' 
(Jtctte,  'covey,'  on  the  other  hand,  meant 
prop.  '  any  kind  of  herd '). 

^tol),  m.. '  flea,'  from  MidHG.  vUch,  vld, 
m.,  f.,  OHG.  fldh,  m.  ;  a  common  Teut. 
term ;  comp.  Du.  floo,  AS.  fledh,  E.  flea, 
OIc.  fl6.  It  probably  means  'fugitive,' 
and  is  akin  to  fuetyen  ;  hence  a  Goth.  *f>lduhs, 
not  *flduhs,  is  to  be  assumed.  But  even  if 
*flduhs  is  the  Goth,  form,  it  cannot  be  con- 
nected with  either  Gr.  if/vWa  or  Lat.  pulex, 
since  neither  vowels  nor  consonants  are  in 
accord,  gUegen  too  is  unrelated,  since  the 
final  sound  of  its  stem  is  g  only,  and 
not  h. 

gflor,  m., '  gauze,  crape,  bloom,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  formed  from  Dn.floersy  akin  to  Mid 
HG.  floier,  '  headdress  with  dangling  rib- 
bons' (comp.  <2djleier)  ?,  fldrsen,  'adorn- 
ment, finery'?. 

^florin,  m., '  florin,'  from  late  MidHG. 
fl&rtn,  m.,  '  a  gold  coin  first  made  in  Flo- 
rence, and  stamped  with  a  lily,  the  armorial 
bearings  of  the  town'  (appeared  about  the 
middle  of  the  14th  cent.) ;  ~M\dLat.  flurinus, 
from  flos,  '  flower ' ;  Ital.  fiore. 

^flosfecl,  f.,  'flourish,  showy  phrase,' 
simply  late  ModHG.,  from  Lat.  floscellus. 

gfloffc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vlotfe,  OHG.  jto^a,  f.,  '  float ;  glogfeber, 
*  finj'  even  in  MidHG.  vlo^vedere,  in  OSax. 
simply  fethara,  'float,'  like  Gr.  irWpu£, 
'  feather,  float,'  Lat.  pinna,  '  feather,  float.' 
See  Sftnne.  gtofie,  akin  to  fiicften,  '  to  float.' 
r>rtof},  n->  'float,  raft,  buoy,  stream,  fish- 
ing-net,'from  MidHG.  VI63,  OHG.  ^3,  m., 
n., '  raft,'  also  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  in  the 
senses  '  current,  flood,  river ' ;  Du.  vlot, 
'  raft ' ;  comp.  AS.  fleOt,  n.,  '  ship,'  E.  fleet, 
AS.  flota,  '  ship '  (also  '  mariner,  sailor '), 
E.  float,  subst.  and  verb  ;  note  too  AS.flflte, 
'  cream,  flos  lactis,'  with  which  E.  to  fleet 
('to  skim')  is  connected,  liQ.flot,  'cream' ; 


Flo 


(    93    ) 


Flu 


comp.  Lith.  pluditi,  '  to  float,'  under  flie^cn 
(tflofie). 

^tl8fc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  floite, 
vloite,  f.,  '  flute '  ;  corresponds  to  Du.  fiuit, 
from  OFr.  flatite,  ModFr.  flute  (whence 
also  E.  flute,  Du.  fluit)  ;  comp.  Ital.  flauto, 
'flute.'  In  the  idiom  flotengeljen,  'to  come 
to  nothing,'  a  LG.  fleuten,  'to  flow'  (OLG. 
fliotari),  appears ;  it  meant  orig.  (in  the 
18th  cent.)  '  to  go  through,  run  away.' 

fl  of  f ,  adj.,  '  afloat ;  merry,  luxurious,' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.  from  LG. ;  comp. 
Du.  vlot,  'floating,  swimming' ;  it  is  con- 
nected with  fliefj en,  fttojj,  but  has,  like  Sflctte, 
Sax.  the  dental  medially,  hence  it  must 
be  assumed  that  the  word  was  borrowed 
from  LG. 

$lotie,  f.,  'fleet,  navy,' ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  flotte,  which,  with  its  Rom.  cog- 
nates, was  borrowed  from  Scand.  ./tote,  n., 
'  fleet ' ;  comp.  Du.  vloot,  but  E.  fleet;  all 
allied  to  fliejjen,  Teut.  root  flut. 

flofjen,  flStjcrt,  vb.,  '  to  float  (timber), 
pkim  (milk),'  from  MidHG.  vlce^en,  vlo&tzen, 
'to  cause  to  flow,  wash  down  (soil),'  facti- 
tive of  fliejjen.  The  MidHG.  forms  with  3 
and  tz  correspond  to  those  of  fieifcen,  retjjen 
(MidHG.  heiyn-heitzen,  reiyn-reitzen),  and 
are  based  upon  a  Goth,  inflexion  fiautja, 
flauteis,  since  tj  leads,  through  the  medium 
of  it,  to  HG.  tz,  but  t  without  j  to  3. 

gflofj,  n.,  older  3?Iet3e,  n.,  'vein  of 
ore,'  from  MidHG.  vletze,  n.,  'threshing- 
floor,  vestibule,  stratum,'  OHG.  flezzi; 
comp.  AS.  flett,  '  floor  of  the  hall,'  OIc.  flat, 
'room,  hall'  ;  akin  to  the  OIc.  adj.  flatr, 
OHG.  fla^,  '  flat,  wide,  level,.'  mentioned 
under  gluten  and  fladj. 

flud)ett,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vluochen,  OHG.  fluohhtin,  'to  curse,  impre- 
cate,' with  an  existent  str.  partic.  OHG. 
farfluohhan,  '  depraved,  wicked  ' ;  comp. 
OSax.  farflCken,  '  accursed  ' ;  Goth,  fltikan 
(not  *flekan),  str.  vb.,  'to  lament,'  Du. 
vloeken,  '  to  curse,  execrate.'  In  E.  and 
Scand.  the  Teut.  root  fldk  does  not  occur. 
Goth,  fldkan,  '  to  lament,  bewail,'  shows 
the  earlier  meaning  of  the  cognates  ;  the 
root  fldk;  from  pre-Teut.  pldg,  may  be  con- 
nected with Lat. plangere,  'to strike, mourn,' 
Gr.  root,  ir\a7  in  7rXi)ff<rw  ^ew\dyrj),  '  to 
strike.'  The  Lat.  verb  facilitates  the 
transition  of  the  meaning  '  to  strike,' '  to 
lament,'  then  'to  imprecate,  curse.'  — 
3Uiul).  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vluoch, 
m.,  OHG.  fluoh,  m.,  'curse,  imprecation' ; 
Du.  vloek. 


3tlud)f,  f.,  'flight,  escape,  refuge  ;  row, 
floor,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vluht,  OHG. 
and  OSax.  fluht,  f.,  a  verbal  abstract  from 
fltetjen  ;  Du.  vlugt,  AS.  flyht,  E.  flight ; 
Goth.  *J>lauhti-,  'flight,'  i3  wanting,  for 
which  plauhi-  occurs.  In  OIc.  flOtte,  m., 
'flight,'  pointing  to  Goth.  J>lauhta.  The 
verbal  abstract  of  fliegen  might  in  Scand. 
and  West  Teut.  coincide  with  this  word  ; 
in  fact,  AS.  flyht,  E.  flighty  and  Du.  vlugt 
signify  both  'fleeing'  and  'flying.'  See 
fliegen  with  respect  to  this  confusion. 

flitter,  n.,  '  mill  trough,'  from  MidHG. 
vldder,  n.,  '  flowing,  flooding,  mill  trough,' 
OHG.  flddar,  'flood  of  tears.'  In  Goth. 
*flaupr,  n.,  is  probably  to  be  assumed, 
based  upon  a  root  flau,  flu;  comp.  OHG. 
flouwen,  flewen,  MidHG.  vlouweu,  vlSun, 
'  to  wasli,  rinse.'  The  prop,  sense  of  the 
word  is  exactly  that  of  fliefjen  ;  comp.  OIc. 
flau-mv,  'current,  flood';  for  pre-Teut. 
plu.  see  under  flte^en. 

gflug,  m.,  '  act  of  flying,  flight,  flock,' 
from  MidHG.  vluc  (pi.  vliige),  OHG.  fluy, 
nu;  corresponding  to  AS.fli/ge,  OIc.  flugv, 
m.,  '  flight '  1  verbal  abstract  of  fliegen. 
For  another  form  see  under  gtucfyt.  Goth. 
*flugi-  and  *flauhti-  are  wanting. — ftujjs, 
adv.,  '  hastily,  quickly,'  a  gen.  of  Slug, 
MidHG.  fluges,  '  quickly.' 

gtliigel,  m.,  'wing,  leaf  (of  a  folding 
door),  aisle,  grand  piano,.'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vliigel,  m.. ;  comp.  Du.  vleugel, 
'wing';  a  late  derivative  of  fliegen.  Strange 
to  say,  a  common  Teut.  word  is  wanting. 
For  an  O Aryan  root,  'to  fly,'  see  %ebtx 
(also  garn). 

filicide,  adj.,  *  fledged,'  a  LG.  form  for 
the  strictly  HG.  fliicfe,  MidHG.  vliicke, 
OHG.  flucch\  '  able  to  fly.'  Akin  to  Mid 
Du.  vlugghe,  with  LG.  permutation,  E. 
fledged;  prop,  a  verbal  adj.  from  fliegen, 
with  the  meaning  '  capable  of  flying.' 

flitgs,  see  glug. 

^flunber,  m.,  'flounder,'  a  LG.  word 
derived  from  Scand. ;  comp.  ODnrt.  flundra, 
OS  wed.  flundrae,  E.  flounder.  Aki  n  also  to 
OIc.  flytSra,  MidHG.  vluoJer,  'flounder'?. 

flurtRCtTt,  vb.,  to  glimmer,'  from  the 
older  ModHG.  flinfen,  'to  shine' ;  see  flinf. 
In  the  orig.  sense  'to  brag,'  which  is  pro- 
bably LG.,  it  is  still  the  same  word  ;  'to 
cause  to  si  1  nu'!  forms  the  link  between  the 
meanings. 

>lm\  f.,  m..  'field,  meadow,  floor,  en- 
trance-hall';  the  division  in  meaning  in 
ModHG.    Slur,  m.,   'vestibule,'  glur,  f., 


Flu 


(     94     ) 


Fol 


'corn-field,'  was  unknown  to  the  older 
language  ;  MidHG.  vluor,  m.,  f.,  •  corn- 
field, floor,  ground.'  The  meanings  'en- 
trance to  a  house,  vestibule,  paved  floor,' 
belong  to  MidHG.  and  LG.  ;  comp.  Du. 
vloer,  'vestibule,  barn-floor,'  AS.flor,  in., 
i'.,  '  vestibule,  barn-floor,'  also  '  storey,'  E. 
floor;  Scand.  flur,  'floor'  of  a  cow-house 
(Goth,  flSrus  is  wanting).  The  resulting 
prim,  meaning,  'floor,' has  been  extended 
only  in  HG.  to  '  corn-field.'  Teut.  fl&ru-s, 
from  pre-Teut.  |jZ<5r  us,  pldrus,  is  most  closely 
related  to  Olr.  Idr  for  *pldr,  '  floor,  paved 
floor.'  OPruss.  plonis,  '  barn -floor,'  has  a 
different  suffix  ;  it  is  allied  to  Lith.  pl&nas, 
'  flat ' ;  hence  perhaps  it  may  be  connected 
with  Lat.  pldnus. 

fluff  em,  vb.,  'to  whisper,'  earlier  Mod 
HG.  flijlern,  from  OHG.  flistran,  '  to  caress,' 
to  which  the  old  (also  Swiss)  forms  fliSmett, 
flifpern,  '  to  whisper,'  are  allied  ;  comp.  also 
Du.  fluisteren. 

i3ttu6,  in.,  'river,  stream,  flow,'  from 
MidHG.  vlw$,  OH.Q.flu$,  m.,  'river,  stream, 
cast,  bronze  cast,  rheumatism ' ;  in  these 
senses  simply  a  ModHG.  derivative  of 
fliefjen,  pointing  to  Goth  *fluti-.  E.  flyte 
signifies  a  peculiar  kind  of  '  vessel,  pon- 
toon.' For  the  genuinely  Teut.  word  for 
'  river,  flowing  water,'  see  under  Slit ;  comp. 
also  ©trcm. 

flit f fig,  adj.,  'fluid,  liquid,' from  Mid 
HG.  vliifiec,  'liquid,  flowing,'  OHG.  flu^ig; 
like  5titp,  a  specificsdly  HG.  form. 

3?luf ,  f., '  flood,  inundation,  billow,'from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  vluot,  m,  f.,  OHG. 
fluot,  m.  ;  a  word  common  to  Teut. ;  comp. 
Goth,  flddus,  f.,  OIc.  fldp,  AS.  flM,  m.,  n., 
E.  flood,  OSax.  fldd,  Du.  vloi-d.  Goth. 
flCdus,  from  pre-Teut.  pl6tit-s,  is  based  upon 
a  Teut.  rootfld  (from  pre-Teut.  pl6) ;  comp. 
AS.fl&wan,  equiv.  to  E.  to  flow,  Olc.flda, 
'to  flow.'  Akin  to  the  Gr.  root  wA«  in 
irX(i-w,  '  to  float,  sail,'  *-\orr6s,  '  floating, 
sailing,  navigable.'  Perhaps  this  Aryan 
root  pl6  is  related  to  the  Aryan  root  plu 
mentioned  under  fliejj en  and  gluber ;  yet 
there  is  no  direct  connection  between  glut 
and  flie§en  and  Gr.  irXtW 

3?odte,  f.,  'sail  on  the  foremast,'  simply 
ModHG,  borrowed  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du. 
fok,  '  foremast,'  Dan.  fok,  Swed.  fock, '  fore- 
sail.' 

§foI)Icn,  n.,  'foal,'  from  MidHG.  vol, 
vote,  OHG.  folo,  m.,  'colt,  foal';  comp. 
Goth,  fula,  m.,  '  foal  (of  an  ass),'  Olc  fob. 
4  foal '  (of  a  horse,  rarely  of  an  ass),  AS. 


fola,  m.,  E.  foal ;  a  term  common  to  Teut. 
for  the  young  of  a  horse  or  an  ass,  de- 
rived from  pre-Teut.  pelOn-.  Related  by 
gradation  to  Gr.  twXos,  •  colt,'  as  a  general 
term  'young  animal,' and  Lat.  pullus, '  the 
young.'  especially  of  fowls.     See  gulkn. 

^F3f)tt,  m.,  a  Swiss  word,  '  humid  and 
tempestuous  south  wind ' ;  the  correspond- 
ing term  in  MidHG.  is  wanting,  though 
OHG.  fdnua,  f.  (J6nno,  m.),  'rainy  wind, 
whirlwind,'  is  recorded  ;  from  La.t.favonius 
(the  intermediate  form  is  faunio-),  whence 
also  Ital.  favonio,  Rhseto-Rom./auitogw. 

;3?5l)re,  f„  'fir,'  from  MidHG.  vorhe.  OHG. 
forha,  f.,  'pine-tree';  corresponding  to 
AS.  furh,  f„  E.flr  (MidE.  firre,  formed  from 
Dan.  fyr),  OIc.  fura,  f., '  fir' ;  Uoth.  *faur- 
hus,  f.,  is  wanting.  If  the  initial/  is  to 
be  regarded  as  in  titer  related  to  Lat.  qnat- 
tuor,  gel)re  may  be  connected  with  Lat. 
quercus,  '  oak ' ;  for  the  change  of  meaning 
(jid)e  and  !£amie  might  be  compared.  In 
earlier  ModHG.  fttxd), '  oak,'  is  also  recorded 
once,  and  is  akin  to  OHG.  vereh-eih,  Lomb. 
fereha, '  sesculus.'  Thus  the  connection  be- 
tween gcfyre  and  quercus  (pre-Teut.  qrku-)  is 
certain.  In  any  case,  geuer  is  not  a  cognate. 
gid)te,  93irfe,  93ud)e,  gofyre  are  the  few  names 
of  trees  whose  existence  can  be  traced  be- 
yond Teut.     Comp.  also  Jliefer. 

folgen,  vb.,  '  to  follow,  succeed,  result, 
obey,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  volgen,  OHG. 
folgin;  comp.  Du.  volgen,  AS.  fylgan,  fol- 
gian,  E.  to  follow,  OIc.  ft/lgja;  the  verb 
common  to  West  Teut.  and  Scand.  for 
'  follow,'  which  has  supplanted  the  common 
Aryan  verbal  root  seq  (see  fet>en),  Lat.  sequi. 
The  origin  of  the  cognates  is  uncertain. 
There  are  indications  that  the  verbal  stem 
is  a  compound  ;  the  first  component  may 
be  voff  ;  comn.  AS.ful-  e6de,  '  he  followed,' 
AS.  nnd  OLG.  fulgangan,  OHG.  fola  gdn, 
'  to  follow.'  Consequently  gefyen  (OHG.  gin 
gdn)  is  the  second  part  of  the  word.  The 
composite  nature  of  the  word  is  supported 
by  the  fact  that  there  are  no  old  and  widely 
diffused  derivatives  of  the  verb.  It  is  true 
that  the  connection  between  the  sense  '  to 
follow '  and  the  prefix  »cll  has  not  yet  been 
explained. — ^tolgc,  f.,  'sequel,  result,'from 
MidHG.  volge,f.,  'retinue,  succession,  forced 
service,  pursuit,'  <fcc.  OHG.  selbfolga, '  fac- 
tion.' 

foil ern,  vb.,  '  to  put  to  the  rack,  tor- 
ture,' from  late  MidHG.  vultern,  '  to  put  on 
the  rack.'  Akin  to  golfer,  '  rack,'  early 
ModHG.   only,  of  obscure  origin.      It  is 


Pop 


(    95    ) 


Fra 


most  frequently  considered  to  be  partly- 
translated  and  partly  borrowed  from  Mid 
Lat.  pulletrus,  poledrus,  prop.  '  colt,'  which 
signifies  '  rack '  in  Span,  and  Port,  (potro), 
"like  Lat.  equuleus  from  equus,  because 
it  bore  some  resemblance  to  a  horse."  Mid 
Lat.  poledrum  is  derived  again  from  Gr. 
irwXoy,  '  foal.'  *  The  wooden  horse  and  the 
wooden  ass — frames  with  a  sharp-edged 
back,  upon  which  the  delinquents  were 
compelled  to  ride — were  favourite  instru- 
ments of  torture." 

foppetl,  vb.,  'to  quiz,  rally,  banter,' 
early  ModHG.  only,  from  slang. 

forbertt,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vordern,  OHG.  fordardn,  'to  demand,  re- 
quest, challenge,  summon' ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  vorderen;  a  specifically  Ger.  form, 
orig.  unknown  to  the  other  dialects,  yet 
the  word  found  its  way  from  Ger.  into  Dan. 
ami  Swed.     It  is  a  derivative  of  sorter. 

foroem,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
viirdern,  vurdern,  OHG.  fur diren  (also /or- 
darOn),  '  to  promote,  take  an  active  part  in, 
help' ;  like  fortern,  from  sorter. 

cftorctte,  &,  '  trout,'  with  a  foreign  ac- 
cent, lor  the  genuine  dialectal  (Franc.) 
fOrelle,  still  existing  ;  dim  in.  of  an  older 
ftorene  (whence  *8:f«nle,  jjorefle) ;  comp. 
M.i<\HG.  f6relle,f6rle,  forhen,forhe,t,  'trout,' 
OHG.  forhana,  f., '  trout ' ;  comp.  also  OLG. 
forna,  furnie,  AS.  fdrne.  Probably  not 
from  jyofyre,  OHG.  foraha,  '  the  fish  living 
near  firs,  in  the  brooks  of  fir  forests.'  It 
is  more  probably  connected  with  the  Ar- 
yan adjs.  in  the  cognate  languages,  mean- 
ing 'spotted,  speckled.'  Tent,  forhana, 
from  pre-Teut  prknd ;  comp.  Sans,  pfcni. 
'speckled,'  and  Gr.  irepKvbs,  'livid,  dusky 
(irtpKti,  '  perch '). 

3forke,  f.,  see  Sutfe. 

^Forttt,  f., '  form,  fashion,  pattern,  mould,' 
from  ModHG.  (post-classical),  firnne,  form, 
f., '  form,  shape,'  from  Lat.  and  lium.forma. 

forme  I,  f.,  'formula,  form,'  late  Mod 
,  from  Lat.  formula. 
forfcfjert,  vb.,  'to  search,  investigate,' 
from  MidHG.  vorsken,  OHG.  forsk&n  (rarely 
Franc,  forsvdn,  with  assimilation),  '  to 
demand,  ask ' ;  a  form  peculiar  to  HG., 
unknown  to  the  remaining  dialects,  and 
pointing  to  Goth.  *faursk6u,  *faurhsk6n. 
The  sk  is  a  derivative  like  Lat.  sc  (comp. 
trefdjen,  numfdjen,  ttufcbeii).  Goth.  *fafirskdn 
would  be  the  normal  form  for  faHrhskdn, 
like  Goth,  wa&rstw,  'labour,'  for  uaurhstw. 
The  Teut.  root  fork  is  identical  with  the 


root  of  fragen,  from  the  pre-Teut.  root  prk 
(see  frageti).  An  se  derivative  is  also  seen 
in  Lat.  poscere  (for  porscere),  'to  demand,' 
as  well  as  in  the  Sans,  root prch,  'to  ask.' 

forfl,  m.,  '  forest,  wood,'  from  Mid 
vorst,  OHG.  forst,  m.,  '  wood ' ;  also 
the  MidHG.  variants  vdrest,  fdrest,  fdrest, 
fdreist  (but  probably  not  fdrest),  n.,  '  wood, 
forest' ;  these  MidHG.  forms  are  certainly 
of  Romance  origin, — MidLat.  and  Romance 
foresta,  whence  Fr.  forit.  It  is  question- 
able whether  the  OHG.  forst,  MidHG. 
vorst,  m.,  are  also  derived  from  Romance. 
Opinions  are  divided  on  this  point ;  some 
etymologists  connect  the  Rom.  word  with 
Lat.  foris,  '  outside ' ;  others  more  probabl  v 
refer  OHG.  forst  to  OHG.  foraha,  'fir'"; 
henceforst  would  be  lit.  '  fir  wood.'  OHG. 
forst  might  also  be  connected  with  Goth. 
falrguni,  '  mountain.'  Goth.  *fatirst  for 
faurhst,  '  mountain  forest,'  would  have  to 
be  construed  like  the  assumed  Goth.  *faur- 
sk&n  for  *fadrlisk6n,  mentioned  under  for- 
fcr/en. 

forf ,  adv.,  '  forwards,  continuously, 
away,'  from  MidHG.  vort,  adv.,  '  forwards, 
further,  continuously.'  OHG.  *ford  is  want- 
ing ;  it  would  correspond  to  OSax.  forth, 
AS.  for}>,  E.  forth;  Goth.  *faur]>,  and  its 
compar.  faurpis,  adv.,  '  formerly '  ?.  5ort» 
OTeut.  forp,  from  an  earlier  frpo,  prto,  is 
allied  to  sor.  See  fiirter,  fortern,  fortevit, 
and  sorter. 

3trctd)f,  f.,  'freight,  load,  cargo,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  LG.  fracht;  comp.  Du. 
vracld,  E.  fraught,  freight ;  it  signified  orig. 
'  reward,  charge  for  conveyance,'  and  after- 
wards 'the  load  itself.'  Comp.  OHG. 
freht  (probably  implying  Goth.  *frd-aihts), 
'earnings,  reward,'  gifrihtdn,  'to  merit'; 
the  restricted  meaning  of  the  modern 
dialects  is  seen  first  in  MidDu.  and  MidE., 
and  also  passed  into  Romance — Fr.  fret. 
Comp.  eigen. 

jjracft,  in.,  c  dress  coat,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
comp.Fr.  frac,  'dress  coat' ;  its  etymology 
and  native  source  obscure,  hardly  to  be 
sought  for  in  Fr.  froc,  'monk's  habit.' 
Comp  E.  frock. 

ftClQClX,  vb.,  'to  ask,  inquire,  interro- 
gate,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vrdgen, 
OHG.  frdgSn  (with  the  rare  variant  frd- 
lifoi)  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  frd g6n,  Du. 
vragen;  confined  to  the  Teuts.  of  Mid- 
Europe  (Goth.  *frtshan,  *frigan),  with 
the  meaning  'to  ask.'  from  a  Teut.  root 
:  frih,   from   which    the   Goth.   pret.  frah 


Fra 


(    96    ) 


Fra 


(frehum)  and  the  partic.  fraVians  are 
formed.  The  corresponding  pres.  has  a 
derivative  n(comp.  fd^einen),  Goth.  fralhna»r 
AS.  frignan,  frtnan,  beside  which  appears 
a  form  with  the  present  in  to-,  AS.fricgan 
(Goth.  *frigjan\  For  another  verbal  deri- 
vative of  the  same  root  see  under  forfd)en, 
which,,  like  OHG.  jerg&n,  'to  beg,'  has  its 
v  transposed.  The  following  Teut.  words 
also  belong  to  the  rootfrch,  AS.freht,  'ora- 
cle,' frihtrian,  'to  predict,'  fricca,  'herald.' 
The  Teut.  root  frek  is  derived,  according 
to  the  law  of  the  substitution  of  consonants, 
from  an  Aryan  root  prBk,  prk,  which  may- 
have  orig.  combined  the  meanings  '  to  ask, 
beg '  (rogare,  interrogare).  Comp.  the  pri  m . 
allied  forms — Sans,  root  prch  (for  prg-sk), 
'  to  ask,  long  for  ;  to  desire,  beg  for  some- 
thing,' pracnd,  'inquiry,'  Zend  root  pares, 
petes,  'to  ask,  demand,'  Lat  prSc-  (nom. 
plur. preces,  'entreaties'), precdri,  'to  beg,' 
procaxy  'insolent,'  prdcus,  '  wooer,  suitor,' 
OSlov.  prositi,  'to  demand,  beg.' 

frank,  adj.,  'free,  independent,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.,  from  Fr.  franc  (Ital., 
Span.,  and  Port.  franco\  which  was  again 
derived  from  the  Teut.  tribal  name  Qranfen, 
OHG.  Franchwiy  and  may  have  been  ap- 
plied generally  to  any  freeman.  The  term 
Sranfen  is  prop,  a  derivative  of  a  lost  OHG. 
*francho,  'javelin,' preserved  in  AS.  franca 
and  OIc.  frakke ;  the  Saxons  (Sadjjen)  are 
similarly  named  after  a  weapon — OHG. 
tSahsun,  from  sahs,  '  sword '  (see  3Weffer). 

^trcmfe,  f.,  'fringe,'  from  MidHG. 
frame,  f.,  '  fringe,  ornament,  fillet' ;  hence 
franzen,  vb.,  'to  fringe.'  From  Romance  ; 
comp.  Fr.  frange,  Ital.  frangia.  "This 
orig.  Fr.  word  corresponds  exactly  to  the 
well-known  OHG./ram«a,in  the  same  way 
as  vendange  to  viademia;  §ranfett  are  pen- 
dant '  darts '  or  lace,  just  as  the  flap  of  a 
coat  is  a  broad  spear -head  (see  ©cfycjj, 
©etyreit) ;  the  etymology  is  both  gramma- 
tically and  logically  unobjectionable." 
Though  framea  has  certainly  not  been  pre- 
served within  the  entire  Teut.  group  in 
the  sense  of  'javelin,'  or  in  any  other  sense, 
yet  the  Latinised  framea  long  remained 
current  in  early  MidLat.  The  derivation 
of  the  Romance  words  from  Lat.  fimbria, 
'fringe,'  is  not  free  from  phonetic  diffi- 
culties. 

>raf?,  m.,  'devouring,  gluttony,  food, 

J>asture,'  from  MidHG.  vrdi,,  m.,  'food, 
eeding ' ;  akin  to  frefjen  ;  OHG.  frd$,  Mid 
HG.  vrd^,  m.,  also  '  gormandiser.' 


^rrttfjC,  f.,  'grimace,  distortions,  carica- 
ture,' f.,  ModHG.  only,  whence  Du.  fratse», 
i.  plur., '  grimaces,  distortions,'  is  borrowed. 
The  absence  of  the  word  in  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  favours  the  supposition  that  it 
was  borrowed,  and  we  are  compelled  to 
accept  that  view,  since  it  is  impossible  to 
trace  the  word  to  a  satisfactory  Teut. 
source  ;  the  proposed  derivation  from  AS. 
fratwe,  f.  plur.,  '  work  of  art,  ornaments 
(carvings?),'  is  phonetically  impossible. 
The  word  might  be  finally  derived  from 
Ital.  fraschey  plur.,  Fr.  frasques,  'tricks, 
hoax. 

§trctu,  f ,  'mistress,  lady,  wife, woman,' 
from  MidHG.  vrouwe,  OHG.  frouica,  f., 
'mistress,  gentlewoman,  lady,  wife,  wo- 
man ' ;  orig.  perhaps  only  a  HG.  fem.  form 
('  wife  of  the  master,  mistress  of  the  house '), 
of  OHG.  fr6,  '  master,'  which  became  obso- 
lete in  Ger.,  just  as  in  Romance  dominus 
disappeared  in  many  dialects  while  domina 
(in  the  forms  donna,  dame)  was  retained 
in  the  entire  group  ;  comp.  <Sd)n>teget.  See 
Qxofynbtenjt.  Frouwa,  in  the  form  of  frua, 
found  its  way  into  OLG.,  and  thence  as 
frtt  into  Scand. ;  the  word  remained  un- 
known to  E.  The  fem.  form  was  OTeut. 
(Goth.  *frauj6,  f.),  and  was  used  in  Scand. 
— changed  according  to  phonetic  laws  into 
Freyja — as  the  name  of  a  goddess.  In  the 
MidHG.  period  frouwe  was  popularly  con- 
nected by  a  graceful  fancy  with  freuen, 
frouwen ;  comp.  Freidank's  saw,  "  Durch 
vroude  vrouwen  sind  genant,  Ir  vroude 
ervrouwet  elliu  lant,  Wie  wol  er  vroude 
kante,  Der  sie  erste  vrouwen  nante" — 
"  Woman  is  named  from  the  joy  she  gives, 
Her  favours  fill  the  world  with  bliss.  What 
a  deep  sense  of  joy  had  he,  Who  first  named 
it  woman."  See  3ungfet  and  the  following 
word. 

^frdulcttt,  n.,  'young  lady,  damsel, 
miss,'  from  MidHG.  vrduwellnr  n.,  dimin. 
of  MidHG.  vrouwe,  'woman,'  orig.  'noble 
maiden,  young  lady  of  noble  birth,  mistress, 
sweetheart,'  also '  girl  of  mean  rank,  servant- 
girl.'—  3fraucit3tmmcr,  n., '  woman,'  from 
late  MidHG.  vrouwenzimmerr  n.,  'women's 
apartment' ;  the  connecting  link  in  mean- 
ing is  collective,  '  the  body  of  women  re 
siding  in  its  own  apartments,  the  female 
inhabitants  of  the  gynseceum,'  also '  retinue 
of  a  lady  of  high  rank,'  just  as  £of  (court) 
is  used  collectively  of  '  the  people  at  court.' 
"  The  application  of  a  collective  term  to  an 
individual"  is    analogous   to  the   use  of 


Fre 


(    97    ) 


Pre 


83iuja)e  and  jlamerab  ;  the  modern  sense 
dates  from  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cent. 

fredj,  adj.,  'bold,  insolent,  shameless,' 
from  MidHG.  vrech,  adj., '  courageous,  bold, 
daring,' OHG.//e7i(/i/i),  'covetous,  greedy ' ; 
corresponding  to  Goth.  *friks  only  in  fai/iu- 
f riles,  '  covetous,  avaricious '  (with  respect 
to  Jalhu,  'money,'  see  93tel)),  OIc.  frekr, 
*  greedy,'  AS.  free, '  daring.'  '  Greedy  '  was 
probably  the  primary  meaning  of  the  adj. 
stem  freka-  common  to  Teut. ;  when  spe- 
cially applied  to  war  it  meant  'eager  for 
combat,  daring'  ;  AS.  freca  acquired  the 
meaning  'warlike  hero,'  earlier  ~E.  freak, 
'  hero,  man.'  For  early  Teut.  words  simi- 
larly restricted  in  meaning  when  applied 
to  a  warrior's  life,  see  icxeit,  fetticj,  rujtig. 
There  arc  derivatives  of  the  OTeut.  freka-, 
Gnth.frih,  in  the  Romance  languages — 
OFr.  frique,  ModProv.  fricaud,  '  cheerful, 
1  i vely.'  Teut.  freka-,  from  pre-Teut.  priigo-, 
scarcely  belongs  to  fatten. 

fret,  adj.,  '  free,  exempt,  frank,  volun- 
tary,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vri,  OHG. 
fri ;  a  common  Teut  stem  frija-,  '  free ' 
(unknown  only  to  Scand.),  which  is  as- 
sumed by  Goth,  freis  (ace.  sing.,  mas. /n- 
jana),  AS.  fri,  freo  (from  frija-),  E.  free, 
OhG.frt.  From  these  are  formed  the  ab- 
stracts— Goth. freihals,  'freedom,'  lit.  'hav- 
ing one's  neck  free,'  AS.fre6ls,  '  freedom  ' 
(also  ' peace, quiet ' ;  comp.  freolsdceg,  'holi- 
day').  Scand. frjdls  for  the  nonexistent 
*frir,  '  free,'  is  identical  with  these  words, 
being  used  as  an  adj.  signifying  'with  a  free 
neck' ;  akin  to  OHG.  and  MidHG.  frthals, 
'  freeman.'  A  ring  around  the  neck  was 
an  OTeut.  mark  of  a  slave.  Although/rya- 
prevails  throughout  the  Teut.  group  in  its 
modern  sense  'free,'  to  which  W.  ridd, 
'  free '  (from  prija-),  also  corresponds,  yet 
there  is  some  evidence  that  the  meanings 
'dear,  loved,'  once  belonged  to  the  adj.  in 
earliest  Teut.  ;  comp.  the  corresponding 
abstr.  Goth,  frijaj>iva, '  love,'  AS.  frc6d  (for 
*frij6dus),  '  love,  favour,'  Aii.frigu,  'love' 
(;\.\M)fre6dryhten,fre6bearn)  ;  allied  to  Goth. 
fijtin,  '  to  love '  mentioned  under  Steunb 
and  ftiiebe.  All  these  derivatives  point  to 
a  Teut.  root  fri, '  to  cherish,  spare,  treat 
forbearingly '  (MidHG.  vrl-ten,  Goth,  freid- 
jan,  'to  spare');  frci  in  an  active  sense 
should  perhaps  be  compared  with  fyi'lc, 
which  also  denoted  the  relation  of  the 
higher  to  the  meaner  person,  ftxti  is  lit. 
'loving,  loved,  spared.'  This  sense  is  placed 
beyond  doubt  by  the  earlier  history  of  the 


Word — Goth,  frija-,  from  pre-Teut.  priy6-  ; 
comp.  Sans,  priyd-s,  '  dear,  favourite,'  from 
the  root  prt,  '  to  rejoice,  make  well-dis- 
posed.' In  OAryan  the  fern,  of  the  adj. 
pi-iya  means  'spouse,'  also  'daughter' ;  to 
this  OSax.  fri,  and  AS.  fred,  'wife,'  corre- 
spond. With  the  Sans,  root  prt,  OSlov. 
prijaja{prijati), '  to  assist,' prijatelji,  'friend,' 
are  also  connected.  See  §mtac},  freien, 
gfveunb,  griebe,  griebtjof. 

freien,  vb.,  'to  woo,'  from  MidHG. 
vrien,  '  to  woo,  marry ' ;  unknown  to  UpG., 
prop,  a  LG.  word,  made  current  chiefly  by 
Luther.  Comp.  Du.  vrijen,  '  to  sue  for ' 
(MidHG.  vrien,  '  to  set  free,  rescue,'  must 
in  the  main  be  regarded  as  a  different 
word).  In  the  sense  of  '  to  woo,  marry,' 
the  verb  must  be  directly  connected  with 
the  OTeut.  root  fri,  'to  love';  comp. 
GSux.frt,  'wife,  beloved.'  For  the  diffu- 
sion of  the  Teut  root  fri  (from  Aryan  pri), 
see  fret,  Qfmtog,  and  also  tfmtnb. 

fretltd),  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vriliche,  adv.,  '  certainly,  by  all  means,' 
prop.  adv.  from  vrilich,  '  free,  boundless.' 

§?reUct<J,  m.,  '  Friday,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vrttac,  OHG.  friatag,  m.,  'dies 
Veneris';  corresponding  to  l)u.  vrijdag, 
AS.  frtgdkeg,  frigedceg,  E.  Friday,  '  dies 
Veneris,'  OIc.  Frjddagr  (for  which  Fodu- 
dagr,  '  fast  day,'  is  used  in  Modlc.) ;  lit. 
'  Freia's  day'  (primit.  Teut.  Frijjj),  equiv. 
to  Lat.  dies-  Veneris.  Freia  corresponds  to 
Venus.  OIc.  Frigg,  like  OHG.  Frla,  is 
lit.  'lover,  goddess  of  love' ;  akin  to  Sans. 
priya,  f.,  '  spouse,  beloved '  (OSax.  frt,  AS. 
fred, '  wife ').     See  fm. 

^fretfe,  f.,  '  wooing,  courtship,'  from 
MidHG.  vridt,  vridte,  f.,  'making  an  oiler 
of  marriage';  abstract  noun  from  freien; 
also  in  the  same  sense  MidHG.  vrte;  an 
essentially  MidG.  word. 

frctttb,  adj.,  'strange,  foreign,  unfamiliar, 
peculiar,'  from  MidHG.  vremede,  vremde, 
'  foreign,  distant,  strange,  singular,  rare,' 
OHG. framadi,fre.midi, '  foreign,  singular' ; 
a  common  Teut.  adj.  for  'foreign,'  unknown 
only  to  Scand. ;  comp.  Goth,  framafrs, 
'  foreign,  estranged,  excluded  from,'  AS. 
frempe,  f rem le,  '  foreign,  alien,  estranged' 
(IS.  obsolete),  OSax.  frcmithi,  Du.  vreemd. 
A  derivative  of  the  stem  appearing  in  the 
Goth.  prep,  fram,  'far  from,'  AS.  and  E. 
from,  OHG. /raw,  adv.,  'away,  forward.' 

freffen,  vb.,  'to  eat  greedily,  devour,cor- 
rod. ■,'  from  MidHG.  vr'etfeii,  6llG.fr 
'to  cat  up, consume,  feed,'  of  men  and  ani- 

o 


Fre 


(    9S    ) 


Fri 


mals  ;  derived  from  au  earlier  *frae^an, 
by  syncope  of  the  unaccented  a;  comp. 
Qotli.  fra'itan,  '  to  consume'  (E.  to  fret,  '  to 
cut  away'),  with  the  similarly  shortened 
pret.  sing,  frit,  plur.  frttun,  lor  *frait, 
*fraitun.  The  Goth,  verbal  prefix  occurs 
in  other  cases  in  OHG.  as  fir,  far,  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  ver,  and  from  eften  combined 
with  this  wanew  verb,  vere^en,  is  formed 
in  MidHG.  with  the  same  meaning  as 
fr&syn,  which  is  etymologically  equiv.  to 
it.     For  the  verbal  prefix  see  grecel,  MtXt. 

gtreffcrjett,  n.,  'litile  ferret,'  dimin.  of 
an  earlier  ModHG.  gretr,  n.,  '  ferret,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.  from  Romance  ;  comp. 
Ital.  furetto,  Fr.  fv.ret  (E.  ferret),  MidLat. 
furetum,  furetus,  '  ferret,'  which  is  based 
upon  early  MidLat.  faro,  '  polecat,'  equiv. 
to  Lat.  fur,  *  thief.' 

%<teube,  f.,  'joy,  pleasure,  delight,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  vroude,  vreude,  OHG. 
frewida,  f.  ;  akin  to  fmten,  MidHG.  vrouwen, 
OHG.  frouwen ;  see  frof).  For  the  suffix 
see  ©futeiitbe,  93e^tcrbe,  Sifvbe,  SBefcfyrcerbf. 

^trcunb,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vriunt(d),  OHG.  friunt,  m.,  'friend,  rela- 
tive' ;  comp.  OSax.  friunt,  'friend,  relative,' 
Dn.  vriend,  AS.  frednd,  E.  friend,  Goth. 
frij&nds.  Goth.  frijCnds,  and  hence  also 
the  other  words,  are  panics,  from  an  OTeut. 
and  Goth,  xb.frijdn,  '  to  love,'  AS.  fredgan, 
1  to  love '  (see  frei)  ;  therefore  the  word,  sig- 
nifying lit. '  lover,'  is  used  in  many  dialects 
(even  yet  in  LG.,  Hess.,  Franc,  Alsat., 
Suab.,  and  Bav.)  for  '  relative.'  As  to  the 
formation,  see  £eilanb,  Seinb. 

^tVCtJCl,  m.,  'wanton  olfence,  outrage, 
sacrilege,'  from  MidHG.  vrevel,  f.,  m., 
1  boldness,  presumption,  arrogance,  inso- 
lence, violence,'  OHG.  fravilt,  f.,  'boldness, 
daring,  insolence ' ;  abstr.  subst.  from  the 
OHG.  adj.  fravili,  frevili,  MidHG.  vrevele, 
'bold,  proud,  daring,  insolent,'  ModHG. 
fretjeX,  adj.  ;  comp.  AS.  frcefele,  '  daring,' 
Du.  icrevel, '  outrage.'  Connected  with  the 
HG.  adj.  are  two  or  three  difficult  forms 
which  furnish  a  hint  for  discovering  the 
etymology.  OHG.  fraballicho,  adv.  with  b, 
and  frabart,  f.,  'audacia,'  with  b  and  r. 
Parallel  to  MidHG.  vrevel  there  exists  a 
form  vor-evel,  ver-evel,  corresponding  to 
MidHG.  ver-e^en,  compared  with  vr-e^yn. 
We  have  probably  to  assume  a  Goth.  *fra- 
ubls,  or  rather  *fra  afls  (comp.  freffen),  and 
with  this  Olc.  afl,  r.,  'power,  strength,' 
and  OHG.  avaldn,  'to  torment  oneself, 
work,'  are  closely  connected.    In  OHG.  fra 


was  preserved  as  a  fully  accented  prefix  in 
adjs.,  as  in  frd-bald,  'daring,1  from  bald, 
'  bold.'  See  %x&fyt  (a  compound  containing 
Goth,  fra).— fvcventlid),  adv.,  '  sacrile- 
giously,' first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  formed 
like  etgeittltd),  toefontlid},  &c,  from  the  Mid 
HG.  adj.  vrevtle,  but  with  a  change  of  the 
suffix  /  into  n. 

^trtebe,  m.,  'peace,  tranquillity,  quiet,' 
from  MidHG.  wide,  m.,  'peace,  armistice, 
quiet,  protection,'  OHQ.frtdu,  in., '  peace ' ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  fritku,  in.,  AS. 
freojx),  frijju,  f.,  Olc.  fripr,  in.,  '  peace'  ; 
the  common  Teut.  word  for '  peace.'  Found 
in  Goth,  only  in  Frifrareiks,  equiv.  to 
Stiebrid)  (lit  'prince  of  peace');  akin  to 
Goth.  gafri}>6n,  '  to  reconcile.'  The  Teut. 
form  frifru-  contains  the  suffix  />«  like 
Goth.  dau-Jm-s,  '  death ' ;  pritu-s,  from  an 
Aryan  root  pri,  Teut.  fri,  lit.  '  to  love, 
spare' ;  JJctebe,  orig.  '  state  of  love,  forbear- 
ance '  (see  frei).  It  is  worth  noticing  that 
Teut.  first  coined  a  word  for  'peace,'  for 
which  no  common  term  can  be  found  in 
the  Aryan  languages,  and  the  same  may 
be  said  of  '  Jtrieg.'     See  Jpaber. 

^frteb^of,  m.,  'churchyard';  the  orig. 
sense  is  not  exactly  '  peaceful  enclosure,' 
but  rather  'an  enclosed  place';  akin  to 
MidHG.  vride,  '  enclosure,  a  place  hedged 
in';  MidHG.  vrlthof,  OHG.  frtt/wf,  'en- 
closed space  around  a  church,'  must  have 
given  rise  to  greitfyof.  In  their  origin  Sriebe 
and  MidHG.  vrit-hof  are  of  course  allied  ; 
yet  vrtt-hqf  must  be  connected  chiefly  with 
Goth,  frei-djan,  '  to  spare,'  OHG.  frUen, 
'to  cherish,  love,  protect';  akin  also  to 
einfviebiyen. 

frierert,  vb.,  'to  freeze,  feel  cold,  be 
chilled,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vriesen 
(partic,  gevrorn),  OHG.  friosan  (partic. 
yifroran)  ;  the  change  of  s  into  r  has  ob- 
tained in  all  parts  of  the  verb,  yet  s  has 
been  preserved  in  S^icfctn  and  Qroft.  Comp. 
Du.  vriezen,  AS.  fredsan,  E.  to  freeze,  Olc. 
Jrj6.<a;  Goth.  *friusan  is  wanting,  but  may 
be  inferred  with  certainty  from  frius,  n., 
'  frost,  cold.'  The  change  of  s  into  r  is 
also  shown  by  AS.  fre&rig,  adj.,  'freezing, 
frosty,  stiff,'  Olc.  frer,  neu.  plur.,  'frost, 
cold.'  The  Teut.  root  is  freus,  fruz,  from 
the  pre-Teut.  root  preus,  prtis.  It  appears 
to  lie  at  the  base  of  Lat.  prurio  for  *pntsio, 
'to  itch,'  if  the  connecting  link  in  meaning 
is  to  be  found  in  the  'piercing,  itching, 
burning  nature  of  frost.'  Olnd.  has  a  root 
jrruS, '  to  inject  a  substance,'  which  is  more 


Fri 


(    99    ) 


Fro 


remote  in  meaning ;  akin  to  Lat.  prulua, 
'rime' (for  *prusvtua)  ;  Sans. pruivd,  'drop, 
frozen  drop,  rime.'  Under  no  circumstances 
can  the  word  be  connected  with  Lat.  frigere. 

fries,  m.,  also  gfrtefe,  f.,' frieze  (cloth 
part  of  a  column),'  ModHG.  only,  for- 
merly also  in  the  sense  of  'coarse  woollen 
stuff';  from  Fr. /rise,  f.,  whence  E.  frieze; 
the  Fr.  word,  like  its  Romance  cognates,  is 
itself  derived  from  Teut. ;  comp.  AS. /rise, 
1  curled,'  E.  to  friz,  frizzle,  OF  lis.  frisle,  'hair 
of  the  head.' 

gtriefeln,  partic.  plur.,  '  miliary  fever,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  frtcren,  which  repre- 
sents an  earlier  friefen. 

frifc^,  adj.,  'fresh,  cool,  raw  (of  a  wound),' 
from  MidHG.  vrisch,  OHQ.frisc,  adj.,  'new, 
young,  cheerful,  active,  pert : ;  correspond- 
ing to  AS.fersc,  E.  fresh,  OIc.  ferskr, '  fresh.' 
The  further  origin  is  obscure  ;  on  account 
of  its  meaning  Lat.  priscus  (akin  to  prior, 
priits)  cannot  be  allied  ;  perhaps  OHG. 
frisc  is  derived  from  fru(j,  OHG./rwo.  The 
11 G.  word  found  its  way  at  an  early  period 
into  Romance  (comp.  Ital.  fresco,  Fr.frais), 
and  into  E.  (frisk). 

3trifd)lmg,  m.,  'young  wild-boar,'  from 
MidHG.  vrischinc,  vrischlinc,  m. ;  a  deri- 
vative of  frifefj  with  the  suffixes  -ing,  -ling. 
The  OHG.  frisking  (fruscing),  'beast  of 
offering,'  was  adopted  by  OFr.  as  fresange, 
'young  pig.' 

"  frificrcn,  vb.,  'to  curl,  dress  the  hair,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  Fr.  friser,  which  is 
again  derived  from  the  cognates  mentioned 
at  the  end  of  the  article  giie3. 

§frift,  f.,  'period,  appointed  time,  re- 
spite,' from  MidHG.  vrist,  f.,  OHG.  frist, 
f.  (neu.),  'limited  period,  postponement, 
space  of  time'  ;  OSax.  frist,  AS.  first,  m., 
OIc.  frert,  n.  plur.,  'postponement.'  Pro- 
bably not  derived  from  the  root  fri  (see 
frei),  'to  love.'  It  might  more  reasonably 
be  connected  with  the  Goth,  verbal  par- 
ticle fri  in  fz-isaJtis,  if  the  meaning  of  the 
latter  were  clear.     See  also  {Jltjh 

frol),  adj.,  '  glad,  joyous,  happy,'  from 
MidHG.  vrd  (gen.  vrdwes,  vrouwes),  OHG. 
frd  (inflected  form  f rawer),  'glad';  cor- 
responding to  OSax  frao  (gen.  *frawes, 
fralus),  MidDu.  vro,  'glad';  a  correspond- 
ing word  in  E.  is  wanting.  OIc.  frdr, 
'  quick,  nimble,'  closely  agrees  in  sound  ; 
with  respect  to  the  meaning,  comp.  the 
analogous  ^latt  and  E.  glad.  Thus  the  sen- 
suous meaning  'nimble'  might  be  taken 
as  the  starting-point.     If  the  Scand.  word 


be  disregarded,  'gracious,  friendly,'  might 
be  assumed  as  the  primary  meaning,  in 
order  to  connect  the  word  with  the  expres- 
sions for  '  master,  lord,'  mentioned  under 
frotjn. 

frof)Iodien,  vb.,  '  to  exult,  triumph, 
shout  for  joy,'  from  MidHG.  vrdlocken 
(rare),  'jubilaie';  according  to  MidHG. 
vr6-sanc,  'song  of  joy,  hallelujah,'  pro- 
bably a  corruption  of  an  earlier  form, 
frdleichen ;  OHG.  and  MidHG.  *cr6-leich 
would  be  also  lit. '  song  of  joy.'  E.  to  frolic 
is  derived  from  Du.  vrolijl;  'joyous.' 

frof)tt,  adj.,  '  lordly,  holy,'  now  only 
preserved  as  the  first  component  in  archaic 
compounds;  from  MidHG.  vron,  adj.,  're- 
lating to  the  master  or  lord,  sacred.'  In 
OHG.  there  appears  instead  of  an  adj. 
*fr6n  a  petrified  form  frdno,  '  magnificent, 
divine,  sacred,'  which  is  prop,  a  gen.  plur. 
of  fr6,  '  lord '  (used  only  in  the  vocative). 
In  MidHG.  vr6n  appears  in  numerous  com- 
pounds for  the  temporal  lord,  as  well  as  for 
the  Ktipios,  'the  lord,'  /car'  ifaxfyy  'Christ'  ; 
comp.  MidHG.  vr&nltchnam,  m.,  '  Christ's 
body,  the  host,'  ModHG.  ftrofyiileidjnam  ; 
MidHG.  vr&nkriuze,  OHG.  daz  frdno  chrtizi, 
'  the  cross  of  Christ ' ;  MidHG.  vr&nalter, 
'high  altar,'  &c.  ;  also  vr6nJiof,  'mansion,' 
vr&nwalt,  'a  wood  belonging  to  the  lord,' 
vr6nreht,  'public  right.'  ModHG.  retained 
fttofutbienjl,  from  MidHG.  vrdndienst ;  see 
frofjnen.  As  toOHG./r<5,'0  lord,'  stress  must 
belaid  on  its  correspondence  to  AS. fred, 
'  lord,'  as  well  as  OSax.  frao.  Goth,  has 
a  form  with  j,  frauja,  m.  (AS.  frSgea), 
'lord,' which  is  seen  in  HG.  in  the  fern, 
forms  ORG.frouwa,  MidHG.  vrouwe,  Goth. 
*frauj6.  With  these  some  connect  in 
Scand.  the  names  of  the  deities  Freyr  and 
Freyja.  Whether  the  stem  fraun-,  for 
frawun-  and  fraujan-,  in  the  sense  of 
'  gracious,  friendly,'  is  allied  to  the  adj. 
frof),  '  glad,'  remains  to  be  proved.  Comp. 
grau. 

^trof)nc,  f.,  'compulsory  Bervice,  vil- 
leinage,' from  MidHG.  vr&ne,  f.,  'villein 
socage.'    See  fro  bit. 

fxSfyncn,  frofyncn,  vb.,  'to serve,'  from 
MidHG.  vrdntn  (yroenen)  'to  serve,  perform 
villein  socage.'    See  fro^n,  ffrefjiif. 

fromm,  adj.,  '  worthy,  pious,  harmless,' 
from  MidHG.  vrum  (inflected  form  vrumer\ 
adj.,  'able,  excellent,  good,  gallant,  con- 
ducive.' The  MidHG.  adj.  is  prop,  a  subst, 
(comp.  ©(fcabf);  MidHG./rum,/ru«J«,OHG. 
fruma,  f, '  use,  advantage'  (frwnmen,  'to 


Fro 


(    ioo    ) 


Fuh 


promote,  accomplish').  Akin  to  the  AS. 
forms  with  a  gradation,  fram,  adj.,  '  brave, 
conducive,'  fremman,  '  to  promote,  accom- 
plish'; comp.  OIc.  framr.  *  preferable,' 
and  fremja,  '  to  execute.'  Also  allied  more 
remotely  to  the  OTeut  terms  for  'primus.' 
See  gurjh  fieri,  furfcct,  &c. 

gtrofd),  m.,  'frog,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vrosch,  OHG.  frosk,  m.;  corresponding 
to  Du.  vorsch,  AS.forsc  (E.  dial,  froslc),  OIc. 
froslcr,  '  frog ' ;  Goth.  *frusqa-  is  by  chance 
not  recorded.  Before  the  deriv.  &fe  a  gut- 
tural has  dropped  out,  as  is  eeen  in  the 
cognate  terms.  AS.frogga,  E.  frog,  would 
be  in  Goth.  *frugga  (*frvgwaX)  ;  also  akin 
to  AS.  frocca,  earlier  E.  dial. /rocfe,  as  well 
as  OIc.  fraukr,  'frog'  (so  too  MidE.  fr&te, 
froute,  '  toad ').  Goth.  *frusqa-,  for  *fruh- 
sqa-,  would  therefore  be  connected  with  a 
it  root  ending  in  a  guttural ;  perhaps  the 
pre-Ttut.  root  prukl.  Hence  the  attempts 
to  connect  the  word  with  frifd)  or  fricrett,  to 
which  the  meaning  is  also  opposed,  must 
be  rejected. 

gtroft,  m., 'frost,  cold,  chill,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vrost,  OB.G.  frost,  m. ;  conip. 
Du.  vorst,  AS.forst,  E.  frost,  OIc.  frost,  n., 
'  frost,  cold ' ;  a  common  Tent,  abstract  of 
fricren,  Goth.  *friusan.  Goth.  *frustu-,  in., 
n.,  '  frost,'  is  wanting. 

5»rud)f ,  f.,  '  fruit,  crop,  product,'  from 
MidHG.  vruht,  OHG.  fruht,  f.,  'fruit'; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  fruht,  Du.  vrucht, 
OFris.  frucht.  Based  on  Lat.  fructvs,  which 
perhaps  at  the  same  period  as  ^Pfkuije  and 
a  number  of  botanical  terms,  found  its  way 
into  German. 

frill),  adj.,  adv.,  '  early,  prematurely),' 
from  MidHG.  vriieje,  adj.,  'early,'  vruo, 
adv.,  'early'  (hence  sometimes  the  Mod 
HG.  fruh  unmodified)  ;  OHG.  frurji,  adj., 
fnio,  adv.,  'early';  comp.  Du.  vroeg,  adj. 
and  adv.,  '  early.'  Goth.  *fr6  (or  rather 
*frau6  for  *f  1-661),  adv.,  is  wanting.  Pre- 
Teut  prd-  appears  also  in  Gr.  vpuft,  '  early, 
early  in  the  morning,'  irputa,  f.,  'morning,' 
irpdj'uK,  'early' ;  akin  to  Sans,  prdtar,  adv., 
'  early  in  the  morning.'  Allied  more  re- 
motely to  tor,  Sinfl,  »crterf,  &c.  (also  frif<$  ?). 
It  is  curious  that  the  OAryan  adv.,  in  the 
sense  of  '  early  in  the  morning,'  is  restricted 
to  Ger.  In  Scand.,  E.,  and  Goth,  it  is 
wanting  ;  the  words  used  being  Goth,  air, 
OIc.  dr,  AS.  cer,  'early  in  the  morning' 
(see  elje).  Moreover,  its  special  meaning 
was  universally  diffused  at  an  early  period. 
See  ftruljlittg. 


gtra&Urtg,  m.,  'spring,'  a  deriv.  of  fiuh, 
early  ModHG.  only — from  the  15th  cent.; 
8cnj  is  the  old  West  Tent.  term. 

3?ud)S,  m.,  'fox,  light  bay  horse,  cun- 
ning person,  freshman  (univ.),'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vuhs,  OHG.  fuhs,  m. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  vos,  AS.  and  E.  fox; 
Goth.  *fadhs-,  in.  (weak  subst),  is  not 
found.  The  *  is  a  inasc.  sullix,  as  in  Sud)$  ; 
it  is  wanting,  therefore,  in  the  older  fern, 
form,  OHG.  foha,  MidHG.  vo/ie,  f.,  'vixen  ' 
(also  'fox,'  equiv.  to  Goth.  faW\6,  f., ' fox,' 
OIc  foa,  'fox').  OIc.  fox,  n.,  is  used  only 
in  the  figurative  sense  of  'deceit.'  The 
ModHG.  lent,  form  gticfoftit  corresponds  to 
AS.  fyxen,  E.  vixen.  Goth.  fatih6,  f.,  from 
pre-Teut.  pdkd,  makes  it  appear  possible 
10  connect  the  word  phonetically  with  Mod 
HG.  ffipgrf,  Goth,  fugls,  pre-Teut.  pvJtlds, 
in  case  Sans,  pucc/ia,  '  tail,  train,'  is  of  a 
cognate  stem ;  gucfytf  and  SSoflff,  meaning 
'  tailed  creatures,'  is  quite  possible.  At  all 
events,  there  is  no  connection  with  Lat. 
L.  vulpes. 

Sudflel,  f.,  earlier  ModHG.  ffcrttrf, 
'broadsword,  a  blow  struck  with  it,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG. ;  akin  to  fcd)tcn. 

gtuber,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vuodtr,  OHG.  fuodar,  n  ,  '  me  isure  (vary- 
ing from  36  to  72  bushels,  of  wine  about 
1200  bottles),  waggon-load' ;  comp.  OSax. 
f&thar,  Du.  voer,  AS.f6per,  'measure,  wag- 
gon-load,' E.  folh'T,  fodder,  a  term  in 
mining.  Hence  the  common  West  Teut 
term  f6J>r,  n.,  'waggon-load,'  from  the 
Teut  root  fa/>  in  gubett.  From  HG,  Fr. 
fuudre  is  derived. 

§?ug,  m.,  '  adapted ness,  due  authority, 
right,'  from  MidHG.  vuoc{g\  m.,  'pro- 
priety,' as  well  as  the  equiv.  vuoge,  f.,  Mod 
HG.  gucje,  akin  to  fua,cn. 

^rUCje,  f.,  'fugue,'  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.,  from  lta).fuga. 

ffigett,  vk,  'to  fit  together,  connect ' ; 
(refl.)  '  to  accommodate  oneself,'  from  Mid 
HG.  viiegeit,  OHG.  fuogen,  '  to  shape  or 
unite  suitably ' ;  comp.  Du.  voegen,  AS. 
grf#gany  E.  to  fay  ('to  suit,  unite') ;  Goth. 
*f6gja»t  'to  make  suitable,'  is  a  factitive  of 
the  Teut  root  fag,  in  Goth,  fajrs,  'suit- 
able, fitted,'  whose  nearer  cognates  are  to 
be  found  under  fe^tn  ;  E.  tofadge  ('to  suit, 
join'X  may  also  be  mentioned  here. 

furjlett,  vb.,  'to  feel,  be  sensible  of,  be 
sensitive  to,'  a  MidG.  and  LG.  word  incor- 
porated in  literary  Ger.  since  Luther's 
time  (in  Suab.  and  Alem.  fpuren  and  uuricii, 


Fuh 


(    ioi    ) 


Fur 


and  in  Bav.  eitipftnben  are  used) ;  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  viielen,  OHG.  fuolen  (OHG. 
also  'to  touch');  comp.  OSax.  gifdlian, 
Da.  voelen,  AS.  filan,  E.  to  feel ;  a  common 
West  Teut.  word  for  'to  feel'  (Goth.  *fol- 
jan).  Akin  to  OIc.  falma,  'to  grope.' 
With  the  Teut.  root  j "61,  fal,  an  old  term  for 
'  hand '  is  connected  ;  OSax.  folm,  AS.folm, 
OHO.  folma, '  hand '  (nrimit.  allied  to  Sans 
pdni,  Gr.  iraXdfiv,  Lat.  palma,  Olr.  lam  for 
*pldma). 

^fltfcre,  f.,  'journey,  conveyance,  wag- 
gon, cart-load,'  from  MidHG.  viwre,  f., 
journey,  way,  street,  escort,  food  for  a 
'journey,  fodder,'  OHG.  fuora  ;  comp.  AS. 
for,  f.,  'journey,'  also  'vehicle';  akin  to 
fasten.     See  also  ftUjrcu. 

fttforen,  vb.,  'to  carry,  conduct,  deal  in, 
manage,'  from  1M  idHG.  viieren,  OHG.  fuoren, 
'to  put  in  motion,  guide,  lead';  a  facti- 
tive of  fasten  (OHG./aron),  like  ModHG. 
Uiten,  a  factitive  of  OHG.  lldan,  'to  go, 
drive';  comp.  O^ax.  forian,  Du.  voeren, 
'to  lead,'  OIc.  fosra,  'to  bring.'  Goth. 
*forjan  is  wanting  ;  AS.  feran  means  '  to 
go,  march.'  Hence  the  sense  'to  lead'  is 
essetitially  Ger. 

fitttctt,  vb.,  'to  fill,'  from  MidHG. 
viillen,  OHG.  fullen,  '  to  make  full' ;  a  de- 
rivative of  ttol(.  Comp.  Goth,  fulljan,  OIc. 
fylla,  AS.  fyllan,  E.  to  fill,  Du.  vullen,  OSax. 
fullian,  'to  till';  also  »o((. — ^ullc,  f., 
'abundance,  plenty,'  from  MidHG.  viille, 
OHG.  fulll,  'fulness';  comp.  Goth,  ufar- 
fullei,  f'.,  'superabundance.' 

^fullcit,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
viiltn,  ORQ.fulin,  n.,  besides  MidHG.  ville, 
OHQr.fuli,n.,  'foal' ;  for  the  affix  -^denot- 
ing the  young  of  animals,  see  under  (Scfyhxin. 
Based  upon  goljten  (Goth  fula)  ;  hence 
*ful-ein,  n.  has  to  be  assumed  in  Goth.  ; 
comp.  MidLG.  vblen,  Du.  veulen,  OIc.  fyl. 
Another  derivative  of ful-  is  OHG.  fuliltha, 
MidHG.  viilhe,  f.,  'filly,'  pointing  to  Goth. 
*fidilci. 

gtuHfcl,  n.,  'stuffing,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MiuHG.  viilsel,  n.  ;  a  derivative  of  \jiMl 
with  modification  ;  for  the  suffix  -sel,  from 
OHG.  isal,  Goth,  isl,  see  Olatfel. 

gtltnb,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vunt,  m.,  '  finding,  discovery,  find' ;  allied 
to  fxufcen  ;  comp.  Du.  vond,  'discovery,  in- 
vention,' OIc.  fundr,  fyndr. 

fi'Utf,  card,  num., 'five,' from  MidHG. 
viivf,  OHG.  fuvf,  also  earlier  fivf;  cor- 
responding to  Goth,  fimf,  OIc.  fimrri,  AS. 
fif,   E.  five,   Du    vijf,  OSax.  flf.     Goth. 


fimf,  from  pre-Teur.  pempe,  penqe  (for  the 

Serniutation  of  Aryan  q  to  Teut.  /  see 
ttjrt,  »ter,  9Bolf) ;  comp.  Sans,  pdhcan, 
Gr.  vivre  (ir^tiire,  ir^/xirros),  Lat.  quinque  (for 
*pinque),  Lith.  penkl,  Olr.  c6ic,  "W.  pimp ; 
a  common  Teut  term,  like  all  numbers 
from  2  to  10  ;  the  oldest  form  is  pdnqe, 
penke.  The  attempts  to  discover  the  root 
with  some  such  meaning  as  'hand,'  and  to 
connect  the  word  with  Singer,  have  pro- 
duced no  result.  The  Aryan  numerals  are 
presented  to  us  as  compact  forms,  the  ori- 
gin of  which  is  obscure.  The  ord.  ffmfte  is, 
like  all  ordinals,  a  derivative  of  an  old 
form  ;  Goth,  fimfta,  OHG.  fimfto,  funfto, 
MidHG.  viinfte;  Du.  vijjde,  AS.  fffta,  E. 
fifth.  Comp.  Lat.  quintus  for  *pinctus, 
Gr.  irtniTTCK,  Sans,  pahcathas,  Lith.  penktas. 

gtUttfee,  m,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(not  a  classical  form)  vuntce,  m.,  OHG. 
funcho,  m.,  'spark';  comp.  Du.  vonk, 
'  spark,'  MidLG.  and  MidE.  funke,  '  small 
fire,  spark,'  E.  funk,  '  round  wood,  steam, 
stink.'  Classical  MidHG.  has  vanlce,  m. 
It  is  uncertain  whether  Goth.  f6n  (gen. 
funins),  'fire,'  i3  allied;  it  is  more  pro- 
bable that  Sans,  pdjas,  'splendour,  gleam 
of  light,'  is  priinit.  cognate. 

fur,  prep.,  'for,  in  behalf  of,'  from  Mid 
HG.  vilr,  OHG.  furi,  'before,  for' ;  comp. 
OSax.  furi,  'before  ' ;  a  Ger.  prep,  simply, 
allied  to  those  discussed  under  Dor. — fftr- 
ba|J2,  adv.,  'forward,  further,'  from  Mid 
HG.  viirba^.  adv.,  from  fur  and  fcajj. 

3?ltrcl)e,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
vurch  (plur.  vilr/ie),  OHG.  fundi,  f.,  'fur- 
row'; comp.  Du.  voor,  AS.  fxirh,  f.,  E. 
furrow  (akin  to  AS.  and  E. furlong,  'the 
length  of  a  farrow')  ;  OIc.  for,  f.,  'drain, 
watercourse.'  Goth.  *fattrhus,  f.,  is  want- 
ing. It  is  based  upon  pre-Teut  prk- ;  comp. 
Lat.  porca,  'ridge  between  two  furrows,' 
and  porexdetum,  'field  divided  into  beds' ; 
akin  also  to  Armen.  herk,  '  freshly  ploughed 
fallow  land,'  VV.  rhych  (OGall.  *ricd,  Olr. 
rech),  m.,  f.,  '  furrow,'  from  the  base  prkd. 

§tUrd)f,  f.,  'fear,  terror,  fright,'  from 
MidHG.  vorhte,  vorht,  f.,  'fear,  anxiety, 
apprehension,'  OHG.  and  OSax.  firrhta, 
forahta  ;  abstr.  of  furd)ten.  In  AS.  a  modi- 
fied abstr.  is  found  ;  comp.  AS.  fyrhto 
(Goth  faurhtei),  hence  E.  fright,  whence 
to  frighten,  to  fright ;  E.  fear  (see  @ffaljr), 
is  not  a  cognate. — fur<f)fcn,  '  to  fear, 
dread,'  from  MidHG.  viirhten  (pret.  vorhte), 
OHG.  furihten,  forahtan  (pret.  forahta),  '  to 
be  afraid';   comp.  OSax.  forahtjan,  AS. 


Fur 


(      IC2     ) 


Fut 


forhtian;  Du.  ami  Sound,  are  wanting; 
Goth,  faurhtjan, '  to  fear,  be  afraid,'  with  the 
partic./a6r/rts, '  timid,'  used  as  an  adj.  The 
dental  of  the  vb.,  which  was  probably  strong 
orig.,  is  a  suffix  of  the  present  stem,  hence 
Tent,  furh-tjan;  the  corresponding  abstr. 
ORG.furh-ta  is  formed  like  Scfyanbe.  To 
the  Teut  root  fork  (Aryan  prk  ?,  qerk  ?),  Lat. 
querquerus,  'shivering,'  and  Gr.  icapKalpu, 
•  to  tremble,'  have  been  allied. 

ffiroer,  adv.,  •  further,'  from  MidHG. 
vurder,  OHG.  furdir,  adv.,  'further  in 
front,  further  on,  away ' ;  apparently  an 
oblique  form  of  the  compar.neut.,  like  Goth. 
faurfns, '  formerly,'  from  fort,  Goth.  *faur]>; 
AS.fwJ>or,i\dv.,  'forward, further,  more  dis- 
tantly '(Goth.  *faiirj>6s),  E.  further.  See  fort. 

gturfcc,  f.,  'pitchfork,'  from  MidHG. 
furke,  OHG.  furcha,  f.,  'fork' ;  comp.  Du. 
vork,  AS.  and  E.  fork;  from  Lat.  furca, 
introduced  early  in  the  OHG.  period  along 
with  Southern  horticulture. 

§?urff,  m.,  'sovereign,  chief,  prince,' 
from  MidHG.  viirste, m.,  'the  highest,  most 
distinguished,  ruler,  prince,'  OHG.  furisto, 
OSax.  furisto,  Du.  vorst,1  prince' ;  like^err. 
simply  a  Ger.  form.  Just  as  Jpettis  orig.  a 
compar.  of  l)er- r,  so  is  §urjt  prop,  a  super- 
lat.  meaning  *  tirst'  ;  comp.  OHG.  furist, 
AS.fj/rst,  E.  first,  Olc.  fyr>tr;  Goth.  *fau- 
ristn  is  wanting ;  the  corresponding  compar. 
is  OHG.  furiro,  '  the  former,  preferable,' 
Olc.  fyrre, '  former.'  The  usual  OSax.  and 
AS.  word  for  '  first'  is  formo,  forma,  with 
the  suffix  ma  (Goth,  fruma) ;  from  Aryan 
pr  like  Gr.  xpSfUK,  Sans,  p&rva-s,  OSlov. 
pruvU,  Lith.  plrmas,  '  first'  It  is  evident 
that  also  for,  fur,  fort,  &c,  are  derivatives 
of  this  Aryan  root  pr. 

gfwf,  f.  (UpG.  masc.  also),  'ford,'  from 
the  equiw  MidHG.  and  OHG.  vurt,  m.  ; 
comp.  OSax.  *ford  in  Hertford  (lit.  'lord's 
ford '),  §erefcrb  ;  MidDu.  vord,  AS.  ford,  m., 
~E.ford;  comp.  AS.  Oxenaford  (lit.  'oxen's 
ford'),  'Oxford'  (also  <S$»einfurt,  (Srfurt). 
Goth.  *fa&rdus,  '  ford,'  is  wanting.  It  be- 
longs to  the  Teut.  too:  far,  'to  go,  march,' 
and  hence  signifies  lit. '  a  frequented,  pass- 
able spot';  comp.  Gr.  x6/>os,  'ford,'  which 
has  a  cognate  root,  and  /36<nro/xw  with  Ox- 
ford; also  Zend  peretu, '  bridge'  (Euphrates, 
lit.  '  having  many  bridges '  ?) ;  so  too  Lat. 
p<>rtus,  *  port ' ;  Olc.  fJQro'r,  in., '  bay.'  Lat. 
-ritum  (for  *pritum)  in  Augustoritum,  from 
Kelt,  is  also  allied  to  this  word. 

fit  fd)Ctt,  vb., '  to  perform  hastily,  cheat,' 
ModHG.  only,  of  obscure  origin. 


3?ufcl,  m., '  bad  brandy,'  probably  from 
chemical  technology  (L&t.  fustli*,*  liquid '  ?). 

5tU|?,  m.,  'foot,  base,  pedestal,  footing,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vuot,,  OHG. /U03, 
m.,  '  foot'  ;  a  common  Teut.  and  more  re- 
motely a  common  Arvan  term  for  '  foot1 ; 
comp.  Goth,  fvtus,  Olc.  f6tr,  AS.  fit,  E. 
foot,  Du.  voet,  OSax.  f6t.  The  Teut.  f6t 
(weak  subst),  from  Aryan  p6d-,  which  in- 
terchanged with  Arvan  pod-  and  pSd  in 
declension.  Comp.  Gr.  -woS-  in  x65a,  nom. 
sing,  rots  (jEoI.  tc6s)  ;  Lat.  pid-em,  nom. 
sing. pes;  nciSCkov,  ' sandal,' xef6s (for rtdjdt), 
'  on  foot' ;  0  gradation  in  Lat  tripudium ; 
OInd.  nom.  sing,  pdd  (locat.  padi),  'foot,' 
padd,  neu.,  '  tread,  footstep.'  The  e  grada- 
tion is  preserved  in  Teut.  by  Olc.  ft,  n., 
'  step,'  but  as  a  measure  '  foot'  (Lith.  peda, 
'mark  of  the  foot');  akin  to  Olc.  feta, 
'  to  find  the  way,'  OHG.  fetfan,  '  to  go.' 
Respecting  Olc.  fjgturr  see  geflVl ;  Olc.  fit, 
{., '  the  skin  of  birds  between  the  claws.' 
M.id\E.  fetlak,  E.  fetlock  ;  thus  too  MidHG. 
vi^eloch,  'hough,' earlier  ModHG.  Siplodj  ; 
thev  are  derivatives  (not  compounds)  of 
*fet-,  'foot.'— gtufjflapfe,  f.,  'footstep, 
trace,'  from  flaffett ;  often  divided  wrongly 
into  gufidapfe,  which  would  originate  in  a 
verb  tapfett  for  jlajjfen. 

puffer,  n.,  from  the  eqtiiv.  MidHG. 
vuoter,  OHG.  fuotar,  n., '  nourishment,  food, 
fodder,  lining,  case' ;  comp.  Du.  voeder,  n., 
'fodder,  lining';  AS.  fddor,  n..  E.  fodder; 
Olc.  /dor,  n.,  'fodder';  Goth.  fSdr,  n., 
'scabbard.'  Two  really  different  words 
seem  to  have  converged  phonetically  in  this 
term.  Goth.  *f6dr,  'nourishment,'  seems 
to  be  connected  with  AS.  fCda,  '  nourish- 
ment,' E.  food,  Goth,  fddjan,  AS.  fidan, 
E.  to  feed,  and  consequently  with  a  Teut. 
root  fod,  fad  (comp.  OHG.  fatunga,  'nour- 
ishment, food'),  from  Aryan  pat.  which 
also  appears  in  Gr.  irarlonai, '  to  eat ' ;  like- 
wise akin  to  AS.  fdstor,  '  maintenance,'  E. 
to  foster,  foster-brother,  &c.  The  second, 
Sutter,  '  case,'  Goth.  f6dr,  '  sheath,'  has 
been  thought  to  be  allied  to  Sans,  pdtra-m, 
n., '  vessel,  receptacle.'  The  Teut.  cognates 
in  both  senses  found  their  way  into  Rom. ; 
comp.  Prov.  and  OFr.  fuerre  (ModFr. 
feurre),  '  sheath,'  formed  from  Goth.  fSdr, 
OHG.  fiiotar,  '  sheath,'  ModFr.  feurre, 
'  straw  for  feeding  cattle,'  ModFr.  fourreau, 
'  case,  sheath,'  &c. 

fuileral,  n., '  case,  lining,  sheath,'  Mod 
only,  from  MidLat  fotrale,  a  derivative 
of  OHG/dfar,  MidHG.  ruofer;  comp.  gutter. 


Fut 


(    103    ) 


Gal 


filttexix,  vb.,  equiv.  to  Mi<lHG.  viietern, 
vuotem,  '  to  feed,  nourish,'  OHG.  fuotiren 


(Goih.  *f6drjan) ;   a  derivative  of  gutter, 
'  nourishment.' 


G. 


Qabe,  L'jp&f  From  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gdbe,  f.  ;  OHG.  *gdba  and  Goth.  *giba  are 
wanting  ;  instead  OHG.  geba  (MidHG.  gebe 
with  the  dial,  variant  gippe),  f.,  occurs, 
OSax.  geba,  AS.  gifu,  OIc.  gjgf,  Goth,  giba, 
f.,  *  gift.'  The  forms  corresponding  to  the 
assumed  Goth.  *giba  are  seen  in  Du.  gaaf 
and  OSwed.  gdfa. 

Q&be,  adj., '  acceptable,  in  vogue,  stylish,' 
from  MidHG.  gcebe  (OHG.  *gdbi),  adj., 
'acceptable,  dear,  good';  Goth.  *g6bi-  is 
related  to  giban  (see  geben),  just  as  nSms  is 
to  niman  (see  gdnge,  attgenebm) ;  comp.  OIc. 
gdefr,  'salutary,'  Du.  gaaf,  'suitable. 

(Sabcl,  f.,  'fork,  s haft 8  (of  a  vehicle),' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gabele,  gabel,  OHG. 
gabala,  gabal,  f,  ;  corresponding  to  Du. 
gaffel  (hence  Modlc.  gaffall,  'fork'),  AS. 
rarely,  geaful,  m., '  fork '  (for  which,  even  in 
1  he  AS.  period,  fore,  E.  fork  occurs),  ©abet 
seems  to  be  related  by  gradation  to@iebet,and 
inthat  case  the  oldest  shape  of  the  fork  must 
have  been  a  sort  of  acute  angle  like  a  gable. 
Yet  the  supposition  that  the  word  was  bor- 
rowed is  not  to  be  rejected,  especially  since 
'the  form  of  an  acute  angle'  can  hardly 
be  the  prim,  meaning  of  ©iebel.  Note  the 
correspondence  with  Kelt,  words ;  Olr. 
gabul,  'fork,'  gab/da,  'shears,'  W.  gebe', 
'  tongs,'  Lat.  gabalus  '  (gable-shaped)  gal- 
lows'  ;  to  these  also  OInd.  gdbhasti,  'fork, 
shaft,'  may  be  allied,  in  which  case  it  would 
follow  that  the  West  Teut.  ©abet  is  perhaps 
primit.  allied  to  the  Kelt,  class. 

flacftcrn,  gatftfen,  vb.,  'to  cackle, chat- 
ter,' simply  AlodHG.  ;  imitative  forms  like 
MidHG.  gdgen,  *  to  cackle  like  a  goose.' 
akin  to  Du  gagelen, '  to  gabble,' and  even  in 
OHG.  gaclctz&n, '  to  mutter,' gagizdn,  gackaz- 
zen,  'to  bawl,'  MidHG.  gagzen,  'to  cluck 
like  a  hen  laying.'  Comp.  Scand.  gagga, 
'  to  howl  like  a  fox,'  gagl,  '  wild  goose,  E. 
to  gar/gle. 

$ttOcn,  Oooocm.  m.  and  n., '  room,  cot- 
tage, storey,'  from  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  ga- 
den,  gadevi,  n.,  '  house  containing  one  room 
only '  then  generally  'apartment,  chamber,' 
OHG.  gadum,  gadam,  n. ;  orig.  a  merely 
UpG.  word,  which  found  its  way,  however, 


even  into  LG.  Akiu  to  Goth.  *gatm  (from 
go-  and  tmo-,  the  latter  related  to  Gr.  56/xos, 
fj.£<r6-S/ii],  and  HG.  3itttmet)  ?.  Less  pro- 
bably allied  to  AS.  geat,  E.  gate  (comp.  Du. 
gat, '  opening,'  under  ©affe).  At  all  events, 
the  connection  with  Gr.  xtT«">  '  garment,' 
is  impossible. 

gaffen,  vb., '  to  gape  at,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  (MidG.)  gaffen,  OHG.  *gaffSn  (de- 
duced from  OHG.  gefjiJa,  f., '  contempla- 
tion'); Goth.  *gapan  is  wanting.  The 
ordinary  MidHG.  and  OHG.  words  for  the 
modern  gaffen  are  kapfen  and  chapfSn  (Goth. 
*kappan,  vb.,  is  wanting).  Hence,  accord- 
ing to  the  sounds,  the  two  words  are  radi- 
cally different ;  in  the  ModHG.  period, 
MidHG.  kapfen  has  given  way  to  gaffen. 
The  latter  signifies  lit.  '  to  look  on  with 
open  mouth';  comp.  Du.  gapen  and  the 
equiv.  E.  to  gape,  OIc.  gapa,  '  to  open  the 
mouth  wide,'  gap, '  chaos.'  The  Teut.  root 
17a/),  'to  gape,'  is  allied  to  Sans,  root jabh, 
'  to  snap '  ?. 

fldfjc,  see  jar). 

fld^ncn,  vb.,  '  to  yawn,  gape,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG. ginen  (genen,  geinen),  OHG. 
giuSn  (gein6n) ;  ModHG.  ae  for  8.  Goth. 
*gi-  nai-.  from  the  root  gi,  'to  gape' ;  comp. 
AS.  ginian,  g&nian,  '  to  gape.'  OIc.  and 
AS.  possess  a  str.  vb.  formed  from  the  root 
gi,  and  n  orig.  a  suffix  of  the  present  stem — 
OIc. gina, AS.  tdgtnan,  'to  bark';  comp. also 
OIc.  gin,  n.,  'jaw  of  animals.'  OHG.  gUn, 
'  to  gape,'  is  formed  without  the  suffix  n;  so 
too  with  a  derivative  w,  OHG.  giwSn,  geiodn, 
MidHG.  gi'cen,  gSicen,  '  to  open  the  mouth 
wide.'  The  Teut.  root  gi,  from  pre-Teut.  gki, 
is  widely  diffused,  especially  in  West  Teut. 
Comp.  Lat.  hiare  (for  Lat.  h,  representing 
Teut.  g,  see  ©erjle  and  ©aft),  OSlov.  zijati, 
'  to  ^ape,  bark,'  Lith.  zidti,  '  to  open  the 
mouth  wide ' ;  Olr.  gin,  '  mouth '  (OIc 
gin) ;  Lat.  hiscn  ;  Gr.  x"&> '  hole,'  for  x«f  <*  ?• 

($ctlftcmt,  m.,  'galnngal.'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG. galgan,galgdn,  galgant,  m. ;  comp. 
MidE.  galingal',  E.  mlangal ;  a  medicinal 
herb  of  the  Middle  Ages,  known  under  the 
same  name  to  Rom.  (comp.  I  tab  galanga, 
Ft.  galanga — MidLat.  galanga;  also  Mid 


Gal 


(    104    ) 


Grin 


Gr.  TaXAyya).  The  origin  of  the  term  hns 
probably  been  rightly  ascribed  to  the  East ; 
some  etymologists  compare  it  with  Arab 
galang. 

$afgen,  m.,  'gallows,  gibbet,  cross- 
beam,' from  MidHG.  galge,  OHG,  galgo, 
m.,  •  gallows  (also  applied  to  the  cross  of. 
Christ),  frame  over  a  well  from  which  the 
bucket  is  hung  to  draw  water.'  It  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  galgo,  Du.  galg,  AS.  gealgrt, 
E.  gallows  (the  plur.  used  as  a  sing.,  yet 
comp.  gallow-tree),  OIc.  galge,  '  gallows,' 
Goth,  galga,  in.  (applied  to  the  cross  of 
Christ,  as  also  in  all  the  other  OTeut.  dia- 
lects) ;  a  common  Teut.  word,  Tent,  gal- 
gan-,  pre-Te ut.  g1  algha-  ;  comp.  Lith.  zalga, 
f.,  'pole.'  Note  the  double  sense  of  the 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  word.  Probably  some 
such  idea  as  a  'long  pliable  rod'  is  the 
starting-point  of  the  various  meanings  of 
the  cognates. 

(§aUapfcf ,  m.,  '  gall,  gall-nut,'  first  oc- 
curs in  early  ModHG.,  from  Lat.  galla, 
whence  also,  probably,  the  equiv.  AS.  galloc ; 
cump.  E.  oak-gall  (galloak).     See  ©al(e  (2.). 

(Settle  (1.),  f., '  gall,  bile,'  from  the  equi  v. 
MidHG.  galle,  OHG.  galla,  f.  ;  common  to 
Teut.  in  the  same  sense  (only  in  Goth,  is 
the  WBak  neu.  *gaH6  not  recorded) ;  comp. 
OSax.  galla,  Du.  gal,  AS.  gealla,  OIc.  gall,r\. 
Like  a  great  number  of  terms  relating  to  the 
body  (see  gup,  £crj,  9here,  Stafe,  CI;r),  @a(!e 
too  has  numerous  correspondences  in  the 
cognate  languages,  which  points  to  the  an- 
tiquity of  the  Aryan  term  (Goth.  *gallin-  or 
*galzin-,  from  pre-Teut.  glial-) ;  comp.  Gr. 
X0X77,  x<5Xos,  Lat.  fel,  fellis,  n.,  '  gall.'  Many 
etymologists  connect  the  word  with  gelb 
(OHG.  gelo),  as  if  gall  was  named  from  its 
colour;  OSlov.  zlucl,  'gall'  (from  *gllkl), 
is,  certainly  allied  to  Russ.  ielknutl, '  to  turn 
yellow.' 

@<xUe  (2.),  f.,  'barbel,'  from  MidHG. 
galle,  f.,  'swelling  above  the  knee  on  the 
hind-leg  of  a  horse' ;  comp.  E.  gall  (swell- 
ing, sore  spot,  gall-nut) ;  it  is  questionable 
whether  @a(U9lpffl  is  allied  to  the  word. 
Also  in  Romance,  Ital.  galla  and  Span. 
ag  din,  signify ' swelling,  tumour,  gall-nut.' 
Hence  the  Lat.-Rom.  galla,  'gall-nut,'  was 
perhaps  the  source  of  the  Teut.  terms.  Yet 
it  is  possible  that  the  foreign  word  has 
been  confused  with  a  Teut.  word  similar 
in  sound,  especially  since  Swed.  dialects 
also  have  a  term  grasgaller,  'swelling  on 
the  hoof  of  a  horse.' 

^ttUcrfc,  f.,  'jelly,'  from  MidHG.  gal- 


hert,  galhart,  galreide,  f.,  'jelly  of  animal 
and  vegetable  matter.'  MidLat.  gdlatina, 
'jelly,'  as  well  as  Fr.  geUe  (from  Lat  gelare), 
cannot,  for  phonetic  reasons,  serve  as  the 
source  of  the  MidHG.  word  ;  the  origin  is 
still  obscure. 

(Satinet,  m.,  'calamine,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.,  with  the  older  variant 
Jtalitui;  once  in  MidHG.  lalemtne;  from 
MidLat.  and  Rom. ;  comp.  MidLat.  lapis 
calaminaris,  Fr.  calamine;  earlier  Lat.  cad- 
mia,  Gr.  Ka.bii.da.,  'calamine.' 

(Salopp,  m.,  'gallop,'  borrowed  from 
Fr.  galop,  even  in  the  MidHG.  period,  as 
is  proved  by  MidHG.  galopiiren,  of  which 
the  variant  walopieren  occurs  (comp.  Mid 
HG.  icalap,  'galop,'  E.  wallop).  The  Rom. 
words  on  which  they  are  based  are  derived 
by  some  etymologists  from  a  Teut.  source, 
though  it  cannot  be  assigned  to  any  satis- 
factory root;  some  assume  a  Goth-Teut. 
*walh-hlaup,  which  is  supposed  to  denote 
a  Kelt,  method  of  trotting. 

0amcmber,  m.,  '  germander,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gamandri;  from  MidLat. 
chamandreus,  gamandraea,  which  is  based 
upon  Gr.  x«Ma*fywy,  \afialopvov, '  germander.' 

(Scmerbe,  m.,  'joint-heir,  co-proprietor,' 
from  MidHG.  ganerbe  (from  ge-an-erbe),  m., 
'  next  co-heir,  especially  a  co-heir  with  the 
right  of  obtaining  the  property  of  his  fellow- 
inheritors  at  theirdeath,'OHG.  ganarbo,  'co- 
heir' (Goth.  *gadna-arbja,  m.).  The  prefix 
ga,  representing  Lat.  con-,  '  together  with,' 
was  current  in  OTeut.     See  ©cnojj,  ©cfiue. 

(Sang,  m.,  '  going,  movement,  gait,  pas- 
sage,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ganc(g), 
OHG.  gang,  m.,  'gait,  walking';  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  gang,  Da.  gang,  AS. 
gong,  m.,  'walking,  gait  (comp.  E.  ganjt 
gangway,  and  gangweek),  OIc.  gangr}  m., 
'  gait,  walking,'  Goth,  gaggs,  '  lane.'  Also 
in  older  Teut.  a  str.  vb.  gangan,  'to  go,'  of 
which  only  the  pret.  gtitg  and  the  partic. 
gegangftt  are  still  current  in  ModHG.  In 
East  Teut.,  in  which  gdjen  is  wanting, 
ganga  (OIc.)  and  gaggan  (Goth.)  have  a 
wider  range  ;  yet  comp.  OS  wed.  and  ODan. 
ga, '  to  go.'  In  West  Teut.  part  of  geften  has 
l>een  lost ;  in  E.,  differing  in  this  respect 
from  G.,  the  older  gangan  has  become  en- 
tirely obsolete.  Teut.  root  gang,  pre-Teut. 
ghangh.  The  only  correspondences  in  other 
Aryan  languages  are  Sans,  jdnghd,  f.,  '  leg, 
foot,'  Lith.  zengiti  (zingti),  'to  6tep,'  akin 
to  Lith.  prazanga,  'trespa-s.' 

gauge,  adj.,  '  current,  in   vogue,  cus- 


Gan 


(    105    ) 


Gar 


tomary,'  from  MidHG.  genge,  OHG.  gengi, 
'ordinary,  scattered,' orig.  'capable  of  going, 
or  ratlier  of  circulating ' ;  a  verbal  adj.  from 
the  root  gang  (see  the  preceding  word), 
formed  like  ga&c,  cutaniefym,  fli'uige. 

$ans,  f.,  '  goose,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  gans,  OHG.  gam,  f. ;  a  common  Tent, 
term  for  'goose,'  unrecorded  in  Goth,  only, 
in  which  *gans,  f.  (plur.  *gans)  may  have 
been  the  form  {comi>.  Span,  ganso,  adopted 
from  it).  To  this  correspond  AS.  g6s  (6 
from  an  before  s),  plur.  gls  (owing  to  the 
i  mutation),  f.,  E.  goose,  plur.  geese;  OIc. 
gas,  f.,  from  pre-Teut  ghans-\  Du.  gans; 
one  of  the  few  names  of  birds  to  be  ascribed 
to  a  primit.  Aryan  origin,  since  it  recurs  in 
most  of  the  languages  of  the  Aryan  group  ; 
Sans,  hansd-s,  m.,  hansi,  f.,  'goose,'  Mod 
Pers.  ydz,  Lith.  zqsls  (OSlov.  gqsX  is  bor- 
rowed from  Tent.),  Gr.  xvv,  Lat.  anser  (for 
*hanser),  Olr.  ge'is,  'swan'  (from  ghansi). 
The  s  of  Aryan  ghans-  seems  to  be  a  suffix 
(comp.  i$ud)$,  SKenat)  ;  at  least  Teut.  words 
of  cognate  stem  point  to  ghan-  as  the  more 
primitive  form  ;  comp.  OHG.  gana^o,  Mid 
HG.  ganze,  genz,  m.,  'gander,'  Du.  gent, 
'gander,'  AS.  ganot,  E.  gannet  ('swan'); 
AS.  gandra,  E.  gander.  Pliny  informs  us 
that  large  flocks  of  geese  were  kept  in 
Germania,  and  that  the  birds  or  their 
feathers  were  sent  even  to  Home  ;  one 
species  was  said  to  be  called  gantae  by  the 
Teutons  ;  a  similar  term  is  known  in  Rom. 
(Prov.  ganta,  OFr.  gante,  'wild  goose'), 
which  borrowed  it  from  Teut.  To  the 
Teut.  ganta,  from  pre-Teut.  ganda,  the 
Olr.  gad,  'goose'  (Lith.  gdndras,  'stork'), 
is  primit.  allied. 

^cinfcrid),  m.,  'gander,  wild  tansy,' 
ModHG.  simply,  formed  like  (Sutcrid),  from 
an  earlier  ©anfet  (still  found  in  many  of 
the  UpG.  dialects  ;  in  Alsat.  gunSter,  MiclG. 
gdnsert),  MidHG.  ganger,  also  gan$e,  ganze, 
m., 'gander.'  Coni[>.  LG.  gante,  Scand.  gasst 
for  gdsse,  'gander';  see  ©antf.  The  plant 
©cnfcrid;  is  a  corruption  of  an  earlier  @rcn- 
faid) ;  comp.  Fr.  bee  d'oie,  Ital.  pid  doca. 
The  MidHG.  and  OHG.  term  is  grensinc 
(even  (tensing  also  in  OHG.). 

piant,  f.,  'auction,  bankruptcy,'  an  UpG. 
word  (unknown  to  the  Suab.  dial.),  from 
MidHG.  gant,  L  'sale  to  the  highest  bid- 
ders, auction.'  Not  from  Fr.  gant,  'glare.' 
It  is  not  true  that  "affixing  a  glove  (in  a 
symbolic.il  way)  lias  given  rise  to  the  terms 
©ant  and  SBcrgantimg,  denoting  a  distress 
on  real  property."     The  term  is  more  pro- 


bably derived  from  Prov.  Vencant,  McdFr. 
Vencan,  '  auction '  (Ital.  incanto,  from  Lai. 
in  quantum),  whence  E.  cant,  '  auction.' 

{Jttnj,  adj., '  whole,  complete,  entire,' from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  ganz,  adj.,  'uninjured, 
complete,  whole,  healthy,'  prop,  a  HG. 
word  simply,  which  was  adopted,  however, 
by  the  Teut.  dialects  of  MidEurope  (Dan. 
ganske,  Du.  gansch,  OFris.  gans;  n  would 
not  have  been  retained  before  s  in  a  native 
Dan.  or  Fris.  word.  The  early  history  of 
OHG.  ganz  is  obscure  ;  if  its  primary  mean- 
ing is  '  encircling,'  it  is  perhaps  connected 
with  Gr.  x^Sd^w,  '  to  comprise ' ;  comp. 
Gr.  xcu^j,  'spacious'?, 

$cir,  adj.  (and  adv.),  '  finished,  ready, 
done'  (of  cooked  food),  from  MidHG.  gar 
(inflect,  garwer),  adj.,<jrare,  adv.,  OHG.  yaro 
(infl.  garawer),  adj.,  garo,  gurawo,  adv., 
'  made  ready,'  armed,  prepared,  complete, 
entiie' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  garo,  AS. 
gearo  (adv.,  gearwe  also),  E.  yare,  OIc.  ggrr 
(adv.  ggrwa),  'ready,  prepared,  made'; 
Goth.  *garwa-  is  wanting.  The  adj.  was 
really  used  as  a  panic,  the  suffix  xco  in 
Ind.,  combines  with  the  root pac,  'to  cook,' 
forming  the  partic.  pakvd-s,  'cooked,  done' 
(of  food).  Besides  AS.  gearo,  '  ready,'  a 
remarkable  form,  earo,  is  found  with  the 
same  meaning,  and  in  OSax.  aru  as  well 
as  gara  ;  these  forms  point  to  Goth.  *garwa 
ami  *arwa, ' prepared,  made  ready.'  Heme 
some  have  identified  the  two  classes  regard- 
ing the  g  of  *garwa-  as  the  remnant  of  the 
verbal  particle  Goth,  ga  (HG.  ge). 

Qathe  (1.),  f-,  'sheaf,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  garbe,  OHG.  garba,  f. ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  garba,  Du.  garf,  'sheaf' ;  lit. 
'handful,  manipulum.'  Hence  from  the 
Sans. root  grbh,  'to  lay  hold  of,  seize,' grdbhd, 
'  handful,'  Lett,  grabas,  fem.  plur., 'a  bundle 
hastily  collected,'  Liih.  grtpti,  'to  seize,' 
and  gr6pti} '  to  snatch.'  In  the  HG.  dialects 
gravpen,  grapfen,  garden,  &c,  are  also  allied 
to  the  Aryan  root  ghrbh  ;  so  too  Du.  grab- 
belen,T£i.  to  grabble.  The  cognates  found  their 
way  into  Romance  (Fr.  gerbe,  f.,  'sheaf'). 

&avbe  (2.),  (the  same  is  ©djafgartv, 
'  milfoil'))  f.,  'millefolium,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  garwe,  OHG.  ganca,  garau-a,  f., 
'millefolium';  corresponding  to  AS.  gearewe, 
f.,  E.  yairow,  Du.  gerw,  '  millefolium. ' 
Whether  it  is  related  to  gar  (Teut.  cartm-) 
is  uncertain. 

fliircri,  vb.,  '  to  ferment,  effervesce, 
bubble,'  a  combination  as  to  its  form  of  a 
str.  vb.  MidHG.  gerin,  jesen)  OHG.  fa.tn, 


Gar 


(     106    ) 


Gas 


'to  ferment,  foam,'  and  the  corresponding 
factitive  MidHG.  *jern  (unrecorded,  but 
OHG.jftan  occur*), '  to  cause  to  ferment ' ; 
ORG.  jesan  is  a  str.  vb.,  ami  j(rjan  a  wk. 
vb.  (conip.  oin&ftm,  str.  vb.,  and  ginerian, 
wk.  vb.).  Noun  derivatives  of  the  Teut. 
rooties  retain  their  «  (l>efore  t)  even  as  late 
as  ModHG.  ;  see  ©ifcfor,  under  which  the 
cognate  nouns  from  the  other  OTeut  dia- 
lects are  brought  together.  Tiie  root  jes, 
yes,  occurs  also  in  Ind.  and  Gr. ;  comp.  Gr. 
£e<r-r6s,  <  boiled,'  tfo-fia,  hence  also  #w  for 
*#<™  (perf.  (frff-ixai), '  to  boi  1,  bubble '  (f  for 
earlier  j,  y  as  in  £vy6v,  see  3od}),  Sans,  root 
yas,  'to  seethe,  bod.'  Considering  this 
agreement  of  forms  with  initial  j  and  y, 
ModHG.  oaten  with  g  is  remarkable  ;  so 
too  OIc.  ger}>,  '  yeast '  (but  E.  yeast). 

($ctrn,  n.,  'yarn,  thread,  net,  snare,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gam  ; 
corresponding  to  AS.  gearn,  E.  yarn,  OIc. 
gam,  n.,  Du.  garen;  the  common  Teut. 
term  lor  'yarn'  (Goth.  *garn,  n.) ;  the 
meaning  'net' was  attached  to  @urn,  even 
in  the  OHG.  and  MidHG.  period,  but  it 
never  obtained  in  E.  and  Scand.  We 
might  assume  a  root  gar  with  some  such 
meaning  as  '  to  turn,'  but  it  is  not  authenti- 
cated. Earlier  Teut.  has  a  series  of  terms 
corresponding  in  sound  with  ©ant  and 
meaning '  entrails ' ;  comp.  OIc.  ggrn  (plur. 
garner),  f., '  gut,  intestines,  entrails,'  OHG. 
mittigarni,  mittilagarni,  n.,  'fat  found  in 
the  middle  of  the  entrails,  arvina,'  AS. 
micgem  {eg  for  dg ;  comp.  AS.  orceard,  E. 
orchard,  for  ortgeard),  'arvina.'  These  words 
have  been  connected  with  Lith.  zarnd,  {., 
'  gut,'  and  Sans,  hird,  f.,  '  gut,'  thougli  the 
latter  may  be  allied  to  Lat.  htra,  f.,  '  gut,' 
and  hilla  for  hirla;  likewise  Lat.  ham-  in 
haru-spex,  '  one  who  examines  the  entrails, 
soothsayer,' and  liarioliis,  'soothsayer,'  con- 
tain the  Aryan  root  ghar.  Perhaps — and 
nothing  further  can  be  said — all  the  words 
discussed  above  are  based  on  a  Teut.  root 
ghar,  '  to  turn.' 

garftig,  adj.,  '  Glthy,  foul,  obscene,'  an 
extended  form  of  the  late  MidHG.  garst, 
adj.,  'rancid,  tasting  "high"' ;  comp.  Du. 
garstig,  'insipid,  rank,  rotten';  akin  to 
OIc. gerstr,  'morose'  (in appearance).  Allied 
to  lidX.fastvHum,  'disgust,  aversion '  1.  The 
latter  probably  represented  *farstidium,  like 
tostus  for  *torstus,  from  torreo ;  Lat. /initi- 
ally corresponds  to  Teut  g.  See  under  ©afle 
(Lsit.  fel).  Hut  it  might  perhaps  be  also  con- 
nected with  Lat.  horridus  for  *ghorsidus. 


$artett,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
garte,  OHG.  garto,  m.,  'garden';  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  gardo,  OFris.  garda,  in., 
'  garden ' ;  Goth,  garda,  m., '  stable.'  Akin 
to  the  strong  nouns — Goth,  garth,  m., 
'court,  house,  family';  OIc.  garftr,  m., 
'  enclosure,  hedge,  house,  farm,'  OHG.  gart, 
m.,  'circle,  choral  dance,'  AS.  geard  (E. 
yard),  'enclosure,  garden'  (E.  gardn  was 
borrowed  in  MidE.  from  OFr.  gardio, 
jardin,  which  is  of  Ger.  origin).  '  Enclos- 
ing,' and  'the  enclosed  space'  are  the  fun- 
damental ideas  of  the  whole  class,  which 
might  thus  be  connected  with  giivten,  Teut. 
root  gerd,  if  the  correspondences  in  the 
cognate  languages  did  not  prove  that 
'  ©arten'  is  a  pre-Teut.,  perhaps  a  common 
West  Aryan  form,  which  cannot  belong  to 
a  specifically  Teut.  root.  But  HG.  ©artcit 
is  most  closely  connected  with  Lat.  hortu*, 
'  garden,'  Gr.  x^f0**  'enclosure,  yard,  farm- 
yard, pasture,  hay,  grass,'  Olr.  g«rt,  'corn- 
field,' also  Lat.  co-hors,  -tis,  f.,  '  courtyard 
for  cattle  and  fowls' ;  if  the  Teut.  word  is 
allied  to  these,  the  d  of  the  Goth,  and  Sax. 
words  is  derived  from  Aryan  t,  i.e.  Goth. 
garda  is  based  on  Aryan  ghortd-  (not  gh&rto- 
from  xfy»"°-)-  On  the  other  hand,  ©arteu 
may  be  connected  with  Slav,  and  Lith. 
words,  which,  however,  assume  that  Goth, 
and  Sax.  d  originated  in  Aryan  dh;  OSlov. 
gradu,  m.,  'enclosure,  citadel,  town '  (as  an 
enclosed  place  ;  Lith.  gdrdas,  '  fold ').  It 
is  possible  that  In  the  Teut.  class  two 
words,  different  in  sound  but  allied  in 
meaning,  have  been  combined  ;  but  the 
Slav,  words  were  more  probably  borrowed 
from  Teut.     Comp.  3<mn. 

$cts,  n.,  'gas,'  a  word  coined  by  the 
Du.  chemist,  Von  Helmont,  of  Brussels 
(died  1644  a.d.);  comp.  Du.  gas. 

(Sciffe,  f.,  'lane,  road,  row,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ga$$e,  OHG.  ga^a,  f.,  prop,  (as  even 
yet  in  UpG.)  'street  ;  corresponding  to 
Goth,  gatved,  f.,  '  lane,  street,'  OIc.  gata 
(accus.  ggtu),  '  way,  street,  path.'  From 
the  Scand.  word  E.  gate,  '  way,'  is  derived. 
Properly  speaking,  the  word  is  unknown  to 
the  LG.  languages.  Whether  ©affe  is  allied 
to  AS.  geat,  E.  (Scotch),  gate,  gait  (tee 
©after),  OSax.  and  Du.  gat,  n.,  •  hole, 
cavern,'  OIc.  gat,  n.,  'hole,'  and  is  derived 
from  a  prim,  meaning,  '  inlet,  opening ' — 
©ajje,  lit.  'furnished  witli  an  entrance,  a 
gate,'  on  account  of  the  suffix  -wdn  ? — can- 
not be  definitely  decided  ;  in  any  case,  it  is 
impossible  to  connect  ©afje  with  a,efjeit,  since 


Gas 


(    107    ) 


Gau 


the  latier  is  baied  upon  a  root  i  (Lat.  ire, 
Gr.  Uvai), 

Qaft,  ra., '  guest,  visitor ;  wight;  sailor,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gast  (plur.  geste, 
gesti),  m.,  '  stranger,  guest ' ;  common,  in 
the  same  sense,  to  Teut, ;  comp.  Goth,  gasts 
(plur.  gasteis),  m.  (comp.  gastigdds,  'hos- 
pitable'), OIc.  gestr,  'guest  (uninvited),' 
AS.  gyst,  giest,  m.,  E.  guest,  Du.  and  OSax. 
gast.  Teut.  gastiz,  m.,  '  stranger,  unbidden 
or  chance  guest  from  some  foreign  part,' 
from  pre-Teut.  glwstis,  which  left  deri- 
vatives in  Lat  and  Slav. ;  Lat.  hostis, 
1  enemy,'  prop.  '  foreigner,  stranger,'  OSlov. 
gosti,  in.,  'guest';  with  Lat.  hostis,  'for- 
eigner,' hospes  (prop.  *hosti-potis,  'host'?), 
might  also  be  connected.  It  is  more  than 
questionable  whether  West  Aryan  ghosti-s, 
'stranger,'  is  prop,  'eater,  devourer,'  and 
belongs  to  the  Sans,  root  ghas,  'to  eat.'  It 
is  worthy  of  notice  in  bow  many  ways 
Teutons  and  Romans  have  transformed 
the  idea  underlying  the  old  inherited  word 
for  'stranger' ;  the  Roman  regards  him  as 
an  enemy,  among  the  Teutons  he  enjoys 
the  greatest  privileges — a  fine  confirmation 
of  Tacitus'  account  in  the  Germania.  This 
evolution  of  meaning  would  be  still  more 
remarkable  if  the  view  were  correct  that 
Lat.  hostis,  'stranger,'  is  related  to  Lat. 
hostia,  'victim'  (stranger  =  'one  to  be 
sacrificed'?);  this  collocation  is  alluring, 
but  very  uncertain. 

flttfcn,  jcifen,  vb.,  'to  weed,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  jeten,  geten,  OHG.  jetan, 
g'etan ;  akin  to  OHG.  jetto,  m.,  'weed, 
darnel.'  Perhaps  Gr.  frWwj  '  I  seek,'  is 
allied,  if  the  Aryan  root  is  ySt. 

gat  lid),  adj., 'suitable,  convenient,' an 
essentially  MidG.  and  LG.  word  ;  derived 
from  a  parallel  Goth,  form  *yada-,  to  which 
OHG.  gi-gdt,  adj.,  'suitable,  agreeing  with,' 
also  points ;  comp.  ©attf,  gut ;  so  too  OSlov. 

f'odu, '  favourable  time,'  Lith.  gadas,  'stipu- 
ation,'  and  Du.  gadelijk,  'reconcilable.' 

Ooaifc,  m.,  'spouse,  consort,  husband,' 
from  MidHG.  gate  (also  gegate),  m.,  '  equal 
associate,  one's  equals,  husband';  comp. 
Du.  gade,  'husband.'  The  last  meaning 
is  rare  in  the  MidHG.  period,  and  first 
prevailed  over  the  others  in  the  last  cen- 
tury ;  it  is  a  specialisation  of  the  idea 
'belonging  to  one  another' ;  comp.  OSax. 
gigado,  'one's  equals,'  AS.  gegada,  'com- 
panion ' ;  also  Goth,  gadiliggs,  '  relative,' 
AS.  gadelivg,  'member  of  the  same  tribe,' 
OHG.  gatuling,  '  cousin,'  OSax.  gadulwg, 


'countryman,  member  of  the  same  tribe.' 
ModHG.  gatten  (fid)  gatten),  vb.,  is  from  Mid 
HG.  gaten,  'to  come  together,  agree' ;  Mid 
HG.  (essentially  MidG.)  gater,  'together,' 
Du.  te  gader,  AS.  gead<rr  and  tdgoedere.  E. 
together j  AS.  gculriau..  E.  to  gathr  (Du. 
vergaderen,  '  to  assemble ')  ;  OHG.  g$ti-ld*, 
MidHG.  gete-l6s,  adj.,  '  wanton,  dissolute,' 
lit.  'free  from  the  restraining  bond.'  The 
ideas  of  'belonging  to  one  another'  and 
of  '  suiti  g '  are  teen  in  all  the  cognates  of 
gut. 

(gaffer,  n.,  '  railing,  lattice,  rudder,' 
from  MidHG.  gater,  m.,  n.,  'railing,  lat- 
tice '  (as  a  gate  or  fence),  OHG.  gataro,  m., 
'railing.'  If  the  latter  represents  Teut. 
ga-doro,  the  word  would  be  a  compound 
of  ga  (see  ge)  and  %tyx  (Goth,  datir).  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  possibly  allied  to  AS. 
geat,  E.  gate. 

$cm,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gou, 
gou,  n.,  OHG.  gewi,  gcruwi,  n.,  'district.' 
According  to  Goth,  gawi  (gaujis),  n., 
'scenery,  country,'  we  might  have  ex- 
pected OHG.  gewi  (gouwes),  MidHG.  gou 
(gouwes),  since  j  after  au  becomes  10  without 
producing  modification  feomp.  Stju).  Even 
now  ©du,  neu.,  is  found  in  Bav.,  Suab.,  and 
Swiss,  but  in  the  sense  of  'country*  op- 
posed to  town.  The  word  is  unknown  to 
Scand.,  and  also  to  Sax.  and  E.,  in  which 
®au,  as  the  second  part  of  a  compound 
name  applied  to  a  district,  is  met  with 
only  in  the  very  earliest  period  ;  comp.  e.g. 
AS.  celge,  '  district  of  eel--,'  OLG.  PathergS, 
'  Pader  district'  (around  Paderborn).  The 
ModHG.  word  first  ob:ained  currency  again 
in  the  last  century  a3  a  result  of  the  study 
of  OGer.  (see  J&i'rt).  No  tenable  root  has 
yet  been  found. 

$cmcf),  m.,  '  simpleton,  gawk,  crow, 
owl,  cuckoo'  (as  stupid  birds;,  from  Mid 
HG.  gouch,  in.,  •  dolt,  fool,  simpleton,' 
prop,  'cuckoo,'  OHG.  gouh,  'cuckoo' ;  cor- 
responding to  AS.  gedc,  OIc.  gaukr  (whence 
Scotch  gowk),  'cuckoo.'  Is  k  a  suffix  as 
in  AS.  hafoc,  'hawk,'  and  Goth,  ahais, 
'  pigeon  '  ?  OHG.  gouh,  Goth.  *uauks, 
cannot,  however,  be  allied  to  Lat.  cuculus. 
Sans,  kdiila-s,  'cuckoo,'  since  Teut.  g  ini- 
tially cannot  represent  Lit.  and  Sans.  k. 
Further  ©and)  is  the  OTeut.  word  for  the 
later  term  Jtudurf. 

O&auoicb,  m.,  formed  from  the  equiv. 
LG.  gaudeefy  Du.  ganuu-dicf,  prop.  '  sharp, 
cunning  thief  (from  gaauw,  'quick,  cun- 
ning,' see  jdljf),  then  generally  '  sharper.' 


Gun 


(     108    ) 


Geb 


$cmk(cr,  in.,  'buffoon,  juggler,  impos- 
tor '  from  MidHG.  goukelozre,  OHG.  gou- 
laldri,  gouggaldri  (k  from  gg,  see  £afe), 
'mauician,  conjuror';  from  MidHG.  goukeln, 
OHG.  goukol&n,  gouggol6n,  'to  deal  in 
magic,  play  the  fool.'  Apparently  allied 
to  OHG.  gougardn,  MidHG.  gmigern,  '  to 
roam  about,'  also  to  MidHG.  gngeln,  'to 
act  without  restraint,  flutter  about,'  gogel, 
adj.,  'unrestrained,  exuberant,'  gregc,  in., 
*  fool,  dupe';  Du.  goochelaar,  'buffoon.' 
The  cognates  point  to  a  Teut.  root  cjfu^r,  gcug, 
gang,  'to  move  here  and  there  in  a  curious 
Jashion  like  a  clown  or  conjuror'?.  Con- 
sidering the  numerous  correspondence?, 
it  cannot  be  maintained  that  ©auHcr  was 
derived  from  Lat.  joculari,  or  from  Gr. 
Kavdov,  'small  dish  or  bowl';  both  these 
explanations  are  opposed  by  the  phonetic 
relations  of  the  words  ;  in  the  case  of  the 
Gr.  term  there  is  the  further  difficulty  that 
we  do  not  know  how  it  was  borrowed,  and 
also  the  fact  that  no  verb  '  to  j  uggle '  occurs 
in  Gr. 

pi)  cut  I,  m.,  'steed,  nag,'  from  MidHG. 
gill,  m.,  'boar,  male  animal  (generally)'; 
only  at  a  late  period  and  rarely  'nag,' 
which  meaning  becomes  prominent  in  the 
15th  cent.;  for  a  'sorry  jade'  runzit  is 
used  in  MidHG. ;  Du.  guil,  f.,  'a  mare 
that  does  not  yet  bear.'  The  word  is  not 
known  to  the  other  dialects ;  its  origin  is 
obscure. 

$CUUtt(m,  in.,  'palate,  taste,'  from  Mid 
HG.  goume,  guome,  OHG.  goumo  (giumo  1), 
guomo,  m.,  'palate,  throat,  jaw';  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  g6ma,  m.,  'palate,'  E. 
gums  (probably  from  AS.  *gumma,  since, 
moreover,  there  are  numerous  forms  in 
earlier  ModHG.  which  point  to  an  OHG. 
*gummo,  'palate') ;  OIc.  gumr,  m.,  'palate' ; 
Goth.  *gaum6,  *gomd,  n.,  are  wanting.  Al- 
lied to  Lith.  gomyris,  'palate.'  The  relation 
of  the  vowels  of  the  stem  (OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  on  and  uo,  AS.  and  Scand.  6)  is  ob- 
scure ;  see  93itbe.  Some  etymologists  con- 
nect the  word  with  a  Teut.  root  gau  (Gr. 
X*v  (in  xaw'05,  'gasping,  loose,'  xdos, 
'chasm,'  for  x^^os). 

p^ttitncr,  earlier  3auttcr,  m.,  'sharper, 
knave,'  does  not  occur  ti.l  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century  ;  in  the  15th  and  16th 
cents,  the  professional  swindlers  at  cards 
were  called  3cncr,  from  the  slang  jcitctt,  'to 
play,'  the  ultimate  source  of  which  is  said 
to  be  Hebr.  jdnd,  '  to  cheat.' 

Q6-,  a  proclitic  prefix,  from  MidHG.  ge-, 


OHG.  gi,  go-  (an  accented  prefix  ga-  in 
noun  compounds  is  very  rare  in  OHG.  and 
MidHG.);  the  prim,  idea  is  'collectivity, 
completeness';  comp.  Goth,  ga-,  AS.  ge- 
(in  E.  i  only  in  handiwork,  handicraft, 
AS.  hondgetceorc,  hondgecraeft ;  comp.  also 
E.  enough,  from  AS.  gen6h,  under  gftutg). 
The  prefix  is  probably  allied  to  Lat.  con-j 
cum;  comp.  gel)eit,  glaubeii,  gfeicb,  ©lieb,  &c. 

ftobarett,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gebern,  OHG.  gibera»,  vb.,  'to  give  birth 
to' ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  gubalran  (also 
bairan),  '  to  give  birth  to,  produce,'  AS. 
geberan,  beran,  str.  vb.,  '  to  give  birth  to,' 
E.  to  bear  j-  in  Scand.  the  compounds  with 
ga-  are  wanting,  the  simple  vb.  bera,  '  to 
give  birth  to'  being  used.  See  SBafyre; 
where  proofs  are  given  of  the  antiquity  of 
tin;  verbal  stem  ber,  pre-Teut.  blier,  within 
the  Aryan  group  ;  in  Ind.  the  root  bhr, 
bhar,  may  mean  'to  bear  offspring'  as  well 
as  '  to  bear '  generally  ;  comp.  Lat.  fertilis, 
from  Lat.  fero;  in  Oir.  the  substantives 
combairt  and  brith,  corresponding  to  ©chut, 
'  birth,'  manifest  the  same  specialisation. 
See  ©cburt. 

(Scbarbe,  (Seberbe,  f.,  'bearing,  ges- 
ture,' from  MidHG.  gcbozrde,  f.,  '  conduct, 
appearance,  manner,'  OHG.  gibdrida,  f., 
from  MidHG.  gebdren,  OHG.  gibdrSn,  -6n; 
corresponding  to  AS.  gebceran,  '  to  conduct 
oneself,'  gebcere,  gebcern,  'conduct';  from 
the  root  ber  in  33af)re,  gebdren. 

gcbc?tt,  vb.,  'to  give,  present,  render, 
yield,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  geben,  OHG. 
g'iban;  common  to  Teut.  in  the  same  sense  ; 
comp.  Goth,  giban,  AS.  gifan,  E.  to  give, 
Du.  gevev,  Olc.  gefa.  Comp.  @abe,  ©ii't. 
Akin  to  Olr.  gubim, '  I  take,'  Lith.  gabe'nti, 
'  to  bring,  convey  to,'  gobinti,  '  to  cause  to 
bring'?. 

Qebet,  n.,  'prayer,'  from  the  equiv.  Mil 
HG.  gebet,  OHG.  gibet,  n.  (AS.  and  OSax. 
gebed,  n.,  '  prayer') ;  allied  to  beten,  bitten. 

pjjcbicf ,  n.,  '  dominion,  jurisdiction,  ter- 
ritory, sphere,'  from  MidHG.  gebiet,  n., 
'territory,  jurisdiction,  order';  allied  to 
gebictftt,  bictett. 

pjicbirgc,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gebirge,  OHG.  gibirgi,  n.,  'range  (of  moun- 
tains),' a  specifically  HG.  collective  form 
allied  to  93crg. 

pj>ebref!en,  n.,  'defect,  infirmity,  grief,' 
an  inf.  used  as  a  noun  ;  from  MidHG. 
ge-bresten.     See  berflen. 

^ebltbr,  03ebltr,  f„  'duty,  propriety, 
dues,   fees,'   allied    to    gcbiibten,    MidHG. 


Geb 


(    109    ) 


Gef 


gchiirn,  OHG.  giburien,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  occur, 
happen,  fall  to  one's  lot,  devolve  on  by- 
law, be  due';  corresponding  to  OSax. 
giburian,  AS.  gebyrian,  OIc.  byrja,  '  to  be 
suitable,  becoming,  fit' ;  Goth.  *gabaHrjart, 
wk.  vb.,  may  be  inferred  from  gubaurjaba, 
adv.,  'willingly'  (lit.  'in  a  fitting  man- 
ner '  ?),  and  gabaurjdfius,  m., '  pleasure.'  The 
whole  class  is  probably  connected  with  the 
root  ber  'to  carry' ;  comp.  LG.  fcfifjren,  '  to 
raise  aloft,'  see  empcr  ;  hence  OHG.  buri 
dih,  '  go  (thou),'  lit.  'raise  thyself,'  giburita, 
'pervenit' ;  burien,  biiren,  also  'to  come  to 
pass.'     See  Qiafjce,  336rbe. 

Qebuvt,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidllG. 
geburt,  OHG.  giburt,  f.,  '  birth.'  Comp. 
Goth,  gabaurfis,  f.,  'birth,'  also  'lineage, 
native  town,'  OSax.  giburd,  f.,  AS.  gebyrd, 
f.,  'birth,  rank,  dignity,'  E.  birth,  OIc. 
burpr,  m.,  'birth,  embryo';  in  form  it 
points  to  Aryan  and  Sans,  bhrti-s,  and  both 
in  form  and  meaning  it  corresponds  to  Olr. 
brith,  'birth';  Sans,  bhrti-s,  f.,  'bearing, 
nursing,  maintenance.'  With  the  simple 
Tent,  beran,  '  to  give  birth  to,'  is  connected 
nn  OTeut.  neut.  subst.  barna-,  '  child '  (lit. 
'  that  which  is  born '),  formed  from  the  old 
910-partic.  Comp.  OIc.  barn,  AS.  beam> 
OSax.,  OHG,  and  MHG.  bam, '  child,  son.' 

(Mod;,  m.,  'fool,  fop,  buffoon,'  orig.  MidG. 
(and  LG.),  in  which  gee,  gecke>  m.,  '  silly 
fellow,  fool,  droll  fellow,'  occurs  even  in 
the  MidHG.  period  ;  not  allied  to  MidHG. 
giege,  '  fool,'  mentioned  under  gaufclit. 
Comp.  Du.  gek,  m.,  Dan.  gjcek> '  fool,'  Ic. 
gihkr,  '  crafty,  coarse  person.' 

$ebctd)tm5,  n., '  memory,  recollection, 
memorial,'  allied  to  gebenfen,  bctifen.— ($e- 
bttnfte,  m.,  '  thought,  idea,'  from  MidHG. 
gedanc(k),  OHG.  gedank,  m.,  OSax.  githanko, 
Hi.,  'thought,'  AS.  geponc;  allied  to  benfen. 

Qcbcif)ert,  vb., '  to  thrive,  prosper,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidllG.  gedilien,  OHG.  gilihan, 
str.  vb. ;  Goth.  gaj>eihan,  AS.  gej>e6n  (con- 
tracted from  gepthan),  '  to  thrive ' ;  the  old 
AS.  form  points  to  the  fact  that  the  verbal 
stem  was  orig.  nasalised  ;  n  before  h  is 
everywhere  suppressed  in  Teut.,  thus  Jylhan 
for  pinhan.  The  corresponding  factitive 
*pavgjan  remained  in  OSax.,  where  then- 
gian  means  'to  complete';  on  the  sup- 
pression of  the  nasal  the  e  gradation  passed 
into  the  t  gradation  in  Goth,  and  HG. 
The  simple  form  peihan, '  to  thrive,'  is  still 
known  in  Goth.  On  account  of  its  mean- 
ing, gebeifjen  (root  penh,  pre-Teut.  tenk,  tek, 
in  Lith.  tenkti,  t&kli,  '  I  have  enough,'  as 


well  as  in  Ir.  tocad,  W.  tynged,  'fortune,.' 
from  the  prim,  form  tongeto-)  cannot  be 
be  connected  with  the  root  rex  in  rinvov  (see* 
iDegen). — QebieQen,  adj.,  'solid, pure,  con- 
cise, pithy,'  from  MidHG.  gedigen,  adj., 
*  adult,  firm,  hard,  clear,  pure,'  OHG.  gidi- 
gan,  adj., '  aged,  advanced  in  years,  earnest, 
pure,  chaste ' ;  prop,  a  partic  of  gidilian  (g 
by  a  grammatical  change  is  the  necessary 
form  of  h  in  the  partic.) ;  AS.  preserves 
the  older  participial  form  of  the  e-grada- 
tion,  gepungen,  'complete,'  so  too  OSax. 
thungan. 

$ebulb,  f., '  patience,  forbearance,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  gtdult,  OHG.  gedult,i. ; 
allied  to  butben. 

gebuttfen,  adj.,  'bloated,  puffed  up,' 
partic.  of  a  lost  str.  vb.  which  is  retained 
in  ModHG.  dialects  (Hess,  dinsen,  '  to 
draw');  comp.  MidHG.  dinsen,  'to  draw, 
tear,  extend,'  OHG.  dinsan;  also  Goth. 
*]pinsanr  atpinsan,  '  to  draw.'  The  Teut. 
root  pens,  pre-Teut.  tens,  corresponds  to  the 
Sans,  root  tanst  '  to  draw,'  Lith.  testi,  '  to 
draw,  stretch.'  The  root  tens  seems  an 
extension  of  the  root  ten  appearing  in 
bi'Ijnnt. 

$efaijr,  f.,  'danger,  risk,  jeopard v,' 
ModHG.  only,  for  MidHG.  vdre,  OHG 
fdra,  f.,  'ambush,  deceit,  hazard, danger'  ; 
AS.fcer,  f.,  'ambush,  unforeseen  danger, 
f right,'  Kfear,  OSax.  fdr, '  ambush ' ;  Goth. 
*fera,  'ambush,'  follows  from  ferja,  m., 
'  way  layer.'  Scand. /dr,  n.,  has  a  somewhat 
different  meaning, '  misfortune,  distemper.' 
Allied  to  the  root/er,  Aryan  pit,  which  in 
Lat.  periculum,  Gr.  wetpa,  'trial,  cunning, 
deception,'  furnishes  cognate  meanings. 

^efciijrfe,  in.,  'companion,  partner, 
mate,'  from  MidHG.  geverle,  OHG.  giferlo 
(*gafartjo),  'escort,'  lit.  'fellow-traveller' ; 
allied  to  gafyvt. 

flef alien,  vb.,  'lo  suit,  please,'  from 
MidHG.  gevalleii,  OHG.  gifallai),  sir.  vb., 
'to  happen,  fall  to  one's  lot,  please,'  in  Mid 
I1G  always  with  the  complement '  ivoljl ' 
(well)  or  '  uUl '  (ill) ;  probably  an  expres- 
sion derived  from  the  OTeut.  warlike  cus- 
tom of  dividing  booty  (comp.  4?unb)  by 
means  of  dice  ;  t«  gtfadt  mtr  toofyl,  '  I  am 
well  pleased  with  it,'  lit.  ba<5  SeS  faflt  ant 
fur  wiicf),  '  that  was  a  lucky  throw  for  me  ' 
(a  similar  history  is  also  connected  with 
ModHG.  fd)enfeit,  which  furnishes  evidence 
respecting  the  Teut.  drinking  customs). 
Note  too  that  in  ModHG.  terms  relating 
to  card-playing  have  been  similarly  used. 


Qef 


(    no    ) 


Gei 


Comp.  Sau  (lit.  'ace  (of  cards),'  then  gene- 
rally 'good  fortune')  and  <&uttt>. 

Qef&tlQtlis,  n.,  'prison,'  from  MidHG. 
gevencni8$e,  f.,  n.,  '  imprisonment ' ;  allied 
to  fan^en. 

(<>cfaf;,  n.,  'vessel,  receptacle,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gevce^e,  n.  (OHG.  givd^i, 
n.,  'transport').  Goth.  *gafSti}  n.,  is  want- 
ing ;  it  would  probably  be  connected  with 
Gotli./#;anf  'to  adorn'  (AS.  fated,  partic, 
'  adorned !),  and  also  more  remotely  with 

m. 

Qofiebev,  n.,  'feathers,  plumage,  fowls,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gevidere,  OHG. 
gefidari,  n. ;  collective  of  Seoer. 

^tcfiibe,  n., '  fields,  d1  ain,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gevilde,  OHG.  gefildi,  n. ;  collec- 
tive of  5elD. 

geflifTen,  partic.  of  a  lost  vh.  fleifjeit, 
'assiduous,  busy.'     See  ftleijj. 

QCQen,  prep.,  'against,  opposite  to,  in 
presence  of,  in  comparison  with,'  from  Mid 
HG.  gegen,  OHG.  gegin,  gagan,  'against' 
(in  OHG.  and  MidHG.  almost  always  with 
a  dat.) ;  allied  to  the  MidHG.  adv.  gegene, 
OHG.  gegini,  gagani,  '  towards '  ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  gedn,  ongedn,  'against,'  E. 
again  ;  OSax.  gegin  and  OIc.  gagnf  against,' 
appear  only  in  compounds  ;  in  Gotli.  a  cor- 
responding word  is  wanting.  Of  obscure 
origin. —  Cficcjeito,  'region, neighbourhood,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  (post-classical) 
gegendte,  gegende,  f.,  whicli,  with  the  variant 
gegene,  f.,  are  imitations  of  Fr.  contre'e  (Ital. 
contrada),  'country,'  allied  to  Lat.  contra. 
~ 0>CQCtltVCirl,  'presence,  present  time,' 
from  MidHG.  gegenwart,  OHG.  geginwarti, 
f.,  abstract  of  OHG.  gaganwart,  '  present,' 
whence  MidHG. gegennertec,  ModHG.  gegeti- 
lvartifl, '  present.'     See  the  twlj.  suffix  ;U>drtS. 

Qefyaben,  vb.  in  ftd)  gefyaben, '  to  fare,  be 
(iu  health),  behave,'  from  MidHG.  sick 
yehaben,  OHG.  sik  giliabe'n,  'to  hold,  be  (in 
health)'  ;  allied  to  Ijabcn. 

$el)ege,  n.,  'hedge,  enclosure,  precinct,' 
from  MidHG. gehege,  n.,  'enclosure';  allied 
to  £a^,  begeii. 

Qefyeitn,  adj.,  '  private,  secret,  hidden, 
mysterious,'  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
geheim,  which,  with  fteimttcfy,  means  lit. 
'belonging  to  the  house.' 

Qefyen,  vb.,  'to  go,  walk,  go  on  well, 
succeed,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  gin,  gdn  (some  of  the  inflected  forms 
supplied  by  the  stem  gang;  see  ©ana.) ; 
omp.  AS.  gdn  (stem  gd-,  from  gat),  E.  to 
<j<>,  OSwed.  and  ODan.  ga,  '  to  go.'     The 


assumed  root  ghat-,  meaning  'to  go,'  can- 
not be  positively  authenticated  beyond 
the  Tent,  group  (yet  comp.  Lett,  gdju,  *  I 
went'?).  The  remarkable  facts  that  this 
Tent,  gai, '  to  go,'  has  no  primit.  noun  deri- 
vatives in  Teut.,  tliat  it  has  supplanted  the 
root  i,  which  is  widely  diffused  in  Aryan, 
but  almost  obsolete  in  Teut.  (retained,  how- 
ever, in  the  Goth,  aorist  iddja,  AS.  e6de\ 
and  that  like  the  latter  it  is  conjugated  like 
verbsinmi — all  these  lead  to  thesupposition 
that  the  assumed  Goth.  *gaim,  *gais,  *gaif> 
are  contracted  from  the  verbal  particle  ga 
(see  fle;)  and  the  old  inherited  tmi,  tsi,  tti 
(comp.  Gr.  ttfu,  Sans,  emi,  iii,  Sti),  '  to  go.' 
From  this  explanation  it  follows  that  gebm 
is  fundamentally  identical  with  Lat.  ire, 
Gr.  livai,  Sans,  root  i,  Lith.  eiti.  OSlov.  iti, 
'to  go'  (see  eileii).  For  a  similar  blending 
of  a  verbal  particle  and  an  old  vb.  comp. 
felgen,  freffen. 

{jej)euer,  adj.,  'secure  against  anything 
uncanny,'  from  MidHG.  gehiure,  'gentle, 
graceful,  free  from  anything  uncanny'; 
comp.  OHG.  and  OSax.  unhiuri,  'dreadful, 
terrible,'  AS.  htire  (IteOre),  'friendly,  mild,' 
OIc.  hyrr,  'mild.'  Indubitable  cognates 
in  the  non-Teut.  languages  are  wanting  ; 
perhaps  Sans,  cahrd,  ' strong'  (of  deities)  is 
allied,  so  that  OHG.  -hiuri  would  repre- 
sent hegicro-  (Aryan  keqr6-). 

Qefyven,  m.  (dial.),  'lap,'  from  MidHG. 
gbre,  yero,  m.,  'wedge-shaped  piece  of  stuff 
or  land,  lap';  corresponding  to  AS.  gdra, 
'  piece  of  stuff,'  E.  gore,  OIc.  geire,  in  the 
same  sense  ;  a  deriv.  of  ®er.  For  the  evo- 
lution of  meaning  comp.  Qfranfe,  @^"p. — 
From  tiie  OG.  word  the  Rom.  cognates, 
Fr.  giron  and  Ital.  gherone,  '  lap,  train  (of 
a  dress),'  are  derived. 

(Seter,  m.,  'vulture,  carrion  kite,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gir,  m.,  akin 
to  LG.  gier.  On  account  of  the  early  ap- 
pearance of  the  G.  word  we  cannot  assume 
that  it  was  borrowed  from  the  Rom.  cog- 
nates, Ital.  girfalco,  Fr.  gerfaut  (whence 
MidHG.  gir-valke  is  derived),  or  from  Lat.- 
Gr.  gyrare,  'to  wheel  round.'  The  connec- 
tion between  OHG.  g'tr  with  OHG.  glri, 
MidHG.  gtre  (geter  still  occurs  in  ModHG. 
dials.),  'greedy,  covetous/  and  the  Teut. 
root  gir,  'to  covet,'  presents  no  difficulty, 
©eier  is  lit. '  the  greedy  bird.'  See  gem,  ©ter. 

(Seifer,  m.,  'slaver,  drivel,  wrath,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  geiftr,  m.  (15th 
cent),  whence  also  gei/ern,  ModHG.  geiffru. 
Origin  obscure. 


Gei 


(    n'    ) 


Gel 


(Scttfe,  f.,  '  fiddle,  violin,'  from  the 
equiv.  early  MidHG.  gtge,  f. ;  correspond- 
ing to  MidDu.  ghighe,  Olc.  gigja;  in  OHG. 
fidula,  E.  fiddle;  see  %i<M.  The  Teut. 
word,  like  £arfe,  found  its  way  into  Rom.; 
comp.  Ital.  giga,  Fr.  gigue  (whence  further 
E.  jig).  There  is  no  suspicion  that  Mid 
HG.  gtge  was  borrowed  ;  it  is,  however, 
scarcely  allied  primit.  (pre-Teut.  ghtkd)  to 
OSlov.  Sica,  'thread'  (akin  to  Lith.  gijd, 
'thread'?). 

gcif ,  adj., '  rank,  wanton,  obscene,  lewd,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  geil,  'of  savage 
strength,  wanton,  exuberant,  merry,  joy- 
ous'; for  the  change  of  meaning  on  the 
transition  from  MidHG.  to  ModHG.  comp. 
<2d)impf.  The  primary  meaning.  '  unre- 
strained, joyous,' follows  from  Goth.  gaiU 
jan,  'to  rejoice';  comp.  OSax.  gtt,  Du. 
geil,  AS.  gdl.  To  the  Teut.  cognates  Lith. 
gailtts,  '  passionate,  furious,  sharp,  painful, 
sympathetic,'  and  gailUi-8,  'to  injure'; 
OSlov.  zilu  (from  gailo),  'violent,'  adv. 
zdo,  'very.'  In  the  compound  ©tebergeil 
appears  the  MidHG.  noun  geil,  geile,  '  tes- 
ticle.' 

$eifef  (l.)>  ,"-  and  f.,  'hostage,'  from 
MidHG.  gisel,  OHG.  gisal,  m.,  n.,  '  prisoner 
of  war,  person  held  in  security';  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  gisel,  Olc.  gtsl,  m.  To 
connect  it  with  ©eifcl  (2.),  f.,  as  if  '  hostage ' 
were  lit.  'one  who  is  scourged,'  is  im- 
possible. It  is,  probably,  most  closely 
allied  to  the  equiv.  Olr.  giall  (for  *glsal). 

{Seifel  (2.),  f., '  scourge,  whip,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  geisel,  OHG.  geisala,  geisla, 
f.j  akin  to  Olc.  geisl,  geisle,  m.,  'pole  used  by 
persons  walking  in  snow-shoes.'  The  stem 
gais-  is  connected  with  the  OTeut.  term 
gniza-,  '  spear '  (see  ©cr).  Hence  '  pole, 
stall,'  must  be  accepted  as  the  print  mean- 
ing ;  the  second  component  is  Goth,  walus, 
'staff,'  so  that  OHG.  geis-ala  stands  for 
*geis-wala,  just  as  OHG.  vnu-zala  for  AS. 
wyrt-walu  (see  under  SBurjd). 

$Ctff,  in.,  'spirit,  genius,  spectre,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  geist,  m.,  '  spirit  (in 
contrast  to  body),  supernatural  being'; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  gist,  Du.  geist,  AS. 
gdst  (gaid),  E.  ghost;  common  to  Teut.  in 
the  same  sense,  but  in  Goth,  ahma  (see 
adjten).  The  prim,  meaning  of  the  word 
("agitation'?)  is  not  quite  certain;  yet 
Olc.  geisa,  'to  rage'  (of  fire,  passion),  and 
Goth,  us-gaisjan,  '  to  enrage,'  seem  to  be 
allied.  Respecting  the  dental  suffix  of 
the  Teut.  ©fifl  (pre-Teut.  ghaisdos),  note 


the  Sans,  root  htd  (from  hizd\  '  to  get 
angry,'  hidas,  n.,  '  anger,'  to  which  E.  aghast 
also  corresponds. 

$ei£,  f., '  goat,  roe,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  geiy,  f, ;  corresponding  to 
Goth,  gaits,  Olc.  gext,  AS.  gdt,  E.  goat,  Du. 
geit;  also  a  diniin.  Goth,  gaitein,  AS.  gcete», 
OHG.  geizztn,  n.,  'kid'  (see  <2d?n>etn). 
Primit.  allied  lo  Lat.  haedus  from  older 
ghaido-s  (see  Mify  and  3i«l*).  In  common 
with  Slav.,  OTeut.  has  a  different  word 
for  Sifflf ;  comp.  MidDu.  ho^kijn,  AS.  hecen, 
'kid,'  akin  to  OSlov.  koza,  'goat.' 

(%Ct}.  in.,  'avarice,'  allied  to  gei$en,  Mid 
HG.  gitsen  (gtzen)^  beside  which  MidHG. 
gtten,  '  to  be  greedy,  covetous,  or  avari- 
cious' occurs;  comp.  AS.  gitsian,  'to  be 
covetous.'  The  term  lor@etjin  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  was  git,  'greediness,  covetousness, 
avarice,'  for  geijtg,  MidHG.  gttec,  OHG. 
gitag,  'gieedy,  covetous,  avaricious';  re- 
specting the  derivation  of  ©eh  from  aetjen, 
see  &roer,  l;ance(n.  Akin  to  Goth,  gaiav, 
n.,  '  want.'  With  the  Teut  root  ga>d,  gid 
(Aryan ghaidh),  are  connected  Lith.  geidziH 
(geisti),  '  to  desire,'  OSlov.  zidy,  zldati,  '  to 
expect.' 

$ekr5fe,  n.,  'giblets  ;  frill,  ruffle,'  from 
MidHG.  gekraue,  n.,  'the  small  intestine,' 
also  the  variant  krozse,  OHG.  *chr6si;  akin 
to  Du.  hroes,  hroost,  '  giblets  of  ducks  and 
geese.'  All  the  cognates  are  probably  con- 
nected with  fraud. 

pelage,  n.,  '  feast,  banguet,  drinking 
bout,'  first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  allied 
to  leant.  Scarcely  derived  from  the  ancient 
©ctacjc  (banquets) ;  but  ju?t  as  Goth,  gabaur 
is  lit.  'that  which  is  laid  together,'  and 
then  'picnic,  feasting'  (from  bairan,  'to 
carry,'  see  Skfyre),  so  @elao,e  is  lit.  '  that 
which  is  laid  together,'  and  then  'feast- 
ing ' ;  comp.  gedjett. 

$clchtocr,  n.,  'railing,  banister,  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  gelender  (15th 
cent.),  allied  to  MidHG.  lander,  'stake, 
fence,'  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  nasalised 
variant  of  gatte  (Teut  lap-)- 

Ofjclafi,  m.  and  n.,  'relics,  heritage,' 
from  Midi  1(1.  gela";e,  n.,  'settlement,  mode 
of  settlement,'  allied  to  grl&yn,  'to  settle.' 

ftclb,  adj.,  'yellow,'  from  th-  equiv. 
MidHG.  g'e%  OHG.  gelo  (gen.  gelwes) ;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  gelo,  Du.  geef,  AS. 
qeolo,  E.  yellow  (Olc  gulr).  The  common 
West  Teut  gelwu-,  from  pre-Teut.  phelwo-, 
is  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  hetvus,  'greyish  yel- 
low ' ;  the  Aryan  root  ghel  ap|>ears  also  m 


Gel 


(    112    ) 


Gel 


Gr.  xX«-/>6»,  xXa-/*5*,  '  green,  yellow,'  x^V, 
'green  object*,'  OSlov.  zelenU,  *  yellow, 
green,'  Litli  iulias,  '  green '  (zelti,  'to  grow 
green '),  San*,  hari, '  yellowish.'  Akin  also 
to  ©alle  and  &ol\>. 

Ci)db,  n.,  '  money,  coin,  cash,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  gelt  (t;  the  d  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.),  n.,  in.,  *  recompense,,  compen- 
sation, revenue,  income,  paying,  payment, 
money,'  Du.  geld, '  money.'  'Means  for  [lay- 
ing, coin,'  is  the  latest  sense  of  the  words 
quoted  (com p.  Goth,  gild,  *  tax,  interest')  ; 
it  is  wanting  in  the  corresponding  words 
of  the  other  dialects  ;  in  Goth,  the  term  is 
faihu  (see  SSid)',  and  skatts  (see  @d)afc),  AS. 
feoh,  E.  money.  On  the  other  hand,  AS. 
gild  signifies  'recompense,  compensation, 
sacrifice.'    See  gflten. 

QcleQCVl,  adj., '  situated,  opportune,  sea- 
sonable,' and  adv. ;  from  MidHG.  gelegev, 
adj.,  '  neighbouring,  at  hand,  suitable/ 
OHG.  gilegan,  'nearest,  related ' ;  parti c.  of 
giligan,  MidHG.  geligen.— Qeieqcnfyeit, 
f.,  '  opportunity,  occasion,'  from  MidHG. 
gelegenheit, '  situation  of  an  affair,  condition 
or  nature  of  things.'— gclcgcnUid),  adj., 
'  occasional,  incidental '  (and  adv.).  from 
MidHG.  gidegerdich,  with  an  inserted  L 

(Setcnfr,  ».,  'joint,  articulation,  wrist, 
link,'  from  MidHG.  gelenke,  n.,  .'  waist, 
bend,  bow,'  akin  to  Mod  11 G.  geletif,  gftenfig, 
adj.  formed  from  MidHG.  gelenke,  'pliant, 
skilful'  (see  lenfen).  While  the  MidHG. 
gelenke,  as  a  collective  of  Mid  HG.  lanke,  sig- 
nifies the  'pliable  narrow  part  of  the  body 
between  the  hips  and  breast,'  and  hence, 
as  it  were,  the  joint  of  the  entire  body, 
the  word  in  ModHG.  is  applied  to  each 
limb  ;  akin  to  OHG.  lancha,  ldancha, ' hip, 
loins'  (whence  also  the  Romance  cognates 
— Ital.  fianco,  from  which  ModHG.  glanfe 
u  borrowed),  likewise  OIc.  hlekkr,  '  link  of 
a  chain.' 

$elid)fer,  n.,  'likeness,  cast,  stamp,' 
lit.  'class  of  people  of  like  manners' ;  in 
this  sense  glditer  and  its  derivatives  occur 
even  in  late  MidHG.  (MidG.) ;  derived 
fn>m  MidHG.  gelich,  gUud)  (see  the  latter). 
Yet  the  UpG.  form  glifier  points  perhaps 
to  a  blending  with  another  word,  Gotli. 
*gahliftrja,  ' thief s  accomplice'  (akin  to 
Goth,  hlifan,  'to  steal,'  primit.  allied  to 
Gr.  jc\<*xt«).  For  HG./*,  equiv.  to  LG.  ht, 
see  fadjt,  rudjfcir,  ©rnidjt. 

flcltrtflcn,  vb.,  'to  prove  successful, 
from  MidHG.  gelingen,  OHG.  gilingan,  str. 
vb., '  to  be  successful,  prosper';  MidHG. 


also  lingen,  '  to  prosper,  advance,  get  on.' 
Allied  to  AS.  lungre,  '  quickly,'  from  pre- 
Teut.  Iug/<r6-,  to  wliich  the  equiv.  Gr. 
i\a<t>p6s  also  points ;  the  Aryan  root  lengh 
(high)  appears  also  in  Sans,  lafigh,  ramh, 
1  to  spring,  get  on.'  See  leid^t. 
Qellcn,   vb.,  'to  yell,'  from  MidHG. 

fu'ten,  OHG.  gellan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  sound 
mid,  cry';  corresponding  to  Du.  gilUn, 
AS.  gillan,  OIc.  gjalla, '  to  resound ' ;  allied 
to  the  Teut.  root  gel,  gal,  '  to  resound.' 
Comp.  91ad)ttgal(. 

gelobcrt,  vb.,  'to  promise,  vow,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  geloben,  OHG.  gilobOn 
(akin  to  feben) ;  lit.  '  to  assent,  applaud.' 

gelt  (1.),  particle.    See  gelten. 

gdf  (2.),  adj.,  'giving  no  milk,  barren,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gait  ; 
corresponding  to  OIc.  geldr,  OSw ed.  g'aldir, 
which  have  the  same  sense.  They  are  con- 
nected perhaps  with  OHG.  galza,  MidHG. 
galze,  OIc.  ggltr,  '  gelded  pig'  (E.  dial.,  gilt, 
ilt).  The  stem  on  which  it  is  based,  gold, 
gait  (from  pre-Teut.  ghalt,  ghaltn-),  per- 
haps meant  orig.  'to  castrate';  comp.  E. 
to  geld,  OIc.  gdda,  'to  geld';  akin  to  Goth. 
giljxi,  '  sickle '  ?. 

(Sclfe,  f.,  '  pail,  bucket,  vessel,'  from 
MidHG  gelt;,  OHG.  gellita,  f.,  'vessel  for 
liquids' ;  adopted  in  the  OHG.  period  from 
MidLat.  galeta,  with  which  are  also  con- 
nected the  Romance  cognates — Fr.  jale, 
'  pail,'  Ital.  galea,  galeotta,  Fr.  galiasse,  galion, 
applied  to  different  kinds  of  ships.  The 
ultimate  source  of  the  cognates  is  obscure. 

gelfctt,  vb.,  'to  be  worth,  pass  current, 
prove  effectual,'  from  MidHG.  gSlten,  OHG. 
geltan,  &tr.  vb.,  'to  repay,  pay,  cost,  be 
worth,  requite,  compensate' ;  comp.  Goth. 
us-,fru-gildan,  'to  requite'  (akin  to  Goth. 
gild  and  gilslr,  n.,  '  tax '),  OIc.  gjald<t 
(OSwed.,  also  gialla,  from  Teut.  gellan), 
'  to  pay,'  AS.  gxldan,  E.  to  yield,  Du.  geldeit, 
'  to  be  worth,  cost/  OSax.  geldan.  The  com- 
mon Teut.  stem  gelp,  the  />  of  which  is 
proved  by  OSwed.  from  pre-Teut.  ghel-t, 
points  to  the  fact  that  OSlov.  iUJq,  'I  pay, 
atone  for,'  was  borrowed.  The  prim,  mean- 
ing of  the  Teut.  cognates  is  '  to  make  good, 
pay  over  something' ;  itseems  to  be  specially 
applied  to  religions  sacrifices  ;  comp.  AS. 
gild.  OSax.  geld,  'sacrifice'  (akin  to  Gr. 
t<?X0ot,  'duty'?).  See  ©clb,  @itt>f.— The 
particle  gelt,  which  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.,  is  properly  the  subj.  pres.  of  the 

vb.  Qfttftt. 

?,  f.,  '  gelded  sow,'  from  the  equiv. 


Gem 


(    "3    ) 


Gen 


MidHG.  gelze  (galzs),  OHG.  gelza  (galza). 
See  gelt. 

Qe\n<xti),  n.,  '  chamber,  apartment ; 
comfort,  rest,'  from  MidHG.  g/mach,  m.,  n., 
'rest,  comfort,  ease,  nursing,  place  where 
one  is  nursed,  room,'  OHG.  gimahQih), 
'ease,  advantage';  the  ModHG.  meaning 
is  not  found  until  the  classical  period  of 
MidHG.  ;  the  ModHG.  adj.  gemad),  'com- 
fortable,' preserves  the  earlier  meaning, 
MidHG.  gemach,  OHG.  gimah(hli),  'com- 
fortable, suitable';  prop.,  'suitable  to  one 
another' (comp.  OIc.  makr,  'suitable' ;  see 
utad)eit).  Akin  to  gemadjltd),  MidHG.  geme- 
chllch,  OHG.  gimahliliho,  adv. 

$cmttd)t,  l).,  '  genitals ;  handiwork,' 
from  MidHG. geinaht  (plur., gemote),  OHG. 
gimaht,  £,,  '  testicles ' ;  akin  to  ModHG. 
£Jcad)t  (comp.  Uu.  gemacht). 

$emaf)I,  m.  and  n.,  '  consort,  spouse,' 
from  MidHG.  gemahele,  m.,  'betrothed, 
husband,'  and  gemahele,  f.  (very  rarely  n., 
which  is  first  found  in  Luther  specially), 
'  betrothed,  wife '  (the  fem.  form  ©emaftlin  is 
wanting  in  MidHG.) ;  OHG.  gimahalo,  m., 
4  betrothed,  husband,'  gima/iala  (gimdla), 
'  betrothed,  wife.'  Simply  a  G.  form  from 
a  common  Tent,  subst.  mafila-  (whence 
viahla-),  'public  assembly,  negotiation'; 
comp.  Goth,  mapl,  'assembly,  market' 
(akin  to  mapljan, '  to  make  a  speech'),  OIc, 
mdl,  'speech'  {m&la,  'to  make  a  speech), 
AS.  meftel,  'assembly'  (maftolian,  mcelan, 
'  to  make  a  speech'),  OHG.  mahal,  'assem- 
bly, contract,  marriage  contract.'  Hence 
the  subst.  upon  which  the  word  is  based 
has  assumed  in  G.  only,  the  special  refer- 
ence to  the  act  of  betrothal  in  the  public 
assembly  before  the  community. 

gemafj,  adv.,  'conformably,  proportion- 
ally, suitably,'  from  MidHG.  gemcey,  OHG. 
tjimay^i,  adj.,  'adapted' ;  akin  to  mefjcn. 

gcmcht,  adj.,  '  common,  public  ;  mean^ 
vulgar,'  from  MidHG.  gemeine,  OHG. 
gimeini,  '  belonging  to  one  another,  in 
common,  universal,. belonging  to  the  gnat 
body ' ;  an  adj.  common  to  Teut. ;  comp. 
Gotn.  gamains,  'in  common,  joint,  general, 
unholy,'  AS.  gcm<ener'E.  mcan}  Du.  gemeen. 
The  common  Teut.  ga-maini-s  is  primit. 
allied  to  the  equiv.  Lat.  com-mUnis  (lor 
com-moini-s) ;  comp.  Lat.  Anus  with  Goth. 
dins,  Aryan  oino-s.  Since  ' in  common'  is 
the  primary  meaning  of  the  class,  3J?(incib 
(which  see)  cannot  be  very  closely  allied  to 
its  OTeut.  cognates. 

®emfc,  f.,  '  chamois,'  from  the  equiv. 


MidHG.  gemey,gami,  OHG.  *gamu^(gam^), 
m. ;  although  a  corresponding  word  is  want- 
ing in  the  other  Teut  languages,  there  is 
no  sufficient  reason  for  regarding  OHG. 
*gami^at  {,,  as  borrowed  (formed  like 
OHG.  fnm$,  see  .§irfd) ;  AS.  ganot, '  water- 
fowl'; MidHG.  krebe$,  see  JtrefcS).  The 
Romance  cognates  (Ital.  camozza,  Fr.  cha- 
mois) which  are  equiv.  in  sound  tell 
rather  in  favour  of  their  own  foreign  origin 
I  than  that  of  the  G.  word  (in  Lat.  the  term 
was  rupicapra).  Perhaps  Span,  and  Port. 
gamo,  'stag,'  is  based  upon  a  Goth.  *gama, 
allied  to  ©omfe  (E.  game  has  probably  no 
connection  with  the  word  ?). 

d>emuU,  see  ntalmcn ;  (^emufc,  see 
2J?us ;  gcmut  and  Qemixt,  see  fUiut. 

gen,  prep.,  '  against,  towards,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gen,  a  variant  of  gein,  gegen. 
See  gcgeit. 

genttlt,  '  accurate,  precise,  strict,  parsi- 
monious,' from  late  MidHG.  (MidG.)nowtce, 
'  careful,  exact,'  akin  to  noutce,  genouice, 
adv.,  'scarcely';  comp.  Du.  iiaauw,  'nar- 
row, exact,  punctual.'  Probably  these  cog- 
nates, in  their  Goth,  form  *ga-nSws,  are 
to  be  connected  with  Goth,  nfthws,  HG. 
nalje.  Others  refer  them  to  a  root  nau, 
'  to  narrow,'  in  91ot  and  its  cognates. 

gcjtc^m,  see  cutgeneljm. 

gcncfett,  vb., '  to  get  well,  recover,'  from 
MidHG.  genesen,  OHG.  ginesan,  str.  vb., 
'to  be  left  alive,  be  healed,  escape  alive,' 
also  '  to  be  delivered  of  a  child ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  Goth,  ganisav,  'to  recover 
health,  be  rescued,  saved,'  AS.  genesan, 
OSax.  ginesan, '  to  be  rescued,  be  left  alive' ; 
also  Du.  geuezen,  '  to  heal,  cure.'  The 
Teut.  root  lies,  with  which  nafyrcn  and  its 
cognates  are  connected  as  factitives,  corre- 
sponds to  the  Sans,  root  nas,  '  to  approach' 
in  an  affectionate  manner,  join,'  and  espe- 
cially to  Gr.  viofiai  (root  c«r-),  'to  come 
back,'  and  vda-ros,  '  return  home.'  From 
Teut.  are  derived  OSlov.  gonlzati  (gone- 
ziiqti),  'to  be  redeemed,'  and  gonoziti,  'to 
redeem,'  allied  to  gonozitelji,  'Saviour.' 
See  nafjven. 

®cmdt,  n.,  'back  of  the  neck,  nape,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  genie,  genicke,  n. ; 
akin  to  91adfcn,  AS.  hnecca. 

gcntcHJClt,  vb.,  'to  enjoy,  partake  of,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  genieyn,  OHG. 
ginio^an,  str.  vb.,  with  the  variants  Mid 
HG.  vieyn,  OHG.  nio^an;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  niutav,  'to  take  part  in  soiin- 
thing,'  ganiutan,  'to  catch'  {nuta,  'captor, 

U 


Gen 


(      "4     ) 


Ger 


fisher').  OIc.  nj6ta,  'to  enjoy,  derive  joy 
Iroin,  have  tlie  use  of,'  AS.  iie6ta»,  'to 
take,  use,  enjoy/  Du.  genieten,  OSax. 
niota»,  '  to  enjoy.'  Tiie  primary  meaning 
of  the  Teut.  root  jim£,  found  in  str.  verbs, 
was  'to  get  something  for  one's  own  use,' 
then  'to  use  or  enjoy  something,  have  the 
use  of.'  See  Shtfc,  9hejjmi&.  Akin  to  the 
primit.  allied  Liih.  naudii,  'use,  produce,' 
pa-nustu,  -ii'Adau,  -nusti,  'to  long,  yearn 
for.'-  (Scnoffe,  m.,  'comrade,  companion, 
mate,'  lrom  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gen6$,  OHG. 
gin6$,  in.;  corresponding  to  OSax.  genCt, 
AS.  genedt,  T>\x.  genoot ;  lit.  'one  who  par- 
takes of  something  with  ano;her,'  comp. 
©efede  and  ©efinbe. — $<moffame,  L  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  gendysame,  f.,  'fellow- 
ship,' OHG.  ginSysaml,  abstract  ot  OHG. 
gino^sam,  MidHG.  gendysam,  '  ot  equal 
birth  or  worth.' 

gcmtg,  adj.,  'enough,  sufficient,'  from 
the  corresponding  MidHG.  genuoc(g),  OHG. 
glvuog  ;  a  common  Teut.  adj.  with  the  Mod 
HG.  meaning ;  com  p.  Goth.  ga»6hs,  AS. 
gendh,  E.  enough,  Du.  genoeg,  OSax.  gindg ; 
a  deriv.  of  an  OTeut.  pret.-pres.  Goth. 
ganah,  OHG.  ginah,  'it  suffices';  comp. 
Goth,  ganauha,  '  sufficiency,'  OHG.  ginuht, 
MidHG.  genuht, '  sufficiency.'  On  MidHG. 
gmulitsam,  OHG.  ginuhUam,  'abundant, 
sufficient,'  is  based  ModHG.  aenugjam.  To 
the  Teut.  root  nOh  (Aryan  nak)  preserved 
in  these  words  some  refer  the  Sans,  root 
nag,  '  to  attain,'  and  Lat.  nancisci. 

fjber,  m., '  spear,'  formed  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG. gSr, in.;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  gir,  AS.  gar,  Olc.  geirr.  The  r 
in  the  latter  wold  must  be  based  upon 
an  8,  otherwise  the  Scand.  form  would  be 
*gdrr.  Goth.  *gaiza  may  be  inferred  too 
lrom  old  proper  names,  such  as  Hario- 
gaisus.  The  terms  ydiaos,  yaiaov,  are  also 
mentioned  by  Poly bi us,  Diodorus,  &c,  as 
applied  to  the  spear  by  the  North  Europ. 
barbarians.  The  word  is  genuinely  Teut. 
(yet  comp.  also  Olr.  gai,  from  *gaiso, 
'spear'),  and  has  the  approximate  mean- 
ing, as  the  allied  ©etfel  shows,  of  'shaft, 
rod  (as  a  missile),'  for  which  reason  Gr. 
xa«bs,  'shepherd's  staff,'  and  Sans. hiSus,  n., 
'missile,'  are  perhaps  cognate.  The  root 
is  Sans,  hi,  'to  urge  on,'  with  which  AS. 
gdd  and  E.  goad  (from  Aryan  *ghai-ta)  are 
also  connected.  The  OTeut.  term  was  fh>t 
used  again  in  ModHG.  as  a  borrowed  word, 
though  it  continued  to  exist  in  the  proper 
names  ©etbftt  (OHG.  Gir-braJit,  lit.  •  glit- 


tering witli  speare '),  ©trlwrD  (OHG.  Ucr- 
hart,  'spear-bold'),  ©trtrub  (OHG.  GertrAt). 
Comp.  ©ffjrm  and  ©eifrt. 

fjerao  (1.),  adv.,  'even'  (of  nnmlwrs), 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gerat,  OHG.  girad, 
'even' ;  prop,  'equal  in  reckoning' ;  akin  to 
Goth. rapjd, ' number,' garafijau,  'to count.' 

fteraoe  (2.),  adj.,  'going  in  one  direc- 
tion, straight,  upright,'  from  MidHG.  gerat, 
'alert,  quick,  skilful,  recently  grown  up, 
straight  and  therefore  long' ;  the  primary 
meaning  is  '  nimble,  rapid'  j  comp.  OHG. 
rado  (and  rato,  hrato),  'quick,'  AS.  rafte 
(also  hrozde),  '  quick,'  Goth.  raf>s,  '  easy.' 
Perhaps  primit.  allied  to  SRab,  Lat.  rota. 

$erai,  n.,  '  tools,  furniture,  utensils, 
from  MidHG.  ger  ate,  OHG.  girdti,  n., 
'  equipment,'  lit.  '  consultation,  precau- 
tion' ;  collective  of  (Rat. 

geraum,  gcrftumig,  see  Slattm. 

Qpcraufd),  n.,  'entrails  of  slaughtered 
animals,'  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  in- 
geriusche;  origin  obscure. 

Qetben,  vb.,  'to  tan,  curry,  polish,'  from 
MidHG.  gerwen  (garweri),  wk.  vb.,  'to  make 
ready,  prepare,  equip,  dress,  tan'  ;  a  deriv. 
ot  gar  (see  gar) ;  OHG.  gariwen  (garau-en), 
from  *gur\ojan,  '  to  make  ready,'  lederga- 
rawo,  '  tanner.' 

gered)f,  adj.,  'righteous,  just,  fit,'  from 
MidHG.  gereht,  'straight,  right,  dexterous, 
skilful,  fit,  upright,  innocent,  just,'  OHG. 
gireht  (greht),  'rectus,  directus'  (not  yet 
'Justus')  ;  corresponding  to  garaihts,  '  up- 
right ' ;  in  AS.  rihtvcis  (OHG.  rehtwis), 
'Justus.'  E.  righteous.     See  rcd)t. 

$erfalfte,  Qietfalke,  m.,  'gerfalcon,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gir-,  gerfalke ; 
from  Rom.     See  ©tier. 

$erid)f,  n.,  'judgment,  tribunal,  court, 
jurisdiction,'  in  its  double  sense  even  in 
MidHG.  gerihte,  n.,  'tribunal,  sentence, 
jurisdiction,' and 'prepared  food';  OHG. 
girihti,  n.,  only  in  the  first  sense  ;  akin  to 
rccfyt. 

goring,  adj.,  'petty,  trifline,' prop.  Mu- 
si gnificant,  easy,'  from  MidHG.  geringe, 
'  light  and  quick,  nimble,'  ringe,  '  easy, 
light,  convenient,  insignificant,  slight, 
small,'  OHG.  ringi,  giringi,  '  light' ;  a  spe- 
cifically G.  adj.,  wanting  in  the  other  Teut. 
dialects  ;  origin  obscure.  The  development 
of  meaning  from '  light '  to  'slight '  through 
the  medium  of  '  easy  '  is  similar  to  that  of 
flein. 

gcrn,  adv.,  'yladly,  willingly,  fain,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  genie,  OHG.  gerno,  adv., 


Ger 


(     "5    ) 


Ges 


from  the  MidHG.  and  OHG.  adj.  gem ;  to 
the  latter  correspond  Goth,  gairns  in  faihu- 
gairns,  '  avaricious '  (comp.  Goth,  gairnjan, 
"  to  desire,  long  for,  demand'),  OIc.  gjarn, 
'  eager,'  AS.  georn,'  zealous,'  Du.  gaarne, 
OSax.  gem.  Akin  to  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
g'ir  (without  the  partic.  suffix  n),  'desiring, 
demanding,'  as  well  as  to  bcgeljren,  ©ter.  The 
Teut.  root  ger  (from  Aryan  gher,  '  to  de- 
mand violently,'  was  contused  with  a  deri- 
vative form  in  r  from  a  root  g%  (ght),  allied 
in  meaning  ;  see  ©ier,  ©etet.  Whether  the 
Suns,  root  har-y,  *  to  be  fond  of,'  or  Gr. 
xalpw,  or  Oscan  heriest,  '  he  will  be  will- 
ing,' is  connected  with  the  Aryan  root  gher 
is  uncertain. 

$er(le,  f.,  '  barley,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  gerste,  OHG.  gersta,  f.  ;  akin  to  Du. 
gerst ;  a  specifically  G.  word,  unknown  to 
ihe  other  dialects  ;  OSax.  and  AS.  grist,  E. 
grist,  are  not  connected  with  it,  but  with 
OTeut.  grindan,  'to  grind'  (equiv.  to  Lat. 
frendere,  '  to  gnash  '  ?).  In  the  remaining 
Teut.  dialects  the  terms  for  ©crfle  are  Goth. 
baris,  OIc.  bygg  (and  barr),  AS.  bere,  E. 
barley.  OHG. gersta,  from  -pve-Teut.  gherzdd-, 
corresponds  only  to  ihe  equiv.  Lat.  hordeum 
(from  *horsdeum,  prim,  form  *ghrzde'yo-)  ; 
Gr.  Kpld-fi,  '  barley,'  is  scarcely  a  cognate. 
From  an  Aryan  root  ghrs, '  to  stiffen '  (Lat. 
horrere  for  *horsere,  Sans.  hrS,  '  to  bristle 
up'),  some  have  inferred  ©cvfle  to  mean 
orig.  '  the  prickly  plant '  (on  account  of  the 
prickly  ears). 

$erf e,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gerte, 
OHG.  gartia,  f.,  '  rod,  twig,  staff' ;  a  deri- 
vative of  OHG.  and  MidHG.  gart,  'rod, 
staff,  stick.'  To  the  latter  correspond  Goth. 
gazds  (comp.  Jgiort,  equiv.  to  Goth,  huzds), 
'stick,'  and  OIc.  gaddr  (E.  goad  and  its 
eqniv.  AS.  gdJ  are  not  allied  ;  see  @er). 
Probably  Teut.  gazda-  (OHG.  gerta  would 
be  *gazdj6)  is  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  hasta 
(from  Aryan  ghazdhd),  '  spear.' 

(Serud),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
geruch,  m.,  '  scent,  odour,  fame ' ;  akin  to 
viecfKii. 

$crud)f,  n.,  'rumour,  report,  reputa- 
tion,' from  MidHG.  geriicfte  (geruofte),  n., 
'  calling,  cry' ;  clit  instead  of  ft  (see  rufen) 
is  due  to  LG.  influence,  as  in  fad>t  aud  bc- 
riicfytigt. 

QCrU^Clt,  vb.,  '  to  deign,  condescend,  be 
pleased,'  corrupted  by  connection  with  (Hube 
from  the  earlier  ModHG.  geruod;en,  MidHG. 
geruochen,  OHG.  geruochan,  '  to  care  for, 
take  into  consideration  '  (MidHG.  also  '  to 


approve,  grant ').  Corresponding  to  ASax. 
rSkian,  AS.  rScan  (and  rgccan,  whence  E. 
to  reck),  OIc.  rdekja,  '  to  take  care  of.'  The 
Teut  root,  rak,  rdk,  appears  also  in  OHG. 
rahha,  '  account,  speech  ; '  so  too  in  redjnen. 
In  the  non-Teut.  languages  no  root  rdg  in 
a  cognate  sense  has  vet  been  found. 

QeriXft,  n.,  'scaffold,'  from  MidHG. 
gvruste,  n.,  'contrivance,  preparation,  erec- 
tion, frame,  scaffold,'  OHG.  girusti;  akin 
to  rtijlen,  rusten,  hrustjan. 

Qefaxnt,  adj.,  'joint,  collective,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gesament,  gesamnet,  OHG. 
gisamandt ;  partic.  of  OHG.  saman&n.  See 
fammeln. 

0>cfd)ttff,  n.,  'business,  affair,  occupa- 
tion,' from  MidHG.  geschej'te,  gescheffede,  n., 
'  creature,  work,  figure,  occupation,  busi- 
ness, affair' ;  abstract  of  fd)ajffn. 

?efd)el)ett,  vb.,  'to  happen,  occur,  be- 
/  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gesch'ehen, 
OHG.  giscehany  a  specifically  G.  word 
(MidDu.  geschien,  Du.  geschieden),  as  well 
as  the  corresponding  factitive  fcfyicfeu.  It 
is  uncertain  whether  the  word  is  connected 
with  Goth.  skSicjan,  '  to  go,'  find  the  Teut. 
root  skeh  (xk&hw,  skew),  from  skek,  or  OSlov. 
skoku,  'leap,'  and  Olr.  *scuchim,  4 1  go  or 
pass  away.'    See  ©efdndjte  and  fducfen.' 

{jefdjett,  'sensible,  judicious,  discreet,' 
corrupted  into  gefdjeut,  from  MidHG.  ge- 
schtde,  adj.,  'sensible,  sly'  ;  akin  to  schtden, 
a  variant  of  scheiden.     See  fdjeiben. 

$efcf)id)fe,  f.,  'occurrence,  narration, 
tale,  history,'  from  MidHG.  gezchild,  OHG. 
gisciht,  f.,  '  event,  occurrence,  cause  of  an 
event,  dispensation'  (MidHG.  also  'affair, 
manner,  stratum ' ;  see  (Sdndjt)  ;  abstract 
of  gefcfyeben.  Similarly  Mod  HG.  $cfd)icu, 
'  fate,  destiny,  dexterity,'  is  based  upon 
MidHG.  gesc/ticke,  n.,  'event, order,  forma- 
tion, figure,'  as  the  abstract  of  ModHG. 
fdjicfen. — ciefcrricUt.  'apt,  skilful,  adroit,' 
prop,  a  partic,  MidHG.  gschicht,  'ar- 
ranged, prepared,  ready,  suitable,'  from 
MidHG.  schtcken, '  to  arrange,  set  in  order.' 

$efd)UT,  n.,  'gear,  trappings,  imple- 
ments, ware,'  from  MidHG.  geschirre,  OHG. 
giscirri,  n.,  'dishes,  vessel,  instrument, 
utensils.'  The  more  general  meaning, '  in- 
strument of  every  kind,'  is  also  seen,  espe- 
cially in  anfdntrm  (ModHG.  simply),  '  to 
harness  a  horse.  Tne  origin  of  the  stem, 
which  does  not  appear  elsewhere  in  Teut., 
is  obscure. 

ftcfd)lacr)f,  adj.,  'of  good  quality,  soft, 
tender,   shapely,'  from    MidHG.   geslaht, 


Ges 


(    "6    ) 


Ges 


OIIG.  gidaht,  'well  brought  up,  nol.le, 
well  behaved';  lUtgcfct)Iad)l,  'uncoutli, 
unwieldy,  boorish,'  even  in  Mid  HO.  un- 
geslaht,  OHG.  ungislaJit,  'ignoble,  base.' 
Allied  to  ModHG.  $efd)Icd)f,  n.,  'species, 
race,  extraction,  family,'  from  MidHG.  ge- 
sle/ite,  n.,  'race,  tribe,  family,  quality,'  OHG. 
gislahti ;  comp.  OHG.  slu)ita,  f.,  '  race, 
family,'  MidHG.  slalite,  'manner, relation ' ; 
akin  "also  to  %d)l<x$  (e.g.  Sftenfcf/enfcfcbig, 
'  race  of  men '),  not  found  in  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  the 
relation  of  these  cognates  to  fd)fagm  ;  even 
in  OHG.  slalian  itself  means  '  to  take  after, 
resemble'  (e.g.  ndk  dSn fordMn slalian^  to 
resemble  one's  ancestors'),  for  which  in 
late  MidHG.  ndch-slahen  occur?,  ModHG. 
r.ad)fd)(agcn.  Probably  the  str.  vb.  in  OTeut. 
once  had  the  meaning  'to  beget,'  which 
cannot  now  be  authenticated  ;  of  this  vb. 
OIIG.  gislahty '  of  good  quality,'  would  be 
an  old  partic.  in  to  (see  fait,  traut,  taut), 
with  a  development  of  meaning  similar  to 
that  of  Jtcntg.  Comp.  Fr.  gentil,  equiv.  to 
Lat.  gen'.ilis. 

$cf"d)mcibe,  n.,  'ornaments,  trinkets, 
jewels,'  from  MidHG.  gesmtde,  n.,  'metal, 
metal  utensils  or  weapons,  ornaments,' 
OHG.  gismtdi,  n.,  '  metal,'  and  the  variant 
smida,  f. ;  from  the  root  sml,  widely  diffused 
in  Teut,  '  to  work  in  metal,'  with  which 
OHG.  srneidar,  'artificer  in  metals,'  and 
the  cognates  discussed  under  Sd)mtcb,  are 
connected.  So  too  gefcf)meiotg, 'pliant, 
flexible,  tractable,  smooth,'  from  MidHG. 
gesmtdec,  '  easy  to  work,  plastic' 

^cfdjmetfj,  n.,  'fly-blows,  eggs  (of  in- 
sects), vermin,'  from  MidHG.  gesmei^e,  n., 
'excrement';  akin  to  f<r)ittct{jen. — (Sefq)0|J3, 
n.,  '  shot,  missile,  dart,'  even  MidHG.  ge- 
sc/105,  OHG.  gisco?,,  n.,  akin  to  fdnefien.  So 
too  ^iefd)uf3,  'artillery^ ordnance,' even 
in  MidHG.  geschutzey  n.,  'arms,  weapons 
for  shooting,' occurs  as  acollective  of  ©cfdjcfj. 

gefd)tt)Cige,  conj.  with  a  subj.  to  be 
supplied,  'much  les.«,  to  say  nothing  of, 
I  am  silent  about  it,'  &c. — gefd)tDeigen, 
'  to  pass  by  in  silence,  omit  mentioning,'  a 
factitive  of  fcr/jwigen,  from  MidHG.  geswei- 
gen,  OHG.  gisweigen,  '  to  reduce  to  silence.' 
See  fdJftjetgen. 

gefd)ttmt&,  adj.  and  adv.>  'swift(ly), 
rapid(ly),  quick(lv),'  from  geswinde,  adj. 
and  adv.,  'quick(ly),  vehement(ly) ' ;  in 
earlier  ModHG.  jdjunntf,  MidHG.  swinde 
(stoint), '  powerful,  strong,  quick.'  In  OHG. 
the  adj.  is  wanting  (yet  the  proper  names 


Amalswind  and  Adalswind  are  recorded). 
The  prim,  meaning  is  'strong';  the  de- 
velopment of  meaning  to  'quick '  is  similar 
to  that  of  balb ;  Goth,  swings,  'strong 
powerful,  healthy,'  OIc.  svinnr,  'intelli- 
gent,' AS.  svriiS, '  strong, violent,'  show  vari- 
ous aspects  of  the  primary  meaning.  The 
origin  of  the  cognates  is  obscure ;  its  rela- 
tion to  gefttnb  is  dubious. 

$cf"di)ttri|Tcr,  plur.  (prop.  neut.  sing.), 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  geswister  (gsicis- 
t>rde),  neut.  plur.,  'brothers  and  sisters,' 
OHG.  gisicistar,  plur.  ;  akin  to  @d>n>eftcr. 

QeftyWUlft,  f.,  'swelling,  tumour,' from 
theequiv.  MidHG.  geswulst, akin  to  fd)toe(lfn. 
— $efd)«nir,  n.,  irom  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
geswer,  n.,  '  abscess,'  akin  to  fdjirdren. 

Qefclle,  m.,  'comrade,  apprentice,  jour- 
neyman,'from  MidHG.  geselle,  OHG.  gi^llo, 
lit.  'fellow-occupant  or  lodger,'  then  gene- 
rally 'companion,  friend'  (in  late  MidHG. 
'journeyman '  also) ;  akin  to  <Saat.  Hence 
the  derivatives,  MidHG.  gesellec, '  associate, 
combined,'  ModHG.  gefedig  ;  MidHG.  gesel- 
lecheit,  'relation  as  a  comrade';  MidHG. 
gcsellen,  'to  unite,  combine,' ModHG.  ©efcU 
leu,  '  to  associate.'  For  the  meaning  of  ge* 
in  ©efeUe,  comp.  ©efinbf. 

$efefj},  n.,  '  law,  decree,  statute,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG-.  ges$tze,  of  which  the 
variant  ge*elzede  occurs  in  the  same  sense, 
OHG.  gisezzida,  f. ;  akin  to  fefcen,  whence 
also  <2>vi{3Uiig. — 0eficf)f,  n.,  'si^hr,  counte- 
nance,' from  MidHG.  gesiht,  OHG.  glsiht, 
f.,  'seeing,  view,  dream,  sense  of  sight,' 
akin  to  fetjett.—  (&c(tms,  see  <£tm«. 

(Scfinbc,  n.,  'domestics,  servants,' from 
MidHG.  gesinde,  OHG.  gisindi,  n.,  'suite, 
followers  in  war';  collective  of  MidHG. 
gesint(d),  OHG.  gisind,  'follower,'  lit  'one 
who  joins  in  a  sind,'  from  OHG.  sind,  m., 
'journey,expedition';  corresponding  to  AS. 
s2(5,  'journey,'  whence  gcsi^S.  'companion, 
fellow-traveller,'  Goth,  sinfrs,  'journey '  (ga- 
sinpa,  'fellow-traveller').  To  the  OTeur. 
swj?a-  (from  pre-Teut.  Unto-)  corresponds 
Olr.  sd,  '  way.'  See  fettcfii  and  flatten. — 
ModHG.  0>cftttbcf,  'rabble,  mob,  vaga- 
bonds,' dimin.  of  ©cjtnfcf,  also  used  in  a 
contemptuous  sense,  so  even  in  late  Mid 
HG.  gesindrfcehe,  gesindelach  (with  acollec- 
tive suffix). — $efpcm,  m.,  'companion,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gespan;  lit.  per- 
haps'one  who  is  yoked  along  with  an- 
other.' Comp.  Goth,  gajuhd,  '  comrade,' 
lit.  ' yoke-fellow.' 

£jcfpertff,  n.,  'spectre,  ghost,'  from  Mid 


Gos 


(    "7    ) 


Gew 


IIG.  gespenste,  n.  (gesp^nst,  gespanst,  f.), 
'enticement,  allurement,  infernal  illusion, 
ghost,'  OHG.  gispanst,  f.,  '  enticement ' ; 
the  latter  meaning  is  the  original  one,  since 
©efpettjl  (see  also  a&,  hnbetfpenflig),  accord- 
ing to  its  form,  is  a  verbal  abstract  of  an 
OTeut.  spanan,  '  to  entice.'  Comp.  OSax. 
and  OHG.  spanan,  '  to  eniico,  charm,'  Mid 
HG.  apaiten  (comp.  Gr.  <nrdw). 

#eff,  see  ©ifdjr. 

£>cjrirtb(?,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gestat(d),  n.,  '  bank,  shore.'     Comp.  Stabett. 

Qeftalt ,  adj.,  '  having  form  or  shape,'  in 
ttjol)(gejhlr,  uugejlalt ;  comp.  MidHG.  iinge- 
stalt,  OHG.  ungidalt,  'disfigured,  ugly,' 
MidHG.  wolgestalt  (wol  ges'ellet) ;  a  partic. 
of  MidHG.  stolen,  which  may  also  mean 
'  to  shape,  make,  accomplish,  set  in  order.' 
To  this  is  allied  Qeftall,  f.,  'external 
appearance,  shape,  tigure,  mien,'  MidHG. 
gedalt,  f.,  'shape,  appearance,  nature,' 
OHG.  *gistalt.  Considering  the  compara- 
tively late  appearance  of  the  word  (not 
until  the  end  of  the  13th  cent.),  ©eftutt 
may  have  been  derived  from  the  old  com- 
pound, OHG.  uvgistalt,  MidHG.  ungestalt, 
adj.,  '  disfigured.' 

gcffaffctt,  vb.,  'to  allow,  admit,  grant,' 
from  M'idllG.  gcstaten,  wk.  vb.,  'to  grant, 
permit,' OHG.  gistatdn;  probably  connected 
most  closely  with  OHG.  stata,  f.,  '  favour- 
able opportunity'  (for  details  see  Statt). — 
gcffc^eit,  vb.,  'to  acknowledge,  confess,' 
from  MidHG.  gestin,  gcstdn,  OHG,  -gisldn, 
s-tr.  vb.,  'to  stand  still,  assist,  own,  con- 
fess' ;  derivatives,  ModilG.  gcjldnbtg,  ©cjl- 
diibniei.     See  ftcfjcti. 

gcficrn,  adv.,  'yesterday,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gestern  (gester),  OHG. 
g'estaron  (gestre),  adv.  ;  also,  with  a  diver- 
gent meaning,  OHG.  Sgestem,  'the day  after 
to-morrow '  (and  '  the  day  before  yester- 
day') ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  gistradagis, 
'  to-morrow,'  OIc.  igcer,  '  to-morrow,  yes- 
terday.' It  is  evident  that  the  primary 
word  was  used  in  the  double  sense  of  *  to- 
morrow' and  'yesterday'  (lit.  'on  the 
second  day  from  this');  comp.  also  AS. 
geostra,  gistrandceg,  E.  yesterday,  Du.  gis- 
teren,  '  yesterday.'  The  form  and  the  idea 
are  Aryan  ;  comp.  Sans,  hyds,  '  yesterday,' 
Gr.  x^*.  Lat.  heri  (for  hjesi  ?) ;  ghyes  is  the 
primit.  form,  whence  with  the  suffix  tro-, 
ghislro-,  ghyestro-  (Goth,  gistra).  For  Jjcutf, 
'  to-day,'  and  mcrgcn, '  to-morrow'  (Lat.  eras, 
Sans,  fvds),  an  equally  diffused  form  is 
wanting. 


(Scffhrn,  see  Stent.— $effober,  see 
flebent. — $cfirciud),  see  ©fraud).— $c- 
ffrtipp,  see  ftntpptg.  —  $eff  i'tppe,  see 
€taub.— $effiif,  see  ©tide. 

gcfUttb,  adj.,  'sound,  healthy,  whole- 
some,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gesunt(d), 
OHG.  gisunt(t) ;  also  MidHG.  gesunt, 
OHG.  gisunt,  m.,  '  health ' ;  comp.  AS. 
gesund  and  sund,  E.  sound,  Du.  gezond, 
OFris.  sund.  To  East  Teut.  the  word  is 
unknown.  Its  connection  with  Lat.  sd- 
nus,  'healthy,'  is  as  feasible  phonetically 
as  its  connection  with  gefcfyiinub,  or  witii 
the  Teut.  root  sinp,  '  to  go,'  in  ©ejinbe. 

Qetveibe,  n.,  'grain,  corn,'  from  Mid 
HO.  getregede,  n.,  'everything  that  is  car- 
ried, clothing,  luggage  ;  what  the  soil  bears 
(flowers,  grass),  corn,'  even  in  late  OHG. 
(11th  cent.),  gitregidi,  n.,  'revenue,  posses- 
sion.' The  ModHG.  sense  is  first  found  in 
14th  cent. 

gefreu,  see  tmt.— gefroff ,  see  tvejlett. 

Qexxxllev,  m„  •  godfather,  sponsor,  gos- 
sip,' from  MidHG.  gevatere,  OHG.  gifataro, 
'spiritual  co-father,  godfather' ;  an  imita- 
tion of  eccles.  Lat.  compater.  From  this  was 
also  formed  OHG.  gifatara,  MidHG. gevatere, 
f., '  godmother.'   Comp.  also  SSettcr  and  $atf. 

Qetvafyr,  adj.,  'aware,'  from  MidHG. 
gewar,  OHG.  and  OSax.  giwar,  'heedful, 
attentive,  mindful';  hence  gmviljr  tocrbnt 
is  lit.  'to  grow  careful,  mindful';  thus 
even  in  MidHG.  gewar  werden,  OHG.  giwar 
uerdan,  OSax.  giwar  werdan;  comp.  Du. 
gewaar,  E.  aware.  Allied  to  MidHG. 
gewar,  f., '  oversight,  headship,'  gewarsamc, 
'  over.-ight,  certainty,'  ModHG.  ^CWttl)r- 
fam,  m.,  'surety,  custody.' — gcuntbrcn. 
vb.,  '  to  be  aware  of,  perceive,  discover,' 
from  late  MidHG.  geicarn,  '  to  become 
aware';  derived  from  the  adj.  See  taafyr- 
ncl)mett,  wafjren. 

QCWiifyvcn,  vb., '  to  be  surety  for,  guar- 
antee, attest,'  from  MidHG.  gewern,  OHG. 
giweren,  'to  grant,  confess,  perform,  pay, 
give  security,  also  the  equiv.  MidHG.  went, 
OHG.  wOren;  corresponding  to  OFris.  wera, 
*  to  give  security.'  From  the  OHG.  partic. 
werinta,  '  guarantor,'  were  adopted  the  Ro- 
mance cognates,  Ital.  guarenlo  and  Fr. 
garant,  'bondsman'  (allied  to  Fr.  garantir, 
Ital.  auareniire,  'to  give  security,  whence 
ModilG.  ©arantif,  E.  warrant).  The  con- 
necting link  between  the  OTeut.  wk.  verbal 
stem  loerai-,  '  to  confess,'  and  non-Teut. 
words  has  not  yet  been  found  ;  perhaps 
Iv.feraim,  '  I  give,'  is  allied. 


Gew 


(    n8    ) 


Gew 


$cn>alf,  f.,  'power,  authority,  force,' 
from  tlie  equiv.  MidHG.  gewalt,  m.,  f., 
OHG.  giwalt,  m.,  f.  ;  allied  to  toaltctt. 

$Ctt>cmo,  n.,  'garment,  dress,  garb,' 
from  MidHG.  gewant(d),  n.,  'clothing, 
armour,  dress  stuff,  material '  (with  the 
last  meaning.  ModHG.  ©nronbtyaud  is  con- 
nected) ;  OHG.  only  in  the  late  recorded 
compound,  badagiwant(t), '  vest  is  mutatoria.' 
The  older  word  for '  ©eroaub '  was  MidHG. 
gewate,  OHG.  giwdti,  also  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  wdt.  OHG.  giirant,  appears  as  '  turn- 
ing, winding,'  and  upon  this  sense  ('en- 
veloping ')  the  meaning  'clothing'  is  based ; 
com  p.  Lat.  toga,  from  tegere, '  to  cover.'  See 
irinceit.— geroctnof ,  '  skilled,  proficient, 
adroit,'  partic.  of  Wrntett. 

QCtt>ciritfl,  adj.,  'expectant,  attentive,' 
from  MidHG.  geicertec, '  careful,  obliging' ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  gcwarten,  'to  hold  one- 
self ready,  watch  with  observant  eyes  in 
order  to  be  ready,  for  a  service,  or  to  admit 
visitors,'  &c.     See  hwrteit. 

§ettKl)r,  n.,  'weapon  of  defence,  gun, 
musket,'  from  MidHG.  gewqr,  f.  n.,  'guard, 
defence,  bulwark,  weapon '  ;  even  in  OHG. 
giwer,  n.,  '  weapon,  goad,'  weri,  '  rampart, 
means  of  defence.'    Allied  to  lrrftren. 

Qemetf),  n.,  '  horns,  antlers,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gewige  (hirzgewtge),  n. ;  in 
OHG.  the  corresponding  word  is  wanting  ; 
comp.  Du.  gewicht,  n.,  '  stag's  antlers,' 
whence  a  G.  variant  ©ettndst.  The  cognates 
have  most  frequently  been  connected  with 
the  OTeut.  root  u-fg.  'to  fight'  (see 2Betgant>) ; 
©eireir)  would  then  be  regarded  as  the  wea- 
pon of  the  stag. 

Qetoetbe,  n.,  '  mode  of  acquisition, 
trade,  craft,'  from  MidHG.  gewerbe,  n., 
'activity,  business'  ;  allied  to  teerben. 

(Sett>td)f,  n.,  'antlers,'  see  ©ettetf). — 
(&ett>id)f ,  n.,  '  weight,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gewiht,  gewihte,  n. ;  OHG.  *giiciht; 
verbal  abstract  of  tonegen ;  corresponding 
to  AS.  gewiht,  E.  weight,  Du.  gewigt,  OIc 
vcett. 

gewiegf,  adj.,  ModHG.  only,  prop,  a 
partic.  of  tviegen,  '  to  rock,'  hence  in  t\xo<\i 
gcn?iegt,  'rocked  into  something,'  i.e.  'trained 
up,  grown  proficient  in  something.' 

gcwtnncn,  vb.,  '  to  win,  acquire,  pre- 
vail on,  conquer,'  from  MidHG.  gewinnen, 
OHG.  giwinnan,  '  to  attain  by  work,  effort, 
victory,  earn  something,  conquer,  get,'  be- 
sides which  are  found  MidHG.  vrinnen, 
OHG.  winnan,  '  to  toil  hard,  contend ' ; 
corresponding  to  Goth,  winnan  (gawinnan), 


'  to  sutler,  feel  pain,  torment  oneself '(allied 
to  vmnns  and  winn6,  f..  'suffering,'  OHG. 
winna,  'strife,'  MidHG.  winne,  'pain'), 
OIc.  vinna,  'to  work,  perform,  win,'  AS. 
winnan,  '  to  contend,  exert  oneself,'  E.  to 
win,  Du.  gewinnen.  The  primary  meaning 
of  the  Teut.  root  winn  is  'to  toil  hard' 
(especially  used  of  toiling  in  fight).  Whe- 
ther OHG.  wini,  AS.  wine,  'friend,'  and 
ModHG.  SBernte  also  belong  to  the  same 
root  is  doubtful;  yet  the  priniit.  allied  Sans, 
root  van  signifies  '  to  procure  for  oneself, 
obtain,  assist  in  obtaining,  conquer,'  and 
'to  he  fond  of,  favourable  to.' 

$ettriffett,n., 'conscience,' from  MidHG. 
ge>ciy$en,  f.  n.,  '  knowledge,  information, 
privity,  inner  consciousness,  conscience,' 
even  in  OHG.  giwi^ant,  f.,  'conscience' 
(Du.  geweten)  ;  probably  an  imitation  of 
Lat.  conscientia  (G.  ge  equiv.  to  Lat.  con,  as 
in  ©matter),  comp.  also  barmfyeqig  ;  in  Goth. 
midwissei.  OHG.  giwi^ant  is  most  closely 
connected  with  lr-ifim,  OHG.  in  fin.  wi^an. 

QetVlfc,  adj.  and  adv.,  'sure(ly),  cer- 
tainly), confident(ly),'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gewis'ss),  adj.,  gewisse,  adv.,OH(i. 
gewis(ss),  adj.,  gewisso,  adv.,  '  certain,  sure, 
reliable' ;  corresponding  to  Du.  wis,  gewis ; 
Goth  only  in  unwisa-  (misspelt  for  *un- 
wissa),  '  uncertain.'  The  OTeut.  wissa- 
(gawissa-)  is  an  old  partic.  of  the  Goth. 
pret.-pres.  witan,  OHG.  wiy$an  (see  lr-iffett), 
from  witta-,  widto-  (allied  to  the  Aryan 
root  vid).  With  regard  to  the  pregnant 
meaning,  '  what  is  certainly  known,'  for 
'  what  is  known,'  comp.  taut,  lit.  '  what  is 
heard.' 

Qetvitter,  n.,  '  thunder-storm,'  from 
MidHG.  gewitere,  OHG.  giwitiri,  'bad 
weather';  collective  of  SBettcr;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  giwidiri,  Goth.  *gairidri,  n. 
The  ModHG.  meaning  is  wanting  in  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  OHG.  giwitiri  may  also 
mean  'hail.' 

QCtVOQetl,  adj.,  'favourably  inclined,' 
from  MidHG.  gewegen,  'important,  in- 
clined'; prop,  a  partic  of  MidHG.  gewe- 
gen, '  to  be  weighty,  adequate,  help.'  See 
tvdgett. 

flCJt>of)nen,  vb.,  '  to  accustom,  inure, 
habituate,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gewe- 
nen,  OHG.  giwennan  (pret.  giwenita) ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  gewennen,  AS.  gewennan, 
OIc  venja,  Goth,  wanjan,  '  to  accustom '  ; 
derived  from  an  old  adj.  or  rather  partic. 
wana-,  '  accustomed '  (Olc  vanr) ;  for  this 
word  a  parallel  form  was  chiefly  used,  the 


Gic 


(     "9     ) 


Gip 


latest  derivative  of  which  is  gctDOf)ltf, 
'  accustomed,'  OHG.  giwon,  MidHG.  gewou, 
whence,  with  a  dental  suffix  (see  2)<oub  and 
£abtd)t),  ModHG.  gewctjat  (yet  without  t, 
©WcfynJjeit  ajid  gewoijnttd)) ;  allied  to  OHG. 
giwona,  MidHG.  gewone  (gewan),  '  custom.' 
For  details  see  luetynen. 

&id)t ,  f.  and  n.,  •  gout,  mouth  of  a  fur- 
nace,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  giht,  n.  f. 
(chiefly  in  the  collective  form  gegihte,  n.), 
'gout,  convulsions,  spasms.'  OHG.  *giliido 
may  be  inferred  from  AS.  gihfia,  m.,  'para- 
lysis' ;  this  dental  suffix  is  frequent  in  old 
names  of  diseases.  The  root  gih  is  not 
found  elsewhere,  and  its  prim,  meaning  is 
obscure.  ©efyen  cannot  in  any  case  be 
allied,  since  it  presumes  a  root  gai  (from 
ga  and  a  root  % ) ;  nor  could  we  from  this 
comparison  infer  the  prim,  meaning  of 
®i$t. 

fltckfcit,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
piksen  (geksen),  'to  sigh,' OHG.  giccha^yn; 
from  an  onomatopoetic  root  gik,  with  a  fre- 
quentative  suffix  sen  (OHG.  atfen,  azzen, 
Goth,  atjan). 

(bicbel,  m.,  '  gable,  summit,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gibel,  OHG.  gibil,  m. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  gevel,  OIc.  gajl,  '  gable,' 
Goth,  gibla,  m.,  'spire.'  The  OHG.  word 
signifies  '  front  side'  (e.g.,  of  the  ark  of  the 
covenant),  as  well  as  '  nap '  (of  velvet,  &c), 
so  that  '  extreme  end '  is  probably  the 
prim,  meaning.  It  may  be  assumed,  how- 
ever, that  the  word  was  used  in  a  figura- 
tive sense,  MidHG.  gebel,  OHG.  gebal,  m., 
'skull,  head,'  OHG.  gibilla,  f.,  'skull'; 
priniit.  allied  toGr.  Ke<f>a\ilj,  'head'  (Aryan 
glwbhald,  the  type  of  this  word  and  of 
©tebel) ;  hence  ©iebel  is  lit.  'head.' 

@>icbel,  0>teben,  m.,  •  crucian ' ;  like 
the  equiv.  Fr.  gibel,  of  obscure  origin. 

$icnmufd)et,  f ,  'a  species  of  tellina,' 
allied  to  MidHG.  ginen  (gianen),  '  to  gape, 
open  the  mouth  wide,'  OHG.  ginSn;  the 
latter  is  derived  from  an  OTeut.  root  gi 
(Aryan  ghi ),  '  to  bark,  gape,  open  the 
mouth  wide.'    See  gdfonen. 

$icr,  L  'eagerness,  inordinate  desire,' 
from  ~M.idTIG.  (fir (ger)J.,  'longing,  craving, 
greediness.'  OHG.  girt,  f. ;  abstract  of  an 
adj.,  OHG.  ger  and  giri,  MidHG.  ger,  gir, 
'craving,  loniring,'  wliich  is  connected  with 
the  root  ger  (Aryan  gher),  discussed  under 
gern.  Another  abstract  form  allied  to  this 
is  ModHG.  ©itrbe  (sSegkrbe),  from  MidHG. 
girde,  OHG.  girida,  f.  (Du.  begeerte).  For 
the  older  adj.  MidHG.  gir,  ger,  only  gierig 


is  now  used,  from  MidHG.  girec,  OHG. 
girtg,  '  desirous.' 

Qiefcen,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gieyn,  OHG.  gio$an,  'to  pour,  cast  metal, 
form,  pour  out,  spill,  stream'  ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth,  giutan,  'to  pour '  (OIc.  gj6ta, '  to 
throw  young,  blink  with  the  eyes'\  AS.  ge6- 
tan,  Du.  gieten  ;  a  strong  verbal  root  common 
10  Teut.,  from  pre-Teut.  ghml,  whence  also 
the  Lat.  root  fud  in  f  undo,  '  I  pour.'  This 
root  is  probably  connected  with  the  equiv. 
root  ghu  (Gr.  xv;  i"  X^w»  X^A"*,  Sans,  root 
hu,  'to  sacrifice').     See  also  ©ejje. 

$ift  in  amtgtft,  93rautgift,  f.,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gift,  {.,  '  gift, 
present'  ;  a  verbal  noun  from  gcben  (Goth. 
gift*.  E.  gift). — ©tft,  n.,  meaning  '  poison,' 
is  the  same  word  (for  the  evolution  of 
meaning  comp.  Fr.  poison,  from  Lat.  potio, 
potionem,  'drink');  even  in  MidHG.  ami 
OHG.  gift,  f.  (always  neut.  in  this  sense  in 
ModHG.),  Du. gift;  in  Goth.  lubja,  'poison' 
(OHG.  luppi,  MidHG.  liippe,  'poison'). 
The  common  Aryan  term  for  'poison' 
(Sans.  viSii-,  Lat.  virus,  Gr.  toi)  has  not  been 
preserved  in  Teut.     See  »em>efen. 

QAlbe,  f.,  '  yellow  colour  or  substance,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gilwe,  OHG.  giliwt 
(gelawt),  f.  ;  an  abstract  of  gelb  (Goth.  *gil- 
wei,  «ikin  to*gilwa-). — To  this  gilbert,  'to 
colour  yellow,'  is  allied. 

$tl6c,  f.,  '  guild,  corporation,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  Du.  gild;  corre- 
sponding to  OIc.  gilde,  '  guild '  (from  the 
middle  of  the  11th  cent.),  MidE.  gilde,  E. 
guild.  The  prim,  meaning  of  the  word, 
which  first  appears  in  Scand.,  is  '  sacrifice, 
sacrificial  feast,  festive  gathering,  club'; 
allied  to  griten  (in  the  sense  of  '  to  sacrifice,' 
in  OSax.  geldan,  and  in  AS.  gildav). 

$impef ,  m., '  bullfinch,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  giimpel;  in  ModHG.  figura- 
tively 'simpleton.'  MidHG.  giimpel  is 
connected  with  gumpel,  '  leaping,  jest,'  and 
further  with  gumpen,  'to  hop  ;  hence 
MidHG.  gumpelmann  (plur.  gumpellivUe), 
and  qumpelkn'eht,  '  tumbler,  buffoon,  fool.' 

®inft,  $mfter,  m.,  '  broom  (plant),' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  from  Lat.  genista^ 
whence  also  the  Romance  cognate,  Fr. 
genH;  the  genuine  Teut.  term  is  preserved 
in  E.  broom,  Du.  brem.    See  Skombftrf. 

$ipfd,  m.,  'summit,  top,  climax,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  gipfel,  m.,  the 
prim,  word  cannot  be  discovered  ;  ©ipftl 
is  scarcely  an  intensive  form  of  ©tcbtl ; 
MidHG.  gupf,  gupfe,  'point,  summit,'  is 


Gip 


(      120      ) 


Gle 


still  less  closely  allied,  and  is  rather  a 
variant  of  Jtitppf. 

$tps3,  Hi.,  'gypsum,  faster  of  Paris,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  late  OIIG. 
g  pa,  which  again  is  derived  from  MidLat- 
(Jr.  gypsum  ("yityos,  MidGr.  and  ModGr.  v 
being  pronounced  likei,  see  JtirdjeX  wheuce 
also  Fr.  gypse,  Du.  gips. 

fltrrcn,  vb.,  ' to  coo,'  allied  to  MidHG. 
g'erren,  gurren,  garren,  which  are  used  for 
various  kinds  of  sounds. 

®tfcf)f,  older  (jjdfcf)f,  m.,  J  yeast,  foam,' 
formed  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  jest,  gist, 
in.,  corresponding  to  E.  yest,  yeast,  Du. 
g  st,  'yeast.'  Allied  to  gifcr/en  (MidHG. 
gischen),  older  gafdjeu  (MidHG.  geschen,  a 
variant  of  jesen).  See  garen,  a  factitive  of 
MidHG.  jesen. 

fitter,  n., '  trellice,  lattice,  railing,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  g>ter,  n.,  a  variant  of 
giter,  ©atter  j  even  in  late  MidHG.  ge- 
gilfer. 

$fan,3,  m.,  •  lustre,  splendour,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  glanz  (wanting  in  OHG.), 
witli  which  is  connected  the  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  adj.  glanz,  'bright, shining' ;  Mod 
HG.  glaitjen,  from  tlie  equiv.  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  gl$nzen;  to  the  same  class  belong 
MidHG.  glander,  '  splendour,  shining,'  and 
glanst,  ' splendour,' further glinster,  'splen- 
dour,' and  the  very  rare  str.  vb.  glinzeu. 
A  stem  glint-  is  wanting  in  the  rest  of  the 
Tent,  dialects  unless  the  cognates  of  glatt 
(Goth.  *glada-)  are  allied. 

01cts,  n.,  'glass,  tumbler,'  from  the 
equiv.  OHG.  and  MidHG.  glas,  n. ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  word  unknown  to  the  other 
Aryan  groups  ;  comp.  OSax.  gles,  Du.  glas, 
AS.  glees,  E.  glass ;  allied  to  OIc.  gler,  n., 
'glass,'  with  the  change  of  s  to  r,  which 
proves  the  word  to  be  primit.  Teut  (*g!aza- 
and  *glasa-  in  Goth.).  Hence  it  is  not  very 
probable  that  the  Teut.  word  was  borrowed, 
although  glass  itself  was  imported  by  the 
Phoenicians.  The  OTeut.  term  for  amber 
(Lat.  gttsum)  is  likewise  primit.  allied  ; 
comp.  AS.  gleere,  '  resin  of  trees.'  See  the 
following  word. 

rtlaft,  ni.,  '  splendour,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  glast.  It  is  uncertain  whether  it 
belongs,  like  the  cognates  discussed  under 
the  preceding  word,  to  a  Teut  root  glas, 
'to  shine.' 

glatt,  adj.,  '  smooth,  polished,  slippery, 
bald,'  from  Midi!  G.  and  OHG.  glat,  'smooth, 
shining ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  gladmSd, 
'gladsome,'  Du.  glad,  '  smooth,'  AS.  gletd, 


'  shining,  joyous,'  R  glad,  OIc.  glatSr,  'joy- 
ous, shining.'  Goth.  *glada-  for  pre-Teut. 
ghladho-  is  primit.  allied  to  OSlov.  gladuku, 
'  smooth,'  Lat.  glab^r  (for  *g>ladhro-), 
' smooth;'  hence  not  'shining'  but  'smooth* 
is  the  prim,  meaning  of  the  Teut.  cognates. 
The  connection  with  Lith.  glodHs, '  fitting 
smoothly '  (from  the  root  glud,  '  to  cling 
to '  ?),  is  uncertain.  Comp.  also  the  fol- 
lowing word,  as  well  as  glanjen  and  gletten. 

Qlatic,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
glatz,  '  bald  pate,  bald  spot,  surface  of  the 
head ' ;  Goth.  *glatta-  for  pre-Teut.  ghladh- 
no,  allied  to  glatt  (pre-Teut  ghladho-);  hence 
©lattc  is  lit.  '  smooth  spot' 

Qlctube,  m., '  belief,  credit,  creed,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  geloube  (by  syncope 
gloube),  OB.G.  giloubo,  m. ;  an  abstract  com- 
mon to  West  Teut  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  giltibo,  Du.  geloof,  AS.  geledfa  (E.  be- 
lief). With  this  glauben  is  connected  ear- 
lier (in  Luther)  gleuben,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gelouben  (glouben),  OHG.  gilou- 
ben,  gilouppen;  comp.  OSax.  gd6bian,  Du. 
gdooven,  AS.  geli/fan,  E.  to  believe,  Goth. 
galaubjan, '  to  believe.'  The  prim,  meaning 
is '  to  approve.'  To  the  same  root  lub  belong 
erlattben,  licb,  tcben,  and  Urlaub. 

ctteicf),  adj.,  'like,  similar,  equal,  direct,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  geltch,  OHG.  gi- 
lth(hh) ;  common  to  Teut.  in  the  same 
sense  ;  comp.  Goth,  galeik*,  OIc.  glikr,  AS. 
gdic,  E.  like,  Du.  gehjk,  OSax.  gilik.  This 
specifically  Teut.  adj.  is  compounded  of 
the  particle  ge*,  Goth,  ga-,  and  a  subst. 
Ilka-,  '  body,'  whose  cognates  are  discussed 
under  2eic|e ;  the  compound  meant  lit. 
'  having  a  symmetrical  body.'  The  word 
Ilk,  ModHG.  did),  as  the  second  component, 
is  always  used  in  the  same  sense  ;  e.g.,  tt>ei- 
Ht.f>,  lit  'having  a  woman's  body'  (it  is 
preserved  also  in  the  prons.  rueld)er,  fcldjer, 
lit  '  having  what  kind  of  body?  having  a 
body  of  that  kind ' ;  yet  see  these  words). 
— (pletd)ett,  in  expressions  like  meiiiciJ 
gleidjen,  is  also  based  upon  the  adj.  gleicfo, 
which  is  here  declined  in  the  weak  form  ; 
comp.  MidHG.  mtn  geltche,  OHG.  mtn  gi- 
Uhho,  'my  equals.' — f^lctcrjms,  n.,  'simi- 
litude, allegory,  varable,'  from  MidHG. 
gelichnisse,  f.  n.,  OHG.  gilthnissa,  f.,  '  copy, 
model,  parable.'—  gleicf) fam,  adv.,  'as  it 
were,  as  though,'  a  combination  of  gletd) 
and  fam  for  gletd)  tvie,  'just  as  if;  comp. 
MidHG.  sam,  same,  adv.,  'thus,  just  as, 
even  as'  (OHG.  sama,  from  a  pronora.  stem 
sama-,  '  the  very  same ' ;  comp.  E.  same, 


Gle 


(    121    ) 


Glo 


Gr.  6/*6s,  Sans,  sama-,  '  the  same,  equal '). 
— See  ©Ictjjnev. 

0ldfe,  «.,  for  $eleife  (like  gtaufcen, 
gUid),  &a,  from  ged),  'track  (of  a  wheel), 
rut,'  allied  to  AlidHG.  geleis  (rare),  f., 
'trodden  way,'  usually  MidHG.  lis,  leise, 
f.,  '  trace,  track,'  OHG.  *leisa  in  waganleisa, 
f..  '  track  of  a  waggon' ;  formed  from  the 
OTeut.  root  lais,  '  to  go,'  discussed  under 
Icrjlcn ;  Lat.  lira,  de-ltrare,  OSlov.  lecha, 
'ridge'  (from  Haisd),  Lith.  lys'e,  'garden 
bed,'  are  also  allied.  Comp.  ModHG. 
gutd)e  and  Lat.  porca,  '  ridge.' 

(ftlctfj,  m.,  '  fool's  parsley,'  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.  ;  allied  to  the  following  word. 

gtet^Ctt,  vb.,  'to  shine,  glitter,'  from 
MidHG.  gl'qen,  OHG.  gltyan,  str.  vb., '  to 
sbine,  light,  glitter'  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  glitan,  to  which  Goih.  glitmunjnn, 
OIc.  glita,  glitra  (E.  to  glitter),  '  to  shine.' 
The  OTeut.  root  glit  (pre-Teut.  ghlid)  ap- 
pears also  in  glifcmt. 

(Mei^ttCr,  m.,  'hypocrite,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  gelichesencere,  allied  to  older 
ModHG.  gtetfjen,  '  to  dissemble.'  The  latter 
is  from  MidHG.  glihsen,  gelichesen,  OHG. 
giUhhisdn,  '  to  dissemble' ;  lit.  '  to  be  equal 
to  any  one '  (from  flleicfy),  equiv.  to  the  Mid 
HG.  parallel  form  gelichtensm.  Comp. 
further  Lat.  simulare,  allied  to  similis. 

Qleiteil,  vb.,  '  to  glide,  slide,  slip,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  gliten,  OHG.  glitan, 
str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  gltdan, 
Du.  glijden,  glijen,  AS.  gltdan,  E.  to  glide. 
Although  the  roots  of  gleiten  (Aryan  ghli-dh, 
ghli-t)  and  gtatt  (Aryan  ghladh)  are  as  in- 
dubitably allied  as  those  of  ©hut}  and 
gleifien,  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the 
relation  between  them  more  definitely. 

^tctfc^cr,  m.,  'glacier,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.,  adopted  from  a  Swiss  word, 
which  was  again  obtained  from  Fr.  glacier. 
Comp.  Sim?,  8ol)it,  Sanntu. 

(Slieo,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gclit(d),  n.  and  m.,  OHG.  gilid,  n..  '  limb, 
joint'  (in  MidHG.  'member'  also) ;  like- 
wise in  the  same  sense,  mostly  without  ge*, 
MidHG.,  lil(d),  OHG.  lid,  n.,  m. ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  lith,  Du.  lid  (and  gelid), 
AS.  lit),  Goth.  lijms, '  limb.'  The  common 
Teut.  stem  lifiu  is  ordinarily  referred  to  an 
OTeut.  root  l'}j,  '  to  go '  (see  Icibcn,  tcitcn), 
which  is  scarcely  possible,  because  @ltet> 
cannot  orig.  have  been  confined  to  the  feet. 
Besides  li-  must  be  the  root  and  -/>u-  (for 
Aryan  -lit-)  the  suffix,  on  account  of  the 
equiv.  words  formed  with   the  suffix  m, 


OIc.  li-mr,  '  limh,'  Urn,  '  twig,'  AS.  Urn,  E. 
limb.  Also  allied  perhaps  to  Lith.  lemu, 
'stature,  growth'  (as  well  as  Ulas,  'tall, 
slender'?).  Comp.  33tlb.— $ltebmctljen, 
plur.,  'limbs,'  from  MidHG.  lidemdj,  gelide- 
mcey,  *  limb' ;  corresponding  to  OFris.  lith- 
m&ta,  Du.  lidmaat,  ledemaat.  The  mean- 
ing of  the  second  part  of  the  compound  is 
not  clear  (MidHG.  gelidemd$e,  f.,  signifies 
'  length  of  body ').  Comp.  OSwed.  lijxi-, 
m6t,  Tc.  lifiamfit,  'limbs.' 

glimmen,  vb.,  '  to  shine  dimly,  glim- 
mer,' from  MidHG.  glimmen,  str.  vb.,  '  to 
glow,  glimmer,'  allied  to  MidHG.  glamme, 
f.,  '  glow,'  glim,  *  spark '  (OHG.  *glimman) ; 
corresponding  toDu.  glimmen;  also  OHG. 
gleimo,  Mid  HG.  gleime, '  gl  ow worm  '(wh  ence 
the  proper  name  ©feint),  MidHG.  gltmen, 
'  to  light,  shine,'  OSax.  gltmo,  '  gleam.'  To 
the  ModHG.  and  MidHG.  glimmcrn  cor- 
respond AS.  *glimorian,  E.  to  glimmer,  to 
which  E.  gleam  (AS.  glcem)  is  allied.  The 
OTeut.  root glimm,  gll-m,  contained  in  these 
cognates,  is  perhaps  lengthened  from  a  root 
gll  (comp.  Scand.  gljd,  '  to  shine '),  with 
which  Gr.  xktapfe>  'warm,'  x^ta^w»  'to 
warm,'  as  well  as  Ir.  gle"  (from  the  prim, 
form  gleivo-),  '  shining,  clear,'  may  be  con- 
nected. 

(Sltmpf,  m.,  'moderation,  lenity,'  from 
MidHG.  glimpf,  gelimpf,  m.,  'consistent, 
courteous  demeanour  generally,'  OHG. 
gilimpf,  '  fitness ' ;  to  these  are  allied  OHG. 
gilimpflth,  MidHG.  gelimpflich,  '  consis- 
tent,' whence  the  ModHG.  adv.  gltrnpflid) ; 
akin  to  OHG.  gilimpfan,  MidHG.  gelimpfen, 
'  to  be  suitable '  (in  MidHG.  also  '  to  make 
suitable') ;  comp.  AS.  gelimpan,  '  to  occur.' 
The  West  Teut.  root  limp  in  an  appropriate 
sense  has  not  been  found  in  the  non-Teut 
languages. 

gtifaem,  vb.,  'to  glitter,  glisten,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  glitzern,  frequentative 
of  MidHG.  glitzen, '  to  shine ' ;  comp.  OHG. 
glizzindn ;  allied  to  gtcifjen,  OHG.  gliy$an. 
AS.  *glitorian,  E.  to  glitter,  OIc.  ghtra,  '  to 
shine,'  are  similarly  formed. 

$locnc,  f.,  'hell,  (public)  clock,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  glocke,  OHG.  gloclca 
(never  chlocclia),  f. ;  corresponding  to  Du. 
Jclok,  AS.  clugge,  chicce,  E.  clock;  OIc  klukka, 
f.,  '  bell ' ;  not  orig.  a  G.  word,  since 
OHG.  chlocch6n,  'to  knock,'  cannot  well 
he  allied.  The  Mid  Lat.  clocca  recorded  In 
the  8th  cent.,  from  which  Fr.  cloche  (in 
Ital.  campana)  is  derived,  is  probably  due, 
like  the  Teut.  cognates,  to  Kelt  origin; 


Glo 


(      122      ) 


Got 


coinp.  W.  cloch,  f.,  Olr.  cloc,  in.,  'bell, 
clock'  (primit.  Kelt  klulcko).  It  is  im- 
probable that  the  Teut  word  is  the  source 
of  the  Rom.  and  the  Kelt,  terms,  because 
Teut.  itself  has  usually  borrowed  the  words 
relating  to  the  Church  and  its  institutions. 
The  OKelt.  and  Rom.  cognates  in  the  form 
of  lclukka  found  their  way  into  Teut.  ;  the 
HG.  forms  (Swiss  klokke,  not  xl°kxe)  may 
have  been  first  adopted  about  800  a,d., 
from  LG.  (AS.). 

gloffett,  vb.,  'to  glimmer,'  from  Mid 
.  glosten  (a  variant  of  glosen),  '  to  glow, 
shine'  ;  allied  to  E.  gloss,  Scand.  gl<>ssi; 
derived  from  the  root  glas  appearing  in 
®la»  I 

gtof^en,  vb.,  'to  stare,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  glotzen;  OHG.  *glozz6n,  Goth. 
*glutt&n  are  wanting ;  comp.  E.  to  gloat, 
OIc.  glotta,  'to  sneer';  perhaps  primit. 
allied  to  OSlov.  gledati,  '  to  look,  see.' 

(Sducfc,  ".,  '  luck,  good  fortune,  success, 
happine-*,'  from  MidHG.  geliicke  (by  syn- 
cope gliicke),  n.,  'luck,  accident';  OHG. 
*gilucchi  is  wanting ;  a  specifically  G. 
word  which  in  the  14th  cent,  passed  in 
the  form  lukka  into  Scand.  (Swed.  lycka, 
Dan.  lykke),  and  as  luck  into  E.  (from  Du. 
gelulc,  '  fortune ').  On  account  of  its  mean- 
ing its  connection  with  lecfett  is  dubious. 

(Mtuf.c.  f.,  'clucking-hen,'  with  the 
variant  JUucfe  (LG.  Jtlufft-),  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  klucke.  Comp.  MidHG.  glucken, 
klucken,  'to  cluck'  ;  allied  to  Du.  klokken, 
E.  to  cluck  (AS.  cloccian) ;  apparently  an 
onomatopoetic  class  which  is  found  with 
corresponding  sounds  in  Rom.;  comp.  Ital. 
chiocciare,  Fr.  glousser  (Lat.  glocire),  'to 
cluck,'  Ital.  chioccia,  Span,  clueca,  'cluck- 
ing-hen.' 

®Iufe,  ®uffe,  f.  (UpG.  word),  'pin,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  glufe,  guffe, 
{.;  origin  obscure. 

ctluf)cn,  vb.,  'to  glow,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gliien,  gliiejen,  OHG.  gluoen,  wk. 
vb.  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  gldwan,  E.  to 
glow,  Du.  gloeijen,  OIc.  gl6a,  'to  glow.' 
From  the  Teut.  root  gl6,  gU,  are  also  de- 
rived ModHG.  ©tut,  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
gluot,  f.,  to  which  Du.  gloed,  AS.  glid  (Goth. 
*gl6-di-),  E.  dial,  gleed  correspond,  like- 
wise AS.  gl&ma,  gldmung,  'twilight,'  E. 
gloom,  OIc.  gldmr,  '  moon.'  With  the 
Teut.  root  gl6,  gli  (from  pre-Teut.  ghla), 
Lith.  zlejd,  '  twilight,'  is  also  connected. 

$nctoe,  f.,  '  grace,  favour,  mercy,  par- 
don,' from  MidHG.  gndde,  gendJe,  f., '  bliss, 


rest,  condescension,  support,  favour,  mercy,' 
OHG.  gindda,  f.,  '  condescension,  sym- 
pathy, compassion,  mercy'  ;  corresponding 
to OSax.  gindtha,  ndtha,  'favour,  help,'  Du. 
genade,  OIc. ndft,  f.  (in  the  plur.),  'rest.'  The 
meanings  '  favour,  help,'  &c,  are  attested  by 
the  Goth.  vb.  nifran,  'to  support.'  To  the 
Teut.  root  nej>  (from  Aryan  n£th)  some 
assign  the  prim,  meaning  'to  incline,  de- 
cline,' in  order  to  elucidate  'rest'  (in 
Scand. ;  comp.  MidHG.  diu  sunne  gienc 
ze  gndden,  'jut  Sftufoc,'  i.e.  'the  sun  set'). 
Comp.  the  cognates,  Sans,  root  ndth,  'to 
beg,'  ndthd,  '  help,  refuge.' 

(SltCtttt,  m.,  '  father'  (dial.).    See  Jtndit. 

$olo,  n.,  'gold,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  golt(d),  OHG.  gold,  n. ;  a  common 
Teut.  word ;  comp.  OSax.  gold,  Du.  goud, 
AS.  and  E.  gold,  OIc.  goll,  gull  (lor  golfc-), 
Goth. gulp,  n.,  'gold,'  from  pre-Teut.  ghlto-, 
to  which  OSlov.  zlato,  Russ.  zoloto  (from 
zolto)  are  primit.  allied  ;  the  word  (Silbtr  is 
also  common  to  Teut.  and  Slav.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  gliel,  of  which  @c(t 
is  a  panic,  derivative, ifl  'to  be  yellow'; 
akin  to  Sans,  hiranya,  '  gold,'  from  hdri, 
'gold  yellow' ;  hence  probably  ModHG. 
gclb  and  gluten,  with  tneir  cognates,  are 
also  primit.  allied.  In  any  case,  Gr.  xpfofc 
has  no  connection  with  the  Teut.  word. 

(Solf,  m.,  '  gulf,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  golfe;  the  latter,  like  E.  gulf,  is 
derived  from  Fr.  gotje,  which,  with  its  Rom. 
cognate  (Ital.  g'dfu),  is  based  upon  Gr. 
k6\4>o$  (late  KiXiros). 

g5nrtCtt,  vb.,  'to  grant,  not  to  begrudge, 
wish  well  to,'  from  MidHG.  gunnen,  OHG. 
giunnan,  'to  grant  willingly,  bestow,  al- 
low'; OHG.  and  OSax.  mostly  unnan,  in 
the  same  sense  (in  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
pret.-pres.) ;  comp  Du.  gunnen,  AS.  unnan, 
OIc.  unna.  The  root  is  on;  whether  this 
is  allied  to  Lat.  amare,  'to  love,'  or  to  Gr. 
6t>u>r)/u,  '  I  use,'  or  to  the  cognates  of  afynben, 
is  uncertain  on  account  of  its  meaning ; 
most  probably  Gr.  xpoc-^s,  '  inclined,'  and 
dwijj'ifr, '  disaffected,'  are  allied  primitively. 
Comp.  ©unft. 

(SofTe,  f.,  'sink,'  first  occurs  in  Mod 
HG.;  akin  to  gtefim  ;  it  corresponds  to  LG. 
gote,  Du.  goot. 

($otc,  f.,  'godmother,'  from  MidHG. 
gote,  gotte,  {.,  'godmother,'  OHG.  gota ; 
i>esides  these  MidHG.  gote,  gotte,  m.,  *  god- 
father,' occur.  Probably  OHG.  *goto  and 
gota  are  pet  terms  (comp.  33afe)  for  the  com- 
pounds gotfater,  gotmuoter,  gotsunu,  gottoh' 


Got 


(    123    ) 


Gra 


tar;  comp.  the  equiv.  AS.  godfwhr,  godsunu, 
goddohter,  which  are  equal  to  E.  godfather, 
godson,  and  goddaughter;  also  Swed.  gubbe, 
'  old  man,'  gumma, '  old  woman '  (dial. '  god- 
mot  her'),  are  pet  names  for  gufifafter,  gmft- 
mdfier.  As  may  be  seen  under  ©emitter  and 
$Hatf,  the  godfather  is  pater  spiritualis,  the 
child  baptized  jUius  or  fUia  spiritualis  ; 
comp.  S3ctter  also. 

(5>of  i ,  m.,  4God,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG,  got,  m.,  a  term  common  to  Teut., 
unknown  to  the  rest  of  the  Aryan  group  ; 
comp.  OSax.,  Du.,  AS.  and  E.  god,  OIc. 
gv%,  go^,  Goth.  gup,  '  God.'  The  form 
of  the  Goth,  and  Scand.  words  is  neuter 
(comp.  9lca,ott),  but  the  gender  is  mascu- 
line. OIc.  gotS,  n.,  is  mostly  used  in  the 
plur.  Goth,  guda-  and  gupa-,  n.,  '  God,' 
are  based  upon  Aryan  qhu-to-m,  in  which 
-to-  is  the  partic.  suffix  discussed  under 
fait,  laut,  and  traut.  The  Aryan  root  ghu- 
is  Sans.  hit,  'to  invoke  the  gods'  (partic. 
hUtd-).  ©ott  in  the  oriir.  neuter  form  is 
the  'invoked  being';  in  the  Vedas  the 
epithet  puruliiita,  'oft-invoked,'  is  usually 
applied  to  Indra.  The  word  ©ott  being 
specifically  Teut.,  there  is  no  term  common 
to  this  group  and  one  of  the  allied  languages 
(vet  comp.  OIc.  five,  '  deity,'  with  Sans. 
diva,  Lat.  deus  ?).  ©otttit,  the  fern,  of  ©ott, 
is  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  gotinne,  gotinne, 
gutinne,  OHG.  gutin  (Goth.  *gudini,  AS. 
gyden,  Du.  godin\ 

Oijof  10,  in.,  '  idols,  false  god,'  from  Mid 
HG.  gbtze,  in.,  '  statue  for  ecclesiastical 
purposes';  lit.  'cast  (ima^e),'  (allied  to 
cuejjen,  MidHG.  gie^enl).  Perhaps,  how- 
ever, ©ofce  is  a  short  form  of  ©otterbilb,  just 
as  @e|j  is  pet  name  for  ©ottfrieb  ;  comp. 
(gpajj  and  Sperling. 

QtCib,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
grap(b),  OHG.  grab,  n.,  'grave';  like 
Qraben,  m.,  '  ditch,  trench,  sewer,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  grabe,  OHG.  grabo,  ni. ; 
allied  to  ModHG.  graven,  'to  dig,  en- 
grave,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  graben, 
OHG.  graban,  str.  vb. ;  a  common  Teut. 
str.  vb.,  corresponding  to  Goth,  graban, 
AS.  grafan,  E.  to  grave,  Du.  graven  (grof, 
'grave') ;  from  a  common  Teut.  root  grab 
(pre-Teut.  ghrabh),  which  is  priniit.  allied 
to  OSlov.  grrba,  '  I  dig,  row '  and  grobu, 
*  grave ' ;  Gr.  yp&<pw,  *  I  scratch,  write,'  has 
probably  no  connection  with  the  word. 
Comp.  ©riffel,  ©rube,  ©tuft,  grubcln. 

$rctb,  m.,  'degree,  step,  stage,  rank,' 
from  MidHG.  grdt  (t  and  d),  *  grade,  degree,' 


even  in  late  OHG.  grdd ;  from  Lat.  gradu*, 
whence  also  Fr.  gr4  (Olr.  grdd). 

(Sraf,  m.,  '  count,  earl,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  grave  (with  the  variant  grave, 
chiefly  in  the  plur.),  OHG.  grdvo,  grdvio 
(upon  the  6\<\j  form  is  based  the  ModHG. 
proper  name  ©rdf,  a  parallel  form  of  ©raf). 
OHG.  grdvio  assumes  a  Goth.  *grefja  ('com- 
mander'), which  is  the  term  for  the  agent 
from  the  verbal  noun  gagrefts,  'command, 
order,' preserved  in  G'th.  The  AS.  term 
gerefa  (AS.  scirgerefa,  E.  sheriff),  which  is 
similar  in  meaning,  is  yet  radically  diffe- 
rent, since  it  points  to  a  Goth.  *ga-rofja; 
its  orig.  sense  is  probably  'head  of  a  troop,' 
allied  to  *r6f,  OHG.  ruova,  OIc.  HSf  (stafrof), 
'  number.'  OIc.  (MidE.),  greife,  '  count,'  is 
derived  from  MidLG.  greve  (from  OLG. 
*grdfio).  All  explanations  of  ©raf  which 
do  not  originate  in  a  Teut.  root  grif,  'to 
command,'  conflict  with  the  laws  relating 
to  the  change  of  sound  and  mean  in?.  Note 
the  signification  of  ©raf  in  Du.  pluimgraaf, 
'  one  who  minds  the  fowls,'  ©aljgraf, '  mana- 
ger of  a  saltwork,'  ©eicfcgraf,  &c. 

gram,  adj.,  '  adverse,  hostile,  vexed, 
angry,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gram, 
'angry,  peevish,  irritated,  enraged';  cor- 
responding to  the  equiv.  OSax.  gram,  Du. 
gram,  AS.  gram,  OIc.  gramr.  To  Goth. 
*grama-  (from  pre-Teut.  ghromo-),  Gr.  x/><5- 
/ua5os,  'gnashing'  (and  x/*/*^w,  Lat.  fremo, 
'  I  gnash'?),  seem  allied.  From  the  Teut. 
adj.  is  derived  the  Romance  cognate,  Ital. 
gramr>,  'gloomy.' — $ram,  m.,  as  a  subst. 
even  in  MidHG.  gram.  From  the  same 
root  grtmm  is  derived.    See  the  latter  word. 

$rcm,  m., 'grain,'  first  occurs  in  Mod 
HG.  from  Lat.  grannm, '  grain.'  From  the 
same  source  ModHG.  ©ran  is  also  derived 
through  the  medium  of  Fr.  grain. 

Kmutal,  in.,  (Srcmele,  f.,  'shrimp,' from 
the  Du.,  in  which  the  modern  form  is  gar- 
naal,  formerly  granaal,  graneel,  in  the  same 
sense. 

$rcmo,  in.,  'gravel,'  first  occurs  in  Mod 
HG.  from  LG.  ;  just  as  2)?ulm  (which  see) 
is  allied  to  mafyleit,  so  ©ranb  is  probably 
connected  with  an  OTeut.  root  meaning 
'  to  grind ' ;  comp.  AS.  grindan,  E.  to  grind 

ifrom  pre-Teut.  root  ghreadh,  whence  also 
jat.  frendo,  '  to  gnash '). 

$rannc,  f.,  'bristle  (of  swine),  awn,' 
from  MidHG.  gran,  grane,  f.,  '  point  of 
hair,  moustache,  fish-bone'  (in  the  latter 
sense  ©ranitf  is  also  used  dial.),  OHG. 
grana,  'moustache' ;  corresponding  to  AS. 


Gra 


(       "24      ) 


Gre 


grpnu,  OIc.  grgn,  '  moustache.'  To  the 
Goth,  grana,  recorded  by  Isidore,  are  due 
Span. gre&a,  'tousled hair,' and  OFr.  grenon, 
1  moustache  and  whiskers.'  The  Teut.  cog- 
nates are  primit.  allied  to  Olr.  grend,  Gael. 
greann,  'moustache'  and  'shaggy  hair.' 
See  ©rat. 

$rcm£>,  m., '  ship's  beak,'  from  MidHG. 
grans,  m.,  '  bird's  beak,  ship's  beak,'  OHG. 
grans,  granso,  '  ship's  beak ' ;  a  correspond- 
ing word  is  wanting  in  the  other  Teut 
languages.     Origin  obscure. 

grapfett,  vb,,  'to  grasp,  snatch,'  simply 
ModHG.  ;  probably  allied  primit.  to  Mod 
HG.  ©arbe,and  E.  to  grab, to  grasp,  Ssms.grbh, 
'  to  seize,'  Lith.  gropti,  '  to  snatch,  grasp.' 

$rao,  n.,  '  grass,'  ffom  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  gras,  n.  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  and  Du.  gras,  AS.  gross  (goyrs),  E. 
grass,  Goth,  gras,  n., 'herb';  common  to 
Teut.  but  unknown  to  the  other  Aryan  lan- 
guages. Allied  to  MidHG.  gruose  (Goth. 
*grosa),  'young  shoot,  green  of  plants'; 
probably  the  s  in  these  words  is  a  suflix, 
so  that  the  Teut.  root  is  grd- ;  comp.  Gr. 
xfy>ros,  '  grass.'  An  Aryan  root  ghra-  is 
also  attested  by  Lat.  grdmen,  as  well  as  by 
ModHG.  grim  and  its  cognates. 

grftfjlitf),  adj.,  'horrible,  hideous,  ghas- 
tly,' formed  from  early  ModHG.  orajj  ;  the 
latter  is  derived  from  MidHG.  gra$,  '  furi- 
ous, angry,'  of  which  OHG.  preserves  only 
the  adv.  gra^o,  '  violently,  very ' ;  Goth. 
*grata-,  as  well  as  correspondences  in  the 
remaining  dialects,  is  wanting.  Goth. 
gretan,  '  to  weep '  (MidHG.  grdyri),  is 
scarcely  allied. 

(Srcif,  m.,  and  (Srafe,  f.,  'point,  ridge, 
fish-bone,'  from  MidHG.  grdt,  m.,  'fish- 
bone, awn,  back-bone,  mountain  ridge'; 
in  ModHG.  the  word  has  assumed  two 
forms,  according  to  the  meanings.  Since 
©ranne,  '  awn,'  has  also  the  dial,  sense  '  fish- 
bone,' both  words  may  perhaps  be  traced 
back  to  a  common  root  gra-,  '  to  be  pointed, 
bristly.' 

flrcttt,  adj.,  'grey,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  grd  (gen.  grdwes),  OHG.  grdo  (;^en. 
grdwes);  corresponding  to  Du.  graauw,  AS. 
grceg,  E.  grey,  gra//,  OIc.  grdr,  '  grey.'  Its 
origin  and  further  relations  cannot  be 
traced  ;  Aryan  ghriw  ?. 

{Srchtel,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
griul, griuicel,  m.,  'terror,  horror,  abomina- 
tion' (Du.  gruicel)  ;  allied  to  ModHG. 
grauett,  MidHG.  grtiwen,  'to  horrify,  ter- 
rify,' OHG.  ingnXin,  'to  shudder.'    Akin 


also  to  ModHG.  graufam,  from  MidHG. 
giUwesam,  'exciting  terror';  ModHG. 
graulid),  from  MidHG.  griuwdich.  The 
root  grd,  'to  frighten,'  is  wanting  in  the 
rest  of  the  OTeut.  dialects.     See  ©rauS. 

$rctupe,  f.,  'peeled  grain  or  barley.' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG. ;  in  the  15th 
cent  the  compound  U-griLpe,  'hailstone,' 
is  recorded.  Allied  to  Swed.  grcepe,  grjupe, 
'  shot,'  as  well  as  Russ.  Icrupa,  OSlov.  krupa, 
'crumb,'  Serv.  krupa,  'hail,  sleet.'  Pro- 
bably the  cognates  are  native  to  Slavonic. 

$Vcuts,  m.,  '  horror,  dread,'  from  Mid 
HG.  gr&s,  m.,  'dread,  terror';  allied  to 
ModHG.  graufett,  MidHG.  gr&sen,  griusen, 
OHG.  grdwisdn,  grdsdn,  '  to  be  terrified ' ; 
formed  from  the  suffix-isdn  and  the  root  grtl. 
See  ©rduet,  where  graufam  is  also  discuss  d. 

$rau|jj,  m.,  'gravel,'  from  MidHG. 
gr&T,.     See  ©ricfj. 

(5retf,  m.,  'griffin,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  grtf,  grife,  OlIG.  grtf,  grifo,  m. 
Whether  the  word  was  adopted  from  Greek 
through  an  Eastern  source  before  the  8th 
cent,  (hence  the  change  of  p  into  /)  is 
questionable ;  in  anycase,  Gr.  ~tpvf, 'griffin' 
(stem  ypvw  ;  v  in  the  Byzantine  and  modern 
pronunciation  equal  to  t;  comp.  £eict), 
must  bo  regarded  as  the  final  source  of 
©reif ;  see  also  Sva^e.  Chiefly  through  the 
legends  concerning  Duke  Ernst  the  griffin 
became  popular  in  Germany,  though  not 
among  the  other  Teutons.  In  Romance 
too  the  bird  is  similarly  named — Ital.  '.riffo, 
griffone,  Fr.  griffon  (E.  griffin).  Hence 
OHG.  grifo  and  its  Romance  correspond- 
ences are  probably  to  be  traced  back  to 
a  MidLat  griphus,  derived  from  the  Greek 
word  ;  comp.  also  Olr.  grif.  Since,  more- 
over, the  belief  in  fabulous  birds  that  carry 
off  men  is  genuinely  Teut.,  a  Teut.  form 
*gripo,  'snatcher'  (allied  to  gteifcu),  may 
have  been  combined  with  ypvir-. 

gretfeit,  vb.,  '  to  grasp,  seize,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  grifen,  OHG.  grifan,  str. 
vb.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  grtpa)>,  Du. 
gn'jpen,  AS.  gripan,  E.  to  gripe,  Goth,  grei- 
pan,  'to  seize,  lay  hold  of;  a  common 
Teut.  vb,  whence  Fr.  grij^per,  'to  clutch,' 
and  griffe,  '  claw.'  In  the  non-Tent  lan- 
guages there  exists  an  allied  Aryan  root 
ghrlb,  in  Lith.  greibiu,  greibti,  '  to  seize,' 
and  Lett,  griba,  '  \v\U,' gribSt,  'to  wish.' 

gretncrt,  vb.,  '  to  whine,  grin,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  grtnen,  OHG.  grlnan, 
str.  vb.,  '  to  distort  the  mouth  with  laugh- 
ing or  crying,  grumble,  snarl,'  allied  to 


Gre 


(    i25    ) 


Gri 


MiiiHG.  grinnen,  'to  gnash,'  E.  to  grin,  to 
groan,  (AS.  grdnian),  also  gtinfm  ;  from 
the  OG.  cognates  Ital.  digrignare,  '  to  grin,' 
is  derived.  The  root  grf,  pre-Teut.  ghrl, 
is  not  found  elsewhere  (Sans,  hrt,  'to  be 
ashamed '  ?). 

grcis,  a<lj.,  'grizzled,  hoary,  aged,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  gris,  OHG.  grts  (grisil) ; 
comp.  OSax.  grts,  'hoary';  allied  to  ©teiS 
from  MidHG.  grtse,  'old  man.'  From  this 
OG.  word,  unknown  to  the  other  Teut. 
dialects  and  obscure  in  its  origin,  are  tie- 
rived  the  Romance  cognates,  Ital.  griso, 
grigio,  Fr.  gris,  'grey'  (Ital.  grigio,  from 
Goih.  *greisja-1.  Comp.  MidLat  griseus, 
*  grey '). 

grelf,  adj.,  'shrill,  glaring,  dazzling,' 
from  MidHG.  gr'el(ll),  '  rough,  angry,'  allied 
to  MidHG.  prellen,  'to  cry  aloud,  angrily  ' ; 
wanting  in  OHG.  ;  comp.  AS.  griellan,  'to 
gna>h,  sound  harshly.  The  root  and 
further  cognates  are  unknown  ;  akin  to 
©rifle  I 

Qvempelnxavlxt,  m.,  'frippery,  rag- 
fair,'  allied  to  MidHG.  grempeler,  'slop- 
seller,  retailer,'  grempen,  '  to  keep  a  retail 
shop,  deal  in  second-hand  goods ' ;  the 
latter  is  akin  to  Ital.  comprare  (with  r 
transposed  crompare),  '  to  buy,'  compra, 
'  purchase.' 

(SrettfiltG,  m.,  the  plant  Potentilla  an- 
serina  (silver- weed,  goose-grass,  or  wild 
tansy),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
grensinc ;  akin  to  MidHG.  grans,  '  beak.' 
See  ©rang. 

^rertJC,  f.,  'boundary,  frontier,  limit,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  grgniz,  grpiize, 
f.  (appeared  in  the  13th  cent,  in  the  dis- 
trict belonging  to  the  Teutonic  Order), 
which  is  again  derived  from  Pol.  and  Puiss. 
granica,  Bub.  hranice.  The  native  word 
for  ©rcn^e  is  SWarf. 

$reucl,  see  ©rditft. 

^>rtebc(Bav.  ©mifrc),  f.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  griebe  (Bav.  griube,  Swiss  grube), 
OHG.  griobo,  griubo,  m.,  '  greaves '  (in 
OHG.  also,  'frying-pan']) ;  corresponding 
to  AS.  greOfa,  E.  greaves,  Swed.  grcfwur; 
g  in  this  word  scarcely  represents  the  pre- 
fix go,-,  qu,  so  that  the  word  might  be  con- 
nected with  the  root  of  OHG.  girouben, 
'to  fry.' 

$rtebs,  r\,  'core  of  fruit,'  from  the 
equiv.MidHG.  grobi^,gnibi^(ii\so  'larynx'), 
to  which  the  dial,  variants  MidHG.  griitz 
(giirbsi),  Mod HG.  ©return,  are  akin.  0 11 G. 
*groba$  and  *grubi$  ate  wanting  ;  in  form 


they  are  connected  with  OHG.  oba$,  'fruit,' 
with  MidHG.  ebi$,  ebitz,  *  core  of  fruit,'  and 
with  ModHG.  53it$ett,  as  well  as  Swiss  bbki. 

$rtC5ftram,  m.,  'ill-humour,  spleen,' 
from  MidHG.  grisgram,  m.,  'gnashing  of 
teeth' ;  allied  to  Mid H.Q.grisgramen, -gram- 
mn,  '  to  gnash  with  the  teeth,  snarl,'  OHG. 
giisgramCn,  gristgrimmSn,  'to  gnash,'  AS. 
gristbltungy  'gnashing  of  teeth.'  The  first 
syllable  represents  grist-,  but  that  does  not 
make  the  early  history  of  the  word  clearer. 

$rte|jj,  m.  and  n.,  'gravel,  groats,'  from 
MidHG.  grie$  'grA^),  m.  and  n.,  'grain  of 
sand,. sand,  gravel' ;  the  ModHG.  sense  has 
not  yet  been  found  in  MidHG.  (yet  late 
MidHG.  grieymel,  ^coarse  ground  flour'), 
OHG.  grioT,, m.  and  n., ' sand,  gravel' ;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  griot,  AS.  gre6t,  'sand,' 
OIc.  grj6t,  'stones.'  On  the  OG.  mean- 
ing of  these  cognates  are  based  Ital.  greto, 
'  stony  bed  of  a  river,'  and  Fr.  grhs,  '  sand- 
stone,' grele,  'hail.'  The  ModHG.  signifi- 
cation is  connected  with,  the  closely  allied 
cognates  of  ©rufce. 

(Srtffel,  m.,  'slate  pencil,  graving  tool, 
stylus,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  griffel, 
OHG.  griffil,  m.;  related  to  greifen  as  falter 
to  Ijattett  ?.  Yet  it  is  more  probably  based 
on  a  Teut.  root  grep, '  to  dig' ;  comp.  Swed, 
urgrozpa,  'to  excavate,'  OSwed.  aud  OIc. 
grOp,  'pit,'  LG.  ©ruppe,  'gutter.' 

grille,  f.,  '  cricket,  whim,  crotchet,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  grille,  OHG. 
grillo,  m.  ;  corresponding  to  Ital.  grillo 
(from  Gr.  yptiWos,  'grasshopper'). 

grtntm,  adj.,  'fierce,  wrathful,  furious,' 
from  MidHG.  grim,  grimme,  OHG.  grim, 
grimm!,  'unfriendly,  frightful,  savage'  (to 
which  MoilHG.  grimmig,  MidHG.  grimmec 
and  OHG.  grimmig  are  allied).  Corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  and  AS.  grim(mm\  E. 
grim,  Du.  grimmig,  OIc.  grimmr,  Goth. 
*grimma-;  allied  to  ModHG.  grant,  root 
grem  (by  gradation  gram). — $rtmut,  m., 
'  fury,  rage,  wrath,  from  MidHG.  grim 
(mm),  m. ;  comp.  Du.  grim. 

$rtmmcn,  n.,  '  ache,  "ripe,'  in  a3aucr>* 
gvimmctt,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  grimme, 
m.;  to  this  the  simply  ModHG.  ©riutmtarnt, 
'colon,'  is  akin. 

$rht&,  m.,  'scab,  scurf,  itch,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  grint(d\  OHG.  grint,  ni.; 
allied,  like  ©rant),  to  OTeuL  grindanl  or 
to  ©runb  ?. 

rtnttfert,  vb.,  'to  grin,  show  the  teeth,' 
with  a  deriv.  s  from  MidHG.  grinnen,  'to 
gnash.'    See  grtincn. 


Gri 


(    126    ) 


Gru 


grippe,  f.,  'influenza,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Fr.  grippe. 

grob,  adj.,  'coarse,  uncouth,  rude,'  from 
MidHG.  grop(b),  gerop,  OHG.  gerob,  grob, 
'thick,  awkward,  indelicate';  comp.  Du. 
and  MidLG.  grof,  'coarse.'  The  explana- 
tion of  the  word  is  not  certain,  since  it  is 
wanting  in  the  other  Teut.  languages  ;  it  is 
undecided  whether  the  term  is  compounded 
with  ge-,  Goth,  ga-;  if  Goth.  *ga-hruba- 
were  the  primit.  form,  the  connection  with 
AS.  hreOf,  OHG.  riob,  'scabiosus,'  would 
still  remain  doubtful. 

grolfen,  vb.,  '  to  bear  ill-will  or  a 
grudge;  roll  (of  thunder,)'  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  griillen,  'to  scorn,  ridicule' ;  comp. 
AS.  gryilan,  '  to  gnash,'  MidE.  grillen,  '  to 
vex '  ?. 

$roppe,  m.  and  f.,  'miller's  thumb,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  groppe;  akin  to 
MidLat.  carabusl. 

$ros,  ^rog,  n.,  simply  ModHG.,  from 
the  equiv.  Fr.  grosse,  'twelve  dozen,  gross.' 

(Srofcfjert,  m.,  'groschen  (l£d.),'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  gros,  grosse,  111.  ;  like 
Fr.  gros,  ' groschen,'  f rom  MidLat.  grossus  ; 
related  to  the  common  Rom.  adj.,  Ital. 
grosso,  'thick'  (comp.  Fr.  gros),  just  as  Mid 
LG.  qrote  (whence  E.  groat),  '  groschen,'  to 
ModHG.  grog. 

grog,  adj.,  'great,  large,  huge,  grand,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gr6$ ; 
a  specifically  "West  Teut.  adj.  (in  Goth. 
mikils,  MidHG.  michel,  Gr.  ney&Xv) ;  comp. 
OSax.  gr6t,  Du.  groot,  E.  great,  AS.  great. 
The  assumed  Goth.  *grauta-  (pre-Teut. 
ghraudo-)  has  no  correspondences  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages.  On  account  of  the 
Teut.  au  especially,  Lat.  grandis  cannot  be 

Erhnit.  allied  ;  it  is  rather  connected  with 
at.  rMus,  raudus,  n.,  'lump  of  bronze, 
stones  broken  into  small  pieces,'  and  rudis, 
'  raw '  (Aryan  root  ghrild). 

(j&rotfe,  see  ©ruft.  ^ 

Qvotftetl,  see  ©vteo3. 

$rube,  f.,  'pit,  cavity,  quarry,  mine, 
ditch,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  graobe, 
OHG.  gruoba,  f. ;  comp.  Goth.  grCba,  f., 
'pit,  cavern'  (E.  groove) ;  allied  to  graben. 
Whether  $ruff ,  f.,  '  cave,  hollow,  sepul- 
chre,' is  connected  with  it  is  question- 
able ;  MidHG.  gruft,  OHG.  grufi,  might 
well  correspond  in  form  to  gtabeit,  as  the 
vowels  of  griifceln  prove.  But  the  absence 
of  the  word  in  the  other  OTeut.  dialects 
probably  shows  that  it  was  borrowed  from 
the  Rom.  cognates,  Ital.  grotta,  Fr.  grotte, 


'grotto'  (whence  also  ©rottt,  in  ModHG. 
only),  which  are  based  on  early  MidLat. 
grupta  (Gr.  Kpinrr-n).— grfibcln,  vb.,  '  to 
grub,  rack  one's  brains,  brood,'  from  Mid 
HG.  griibelen,  OHG.  grubil&n,  '  to  excavate 
by  boring,  investigate  closely';  it  is  cer- 
tainly connected  with  the  root  grab,  'to 
dig'  (comp.  E.  to  grub). 

grummet,  n.,  'aftermath,'  from  Mid 
HG.  gruenmdt,  graonmdt,  n.,  'grass  mown 
when  it  is  green,  i.e.  unripe,  aftermath'; 
the  derivation  from  the  root  grd  (see  grun), 
'  to  grow,'  is  less  probable  (©rummet,  lit. 
'  grass  mown  during  its  growth  ').  Comp. 
9fafb. 

grun,  adj.,  'green,  fresh,  vigorous,  un- 
ripe,' from  MidHG.  griiene,  OHG.  gruoni, 
'  green,  fresh '  ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
gr&ni,  Du.  groen,  AS.  grine,  E.  green,  OIc. 
grdnn,  Goth.  *grd-ni-,  'green' ;  allied  to  a 
Teut.  root  grS,  '  to  grow,  become  green.' 
Comp.  MidHG.  gruejen,  OHG.  gruoan,  '  to 
grow  green' ;  AS.  grduan,  E.  to  grow,  Du. 
groeijen,  '  to  grow,  thrive.'  Akin  to  ©raa 
and  its  Aryan  cognates. 

$rtmO,  m.,  '  ground,  earth,  basis,  rudi- 
ment, reason,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
grunt(d),  OHG.  grunt,  m.  ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  grond,  AS.  grand,  E.  ground,  Olc. 
grand,  '  meadow  land,'  grunnr  (from  grun- 
pus),  '  bottom  of  the  sea  ; '  Goth,  grundu- 
waddjus, '  foundation  wall.'  Goth,  grundu, 
from  pre-Teut.  ghrentu-  (with  t  on  account 
of  OIc.  grunnr),  cannot  have  originated  in 
the  Teut.  root  grind  (pre-Teut.  ghrendu) 
mentioned  under  ©taitb.  No  cognates  are 
found  in  the  non-Teut.  languages. 

QjMittfpcm,  111.,  'verdigris,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  gruenspdn,  m.,  formed 
like  the  ordinary  MidHG.  spdngriien,  n., 
'  verdigris,'  from  MidLat.  virvde  Hispanuvu 

grimjett,  vb.,  'to  grunt,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  grunzen  (OHG.  *grun- 
nazzen) ;  corresponding  to  E.  to  grunt  (Mia 
E.  grunten) ;  intensive  form  ot  MidHG. 
grinnen,  AS.  grunnian,  'to  gnash.'  The 
stem  upon  which  it  is  based  is  probably 
imitative,  as  the  similarly  sounding  Lat. 
grunnire,  Gr.  ypvfcw,  lead  us  to  suppose. 

grufcltt,  vb.,  'to  inspire  terror,'  Mod 
HG.  simply,  intensive  of  graufen. 

$rufj,  m.,  'greeting,  salute,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  gruo$,  m. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  groet.  To  this  is  allied 
griipen,  from  MidHG.  gruejen  (griietzen), 
OHG.  gruotfen  (gruozzen),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  ad- 
dress, accost '  (also  with  hostile  intent  '  to 


Gru 


(    127    ) 


Gut 


attack ')  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  gre'.an,  E. 
to  greet,  Du.  groeten,  OSax.  grdtian,  'to 
address,'  01c.  grata.  The  laiter  is  pro- 
bably the  primary  meaning  of  the  cog- 
nates, which  are  merely  West  Teut.  Ori- 
gin obscure. 

Qvixt&e,  f.,  'groats,  grit,  brain,'  from 
MidHG.  griitze,  '  water-gruel ' ;  a  variant 
of  the  equiv.  MidHG.  griuy  (griutze  1) ; 
OHG.  gruzzi  (whence  Ital.  gruzzo,  'pile  of 
collected  things ') ;  comp.  AS.  gr$t  and 
grytt,  E.  grit  and  groat  (from  AS.  *gmta  ?), 
OIc.  grautr,  Du.  grut,  gurt, '  groats.'  From 
OG.  the  Romance  cognates,  Fr.  gimau, 
'  groats,'  are  derived.  Besides  ©tie§,  Mid 
HG.  gr&3,  '  giain,'  is  also  allied  to  ©n'tfce ; 
hence  'grain'  may  be  the  prim,  meaning 
of  the  Teut.  root  grUt,  with  which  the 
primit.  cognates  Lith.  grUdas,  '  grain,  ker- 
nel,' and  OSlov.  gruda,  '  clod,'  are  also  con- 
nected. 

gucftett,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
gucken,  giicken,  'to  peep';  the  word  is 
wanting  in  OHG.  and  in  OTeut.  generally. 
Origin  obscure. 

^Itl&Ctt,  m.,  'florin,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gulden,  guldtn,  m.,  'the  golden 
coin,'  Irom  MidHG.  guldln, '  golden.'  The 
absence  of  mutation  from  u  to  ii  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  practice  of  earlier  UpG. 
(Suab.  ©albeit). 

ftft.ll C,  f.,  '  payment,  interest,'  from  Mid 
HG.  giilte,  f., '  debt,  payment,  interest,  rent.' 
Akin  to  gcttcii. 

Qunbclxebe,  f.,  'ground-ivy,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  guvderebe;  the  deviation 
in  meaning  in  OHG.  gundreba, '  maple,'  is 
remarkable.  Allied  to  OHG.  gund  (gunt), 
'  pus,  poison,' AS.  gund,  Goth,  gunds, '  pus'?. 
In  that  case  the  word  would  signify '  poison- 
vine  '  (see  9tebe).  Ground-ivy  was  used  as 
a  medicinal  herb. 

$fittfef,  m.,  '  bugle(-plant),'  simply 
ModHG.,  transformed  from  Lat.  consolida, 
'•  a  name  applied  by  the  earlier  herb-ya- 
therers  to  all  wound-healing  plants." 

$unfl,  f.,  'favour,  partiality,  permis- 
sion,' from  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  gunst,  m. 
and  f.,  '  benevolence,  permission,'  for  *ge- 
unst,  allied  to  OHG.  gi-unnan  (see  goniien) ; 
in  OHG.  uvst,  f.  (MidHG.  also  gund  ;  comp. 
OIc,  gfund,  '  disfavour '),  Goth,  ajists,  '  fav- 


our, mercy,' AS.  ist,  OHG.  anst,  'favour, 
mercy.' 

$ttrgel,  f.,  '  gullet,  thro.it,'  from  Mid 
HG.  gurgel,  OHG.  gurgula,  f.  ;  a  remark- 
ably early  loan-word  (comp.  JEcrpcr)  from 
Lat.  gurgulio,  which  supplanted  a  genuine 
Teut.  word  primit.  allied  to  it — OHG.  quer- 
chala,  querc/ia,  '  gullet,'  allied  to  OIc.  kverlc, 
'  gullet.' 

^Utrfec,  f.,  'cucumber,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG. ;  corresponding  to  Du. 
agurkje,  E.  gherkin,  Dan.  agurke  ;  borrowed 
irom  Pol.  ogurek,  Bohem.  okurlca  ;  the  latter 
has  been  derived  from  late  Gr.  dyyodpiov, 
'  water-melon,'  and  further  from  Pers.  an- 
khara.  In  UpG.  (also  in  the  Wetter  and 
Hess,  dials.)  Jtufuutcr  is  used  instead  of  ©urfe. 

gfirrcn,  vb.,  'to  coo,'  from  MidHG. 
gurren, '  to  bray ' ;  allied  to  MidHG.  gerren. 
See  girren. 

$urf,  m.,  'girth,  girdle,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  gurt  (in  compounds  iiber-,  umbe-, 
under-gurt) ;  allied  to  giirten  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  giirten  (gurten),  OHG.  gurlen  (gurt- 
jan) ;  comp.  OSax.  gurdian,  Du.  garden, 
AS.  gt/rdan,  E.  to  gird  ;  in  Goth,  gairdan, 
str.  vb.  '  to  gird.'  With  the  root  gerd  con- 
tained in  these  words  are  connected  OIc 
garfir, '  fence  round  the  farm,'  OSlov.  gradu. 
'  wall,  town '  (see  ©avtctt,  and  respecting 
the  evolution  of  meaning  see  3^un). — 
Qllttel,  m.,  '  girdle,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  gicrtel,  m.  and  f.,  OHG.  gitrtil,  m., 
gurtila,  f.    Comp.  E.  girdle,  from  AS.  gyrdel. 

$ufl,  m.,  'shower,  torrent,  spout,  cast,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  £1*3(35),  <cast> 
shower.'    Allied  to  giejjeu. 

Qltf,  adj.,  '  good,  virtuous,  skilful,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  guot ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  term  unknown  to  the  non-Teut. 
languages  ;  comp.  Goth,  gdds,  OIc.  <7<55r, 
AS.  g6d,  E.  good,  Du.  goed.  Its  connection 
with  Gr.  &ya06s  is  phonetically  uncertain. 
Only  in  Teut.  are  found  reliable  cognates 
which  may  elucidate  the  primary  meaning 
of  gut  (yet  comp.  OSlov.  godu,  '  suitable 
time '  ?).  The  cognates  of  ©atte,  with  which 
E.  together,  to  gather,  Goth,  gadiliggs, '  rela- 
tive,' also  seem  to  be  connected,  prove  that 
the  prim,  meaning  of  gut  is  'belonging  to 
one  another,  suitable.'  For  the  compari- 
son of  the  adj.  see  fof,  beffcr. 


Haa 


(    128    ) 


Hac 


H. 


(j&ctar  (1.),  m.,  'flax/  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  har,  OHG.  haro  (gen.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  harwes),  m. ;  Goth.  *harwa- 
(gen.  *harwis)  is  also  implied  by  OIc.  hgrr 
(dat.  hgrve),  111.,  'flax.'  As  to  its  connec- 
tion with  £aar  (2.)  see  the  latter.  Perhaps 
the  word  is  most  closely  related  to  E.  hards 
('  refuse  of  flax,  tow ').    See  $cbe. 

fSbCUXV  (2.),  n.,  'hair,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  hdr,  11.  ;  comp.  the 
corresponding  OIc.  hdr,  n.,  AS.  hter,  n.,  E. 
hair,  Du.  haar;  a  common  Teut.  word  (in 
Goth.,  however,  tagl  and  skuft).  The  fol- 
lowing Teut.  words  are  also  primit.  allied — 
OIc.  haddr  and  AS.  heord,  'hair'  (Goth. 
*hazda),  as  well  as  Ir.  cass, '  curled  hair.' 
In  tlie  non-Teut.  languages  comp.  OSlov. 
kosmu,  m.,  kosa  (Lith.  kasa),  f.,  'hair,'  and 
probably  also  OSlov.  Sesati,  '  to  comb,'  Lat. 
carere,  '  to  card  wooL'  The  more  definite 
relations  in  sound  existing  between  these 
words  are  difficult  to  determine  (comp.  also 
Gr.  ic6fi.-n,  Lat.  coma  ?).  On  the  other  hand, 
there  is  no  phonetic  difficulty  in  connect- 
ing the  Teut.  *hera-,  'hair,'  with  harwa-, 
deduced  under  $0(K  (1'.) ;  the  mere  possi- 
bility is,  however,  all  that  can  be  main- 
tained. Comp.  also  Sccfe  and  hauS. — An 
old  derivative  of  ^aar,  AS.  hdbre,  OHG. 
hdrd,  hdrrd,  f.,  'hair  shirt,. coarse  garment,' 
found  its  way  into  Romance  (Fr.  haire)> 

£)<xbc,  f.,  'possession  ;  handle,'  from 
MidHG.  habe,  OHG.  haba,  f.,  'goods,  pos- 
session'; Du.  have,  'possession';  allied 
to  the  following  word. 

1)Clbexx,  vb.,  '  to  have,  possess,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  haben,  OHG.  /•abin;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  hebbian,  Du.  hcbben,  AS. 
habban,  E.  to  have,  OIc.  hafa,  Goth,  haban; 
a  common  Teut.  vb.  with  the  stem  habai-. 
Its  identity  with  Lat.  habere  can  scarcely 
be  doubted.  It  is  true  that  Lat.  h  initially 
requires,  according  to  the  laws  of  substitu- 
tion, a  Teut.  g,  and  Teut.  h  a  Lat.  e  (comp. 
©aft,  ©crfte,  ©eift,  and  $al$,  £aut,  and  (jebeit). 
Probably  Lat.  habi-  and  Teut.  habai-  are 
based  upon  an  Aryan  prim,  form  khabhej ; 
the  correspondence  between  Teut.  h  and 
Lat.  A  is  only  possible  on  the  assumption 
of  an  Aryan  kh.  On  this  supposition 
ftdben  and  foeben  in  their  etymology  are 
primit.  allied,  just  as  Lat.  habere  and  capere. 

Ssabev  (UpG.),  m.,  'oats,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  haber,  habere,  m.,  OHG. 


haharor  m.  The  form  £afer  first  occurs  in 
ModHG. ;  like  0foa,gen,  it  is  derived  from 
LG. ;  OLG.  liaboro,  luxvoro  (now  luiwer), 
Du.  haver.  Also  allied  to  OSwed.  ha/re, 
hagre,  and  further  to  Finn.  Icakra,  borrowed 
from  Teut.  In  E.  the  word  is  wanting, 
but  is  found  a  few  times  in  MidE.,  which, 
like  Northern  E.  (haver),  borrowed  it  from 
Scand.  Tiie  E.  term  is  oats,  from  AS.  dtn 
(yet  Scotch  haver  occurs  eveu  in  the  MidE. 
period).  In  investigating  the  origin  of  the 
G.  cognates^  the  g  in  OSwed.  hagre  (Finn. 
kakra)  must  be  taken  into  account.  Tiie 
usual  derivation  from  OIc.  hafr,  AS.  hafer, 
m.,  '  he-goat '  (Lat.  caper,  Gr.  K&irpos,  comp. 
.&abn:a,eijj),  is  therefore  impossible,  espe- 
cially since  this  word  belongs  to  the  dialects 
in  whicli  £affr  is  wanting  ;  §afer  too  must 
have  been  the  favourite  food  of  the  goat 
ere  it  could  be  thus  named.  Perhaps  Gr. 
Kdxpvsy  '  parched  barley'  (Aryan  base  kha- 
ghru-),  or  Lat.  avena,  '  oats '  (Aryan  base 
khaghwes),  are  primit.  allied. 

Jjctbergetfj,  f.,  '  common  snipe,'  not 
found  in  the  earlier  periods  ;  Jpabcr*  in  this 
compound  is  the  only  remnant  of  the  old 
name  for  a  goat  (AS.  hafer,  OIc.  hafr;  Gr. 
Kdirpos,  Lat.  caper)  in  G. ;  the  bird  is  so 
called  because  at  the  pairing  season  it 
utters  high  in  the  air  a  sound  like  the  dis- 
tant bleating  of  a  goat.  See  93ccf  and 
fain. 

^abicfjf,  m.  (with  a  dental  suffix  as  in 
■§iifte  and  2)<cnb,  &c),  'hawk,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  h/bich,  habech  (also  hebec/i, 
modified),  m.,  OHG,  habuh,  m.  ;  a  common 
Teut.  term  by  chance  not  recorded  in  Goth. ; 
comp.  OSax.  *haboc  (in  the  proper  names 
Ha?iuchorst,  Hab"ocasbr6c),  Du.  havik,  AS. 
he 'for,,  E_  hauky  OIc.  haukr  (for  *hgtiuh). 
The  Goth,  form  w^ould  be  *halal;s,  with  a 
suffix  uks-,  as  in.  ahaks,  'pigeon'  (comp. 
also  .ftranid),  £ercfye) ;  comp.  the  con- 
sonantal suffix  in  Gr.  dprvy-,  'quail.' 
Against  the  derivation  from  the  stem  Imb, 
laf,  in  Ijeben,  orig.,  '  to  take  firm  hold  of, 
lay  hold  of/  there  is  nothing  to  object  from 
the  Teut.  point  of  view  ;  Italic  capus-, 
'hawk,'  is  certainly  derived  from  the  root 
kap  (capio).  The  Kelt,  cognates,  W.  he- 
haw,  Olr.  sebocc,  'falcon,'  are  undoubt- 
edly borrowed  from  Teut.  Comp.  also 
ffalff. 

$><xti),  m., '  fellow,'  from  MidHG.  hache, 


Hac 


(    129    ) 


Haf 


in.,  'fellow,  churl';  allied  to  MidHG. 
hgchel,  f.,  '  artful  woman,  match-maker.' 
The  derivation  is  not  clear,  since  cognate 
terms  in  OTetit.  are  wanting. 

c^clc^fc,  see  £ed)ff. 

<5»adte,  f., '  heel,'  prop,  a  MidG.  and  LG. 
word  (in  UpG.  Sfevfe)  ;  comp.  Du.  Itak;  not 
recorded  in  MidHG.,  but  it  occurs  once  in 
the  transition  period  from  OHG.  to  Mid 
HG.  (hachun,  'heels');  usually  derived 
from  fyacfett.  On  account  of  its  meaning, 
it  is  more  probably  related  toDu.  hie?,  AS. 
Uh,  'heel,'  hila,  f.  (for  *J,6hila),  E.  heel, 
and  tlie  equiv.  Scand.  hail,  m. 

Ijctcucn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hacken,  '  to  hack,  hew ' ;  OHG.  *hacch6n  is 
by  chance  not  recorded  ;  cojnp.  AS.  haccian 
(hceccean),  E.  to  hack,  OFris.  tohalcia,  'to 
hack  to  pieces.'  Not  found  in  Goth.  ;  may 
we  assume  *hawon,  a  derivative  from  the 
stem  haw  in  I;aucu  ?  The  medial  guttural 
may  have  been  simply  an  insertion  before 
w,  as  in  quccf  and  feci — ^acfe,  f.  (thus  even 
in  MidHG.),  §acferlhtg(ModHG.  only),  and 
£ad}fct  are  derivatives. 

g&abet  (1.),  m.,  '■contention,  strife, 
brawl,' from  MidHG.  hader,  m.,  'quarrel, 
strife';  unrecorded  in  OHG.  For  this 
word  OTeut.  has  most  frequently  a  deriv. 
in  u-  (iv-),  signifying  'battle,'  which  ap- 
pears in  West  Tent,  only  as  the  first  part 
of  compounds  ;  AS.  hea}>o-y  OHG.  hadu- 
(Goth.  *ha]m-).  In  Scand.  Hg^S  is  the 
name  of  a  Valkyre,  and  Hg'Sr  that  of  a 
mythological  king  and  the  brother  of  Bal- 
der ;  the  names  are  probably  based  upon 
Ha}>u-z,  an  OTeut.  war- god.  With  these 
K6ti/s,  the  name  of  a  Thracian  goddess,, 
lias  been  compared.  The  following,  how- 
ever,, are  certainly  allied  : — OSlov.  kolora, 
f., '  battle,'  Ir.  cath,  m., '  battle '  (with  which 
Kelt.  GtUu-riges,  proper  noun,,  lit.  'war- 
kings,.'  is  connected),  Ind.  cdtru-sy  'enemy '; 
fterhaps  too  Gr.  k6tos,  kot£u  ;  a  deriv.  in  r, 
ike  J&aber,.  is  preserved  in  OSlov.  kotora, 
'battle';  see  also  Jpajj.  In  G.  the  old 
form  hajju  became  obsolete  at  an  early 
period,,  being  supplanted  by  Jtantvf  and 
Jtrifij,  but  it  was  retained  in  OHG.  a* 
the  first  component  in  some  compound 
proper  names,  such  as  Hadubrant ;  Mod 
HG.  ^etw'uT,  is  OHG.  Haduuig,  'battle 
strife.'  Similarly  appears  OHG.  hilta,  f., 
'battle,'  in  MidHG.  only  in  proper  names, 
such  as  Jpitbcbrcmbt,  $8  ran  I)  it  t,  &c.  It  would 
be  very  interesting  to  find  out  why  the 
OTeut.  words  gave  place  to  the  later  forms. 


<&aber  (2.),  m.,  'rag,  tatter,  clout,'  from 
MidHG.  hader,  m.,  'patch,  torn  piece  of 
stuff,'  OHG.  hadara,  f.,  '  patch,  rag ' ;  also 
with  a  suffix  I,  MidHG.  hadel,  from  which 
Fr.  haillon  is  borrowed.  The  word  does 
not  seem  to  have  been  diffused  in  the 
Teut.  group.  It  is  not  allied  to  §abft  (1.) ; 
the  two  words  are  based  on  different  stems. 
£aber,  'patch'  (from  Teut.  hafard,  Aryan 
kdtrd),  is  either  connected  with  the  nasal- 
ised stem  kant-  in  Lat.  cento,  Gr.  Ktmpwv, 
'garment  made  of  rags,'  Sans.  kanthd,  f., 
'  patchwork  garment,'  or  with  Sans,  cithird, 
'loose,  unbound.' 

gsafen  (1.),  m.,  'pot,'  from  MidHG. 
haven,  m.,  OHG.  havan,  m.,  'pot' ;  a  spe- 
cifically UpG.  word  unknown  to  the  other 
dialects.  It  belongs  to  the  root  haf  (prc- 
Teut.  kap),  lit.  'to  comprehend,  hold,' 
which  appears  in  HG.  fyeben,  and  not  to 
tjafcen,  root  hab  (pre-Teut.  khabh). 

<&afett  (2.),,  m.,  'port,  haven,  harbour,' 
a  LG.  word,  unknown  to  UpG.  ;  it  was 
first  borrowed  in  ModHG.  ;  in  MidHG. 
hap,  n.,  habe,  habene,  f.,  formed  from  the 
same  root.  l)u.  haven,  f.,  late  AS.  hafene, 
f.,  E.  haven,  and  OIc.  hofn,  f.,  'harbour,' 
correspond  in  sound  to  MidHG.  habene,  f. 
LG.  haven,  Dan.  ham,  Swed.  hamn,  are 
masc. — Phonetically  the  derivation  from 
the  root  hab  (Jcliabh),  '  to  have,'  or  from  haf, 
hab  (kap),  '  to  seize,  hold,  contain,'  is  quite 
possible  ;  in  both  cases  the  prim,  sense 
would  be  'receptacle';  comp.  ^vifeit  (1.). 
This  is  the  usual  explanation  ;  for  another 
etymology  see  under  Jg»aff.  Perhaps,  how- 
ever, OIc.  hgfn  is  primit.  allied  to  the  equiv. 
01  r.  ckan  (from  *copno1). 

jftafer,  see  .§ab>r. 

$SCiff,  n., '  inland  sea,  gulf,'  a  LG.  word, 
orig.  'i-ea'  (generally),  which  is  also  the 
meaning  of  AS.  /ite/(plur.  heafu),  n.,  Scand. 
laf,  n.,  MidLG.  haf;  the  UpG.  words, 
MidHG.  hap,. /tabes,  n.,.  and  habe,  f.,  which 
correspond  in  sound,  also  signify  'sea,' as 
well  as  'port'  (see  J&afen).  As  we  need 
not  assume  an  orig.  difference  between  the 
words  for  'harbour'  and  'sea,'  and  since 
in  any  case  the  meaning  'harbour'  is  de- 
rived from  the  signification  'sea'. — the 
converse  would  be  hardly  possible — the 
usual  assumption  mentioned  under  Ǥaffit 
(2.),  that  $afm  is  lit.  'receptacle,'  is  quite 

Iirohlematical.  Hence  -^afeit  may  probably 
ie  explained  by  some  such  word  as  'marina,' 
in  the  sense  of  'statio  marina.'  The  con- 
nection of  AS.  /id/,  'sea,1  as  'heaving,'  in 


Haf 


(    130    ) 


Hah 


the  sense  of  Lat.  ultum  ('high  sea'),  will] 
bfbni  (root  haf,  pre-Teut.  kap),  is  not  im- 
possible, though  scarcely  probable. 

ilutft  (1.),  i"-,  *  hold,  clasp,  brace,  rivet,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  haft,  in.,  'bond, 
fetter,'  OHG.  also  n.,  AS.  haft,  in.,  OIc. 
haft,  n.,  'fetter.'  Connected  will)  the  root 
haf  in  fyeben,  lit.  '  10  seize.' 

SMtft  (2.),  f.,  'keeping,  custody, prison,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  haft  (i  stem)  and 
hafta,  f.,  OSax.  hafta,  f.,  'imprisonment.' 
To  this  are  allied  OHG.  and  OSax.  haft, 
AS.  haft,  adj.,  'captured,'  OIc.  haptr,  m., 
'prisoner,'  hapta,  f.,  'captured  woman.' 
The  root  haf  (comp.  Ijeben)  has  preserved 
in  these  forms  its  old  signification  ;  comp. 
Lat.  capitis,  capthus.  See  the  following 
word. 

hoff ,  adj.  suffix,  as  in  fd)iwr$f)aft,  UMjaft, 
&c.  ;  prop,  an  independent  adj.,  'combined 
with,'  which  was  used  as  a  suffix  even  in 
MidTTG.  and  OHG.  ;  in  Goth,  audahafts, 
'overwhelmed  with  happiness,  supremely 
happy.'  This  suffix  is  usually  identified 
with  the  adj.  hafta-,  Lat.  captus,  discussed 
under  Jpaft  (2.).  It  might  also  be  derived 
from  the  root  hab,  'to  have,'  Lat.  habere;  the 
meaning  supports  the  latter  supposition. 

S.sao, .  m.,  '  hedge,  fence,  enclosure,'  from 
MidHG.  hoc,  hages,  m.,  n.,  'thorn  bushes, 
copse,  fence,  enclosed  wood,  park,'  OHG. 
hag,  m.,  once  as  'urbs'  (comp.  HG.  §aa,eii, 
and  names  of  places  ending  in  4)ao,)  ;  Du. 
haag,  f.,  'enclosure,  hedge,'  AS.  haga,  m., 
K.  haw,  'enclosure,  small  garden';  OIc. 
hage,  m.,  'pasture.'  Only  in  Goth,  is  a 
cognate  word  wanting ;  comp.  J^ain,  #erc, 
£aa,ftt,  and  §.rfe.  The  derivation  is  un- 
certain ;  it  is  at  all  events  not  connected 
with  batten,  root  haw;  the  meaning  of 
ModHG.  behaa,en  is  unsuitable. 

<$»aflC&om. '  hawthorn,'  an  OTeut.  term, 
MidHG.  hageciorn,  AS.  hoegfcorn,  haga)>orn, 
E.  hawthorn,  OIc.  hagfrom,  m.  Comp. 
£aa,eftolj. 

<SsaQel,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hagel,  OHG.  hugal,  m.,  *  hail' ;  comp.  Du. 
hagel,  m.,  AS.  hagol,  hagel,  m.,  E.  hail; 
OIc.  hagl,  n.  ;  the  common  Teut.  word  for 
'  hail,'  by  chance  unrecorded  in  Goth.  only. 
A  single  pebble  was  called  a  '  stone.'  OIc. 
haqlsteinn,  AS.  h&gehtdn,  E.  hailstone,  Mid 
HG.  ami  earlier  ModHG.  Jpaatllietn.  Comp. 
ModHG.  fiefeln,  '  to  hail,'  Jhefeljhin,  '  hail- 
stone.' Perhaps  $Mtl  itself  signified  orig. 
nothing  but  a  'pebble'  ;  at  least  there  are 
no  phonetic  difficulties  against  the  deriva- 


lion  from  pre-Tent.  kagdo-,  *  Hint-stone ' 
(comp.  Gr.  KdxA>rf,  'small  stone,  pebble'). 
Aartcn.  m.,  'grave,'  from  Mid  1 1 G.  hagen, 
OHG.  hagan,  m.,  '  thorn-bush,  fence  of 
thorns' ;  even  in  MidHG.  a  contracted  vari- 
ant hain,  £ain,  occurs.     See  the  latter  and 

ba^cn,  behagen,  vb.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hagen,  behagen, '  to  please,  grati  ly ,' 
OHG.  *bihag&n :  comp.  OSax.  bihag&n,  AS. 
onhagian,  '  to  please,  suit.'  The  stem  hag, 
'to  Buit,'  is  widely  diffused  in  OTeut.,  and 
its  str.  partic.  is  preserved  in  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  (gihagan  and  bel>ag<>n,  'suitable'). 
Allied  to  Scand.  hagr,  adj.,  '  skilful,'  hagr, 
m.,  'state,  situation,  advantage,' hagr,  'suit- 
able.' The  root  hag,  from  pre-Teut.  kale, 
corresponds  to  the  Sans,  root  cak,  '  to  be 
capable,  able,  conducive,'  whence  cakrd, 
'strong,  helpful.' 

f)dfter,  adj.  fin  UpG.  rafui),  'haggard, 
lean,'  from  MidHG.  hager,  adj.;  comp.  E. 
haggard  (MidE.  hugger),  which  is  usually 
connected  with  E.  hag. 

iaageff  of},  m.,  'old  bachelor,'  from  Mid 
HG.  hagestolz,  m.,  a  strange  corruption  of 
the  earlier  hagestalt,  OHG.  hagu4alt,  m., 
prop.  '  possessor  of  an  enclosure'  (allied  to 
Goth,  staldan,  '  to  possess ') ;  a  West  Teut. 
legal  term,  which  originated  before  the 
Anglo-Saxons  crossed  to  England  (comp. 
also  OIc.  havkstaldr).  It  was  used  in  con- 
trast to  the  owner  of  the  manor-house, 
which  was  inherited  by  the  ellest  son,  in 
accordance  with  the  OTeut.  custom  of 
primogeniture,  and  signified  the  owner  of 
a  small  enclosed  plot  of  ground,  such  as 
fell  to  the  other  sons,  who  could  not  set 
up  a  house  of  their  own.  and  were  often 
entirely  dependent  on  their  eldest  brother. 
Even  in  OHG.  glosses,  hagwtaH  as  an  adj. 
is  used  for  Lat.  caelebs  (hagustalt  Up, '  single 
life'),  and  even  for  rri'rcenarius,  'hired 
labourer'  ;  MidHG.  hat/estalt,  m.,  'single 
man' ;  OSax.  hagustald.  m., '  farm-servant, 
servant,  young  man  '  ;  AS.  hagsteahl,  hago- 
steald,  m.,  'youth,  warrior.'  The  same 
phases  in  the  development  of  meaning  may 
be  seen  in  the  Rom.-Lat.  baccalaureus,  Fr. 
bachelier,  E.  bachelor. 

_Vu'il)cr.  111.,  'jay,  jackdaw,'  from  Mid 
HG.  he/ier,  111.  and  f.,  OHG.  heiiara,  f .  ;  in 
AS.,  by  a  grammatical  change,  higora,  m., 
OIc.  Ziereand  hegre,  in  ,  'jay,'  MidLG.  heger. 
It  is  rightly  compared  with  Gr.  xWa  (from 
*kLkjo),  'jay,'  or  Sans,  cakund, '  a  large  bird  * 
(Lat.  ciconia,  '  stork  '). 


Hah 


(    131    ) 


Hal 


S&al) it,  111.,  '  cock,'  from  MidHG.  han, 
OHG.  hano,  m.  ;  comp.  AS.  hana  (as  well 
as  cocc,  E.  cock),  01c.  heme,  Goth.  Jiawa,  m.  ; 
a  common  Teut.  word  for  'cock,'  with  the 
stem  hanan-,  hanin-,  which  is  common  to 
the  OTeut.  dialects.  A  corresponding  fern. 
£emw  is  merely  West  Teut.  ;  OHG.  henna, 
MidHG.  and  ModHG.  henne,  f.,  AS.  henn. 
On.the  other  hand,  .§iu)tl  seems  to  be  really 
of  common  gender  ;itmayatleastbe  applied 
in  OHG.  to  '  cock '  also  ;  comp.  Otfried's  ir 
tha$  huan  singe,  '  hefore  the  cock  crows,' 
lit.  '  sings.'  In  this  passage  we  have  a  con- 
firmation of  the  fact  that  the  crowing  of 
the  cock  was  regarded  as  its  song.  The 
term  J&abn  by  general  acceptation  signifies 
'  singer.'  With  this  word,  according  to  the 
laws  of  substitution,  the  stem  of  Lat.  canere, 
'to  sing'  (comp.  Lith.  gaidys,  'cock,' lit. 
'  singer,'  allied  to  gedoti,  '  to  sing ').  A 
f em.,  'songstress,'  of  -£>ubu  is  hardly  con- 
ceivable ;  thus  it  follows  that  -§emte  is 
merely  a  recent  West  Teut.  form.  The 
common  gender  <§u()ti,  however,  can  hardly 
be  connected  with  the  root  kan,  '  to  sing,' 
since  it  is,  at  least,  a  primit.  form.  The 
method  of  its  formation,  as  the  name  of 
the  agent,  has  no  analogies. 

<$abttret,  m.,  'cuckold,'  ModHG.  only; 
of  obscure  origin  ;  in  earlier  G.  it  signifies 
'capon.'  Its  figurative  sense,  'cuckold,' 
derived  from  'capon,'  agrees  with  the  ex- 
pression <§crner  trcujett,  lit.  'to  wear  horn.*.' 
Formerly  the  spur  was  frequently  cut  off 
and  placed  as  a  horn  in  the  comb ;  the 
hoodwinked  husband  is  thus  compared 
to  a  capon.  On  account  of  the  earlier 
variant  -^afynreb,,  we  may  regard  £u(ntrei  as 
a  compound  of  (Rel). 

(iatti,  m.,  simply  ModHG.,  from  the 
equiv.  Du.  haai,  f.,  'shark,'  Swed.  haj,  Ic. 
hu-r. 

Jiuuit,  m.,  'grove,'  made  current  by 
Klopstock  as  a  poetical  term.  The  form  of 
the  word,  as  is  shown  under  $agen  (1),  may 
be  traced  back  to  MidHG.,  in  which,  how- 
ever, £ain  is  but  a  rare  variant  of  4>0flfU  5 
it  signified  orig.  '  thorn-bush,  thorn,  fence, 
abatis,  enclosed  place.'  Thus  the  word 
does  not  imply  the  idea  of  sacredness  which 
Klopstock  blended  with  it. 

->".ui  lu\  Smi hen,  111.,  '  hook,  clasp,'  from 
MidHG.  hdke,  hdken,  m.,  OHG.  hdko,  hdcko, 
m.,  'hook.'  The  IKJ.  k  can  neither  be 
Goth,  k  nor  Goth.  0;  the  former  would  be 
changed  into  ch,  the  latter  would  remain 
unchanged.  The  variants  OHG.  hdgo,hdgg<>, 


MidHG.  Iidyg-',  point  to  Goth.  *hegya,  11., 
'  hook '  (comp.  0taupe,  ©dnippe).  Curiously, 
however,  the  corresponding  words  of  the 
cognate  dialects  have  k  and  are  graded  : 
AS.  hdc,  m.,  '  hook,'  E.  hook,  MidDu.  hoek, 
'  hook '  ;  comp.  also  Du.  haak,  AS.  hdea, 
OIc.  hake,  m., '  hook.'  The  relations  of  the 
gutturals  (especially  of  the  gg)  are  still 
obscure  ;  comp.  also  Jtlitppf,  Sc^uppe,  .ftau$, 
©djnau^f.  A  typical  form  is  wanting.  It 
it  is  impossible  to  connect  the  word  fiangen, 
Goth,  hdhan  (for  hanhan)  ;  it  is  more  pro- 
bably related  to  «£tfdjel  and  Rector. 

halb,  adj.,  '  half,'  from  MidHG.  halp, 
OHG.  halb  (gen.  halbes).  adj.  ;  comp  OSax. 
and  LG.  half,  Du.  half,  AS.  lualf,  E.  half, 
OIc.  hdlfr,  Goth,  halbs,  adj.  ;  the  common 
Teut.  adj.  for  HG.  Ijalb  ;  there  are  no  un- 
doubted cognates  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages (Teut.  halba-,  from  pre-Teut.  kal- 
blio-).  The  fern,  of  the  adj.  is  used  in 
OTeut.  as  a  subst.  in  the  sense  of  '  side, 
direction' ;  Goth,  halba,  OIc.  htlfa,  OHG. 
halb  f,  MidHG.  halbe,  OSax.  hatha;  hence 
it  might  seem  as  if  the  adj.  had  orig.  some 
such  meaning  as  'lateral,  that  which  lies 
on  one  side.'  But  in  any  case  the  adj.  in 
the  sense  of '  half  was  purely  a  numeral  in 
primit.  Tent. ;  the  ModHG.  method  of  reck- 
oning anbertbalb  (If),  bvittefyitb  (2f ),  viertcTjalb 
(3f),  is  common  to  Teut.  ;  comp.  OIc.  halfr 
annarr  (If),  halfr  Jrrifie  (2f ),  halfr  fjorfre 
(3f)  ;  AS.  6/>er  healf,  prtdae  healf,  feorfie 
healf;  even  in  MidE.  this  enumeration 
exists  (it  is  wanting  in  E.)  ;  in  HG.  it  has 
been  retained  from  the  earliest  period. 

halb.  halbcn,  prep.,  'on  account  of,' 
from  MidHG.  halp,  halbe,  halben,  '  on 
account  of,  by  reason  of.  from,  concerning' ; 
prop,  a  case  of  the  MidHG.  subst.  halbe,  f., 
'side,'  mentioned  under  fyalb  (adj.),  hence 
construed  wiih  the  gen.  ;  MidHG.  min- 
halp,  dtn-halp,  der  her r en  halbe,  seliens  hal- 
ben, '  on  my,  thy  account,  on  the  gentle- 
men's account,  for  the  sake  of  seeing.' 
Similarly  the  ModHG.  foalber,  'on  account 
of,'  recorded  in  the  15th  cent.,  is  a  petri- 
fied form  of  the  inflected  adj. ;  so  too  fyalbrn, 
dat.  plur.,  halbe,  h<dpt  from  OHG.  hdb, 
probably  an  instr.  sing,  (since  Notker  fyulb 
has  been  used  as  a  prep.).  This  usage  is 
also  found  ill  the  other  Pent,  languages ; 
comp,  OIc.  af-halfu,  MidE.  on-,  bi-halfe; 
Goih.tn  t>izai  halbai,  '  in  tins  respect.' 

<55>al6c,  f.,  'precipice,  declivitv,  slope,' 
from  MidHG.  haUe,  OHG.  halda,  f.,' moun- 
tain declivity.'     OIc.   Iwllr,  'hill,  slope,' 


Hal 


(    '32    ) 


Hal 


corresponds  both  to  the  HG.  word  nnd  to 
Goth,  hallus,  AS.  heall,  which  are  transla- 
tions of  'petra' ;  see  $ctm.  Those  may  he 
further  related  to  HG.  £aft>e,  which,  how- 
ever, is  more  closely  connected  with  Goth. 
*halj>s,  'inclined' ;  comp.  AS.  heald,  01c. 
hallr,  OHG.  hald,  adj.,  ■  overhanging,  in- 
clined'; yet  the  dental  in  these  words 
may  be  a  suffix.  If  Goth,  hallus,  *  rock,'  were 
allied,  OIc.  hvdll,  h6ll  (Goth.  *hicSlus),  m., 
'hill,'  might  he  compared,  as  well  as  AS. 
hyll,  E.  hill.  For  an  Aryan  root  kel,  'to 
rise,'  comp.  Lat.  celsus,  collis,  and  Lith. 
Jcalnas,  'hill.' 

<£aiffe,  f.,  'half,'  ModHQ.  simply,  ab- 
stract of  fialb.  Introduced  by  Luther  into 
the  literary  language  from  MidG.  and  LG. 
(a  strictly  HG.  word  would  end  in  b  in- 
stead of/;  comp.  OSax.  half,  under  fyilb)  ; 
the  Teut.  type  is  probably  halbijxi  ?.  In 
UpG.  Jpalbteil  (16th  cent}  is  used. 

$>alflcv,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hal/ter,  OHG.  hulftra,  f.,1  halter';  comp. 
Du.  halster,  AS.  hozlftre,  E.  halter;  a  West 
Teut.  word  most  closely  allied  with  OHG. 
halp,  MidHG.  halp,  plur.  helbe,  'handle, 
helve,'  AS.  hylf,  m.,  equiv.  to  E.  helve;  in 
earlier  ModHG.  also  Jpctb,  'hilt,  helve.' 
From  the  same  root  are  formed  with  a 
suffix  m,  OHG.  halmo  (for  *halbmo),  in 
OHG.  jioh-halmo,  MidHG.  giech-halme, 
'  rope  fastened  to  the  yoke  to  guide  the 
oxen,'  MidHG.  halme,  'handle,  helve, 
lever  of  a  bell,'  halm-aches,  'axe'  (comp. 
also  ^eflcfcarte),  likewise  MidE,  halme, 
1  handle ' ;  so  too  the  modified  forms  OHG. 
joh-helmo,  MidHG.  giech-helme  ;  AS.helma, 
'handle'  (equiv.  also  to  E,  helm),  and 
Du.  helmstock,  '  tiller,'  are  not  connected 
with  this  word  ;  see  £etm  (2).  'Handle' 
is  the  orig.  sense  of  the  whole  group,  and 
even  of  £a(fter.  Perhaps  Lith.  keltuve'y 
'swiple  of  a  flail,'  is  allied. 

c&aH,  m.,  '  sound ' ;  see  1jef(. 

^salic,  f.,  'hall,  large  room,  entrance 
hall,  porch,'  unknown  to  MidHG.  The 
word,  which  was  introduced  by  Luther 
into  the  literary  language,  was  originally 
entirely  unknown  to  the  UpG.  dials,  (in 
earlier  UpG.  SBcrfcfcepf  was  used) ;  it  may 
have  originated  among  the  Franc,  and  Sax. 
tribes  of  Germany.  It  is  a  thorough  OTent. 
term  ;  OIc.  hgll,  f.,  AS.  heall,  f.,  E.  hall, 
OSax.  halla,  MidLG.  halle,  f., '  hall,  a  large 
loom  covered  with  a  roof  and  open  or 
closed  at  the  side,'  sometimes  '  temple, 
house  of  God.'     Not  allied  to  Goth,  hallus, 


AS.  heall,  '  rock,'  AS.  and  E.  hill.  From 
the  OG.  is  derived  Fr.  halle.  Against  the 
derivation  from  the  root  hel,  '  to  conceal ' 
(comp.  bel)ten),  there  is  no  weighty  objec- 
tion, Qalit, '  the  concealed  or  covered  place.' 
Yet  comp.  also  Sans,  cdld,  'house.' — 
e&ctHc,  f.,  'saltern,'  is  the  ordinary  G. 
Jpallc,  not,  as  was  formerly  supposed,  a  Kelt. 
term  (W.  hakn,  'salt');  $a((orm,  a  late 
Lat.  derivative  of  £a(!f,  'saltern.'  Comp. 
OHG.  lialhtis,  'salt-house,'  MidHG.  hal- 
grdve,  m.,  'director  and  judge  in  matters 
connected  with  salt-mines.' 

fallen,  vb., '  to  sound,  resound' ;  comp. 
Ijell. 

<&cilm,  m.  and  n.,  'stalk,  stem,  straw,' 
from  MidHG.  halm,  m.,  and  halme,  m., 
OHG.  and  OSax.  halm,  m. ;  comp.  AS. 
healm,  E.  halm;  the  meaning  in  West 
Teut. is  'grass  or  corn-stalk' ;  Scand.  halmr, 
'  straw.'  In  sense  and  sound  correspond- 
ing to  Lat,  calamus,  Gr.  KdXeuuos,  '  reed, 
reed-pen,  halm '  (Ind.  kalamas, '  reed-pen '), 
OSlov.  slama,  f.,  'halm.'  Perhaps  the  Lat. 
word  is  derived  from  Gr.  ;  it  is  also  con- 
ceivable tliat  §afm,  like  £anf,  was  obtained 
from  a  South  Euss.  tribe  by  the  Aryans 
who  had  migrated  westwards.  Yet  it  is 
more  probable  that  £alm  and  Gr.  #cdXa/w, 
like  Lat.  culmus,  'stalk,'  are  connected 
with  Lat.  culmen,  'peak,  summit,'  and 
further  with  excello. 

^ctls,  m.,  '  neck,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  half,  m.  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  and  Du.  hals,  AS.  heals  (E.  to  halse, 
'embrace,'  but  now  antiquated ;  the  modern 
word  is  neck),  OIc.  hah,  m.,  '  neck,'  Goth. 
hals  (gen.  halsis),  m.  ;  all  point  to  a  com- 
mon Teut.  mas.,  halsa-.  Primit  allied  to 
La,t.  collum  for  *col sum,  n.,  'neck' (O Lat, 
nho  collus,  m.) ;  comp.  also  Gr.  k\oi6s,  'col- 
lar '  (from  *k\o<ti6s)  ?.  Whet  her  Lat  excello, 
excepts,  are  also  primit. allied  (£al£,  lit  'pro- 
minent part  of  the  body ')  remains  uncer- 
tain. From  Teut  is  derived  Fr.  haubert, 
OFr,  halberc,  '  hauberk,'  from  hals-berg(a). 
— I)Olfcn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
halsen,  OHG.  halsdn,  '  to  embrace,  fall  on 
one's  neck'  ;  comp.  Du.  omhelzen,  AS.  heal- 
sian,  'to  implore,'  MidE.  halsien,  Scand. 
hdlsa,  'to  embrace.' 

I)tllf ,  acfcv.,  '  moreover,  forsooth,  me- 
thinks,'  prop,  a  compar.  meaning  'rather,' 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  halt,  adv.,  OSax.  'hold, 
'  rather' ;  orig.  a  compar.  adv.  of  the  posit, 
adv.  halto,  '  very.'  The  compar.  ending, 
according  to  the  law  of  apocope,  lias  dis- 


Hal 


(    133    ) 


Han 


appeared,  as  in  Ktfj  for  the  earlier  batiz; 
01  iff.  haldiz  formed,  like  Goth,  haldis,  OIc. 
heldr,  *  rather.'  In  no  case  is  it  related  to 
the  OHG.  adj.  hold,  '  inclined,'  mentioned 
under  ^atbe ;  with  the  exception  of  tlie 
OHG.  halto,  adv.,  no  other  word  in  the 
posit,  can  he  found. 

fyaitcit,  vh.,  '  to  hold,  support,  detain, 
ohserve,  perforin,  consider,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  halten,  OHG.  haltan;  coinp.OSax. 
haldan,  '  to  preserve,  receive,  detain  as  a 
prisoner,  tend  (cattle),  adhere  to,  maintain,' 
Du.  houden  (see  fjaubent),  AS.  healdan,  str. 
vb.,  '  to  watch  over,  lead,  possess,  rule,'  E. 
to  hold;  Goth.  Jialdan,  redupl.  vb.,  'to 
graze  cattle';  a  redupl.  vb.  common  to 
Teut.  According  to  the  OHG.  variant 
halthan,  haltan  points  to  the  normal  Goth, 
form  *half>an,  which  is  also  supported  by 
OSwed.  halla.  The  orig.  sense  of  OTeut. 
haldan  is  perhaps  '  to  keep  together  by 
careful  watching,'  hence  '  to  tend  a  herd, 
govern  a  tribe,  rule.'  In  the  non-Teut. 
languages  an  Aryan  root  kalt  of  cognate 
meaning  is  not  found.  If  the  dental  be- 
longed orig.  to  the  pres.  stem  merely,  the 
word  might  also  be  derived  from  the  root 
hoi,  and  hence  connected  with  Gr.  fiov-tcbkos. 
No  relation  between  haldan  and  .§erbe  U 
possible. — ModHG.  <§a(t,  m.,  is  wanting 
both  in  MidHG.  and  OHG. 

$bametl,  m.,  'tunnel-net,'  from  Mid 
II G.  and  MidLG.  hame  ;  akin  probably  to 
the  equiv.  OSwed.  haver,  ModSwed.  hdf, 
m.,  OHG.  hamo,  m.,  'tunnel-net.'  The 
latter  word  is  considered  identical  with 
OHG.  *hamo  (in  Wihamo,  'body,'  OSax. 
gitiShamo,fe15ar/iamo;  com  p.  fieidjiuvm,  Jpentb, 
and  fydmifcf)),  orig.  'covering,  dress.'  From 
the  meaning  '  £ucf),'  in  the  restricted  sense 
in  which  it  is  used  by  fishermen  and  hunts- 
men (i.e.  'toils'),  the  signification  'net' 
might  of  course  be  developed  ;  but  that  is 
not  certain.  OHG.  hamo,  MidHG.  ham, 
hame,  in.,  'fishing-rod,  fishing-hook,'  and 
the  modem  dial,  ^antcit,  are  not  allied  to 
the  words  mentioned  above  ;  they  seem  to 
be  cognate  with  Lot,  hdmus, '  fishing-hook, 
hook ' ;  the  h  might  be  explained  as  ill 
fyabeit. 

l)d  mi fd),  adj.,  '  malicious,'  from  late 
MidHG.  hemisch,  adj.,  'close,  malicious, 
cunning,  perfidious,'  orig.  perhaps  '  veiled, 
obscure';  allied  to  OHG.  *hamo,  'cover- 
ing, dress,'  mentioned  under  Jpamcn,  §cmb, 
and  Vnd'iuni. 

e&ammcl,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 


and  MidLG.  hamel,  OHG.  hamal,  m., 
'  wether '  (MidHG.  also  '  steep,  rugged 
height;  cliff,  pole');  prop,  an  adj.  used 
as  a  8iibst.,  OHG.  hamal, '  mutilated,'  which 
elucidates  the  MidHG.  meanings ;  OHG. 
hamaUn,  MidHG.  hameln  (and  hamen), 
'  to  mutilate,'  AS.  hamelian,  E.  to  humble 
('  mutilate,  lame ')  ;  OHG.  hamalscorro, 
m.,  'boulder,'  OHG.  hamal-,  hamalung-stat, 
f.,  '  place  of  execution,'  MidHG.  hamelstat, 
n.  and  m.,  'indented  coast,'  hamelstat, 
f.,  '  rugged  ground.'  Allied  to  OHG.  ham 
(inflected  hammer),  adj.,  '  mutilated,  crip- 
pled' (comp.  f)«ntnen),  j  ust  as  Fr.  moutun  to 
Lat.  mutilus. 

jammer,  m.,  '  hammer,  clapper,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  hamer  (plur.  hpner\ 
OHG.  hamar  (plur.  hamard),  m.  ;  comp. 
OSax.  hamur,  AS.  hamor,  m.,  E.  hammer, 
and  its  equiv.  OIc.  hamarr,  in.  (also  'cliff, 
rock ')  ;  the  common  Teut.  word  for  '  ham- 
mer,' by  chance  unrecorded  in  Goth.  only. 
For  the  elucidation  of  its  earlier  history  the 
subsidiary  meanings  in  Scand.  are  import- 
ant ;  the  cognate  term  Icamy  in  OSlov.  sig- 
nifies 'stone.'  Hence  it  has  been  assumed 
that  -Spammer  is  lit.  'stone  weapon.'  Whether 
Sans,  agman, '  rock,  stone  weapon,  hammer, 
anvil,'  &c,  and  Gr.  &Kfiuv,  'anvil'  (Lith. 
alcntu,  'stone'),  are  also  allied  is  uncertain. 

$firronttng,  tf»emmlutg,ni.,'  eunuch,' 
ModHG.  simply,  a  deriv.  of  Jjjamntfl. 

(iaampfel,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hant-vol,  '  a  handful.' 

g&amfter,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hamster,  m.,  'German  marmot';  OHG. 
hamastro,  m.,  signifies  only  '  curculio,  wee- 
vil,' so  too  OSax.  hamstra,  f.,  for  *hamastra. 
The  existing  meaning  is  probably  the 
earlier.  In  form  the  word  stands  quite 
alone  ;  its  occurrence  in"  G.  only,  perhaps 
supports  the  view  that  it  was  borrowed. 
A  corresponding  word  has  not  yet  been 
found  in  a  neighbouring  language. 

„VHino,  f.,  'hand,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  hunt,  f.;  comp.  OSax.  and 
Du.  hand,  AS.  hand,  f.,  E.  hand,  OIc. 
hgnd,  Goth,  handu's,  f. ;  a  common  Teut. 
word  for  "hand,'  unknown  to  the  other 
divisions  of  the  Aryan  group,  most  of  the 
languages  having  special  terms  of  their 
own.  It  is  usually  derived  from  Goth. 
hin/Mn,ttoca.tcb,'fiaJiu»^ans,m.,  'prisoner' 
(comp.  the  cognate  E.  to  hunt,  AS.  huntian), 
in  the  sense  of  'the  grasping,  seizing  part,' 
and  to  this  there  is  no  objection,  as  far 
as  the  sound  and  meaning  are  concerned. 


Han 


(    i34    ) 


Han 


Yet  the  fact  remains  that  the  old  names  of 
parts  of  the  body  have  no  corresponding 
sir.  verbal  stems  ;  comp.  £erj,  £5t)r,  Sluge, 
ginger,  £>atimen.  With  regard  to  the  form, 
it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  word,  accord- 
ing to  Goth,  hr nidus,  was  orig.  a  u-  stem, 
but  is  declined  even  in  OHG.  like  nouns 
in  t,  though  traces  of  the  u  declension 
remain  throughout  OHG.  and  MidHG. ; 
comp.  abljanbeit. — _ftant>,  'kind,  sort,'  is 
developed  from  the  medial  sense  'side'; 
comp.  MidHG.  ze  beiden  handen,  'on  both 
sides,'  aller  hande,  '  of  every  kind,'  vier 
hande,  '  of  four  soils.' 

bcmbctn,  vb.,  'to  manage,  act,  deal, 
bargain,'  from  MidHG.  handeln,  OHG. 
hantaldn,  'to  grasp  with  the  hands,  touch, 
feel,  prepare,  perform'  (hence  O.Lorraine 
handeleir, '  to  sweep ') ;  a  derivative  of  §attb ; 
£anbcl,  m.,  has  arisen  from  the  vb.  Jjaitbeln 
merely,  just  as  Stager  from  argent  (see  arg), 
©eij  from  gei$en,  Dpfer  from  cpfent — since 
it  does  not  appear  until  late  MidHG. 
(handel.  m.,  'transaction,  procedure,  event, 
negotiation,  wares').  AS.  handlian,  E.  to 
handle,  AS.  hnidele,  equiv.  to  E.  handle; 
Scand.  hgndla,  '  to  treat.' 

<&cm&tt>erfc,  n.,  'handicraft,  trade, 
guild,'  from  MidHG. hantwerc,  n.,  'manual 
labour,'  but  in  the  MidHG.  period  confused 
with  aniwerc,  n.,  '  tool,  machine,'  whence 
the  meaning  '  any  vocation  requiring  the 
use  of  tools'  was  developed. 

<5!janf,  m.,  '  hemp,'  from  MidHG.  hanf, 
hanef,  ni.,  OHG.  hanaf,  hanof,  m.  ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  word  for  '  hemp '  (Goth.  *hanaps 
is  by  chance  not  recorded)  ;  comp.  AS. 
li(Bnep,  E.  hemp,  OIc.  hampr.  The  usual 
assumption  that  the  word  was  borrowed 
from  the  South  Europ.  Gr.  K&wafiis  (Lat. 
cannabis)  is  untenable.  The  Teutons  were 
not  influenced  by  Southern  civilisation 
until  the  last  century  or  so  before  our  era  ; 
no  word  borrowed  from  Gr.-Lat.  has  been 
fully  subject  to  the  OTeut.  substitution  of 
consonants  (see  5iiine  (1),  *pfab,  and  the 
earliest  loan-words  under  ^aifer).  But  the 
substitution  of  consonants  in  Goth.  *hanavs 
compared  with  Gr.  K6.wa.pts  proves  that  the 
word  was  naturalised  among  the  Teutons 
even  before  100  B.C.  "The  Greeks  first 
became  acquainted  with  hemp  in  the  time 
of  Herodotus  ;  it  was  cultivated  by  the 
Scythians,  and  was  probably  obtained  from 
Bactria  and  Sogdiana,  the  regions  of  the 
Caspian  and  the  Aral,  where  it  is  said  to 
grow  luxuriantly  even  at  the  present  time." 


Thus  we  can  all  the  more  readily  njed 
the  assumption  of  South  Europ.  influence  ; 
comp.  getneit.  Why  should  not  the  Teu- 
tons in  their  migration  from  Asia  to  Europe 
have  become  acquainted  with  the  culture 
of  hemp  when  passing  through  the  south 
of  Russia,  where  the  plant  grows  wild,  and 
indeed  among  the  very  people  who  directly 
or  indirectly  supplied  the  Greeks  with  the 
word  xdwa/Sis?  (comp.  also  @rbfe).  Kdwa/3is 
itself  is  a  borrowed  term,  and  Goth.  *hanaps 
corresponds  in  sound  quite  as  well  with 
OSlov.  hmoplja,  Lith.  kandjes,  '  hemp ' 
The  word  is  found  even  among  the  Persians 
(kanab).  It  does  not  seem  to  be  genuinely 
Aryan. 

,i»anfl,  m.,  'declivity,  propensity,  bias,' 
from  MidHG.  hanc  (-ges),  m.,  'declivity, 
hanging.'     See  Ijangett. 

ftanctctt,  vb.,  '  to  hang,  be  suspended,' 
from  MidHG.  hdhen  (hienc,  gehangen), 
OHG.  hdlian  (hiang,  gihavgan),  str.  vb.  ; 
comp.  fangen,  from  OHG.  fdhan  ;  before  h 
an  n  is  suppressed  (comp.  OHG.  d&i<ta  from 
deuchan,  bacfote  from  beitfen  ;  bradue.  OHG. 
brdhta,  from  brittgen).  Corresponding  to 
Du.  hangen,  AS.  hon  {heng,  hangen),  E.  to 
hang,  Goth,  hdfvm  for  *fomhnn,  str.  vb., 
'  to  hang.'  In  ModHG.,  E.,  and  Du.,  the 
old  str.  vb.  has  been  confused  with  the 
corresponding  wk.  vb.,  so  that  the  trans, 
and  intrans.  meanings  have  been  combined  ; 
comp.  Du.  hangen,  E.  to  hang,  '  to  suspend 
and  to  be  suspended' ;  in  MidHG.  hdhen, 
is  trans,  and  intrans.,  while  hang  n  (OHG. 
hangSn,  AS.  hangian)  is  intrans.  onlv,  'to 
be  suspended' ;  to  this  is  allied  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  hpigen, '  to  hang  down  (one's  head), 
give  a  horse  its  head,  permit,  grant,'  comp. 
Ijettfen.  The  ModHG.  vb.  is  due  to  a  blend- 
ing in  sound  of  MidHG.  hdhen  (hangen) 
and  hangen,  yet  in  meaning  it  represents 
only  MidHG.  hdhen,  OHG.  hdhan.  Terms 
undoubtedly  allied  to  the  common  Teut. 
root  hanh  (hdh)  are  wanting  in  the  other 
Aryan  languages  ;  Goth,  hdhan,  '  to  leave 
in  doubt,'  has  been  compared  with  Lat. 
cunctari,  '  to  delay.' 

iacmfe,  f.,  'Hanse,'from  MidHG. hans, 
hanse,  f.,  '  mercantile  association  with  cer- 
tain defined  powers  as  knights,  merchant's 
guild' ;  orig.  an  UpG.  word  (prob.  signify- 
ing any  corporation,  association  ?  OHG. 
and  Goth,  hansa,  f.,  AS.  h6s.  '  troop '),  yet 
it  soon  became  current  in  all  G.  dialects, 
and  has  been  preserved  in  its  application 
to  the  towns  of  the  great  North  G.  Han- 


Han 


(    i35    ) 


Har 


seatic  League,  while  the  orig.  sense  '  troop ' 
became  obsolete  even  in  MidHG.  The 
nominal  vb.  Ijatifeht  is  simply  ModHG.  'to 
admit  any  one  into  a  corporation'  (not  into 
the  -§anfe  only). 

tyartfeftt,  vb.,  ModHG.  only,  different 
from  the  earlier  homonymous  word  men- 
tioned under  £anfe ;  lit.  '  to  make  a  S$an$, 
i.e.  a  fool,  of  anybody '  (comp.  the  abusive 
terms  ^>anebumm,  ^anSnarr,  £att$ttmrfl). 

I)cmiierert,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  liantieren,  'to  trade,  sell'  ;  not  a 
derivative  of  J^attb,  meaning  '  to  handle,' 
because  in  that  case  we  should  expect  nd 
for  nt  in  MidHG.  and  ModHG.,  but  from 
Fr.  hanter,  '  to  haunt,  frequent,'  which 
found  its  way  from  MidDu.  into  the  Mod 
Teut.  dialects.  It  is  curious  to  observe  in 
how  many  ways  obscure  words  have  been 
corrupted  in  G.  Comp.  the  earlier  spell- 
ing (janbHuften. 

rjapern,  vb.,  'to  stick,  hitch,'  formed 
from  Du.  (MidDu.)  haperen,  '  to  miss,  stut- 
ter'; yet  also  Suab.  haperen  (as  well  as 
Swiss  hdptn,  'to  crawl'?).  The  corre- 
sponding terms,  origin,  and  history  of  the 
diffusion  of  the  cognates  are  obscure. 

<$arfe,  f.,  '  harp,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  harfe,  harpfe,  OHG.  harfa,  hurpha,  f.  ; 
comp.  AS.  hearpe,  f.,  EL  harp;  a  common 
Teut.  word  (Venantius  Fortunatus  calls 
harpa  a  barbaric,  i.e.  Teut.  instrument), 
denoting  a  string  instrument  peculiar  to 
the  Teutons.  Its  use  was  confined  in 
earlier  times  to  the  OTeut.  chiefs,  just  as 
the  violin  or  fiddle  was  to  the  common 
folk. 

<$cirmg,  feting,  m.,  '  herring,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  hdhrinc  (-ges),  m.,  OHG. 
hdring,  m.  ;  comp.  Du.  haring,  AS.  hiering, 
m.,  E.  herring ;  a  specifically  West  Teut. 
word  (in  OIc.  slid),  whose  d  (de)  is  also 
attested  by  Fris.  dials,  and  by  the  Mod 
HG.  pronunciation  with  cb.  The  OHG., 
MidHG.,  and  MidDu.  variant  hying  points 
to  a  connection  with  OHG.  he.ri,  'army,' 
and  thus  regards  the  fish  as  'one  that 
comes  in  shoals,'  as  ^ecrlittfl,  'small  army.' 
Whether  the  older  form  lidring  (Anglo- 
Fris.  hdering)  is  related  to  these  cognates  is 
uncertain.  The  Teut.  word  found  its  way 
into  Rom.  (Fr.  hareng). 

^arhe,  f.,  'rake,'  a  LG.  word,  in  UpG. 
Oiftfyen  ;  comp.  Du.  hark,  AS.  *hearge,  E. 
harrow,  OIc.  herfe,  n.,  'harrow,'  Dan.  harv, 
Swed.  hcerf.  Considering  the  almost  certain 
iden  ti  ty  ol  the  words,  their  phonetic  relations 


present  some  difficulties.  The  root  might 
perhaps  be  Sans,  kharj,  'to  scratch,'  yet 
AS.  hyrwe  (*hearge),  E.  liarrow,  OIc.  herfe, 
'  rake,'  are  difficult  to  reconcile  with  it. 

Ssatlekin,  m.,  'harlequin,'  first  natu- 
ralised towards  the  end  of  the  17th  cent, 
from  Ital.  arlecchino  (applied  to  the  masked 
clown  in  Ital.  comedy),  and  Fr.  harlequin, 
arlequin. 

«$arm,  m.,  '  harm,  distress,  sorrow,' 
very  rarely  occurs  in  MidHG.  and  earlier 
ModHG.,  probably  formed  from  E.  harm 
and  revived  in  the  last  cent,  through  the 
influence  of  E.  literature  (comp.  £a[(f,.§eim); 
MidHG.  (entirely  disused)  harm,  in.,  'in- 
jury, pain' ;  OHG.  haram,  OSax.  harm,  m., 
'  affront,  cutting  words,  mortification ' ;  AS. 
hearm  m.,  '  insult,  harm ' ;  E.  harm  ;  OIc. 
harm,m.,  'grief, care.'  From  pre-Teut. *kar- 
ma,  Sans.  *parma?,  formal.  This  is  also  indi- 
cated by  OSlov.  sramii  (from  *sormii),  m., 
'  shame,  disgrace.'  An  OG.  (OHG.  and 
OSax.)  compound,  OHG.  haramscara, 
OSax.  harmscara,  f.,  '  outrageous,  excru- 
ciating punishment,'  was  retained  as  late 
as  MidHG.,  in  which  harn-,  harm-schar, 
'torment,  distress,  punishment.'  remained 
current,  when  -§atm  alone  had  already  dis- 
appeared.    Comp.  fjcrb. 

(Jiiam,  m.,  '  urine,'  earlier  dial,  variant 
£arm  (Luther),  from  MidHG.  ham  (Bav. 
and  East  Rhen.),  harm,  m.  and  n.,  OHG. 
haran,  m.,  'urine'  (respecting  the  variant 
with  m  see  gam) ;  a  specifically  UpG. 
word,  probably  identical  orig.  with  AS. 
scearn,  OIc.  sham,  n.,  'mud';  sk  and  h 
(the  latter  for  k  without  s)  would  have 
interchanged  in  OTeut.  Allied  to  Gr.  ffKwp  ; 
comp.  tjotfen,  broffctit,  linfe,  ©tier.  The 
derivation  of  £aru  from  a  root  har,  'to 
pour  out,'  remains  dubious. 

jlutrni fd),  in.,  'harness,  armour,'  from 
MidHG. /wrna8c/i,vaiiants/t(intas,Ji«r/iescA, 
111.,  '  harness'  ;  borrowed  at  the  end  of  the 
12th  cent,  from  OFr.  ftamais,  'armour, 
gear,'  which  has  come  to  be  a  common 
Rom.  term  (Ital.  amese),  but  may  be  traced 
probably  to  a  Kelt,  source  (W.  haiar- 
naez,  'iron  utensils')  ;  the  connecting  link 
might  be  MidE.  haraez,  'armour*  (E.  har- 
ness). 

barren,  vb.,  'to  wait,  linger  in  expec- 
tation, delay,'  from  MidHG.  harren,  'to 
wait,  sojourn ' ;  a  MidG.  word,  entirely  un- 
known to  OHG.  as  well  as  the  other  Teut. 
dialects,  but  undoubtedly  a  genuine  Teut. 
term  ;  of  obscure  origin  (allied,  like  Gr. 


Har 


(    136    ) 


Has 


naprfpt'if,  to  Ijart  ? ;  comi>.  Lat.  durare,  akin 
to  durus). 

^orfcf),  «4j.,  'hartl>  rough,'  ModllG. 
Bimply  ;  E.  harsh  ('bitter,  severe')  ;  un- 
known to  AS.,  OHG.,  and  OIc.  Clearly 
a  derivative  of  l;art ;  conip.  rafd>,  allied  to 
flvutc,  Goth.  *rasqa-  to  rajxi-,  'quick'  (OHG. 
rado),  OIc  horsier,  'quick,'  to  AS.  /trade, 
OIc.  bciskr,  'bitter,'  to  Goth,  bait-ra- ; 
hence  Goth,  har  Jus,  'hard,'  perhaps  pre- 
supposes */<arsh,  *h'irsqs.  Yet  it  might 
also  be  connected  with  Ic.  hortl,  'hardness 
of  the  frozen  ground ' ;  ModHG.  J&arid;, 
4  snow-crust,'  dial.  But  fjart  ('  hard ')  alone 
suffices  to  elucidate  this  latter  sense,  as  is 
shown  by  OHG.  hertemdn6t,  MidHG.  herte- 
mdnot,  '  hard  month,'  applied  to  December 
and  January.     See  the  following  word. 

t)C»rt,  adj.,  'hard,  stilF,  severe,  stern, 
difficult,  hard  by,'  from  MidHG.  herte, 
hart,  adj.  (hatie,  adv.  ;  comp.  fajt,  adv., 
allied  to  feft,  fdjen  to  fc&en,  &c),  '  hard,  firm, 
difficult,  painful,'  OHG.  hyti,  hard,  hart, 
adj.  (harto,  adv.), '  hard ' ;  com  p.  AS.  heard, 
'  hard,  strong,  brave,'  E.  hard  (hardy  is 
probably  derived  directly  from  Rom. — 
Fr.  hardi,  which,  however,  is  a  derivative 
of  G.  ljail),  Goth,  hardus,  adj.,  'hardy, 
severe.'  A  common  Teut.  adj.  from  pre- 
Teut.  karttis;  comp.  Gr.  Kparvs,  'strong, 
powerful,  potentate,'  Kaprep6s,  tcparepos, 
'strong,  staunch,  mighty,  violent,'  adv., 
Kdpra,  'very  strongly'  (OHG.  harto,  adv., 
'  very,  extremely ')  ;  allied  perhaps  to  Sans. 
krdtu  s,  m.,  'force,  strength'  (root  har,  'to 
do,  make'),  or  however  to  Lith.  tortus, 
'bitter'  (root  krt,  'to  cut,  split').  Others 
compare  Sans.  cdrdha-s,  'bold,  strong,'  to 
the  Teut.  adj. 

Jftctrf,  (iaarb,  f.  and  m.,  'forest,'  from 
MidHG.  hart,  m.,  f.,  and  11.,  OHG.  hart, 
'  forest ' ;  comp.  also  (Sprffart  from  spehtes 
hart  (allied  to  <2ped)t) ;  #arj  for  MidHG. 
Hart;  £aarfct  in  the  Palatinate. 

,fb<xr$,  n.,  'resin,'  from  MidHG.  harz, 
n.  and  m.,  'resin,  bitumen,'  with  the 
variants  hars,  harse  ;  OHG.  Iiarz,  and  with 
a  suffix  harzoh,  'resin';  Du.  hars,  f.,  with 
an  abnormal  s,  but  LG.  hart;  unknown  to 
E.  and  Scand.  as  well  as  Goth.  ;  of  obscure 
origin,  scarcely  allied  to  Gr.  Kdp8ap.ov, 
'  cress.'  For  other  OTeut.  words  with  the 
same  meaning  see  under  SBerujUin  and  9htt 
(also  $hccr\ 

f)<xfd)Ctx,  vb.,  '  to  snatch,'  a  MidG.  word 
made  current  by  Luther,  unknown  to  the 
modern  UpG.  dialects  as  well  as  to  OHG., 


MidHG.,  and  all  other  languages.  Pro- 
bably connected  with  fyafr,  \)tbtn,  root  haf 
(Lat.  capio) ;  Goth.  *luifslc6ry,  '  to  seize,' 
mtist  have  become  *hask6a  in  G.,  just  as 
Goth,  haifst*,  f.,  'quarrel,  fight,'  has  become 
the  OHG.  adj.  heisti,  'violent';  comp. 
OHG.  forsc6n, '  to  demand,'  for  *forhsl;6u, 
Goth,  wa&rslw,  '  work,'  for  *vfaHr/i8tw. 
Comp.  fyarfd),  -§ujl,  £auiie. 

/.>afc,  m.,  'hare,'  from  MidHG.  hose, 
OHG.  haw,  in.  ;  a  common  Teut.  term  for 
'hare';  comp.  Du.  haas,  AS.  hara  (with 
change  of  s  into  r),  E.  hare,  OIc.  here,  m. ; 
Goth.  *hasa  (OHG.  haso)  or  *haza  (AS. 
hara\  is  by  chance  not  recorded.  To  tlie 
pre-Teut.  iasa(n),  Ind,  cagd  (instead  of 
*casd,  just  as  fvde-uras  for  *svdcuras,  comp. 
Sdjtvafya),  '  hare,'  corresponds  ;  the  word 
also  occurs  in  a  remarkable  manner  only 
once  again  in  OPruss.  (as  sasins  for  szasi- 
nas).  The  primit  word  kasa-,  'hare,'  may 
be  connected  with  AS.  hasu,  '  grey.'  From 
Teut.  is  derived  Fr.  hose,  f.,  'doe-hare.' 
— The  term  £afcttfd)artf,  'hare-lip,'  is  not 
recorded  in  G.  until  the  14th  cent.,  but  it 
already  exists  in  AS.  as  harsceard  (in  E. 
hare-lip) ;  comp.  further  the  OIc.  nick- 
name SkartSe,  also  OFiis.  has-skerde, '  hare- 
lipped.' 

iittfel,  f.,  'hazel,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  hasel,  OHG.  hasala,  f.,  hasal,  in.  ; 
comp.  AS.  hasel,  E.  hazel,  OIc.  hasl  (hence 
hgslur,  plur.,  'boundary  posts') ;  the  com- 
mon Teut  word  for  'hazel,'  from  pre- 
Teut  kosolo-  ;  hence  in  Lat,  with  the  nor- 
mal change  of  s  into  r,  coruhis,  '  hazel ' ; 
comp.  further  Olr.  coll,  '  hazel,'  for  *cosl. 

^ttfpe,  £safpc,  f., '  hasp,  clamp,  hinge,' 
from  MidHG.  haspe,  hespe,  f.,  'hinge  of  a 
door  ;  windle'  (with  the  variant  hispe,  f., 
'  clasp '),  OHG.  haspa,  '  a  reel  of  yarn '  ; 
comp  Olc.  hespa,  f.,  '  hank,  skein  of  wool ; 
bolt  of  a  door' ;  E.  hasp,  MidE.  haspe, 
'  bolt,  woollen  yarn,'  so  too  AS.  hcesp,  haps, 
heps,  f.  The  double  sense  'door  bolt,  door 
hook,  and  hasp,'  seems  OTeut.  ;  as  a  tech- 
nical term  in  weaving,  this  word,  like 
{Rccfcn,  found  its  way  into  Rom.  (Ital.  aspo, 
OFr.  hasple) ;  see  also  jtunfcl.  Whether 
the  two  meanings  have  been  developed 
from  one,  or  whether  two  distinct  words 
have  been  combined,  is  uncertain,  since  we 
have  no  etymological  data. 

e<3ttfpcl,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
haspd,  in.,  OHG.  haspil,  in.,  '  reel,  windle ' ; 
a  derivative  of  £afr«. 

ibaff ,  t,'haste,  hurry,'  ModHG.  simply ; 


Has 


(    i37    ) 


Hau 


aMidG.andLG.word ;  comp.  MidDu.  7iaa.s(, 
f.,  MidE.  haste,  E.  haste;  borrowed  from 
OFr.  haste,  hate  (comp.  Ital.  astivamente), 
which  again  correspond  to  the  OTeut.  cog- 
nates of  ModHG.  Ijefttgj  comp.  OHG. 
heisti,  AS.  hwste^  'violent'  (Goth,  haifsts, 
'  dispute '). 

^>afj,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  ha%,  (gen.  ha$$es),  m.,  *  hatred ' ;  in 
OHG.  the  older  neut.  gender  occurs  once 
(comp.  Goth,  hatis,  n.,  Scand.  hatr,  n.) ; 
AS.  kete  (E.  hate)  and  OSax.  h$li  are  also 
masc.  ;  the  common  Teut.  term  for  '  liate,' 
pointing  to  pre-Teut.  kodos,  kodesos  (Lut. 
*codus,  *coderis),  n.  ModHG.  J^aber,  and 
Gr.  k6tos,  may  also  be  allied,  since  an 
Aryan  root  kdt,  kod,  is  possible.  The  orig. 
sense  of  <£>a|3  is  indicated  by  .§a|j  and  t^e^cit, 
as  well  as  the  wk.  vb.  Ijaffen,  from  MidHG. 
ha^en,  OHG.  ha^en,  ha^6n,  which  in 
OHG.  also  means  '  to  pursue '  (OSax.  hatdn, 
1  to  waylay ').  <§ajl  too  seems  allied  ;  hence 
the  prim,  meaning  of  ^a§  is  probably  'hos- 
tile, hastypursuit.' — l)d fj lid). '  ugly, loath- 
some,' from  MidHG.  hay,  h^elich,  '  malig- 
nant, hateful,  ugly.' 

rjaf  fdjcln,  vb.,  'to  fondle,  pamper,'  re- 
cently coined  in  ModHG.  ?. 

<$»atfcf)ier,  m.,  'imperial  horseguard,' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  borrowed 
from  Ital.  arciere  (Fr.  archer),  'archer.' 

£bClt$,  'baiting,  chase';  comp.  Ijejjen. 

<&CUtbe,  f.,  '  hood,  cap  (woman's),  crest, 
tuft,'  from  MidHG.  Mbe,  OHG.  hitha,  f., 
'  covering  for  the  head  worn  by  men  (Mid 
HG.,  especially  by  soldiers,  '  peaked  hel- 
met, steel-cap')  and  women';  comp.  AS. 
hdfe,  in  a  special  sense  'mitre';  Scand. 
h&fa,  f.,  'cap,  hood.'  The  cognates  are 
connected  by  gradation  with  <§uitpt  (Aryan 
root  kUp). 

^CUtbtf^C,  f.,  'howitzer,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.,  introduced  during  the  Hus- 
site Wars  from  Bohemia  (houfnice,  'stone 
8linger'),  hence  the  earliest  recorded  form, 
Ǥaubui$f. 

f)CUtd)Ctt,  vb.,  '  to  breathe,  respire,  ex- 
hale,' from  MidHG.  (rare)  hUchen,  'to 
breathe,'  an  UpG.  word  ;  perhaps  recently 
coined  in  imitation  of  the  sound.  Cognate 
terms  are  wanting. 

<$&cutbcrcr,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  Du.  stulhoudei;  lit.  ©tallljalter,  'job- 
master'(in  MidG.  ©cfdjirrfyatttr,  also  $eji- 
fyiltev)  ;  Du.  louden  is  ModHG.  fjalten. 

f)aucn,  vb.,  '  to  hew,  chop,  carve,'  from 
MidHG.  Iwuwen,  OHG.  houwan  (MidHG. 


houwen,  OHG.  houw&n),  'to  hew';  comp. 
OSax.  lmuwan,  AS.  hedwan,  E.  to  hew,  Olc. 
hgggva;  Goth.  *haggwan,  a  redupl.  vb.,  is 
wanting  ;  Teut.  hauw,  haw,  from  pre-Teut. 
kow;  not  allied  to  k6ittu,  but  to  OSlov. 
kovq,,  kovati,  '  to  forge,'  Lith.  kduju  (kduti), 
'  to  strike,  forge,'  kovd,  '  combat.'  Comp. 
J&acfe,  §eu,  #ieb. — ^bcrne,  f.,  '  hoe,  mattock, 
pickaxe,'  from  MidHG. houwe,  OHG.  iiouwa, 
f.,  '  hatchet.' 

ifoaufe,  m., '  heap,  pile,  mass,'  from  Mid 
HG.  hiLfe,  houfe,  m.,  k&f,  hovf,  m.,  '  heap, 
troop,'  OHG.  Mf),  houf,  m.,  '  heap,  troop ' ; 
comp.  OSax.  hSp,  Du.  hoop,  AS.  hedp,  m., 
E.  heap ;  Scand.  h6pr,  '  troop,'  is  borrowed 
from  LG.  ;  Goth.  *haups,  *lidpa  are  want- 
ing ;  these  words,  which  belong  to  the  same 
root,  are  evidently  related  by  gradation 
(comp.  OHG.  Mba, '  hood,'  allied  to  OHG. 
h  oubit, '  h  ead ').  Probably  related  to  OS  I  o  v. 
kupu  (Goth.  *haupa-),  m.,  'heap,'  Lith. 
ka&pas,  'heap,'  kuprd,  'hump'  (Lett,  kupt, 
*  to  form  into  a  ball '),  although  the  corre- 
spondence of  Slav,  p  to  LG.  and  E.  p  is 
not  normal ;  Slav,  p  is  mostly  /or  1  in 
LG.  and  Goth.  Since  Goth,  p  indicates 
pre-Teut.  b,  the  word,  may  be  connected 
also  with  Lat.  incubo,  '  the  treasure  demon 
who  lies  on  the  hoard,  nightmare.'  Others 
compare  it  to  Lith.  kugis,  '  heap.' 

f)dufut,  adj.,  copious,  abundant,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  lit.  '  by  heaps.' 

^Ivcutpf,  n.,  'head,  chief,  leader,'  from 
MidHG.  houbet,  houpt  (also  houbet),  n., 
OHG.  houbit,  n.  ;  the  OTeut.  word  for 
'  head,'  supplanted  in  the  16th  cent,  by 
JtoVf  i»  all  the  G.  dials.  (Jfefyl-,  J?rautl)autJf, 
almost  the  only  existing  forms,  are  dia- 
lectal), while  E.  and  Scand.  have  retained 
the  earlier  form — AS.  hedfud,  E.  head  (for 
*heafd),  n.,  Olc.  haufuf>,  later  hgfu}>,  n., 
Swed.  hufvud,  Dan.  hoveJ,  'head,'  Goth. 
haubi]>,  ii.  Since  all  the  Teut.  dialects 
point  to  an  old  diphthong  au  in  the  stem, 
of  which  d  in  OHG.  h-dba,  'hood,'  is  the 
graded  form  (comp.  J&aubc),  the  Aryan  base 
must  be  koupot,  and  Lat  cdput,  for  which 
*cauput  might  have  been  expected,  was 
probably  transformed  by  the  influence  of  a 
word  corresponding  to  AS.  hnfola,  'head,' 
Sans,  kapdla,  'skull,'  an  assumption  also 
supported  by  Lat.  capUlus,  '  hair  (of  the 
head).'  The  MidHG.  houbet  (Luther  $fupt), 
formed  by  mutation  from  OHG.  houbit,  is 
still  preserved  in  ju  Ȥaupttn,  in  which 
primit  phrase  the  plur.  curiously  repre- 
sents the  sing. 


Hau 


(    138 


Hec 


_V>cuto,  i).,  '  house,  household,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  hu*,  n.,  which  lias  the  same 
sound  in  all  OTeut.  dials.  ;  ModDu.  huts, 
E.  house  (to  which  husband,  hussy,  and  hust- 
ings, are  allied).  Goth.  *hus  is  found  only 
once  in  gudhus, '  temple,'  lit. '  God's  house ' 
(for  which  Goth,  razn  is  used  ;  comp.  (Raft), 
but  may  be  also  inferred  from  the  bor- 
rowed term,  OSlov.  chyzu,  '  house.'  In 
the  other  Teut.  dialects  it  is  the  prevalent 
term,  corresponding  to  G.  £au$.  Probably 
cognate  with  £utte,  and  like  this  term  allied 
to  a  Teut.  root  hud,  '  to  hide '  (AS.  hydan, 
E.  to  hide)  ;  h&sa-  for  hussa-,  htifrta-,  lit. 
' that  which  hides'?.  See  further  under 
^»utte.  Others  connect  Goth,  hits  with  Goth. 
huz-ds,  '  refuge,'  and  Lat.  custos.  In  this 
case  too  the  prim,  sense  assigned  would 
hold  good. 

tjcutf?.  fyauhexx.  adv.,  '  out  of  doors, 
abroad,'  from  MidHG.  hu$e  for  hie  dy, 
'  here  outside,'  like  MidHG.  hinne  for  hie 
inne. 

<&aufle,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
huste,  m.,  'shock  of  corn,  haycock,'  cannot 
be  traced  farther  back ;  evidently  for  hufste, 
akin  to  htife,  '  heap.'  Comp.  Lith.  Lupstas, 
'  tump.' 

->">rtitf ,  f.,  '  hide,  skin,  cuticle,'  from  Mid 
HG.,andOHG.Ma.,'hide' ;  ModDu. huid, 
AS.  hyd,  f.,  E.  hide,  Scand.  MS,  f .  ;  the 
OTeut.  word  for  '  hide '  (Goth.  */iups,  gen., 
*hHdais,  is  by  chance  not  recorded),  from 
pre-Teut.  kuti-s,  f. ;  it  is  Lat.  cutis  (for  the 
gradation  of  H  to  u,  see  taut  and  <2>ol)n) ; 
comp.  Gr.  kutos,  n.,  '  skin,  covering ' ;  the 
root  has  a  prefix  s  in  Gr.  vkutos,  n.,  '  skin, 
leather,'  Lat.  scH-tum.  'shield,'  ffxO-Xw, 
'skin,  arms. stripped  off  a  slain  enemy.' 
Hence  the  dental  in  OHG.  hut,  Lat  cutis, 
would  be  a  suffix  merely  ;  for  s-ku  as  a 
root  meaning  'to  cover,  hide,'  see  under 
<Sd)eutte,  ©djetter.  The  E.  vb.  to  hide,  from 
AS.  hQdun,  may  belong  to  the  same  root 
with  an  abstract  dental  suffix  *hd<<i-,  'cover- 
ing,' hUd jan, '  to  envelop.'  Yet  traces  exist, 
as  may  be  seen  under  S$vS\t,  of  a  root  hud 
from  fcudh,  '  to  veil,'  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages. 

J»»cbammc,  f., '  midwife,'  from  MidHG. 
hebamme  ;  the  latter  form,  from  heve-amme, 
has  been  modified  in  sense  by  connection 
with  foebett,  its  last  component  representing 
an  earlier  anne  equiv.  in  meaning,  OHG. 
usually  hevi-anna,  f.  ;  anna,  (.,  'woman' is 
cognate  with  Lat.  dnus,  'old  woman  '  (see 
9ltjn),  and  hence  probably  stands  for  anua, 


anva  (comp.  $ianit,  Jtinn).  Yet  OHG.  hetn- 
anna  may  be  really  nothing  more  than  the 
pres.  panic,  of  tybtn,  prim,  lorn  hafja»(d)j6, 
'she  who  lifts,' of  which  the  later  forms 
are  modifications.  In  MidE.  midw'if,  E. 
midwife,  ModDu.  vroedvrouw,  from  vroed, 
1  wise,  prudent'  (comp.  Span.  coma>Jret  Fr. 
sage-femme)  ;  no  word  common  to  Teut.  can 
be  found.  There  were  probably  no  regular 
mil  I  wives  in  the  Teut.  period. 

<&ebel,  m.,  'lever,  yeast,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.  in  the  sense  of  'lever'; 
comp.  MidHG.  hebel,  hevd,  OHG.  hevilo, 
m.,  '  yeast '  (as  a  mean3  of  causing  a  thing 
to  rise)  ;  v,f,  as  the  older  form,  was  sup- 
planted by  connecting  the  word  with  bfbcn. 

fycbetl,  vl>.,  'to  raise,  lift,  levy,  solve 
(doubts),  settle  (disputes),  remove,'  from 
MidHG.  heben,  /teven,  '  to  rise,  raise,  lift,' 
OHG.  heffan,  hemn  (prop,  heffu,  l-evis,  hevit, 
fieffamSs,  inf.  heffan),  from  habjan,  which 
occurs  in  Goth,  in  the  sense  of  ( to  raise, 
lift  up ' ;  root,  haf,  hab ;  b  properly  be- 
longed in-"the  str.  vb.  to  the  pret.  plur. 
and  partic,  but  may  have  found  its  way 
into  other  stems.  AS.  Iiebban  (sing,  hebbe, 
hefst,  hef}>,  &c),  E.  to  heave  ;  ModDu.  heffen  ; 
Olc.  hefja.  Respecting^'  as  a  formative  ele- 
ment of  the  pres.  stem  in  str.  vbs.,  see  under 
fd)ajfcn,  (adjett,  &c. ;  it  corresponds  to  Lat.  t 
in  vbs.  of  the  3rd  conjug.,  such  as  facio. 
Hence  Lat.  capio  corresponds  exactly  to 
Goth,  hafjan  ;  Aryan  root  kap.  There  are 
numerous  examples  in  Teut.  of  the  sense 
'  to  seize,'  which  belongs  to  the  Lat.  vb.  ; 
see  under  ^uft.  Since  Lat.  capio  is  not 
allied  to  habeo,  and  Lat  habeo  is  cognate 
with  Teut.  twben  {capio,  rootkap,  liabeo,  'to 
have,'  root  kliabh),  habftt  is  entirely  uncon- 
nected with  heben.  Yet  in  certain  cases  it 
cannot  be  doubted  that  the  words  related 
to  fylbeu  have  influenced  the  meaning  of 
those  connected  with  tjcbm  ;  some  words 
may  be  indifferently  assigned  to  the  one 
or  the  other ;  comp.  e.g.  £abe  with  .£>anb- 
fyabe.  With  the  root  kap,  Lat  capio,  some 
also  connect  Gr.  kutv,  'handle.' 

iaccfjcf,  f.,  'flax  comb,'  from  MidHG. 
hechel,  also  hachel,  f.  :  comp.  Du.  hekel ; 
MidE.  hechele,  E.  haichel  and  hackle  ;  want- 
ing in  Olc.  ;  Swed.  hdckla,  Dan.  hegle 
(Goth.  *hakila,  *hakula,  is  assumed).  Pro- 
bably allied  to  OHG.  and  MidHG.  hecchen, 
hecken  (hakjan), '  to  pierce'  (espec.  ot  snakes), 
and  further  to  the  cognates  of  ^afen  (E. 
hook).  Goth,  hahils, '  cloak,'  OHG.  hahhu  L 
MidllG.  hachel,  m.,  Olc.  hgkull,  m.,  AS. 


Hec 


(    i39    ) 


Hef 


hacele,  'cloak,'  are  not  allied  ;  they  belong 
rather  to  a  conjectural  Goih.  *hdka,  f., 
1  goat '  (AS.  hicen,  '  kid,'  from  Goth.  *hd- 
kein,  n.  ;  see  under  ©eif$),  and  hence  pro- 
bably mean   '  hairv   garment.'      See  also 

$bed)fe,  $S&<f)fe,  f.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hehse,  OHG.  hahsa,  f.,  'hock' 
(especially  of  liorses) ;  the  presitmable  form 
in'  Goth,  is  *hahsi  (gen.  *hahsj6s),  f.  Cor- 
responding in  sound  to  Olnd.  kakSyd,  f., 
'  girth  (of  a  saddle),' a  derivative  oikak&a-st, 
m.,  'passage  for  the  girths,  armpit' ;  Lat. 
coxa, '  hip,'  whence  the  adv.  coxim,  '  squat- 
ting,' from  which  a  meaning  similar  to  that 
of  the  HG.  word  may  be  deduced.  The  sig- 
nification of  the  primit.  Aryan  word  fluc- 
tuated between  '  armpit,  hip,  and  hock.' 
In  the  Teut.  group  the  following  are 
also  allied  to  Goih.  *hahsi,  f. — OHG.  hah- 
sindn,  MidHG.  hehsenen,  'subnervare,  to 
hamstring,'  AS.  hdxene,  MidE.  houghsene, 
Frie.  hdxene,  '  hock.' 

ii*cd)t ,  m.,  '  pike,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  hc^chet,  hecht,  OHG.  hehhit,hahhit,  m. ; 
comp.  OSax.  hacud,  AS.  hacod,  hozced,  m., 
'  pike ' ;  a  West  Teut.  word  connected  with 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  hecknn, '  to  pierce,'  men- 
tioned under  -§ed)c(.  On  account  of  its 
pointed  teeth  the  pike  is  called  the  'piercer.' 
Comp.  E.  pike,  Fr.  brochet,  'pike,'  from 
broche,  '  spit,'  Scand.  gedda,  '  pike,'  allied 
to  gaddr,  '  prickle.' 

<#edte  (1.),  f.,  'hedge,'  from  MidHG. 
heclce,  f.,  OHG.  hgeka,  hegga,  f.,  'hedge,'  the 
latter  from  hagjd-,  whence  also  AS.  hecg, 
f.,  MidE.  heqge,  E.  hedge;  AS.  also  hege, 
in.,  'hedge'  (comp.  E.  haybote,  'an  allow- 
ance of  wood  for  repairing  fences').  Of 
the  same  origin  as  the  cognates  mentioned 
under  Jpag. 

-VK'cho  (2.).  f.,  '  the  act  of  breeding,'  Mod 
HG.  simply,  probably  neither  identical 
nor  even  cognate  with  #frfe  (1),  'hedge,' 
because  E.  hedge,  '§crfe  (1),'  and  hatch, 
'J&ecfe  (2).'  are  totally  distinct ;  the  former 
is  MidE.  hegge  (AS.  h$cg,  f.  ?),  the  latter 
MidE.  hacclie  (AS.  *hazcce  ?) ;  E.  hatch, 
'  brood,  incubation.'  MidHG.  has  a  wk. 
vb.,  hecken, '  to  propagate '  (of  birds),  MidE. 
hacchen,  E.  to  hatch;  OHG.  heijidruom, 
MidHG.  hegedruose,  f.,  'testicle,'  may  be 
cognate  (g  in  AS.  hagan,  'gignalia,'  ill 
comparison  with  the  earlier  kk  in  MidE. 
hacche,  is  conceivable),  and  hence  too  Mid 
HG.  hagen,  m.,  '  bull  kept  for  breeding,' 
earlier   ModHG.   <§>arffcfy,    'boar   kept   for 


breeding.'  The  cognates  seem  to  indicate 
a  Teut.  root  hag,  hakk,  '  to  propagate.' 

$bebe,  f.,  'tow,'  ModHG.  simply,  from 
LG.  heede,  formed  from  £?rfce  by  suppress- 
ing the  r  (see  SWiefe)  ;  comp.  MidDu.  herde, 
'flax  fibre,' AS.  heorde,  f.,  'refuse  of  flax, 
tow,'E.Aarc/s(plur.).  Are  AS.  heard  and  OIc. 
haddr,  'hair,'  allied?  For  Sfrttt  (probably 
Goth.  *hazdd,  *hazdjo)  U\  G.  has  Stapfr 

^Sebexid),  m.,  'hed tie-mustard,  ground 
ivy,'  from  late  MidHG.  hedertch,  m.,  a 
corruption  of  Lat.  (glecoma)  hederacea. 

£&eer,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  liere, 
OHG.  heri,  hari,  n.,  'army' ;  comp.  Goth. 
harjis,  m.,  AS.  he,re,  m.,  OIc.  herr,  m. ;  a 
common  Teut.  word  for  'army,'  still  cur- 
rent in  Swed.  and  Dan.  har,  Du.  hter-  in 
compounds.  AS.  here  was  supplanted  in 
the  MidE.  period  by  the  Rom.  army ;  yet 
AS.  here-gcatwe,  'military  equipment  or 
trappings,'  has  been  retained  down  to 
ModE.  as  heriot ;  similarly  the  AS.  word 
for  har-bour  (comp.  Jperfeerge).  The  term 
chario-,  'army,'  met  with  in  Teut.  proper 
names  of  the  Roman  period,  corresponds 
to  Olr.  cuire,  '  troop,'  OPruss.  karjis, 
'army,'  of  which  Lith.  kdras,  'war,'  is  the 
base  (<§eer,  lit.  'that  which  belongs  to 
war ') ;  to  this  OPers.  kdra,  '  army,'  is 
allied  ?.  In  MidHG.  and  earlier  ModHG. 
there  is  another  deriv.  of  the  root  kar, 
viz.  harst,  MidHG.  also  harsch,  'body  of 
troops.'  The  verbal  form  from  the  as- 
sumed word  for  'war'  was  perhaps  Goth. 
*harj6n,  '  to  wage  war  upon '  ;  comp.  OIc. 
herja,  '  to  go  on  a  predatory  expedition,' 
AS.  herigan.  E.  to  hurry,  to  harrow,  OHG. 
heridn,  MidHG.  hern,  'to  ravage,  plunder.' 
Comp.  further  .gtcrbcrge  and  faring. 

$befe,  f.,  'yeast,  lees,  dregs,'  from  Mid 
HG.  h$v,  hepfe,  m.  and  f.,  OHG.  hevn, 
hepfo,  m.  (from  heppo,  hufjo,  '  yeast ') ;  as 
a  substance  producing  fermentation  it  is 
derived  from  the  root  haf,  lit.  'raising'; 
hence  also  OHG.  hevilo,  MidHG.  hevel, 
'yeast,'  as  well  as  AS.  haf,  Du.  hef,  heffe, 
f., '  yeast '  (see  ^cbfl).  Similarly  Fr.  levaiv, 
levilire,  are  related  to  lever.  Yet  OHG. 
hepfo  can  scarcely  be  referred  to  the  Aryan 
root  kar>,  '  to  raise.' 

<#cft,  '  handle,  hilt,  stitched  book,  num- 
ber (of  a  periodical),'  from  MidHG.  hefle, 
OHG.  hefti,  'haft,  handle  of  a  knife,  hilt  of 
asword' ;  connected  with  the  root  Aor/('to 
lift')  or  hab  ('to  have').— feeflott,  vb.,  *to 
stitch,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  heften,  'to 
fasten.' 


Hef 


(    140    ) 


Hei 


bcflttf,  adj.,  '  vehement,  violent,  im- 
petuous,' from  MiilHG.  heftec,  a<lj.,  're- 
maining firm,  ])ersistent,'  then  'earnest, 
important,  strong.'  It  seems  to  be  based 
upon  a  blending  of  two  words  orig.  quite 
distinct,  for  ModHG.  Ijeftig,  'vehemens,' 
is  late  OHG.  heiftig,  MidHG.  heifU,  adv. 
heifteclic/ien,  with  which  Goth,  haifsls,  OFr. 
haste,  as  well  as  ModHG.  §ajt,  are  con- 
nected. 

bcgett,  vb.,  '  to  enclose,  cherish,  foster,' 
from  MidHG.  liegen,  'to  cherish,  keep,'  lit. 
'  to  surround  with  a  fence,'  OHG.  hegen, 
'to  fence  in' ;  allied  to  £<uj. 

Sac^I.  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  hale, 
~M.idQ.Mle,  'concealment';  also  MidHG. 
hade,  adj.,  'concealed' ;  derivatives  of  Mid 
HG.  heln.     See  tytytn. 

l>cl)lert,  vb,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
heln,  OHG.  helan,  '  to  keep  secret,  conceal,' 
AS.  helan,  E.  to  heal,  'to  cover,  conceal,' 
Du.  helen,  '  to  conceal.'  Root  hel,  from 
pre-Teut.  kSl  (Sans.  *gal\  in  the  sense  of 
'concealing  cover' ;  see  further  under  <£>a(le, 
£eljf,  -£>cu>,  £i"d(e,  §ulfe,  as  well  as  fydjl, 
J&eijtf,  and  §clm.  The  Aryan  root  is  at- 
tested by  Lat.  cilare  (e  as  in  Goth.  *hSlei, 
which  is  indicated  hy  MidHG.  hade,  f., 
mentioned  under  §cf;l),  occulo,  Gr.  root  kcl\ 
in  KakiirTU),  'I  cover,'  /taXt^,  'hut,'  Olr. 
celim,  '  I  hide.' 

ftcljl",  adj.,  'exalted,  sublime,  sacred,' 
from  MidHG.  Mr,  adj.,  'distinguished, 
exalted,  proud,  glad,'  also  'sacred,'  OHG. 
and  OLG.  Mr,  '  distinguished,  exalted, 
splendid.'  The  corresponding  compar. 
is  used  in  G.  in  the  sense  of  '  dominus ' ; 
comp.  ^»crr,  lit,  'the  more  distinguished, 
venerable '  (orig.  current  in  the  Teut.  lan- 
guages of  Mid.  Europe  only).  The  orig. 
sense  of  the  adj.  is  probably  'venerable,' 
for  the  E.  and  Scand.  adj.  has  the  mean- 
ing 'grey,  hoary,  old  man';  OIc.  hdrr, 
AS.  Mir,  E.  hoar  (and  the  lengthened  form 
Mary),  'grey.'  Goth.  *Miira-  (neu.  sing. 
inas.  *hairs)  is  wanting.  The  common 
assumption  of  a  Teut.  root  hai,  '  to  glitter, 
shine,'  from  which  an  adj.  hai-ra-  can  be 
derived  with  the  double  sense  given  above, 
is  supported  by  OIc.  MiS,  'clearness of  the 
sky'  (see  under  Ijeitcr),  as  well  as  by  Goth. 
Aai's(dat.plur.Aaizam),n.,' torch.'  With  the 
root  hai  (from  pre-Teut.  koi),  Sans,  ki-td-s, 
m.,  'light,  lustre,  torch,'  is  connected. 

,&cioc  (1.),  f.,  'heath,  uncultivated  land, 
heather,'  from  MidHG.  Mide,  OHG.  Mida, 
f.,  'heath,  uutilled,  wild,  overgrown  land, 


heather';  comp.  Goth.  haipi,  f.,  'field,' 
AS.  hdjy,  m.  and  n.,  'heath,  desert,'  also 
'  heather,'  E.  heath,  OIc.  MitSr,  f.  The 
prim,  sense  of  the  common  Teut.  word  is 
'treeless,  uutilled  plain';  the  meaning 
'  heather'  evolved  from  this  is  West  Teut. 
(AS.  Du.  and  G),  so  too  Du.  Mi,  Mide. 
Goth,  haifri,  '  field,  plain,'  from  pre-Teut. 
kditt,  occurs  also  in  OInd.  kSetra-m,  '  field, 
cornfield,  region,  country,'  for  sketram.  See 
the  next  word. 

^SClbe  (2.),  m.,  '  heathen,  pagan,'  from 
MidHG.  heiden,  m.,  '  heathen '  (espec. 
'  Saracen'),  OHG.  heidan,  m. ;  comp.  Du. 
Miden,  AS.  Mef>en,  E.  Mathen,  OIc.  hetiSenn, 
'  heathen.'  Ultilas  is  acquainted  only  with 
the  corresponding  fem.  liaifinS,  '  heathen 
woman,'  while  the  masc.  plur.  equiv.  to  Lat. 
gentes,  Gr.  lOvi),  appears  as  JriudOs.  The 
connection  of  the  word  with  human  pro- 
gress is  difficult  to  decide  ;  on  account  of 
the  diffusion  of  the  word  in  all  the  Teut. 
dialects,  we  are  evidently  not  concerned 
here  with  a  word  originating  in  the  OHG. 
Biblical  texts  and  translations.  The  usual 
assumption  that  Lat.  paganus,  '  heathen,' 
was  the  model  on  which  the  Teut.  word  was 
built  needs  to  be  restricted,  since  it  is  im- 
probable that  all  the  OTeut.  dialects  inde- 
pendently of  one  another  should  have  given 
an  inaccurate  rendering  of  paganus,  espe- 
cially since  the  Slav,  languages  have  bor- 
rowed the  word  directly  (OSlov.,  Russ. 
poganu).  Lat.  paganus,  'heathen'  (Ital. 
pauano,  Fr.  pa'ien),  appears  in  the  second 
half  of  the  4th  cent,  after  Christianity  was 
established  as  the  religion  of  the  Empire 
by  Constantine  and  his  sons,  and  the  old 
worship  was  forced  from  the  towns  into 
the  country  districts.  The  late  occurrence 
of  the  Lat,  word  explains  the  fact  that  in 
Goth,  first  of  all  a  solitary  instance  of  the 
new  term  '  heathen '  is  found  in  the  form 
haifnid,  f.,  'a  heathen  woman.'  But  tho 
appearance  of  the  word  in  Goth,  is  more 
easily  accounted  for  than  in  any  other  dia- 
lect from  the  Goth,  forms  haipi,  f.,  '  field,' 
hai/riuislcs, '  wild '  (milij?  h.,(  \\  ild  honey  '). 
Hence  in  Goth,  a  form  *hai]?ins  would  be 
connected  more  closely  with  Lat.  paganus, 
while  in  the  other  dialects  the  correspond- 
ing word  cannot  probably  be  explained  from 
the  Lat.  form.  Perhaps  here,  as  in  the  case 
of  Jtirdje  and  ^Bfajff,  the  influence  of  the 
Goths  and  of  their  Christianity  upon  the 
other  Teutons  is  discernible,  Comp.  the 
history  of  the  word  tauffit. 


Hei 


(    141    ) 


Hei 


$beibelheeve,  f.,  'bilberry,  whortle- 
berry,' from  MidHG.  heidelber,  heitber,  n. 
and  f.,  OHG.  heidb$ri,  n., '  bilberry,  whortle- 
berry ' ;  corresponds  to  AS.  h&S-berie,  with 
the  same  meaning.    Allied  to  -§eifce,  f. 

l)eifeel,  adj.,  '  hooked,  captions,  nice,' 
ModHG.  only,  but  widely  current  in  tlie 
dials. ;  Swiss,  heikxel,  Bav.and  Suah.hail.cl, 
East  Fris.  hekel,  'fastidious  with  regard  to 
food.'  Geographically  heifet  and  QUI  seem 
to  supplement  eacli  other,  and  hence  may 
be  regarded  as  identical. 

<§bcil,  n.,  'health,  welfare,  salvation,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  heil,  n.,  'health, 
happiness,  salvation ' ;  comp.  AS.  hail,  n. 
(for  hdli,  from  liailiz),  '  health,  happiness, 
favourable  omen ' ;  Olc.  heill,  n.  (f.)  (from 
hailiz), '  favourable  omen,  happiness.'  Not 
the  neut  of  the  following  adj.,  but  properly 
an  older  as  stem,  pre-Teut.  kdilos (declined 
like  Gr.  ytvos,  L  it.  genus,  n.).  Comp.  also 
the  next  word. 

fccil,  adj.,  'hale,  healthy,  sound,' from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  heil,  adj.,  'healthy, 
whole,  saved ' ;  comp.  OSax.  hil,  AS.  hdl, 
E.  whole,  Olc.  heill, '  healthy,  healed,'  Goth. 
hails,  '  healthy,  sound.'  In  OTeut.  the 
iioin.  of  this  adj.  was  used  as  a  saluta-* 
tion  (Goth,  hails!  xaiPe  !  AS.  wes  hdl/). 
Teut.  haila-z,  from  pre-Teut.  kailos  {-lo-  is 
a  suffix),  corresponds  exactly  to  OSlov. 
dlu,  'complete,  whole,'  which,  like  Pruss.. 
kaildstikun,  '  health  '  (from  *kaildda$, 
'  healthy  '),  is  based  upon  Aryan  kailo-;  the 
Olr.  cognate  c4l, '  angary,'  corresponds  to 
AS.  hdbl,  Olc.  heill,' '  n.,  'favourable  omen,' 
as  well  as  to  OHG.  hdlis6n  and  AS.  had- 
sian,  '  to  augur.'  Sans,  kalya-s,  '  healthy,' 
kalydna-s, '  beautiful,'  and  Gr.  /ca\<5s,  /cdXXos, 
are  probably  not  related  to  the  soot  kai 
with  the  suffix  lo-. 

I)cttctt,  vb.,  'to heal,  cure,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  hcileii,  'to  heal,'  as  well  as  Mid 
HG.  heilen,  OHG.  heiliv,  'to  get  well';, 
comp.  AS.  hcelan,  E.  to  heal  (to  which 
health  is  allied,  AS.  hcdlp,  OHG.  heilida,  f., 
'  health ').— ^cifcmo,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  heilant,  m., '  Saviour' ; 
prop,  a  partic.  of  tjcitcu  (a  being  retained  in 
the  partic.  derivative  as  in  SBcifliutb) ;  the 
term  is  HG.  and  LG.  ;  comp.  OSax.  hili- 
an<l,  AS.  htelcnd.  In  England,  where  it 
became  obsolete  as  early  as  the  13th  cent ., 
the  word,  even  in  the  older  period,  was 
never  so 'deeply  rooted  as  in  Germany.  In 
Goth,  nasjands,  AS.  nergend. 

bciltg,  adj.,  'holy,  sacred,  inviolable,' 


from  the  equiv.  MidHG. heilec,  OHG.  heilag, 
adj. ;  comp.  OSax.  hilag,  AS.  hdleg,  E.  hoi//, 
Olc.  heilagr,  adj.  ;  all  have  the  common 
meaning,  'sanctus.'  In  Goth,  only  is  the 
adj.  unknown  (yet  hailag  occurs  in  a  Goth. 
Runic  inscription) ;  the  earlier  old  heathen 
form  weihs  (see  iveificit)  was  used  instead. 
The  development  of  meaning  in  f)etli$  from 
the  subst.  £etl  is  not  quite  clear.  Is  the 
word  Jpcit  used  in  a  religious  sense  ?  Comp. 
Olc.  heill,  '  favourable  omen,'  OHG.  heiti- 
sdn,  '  to  augur,'  Olr.  eel,  '  augury '  ?. 

jftcint,  n.,  'home,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  heim,  n»,  'house,  home,  dwelling- 
place,'  comp.  OSax.  him,  '  dwelling-place,' 
AS.  hdm.  'home,  dwelling-place,  house,' 
E.  home,  Olc.  heimr,  m.,  '  dwelling,  world,' 
Goth,  haims,  f.,.  '  village.'  In  the  17th 
cent,  and  in  the  first  half  of  the  18th, 
the  ModHG..  word  vanished  from  the  lite- 
rary language  (the  adv.  Ijeim  only  being 
still  used),  but  was  restored  through  the 
influence  of  English  literature  (see  J^adf, 
©If).  The  meaning  of  the  Goth,  subst.  is 
found  in  the  remaining  dialects  only  in 
names  of  places  formed  with  sfyeim  as  the 
second  component.  In  Goth,  a  more  general 
meaning,  'dwelling,'  is  seen  in  the  adj. 
anahai/ms,  'present,'  af haims,  'absent '(see 
<§etntat).  The  assumption  that  '  village '  is 
the  earlier  meaning  of  -§etm  is  also  sup- 
ported by  Lith.  kimas,  kaimas,  '  (peasant's) 
farm '  ;  Sons..  Mimas,  '  secure  residence,' 
allied  to  the  root  kii,  '  to  dwell  securely, 
while  away'  (Mitts,,  f.,  'dwelling,  earth'), 
OSlov.  po-6iti, '  requiescere,' po-kojt, '  rest ' ; 
perhaps  also  Gr.  Atcfyt'7  (f°r  KVV-v), '  village '  ?. 
—  Ijctm,  adv.,  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
heim,  acc..sing.,'home(wards),'and  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  heime,  dat.  sing.,  'at  home'; 
in  the  other  dialects,  except  Goth.,  the 
respective  substs.  in  the  cases  mentioned 
are  likewise  used  adverbially  in  the  same 
sense.     For  further  references  comp.  SKkile. 

..ftctmctf,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hcimdt,  heimuot,  heimuote,  f.  and  n.,  OHG. 
heimuoti,  heimdli,  u.,  'native  place' ;  a  de- 
rivative of  Jpeun.  Goth.  *haim6di  is  want- 
ing (haimdpli,  'native  land  or  fields,'  is 
used  instead,  OHG.  heimuodili).  Respect- 
ing -6'U  as  a  suffix,  see  9lrnutt,  (Shittc. 

^eimcrjett,  n.,  'cricket,' dimin.  of  -§cintf, 
m.  and  f.,  from  M  id  1 1 G.  hcime,  OHG.  heimo, 
m.,  'cricket'  ;  AS.  hdma,  'cricket' ;  a  de- 
rivative of  £cim,  hence  lit  'inmate'  (a 
pet  term  ?). 

f)cimlid),  adj.,  '  private,  secret,  comfor- 


Hei 


(    142    ) 


Hei 


table,  snug,  from  MidHG.  heim(e)lich,  adj., 
'  secret,  coiifidential,coiicealed,'  also '  home- 
made, domestic* ;  allied  to  Jpoint. 

.Mciiut.  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  hlrdt,  in.  and  f.,  'marriage,'  lit 
'care  of  a  house';  Goth.  *heiws,  'house,' 
in  heiwa-frauja,  m.,  'master  of  the  house.' 
The  earlier  ModHG.  form  ^curat  is  due  to 
Mid HG.  *hU-rdt  for  htw-.  AS.  htrid,  MrH, 
'family,'  MidE.  hired,  and  AS.  hiwrceden, 
MidE.  htreden  in  the  same  sense.  The  first 
component,  Goth,  heiwa-,  is  widely  diffused 
iit  OTeut  OIc.  hj&,  hj&n,  n.  plur.,  'man 
and  wife,  married  couple,  domestics,'  OIc. 
hyslce,  n.,  'family,'  Mbyte,  hyhyle,  11.,  'place 
of  residence.'  A*\  htwan,  plur.,  '  servants,' 
E.  hind  (E.  hive,  which  is  often  connected 
with  the  cognates  in  question,  is  not  allied, 
since  it  is  due  to  AS.  hyf,  'beehive'). 
Scand.  hyske,  11.,  corresponds  to  the  West 
Teut.  terms,  OHG.  htwislei,  n.,  'family, 
housekeeping,  domestics,'  also  OHG.  htuu, 

{)lur.,  'man  and  wife,  servants,'  htwo,  'hus- 
jand,'  htwa,  '  wife.'  Goth,  heiwa-,  '  house, 
housekeeping,'  has  consequently  numerous 
cognates  within  the  Teut.  group.  Its  rela- 
tion to  the  non-Teut.  words  is  dubious ;  Lat. 
civis,  'citizen,'  Lith.  szeima,  szeimyna,  'do- 
mestics,' OSlov.  semlja,  simija,  'domestics,' 
are  usually  connected  with  it.  Others 
refer  it  to  the  root  appearing  in  £eim.  See 
(Rat. 

f)Ctfd)crt,  vb.,  '  to  ask  for,  demand,  re- 
quire,' from  MidHG.  heischen,  prop,  eischert, 
OHG.  eisk&n,  'to  ask';  the  addition  of 
initial  h  in  the  MidHG.  and  ModHG.  verbs 
is  correctly  ascribed  to  the  influence  of 
toftjjeti.  Coinp.  OSax.  Sscdn,  Du.  eischen, 
AS.  dscian,  E.  to  ask;  Goth.  *aisk6n  is 
wanting.  It  corresponds  to  Lith.  jeskOti, 
OSlov.  iskati,  '  to  seek,'  also  probably  to 
Armen.  aic,  '  investigation,'  and  Sans,  icch 
(icchati),  'to  seek'  (see  an()etfd)ig). 

rjetfer,  adj.,  'hoarse,'  from  MidHG. 
heiser, '  rough,  hoarse.'  with  the  variant  Mid 
HG.  heis,  heise,  OHG.  heisi,  heis,  '  hoarse' ; 
Goth.  *haisa-  is  also  indicated  by  AS.  hds  ; 
in  MidE.  besides  h§se,  an  abnormal  hgrse 
occurs,  whence  E.  hoarse;  so  too  MidDu. 
heersch,  a  variant  of  heesch  (the  latter  also 
ModDu.) ;  the  r  of  the  MidHG.  and  Mod 
HG.  derivative  Ijfifft  is  the  widely  diffused 
adj.  suffix  in  bitter,  lauter,  bagev,  nta^er,  (fee. 
The  Scand.  hdss,  for  the  expected  *heiss 
(Goth.  *ltais),  also  presents  a  difficulty. 
Some  have  attempted  to  connect  the  stem 
with  that  in  IjuyAtn,  which  is  impossible  ; 


Ii6s,  hw6s,  in  tyujlen,  cannot,  on  account  of 
the  vowels,  correspond  to  Goth.  *haisa. 
Others,  with  greater  reason,  connect  it  with 
E.  to  whistle,  AS.  hiristlian,  and  with  Mod 
HG.  ttifpelii,  'to  whisper'  (the  Teut.  root 
hais,  hwts,  appears  with  a  derivative  k  in 
AS.  hwtskrian,  OIc.  hviskra,  '  to  whisper,' 
Du.  heesch,  'hoarse'). 

<5»et(Icr,  m.,  '  beech  tree,'  a  Franc,  and 
Hess,  word,  which  also  appears  in  LG.,  but 
is  entirely  unknown  to  TjpG.  and  MidG. ; 
even  in  the  MidHG.  period  heister  occurs  ; 
comp.  Du.  heester  (whence  Fr.  hitre).  Note 
the  local  term  £eifterbacfy. 

f)Ci|jj,  adj., '  hot,  ardent,  vehement,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  hei$;  comp. 
Du.  he  t,  AS.  hdt,  E.  hot,  OIc.  heitr;  a 
common  Teut  adj.  for  '  hot,'  pointing  to 
Goth.  *haita-  ;  from  the  root  hit,  to  which 
^i|e  is  akin.  This  root,  may  be  extended 
from  hi,  with  which  OHG.  an  1  MidHG. 
hei,  ge!-ei,  '  heat'  is  connected.     See  beijett. 

^ci^en,  vb.,  'to  bid,  command,  be  called, 
signify,'  from  MidHG.  hti^en,  OHG.  heiy 
$an,  '  to  name,  be  named,  be  called,  com- 
mand, promise' ;  the  passive  sense,  '  to  be 
named,  nominari,'  did  not  orig.  belong  to 
the  active,  but  only  to  the  Goth,  and  AS. 
passive  form.  AS.  hdtan,  'to  name,  pro- 
mise,' hdtte,  '  I  am  called '  and  '  I  was 
called';  OIc.  heita,  'to  name,  be  named, 
promise,  vow ' ;  Goth,  haitan,  a  redupl.  vb., 
1  to  name, appoint,  call,  invite,  command,'  in 
the  pass,  'to  be  named.'  A  common  Teut. 
vb.  with  the  prim,  sense  'to  call  any  one 
by  name,  to  name.'  No  words  undouhtedly 
allied  to  the  Teut.  root  halt,  from  pre-Teut. 
kaid,  exist  in  the  non-Teut  languages. 
See  attbeifdui}. 

rjcif,  fern,  suffix  of  abstract  terms  in 
the  West  Teut.  dialects  ;  prop,  an  indepen- 
dent word  —  MidHG.  heit,  f.,  'method, 
nature,'  OHG.  heit,  m.  and  f.,  '  person, 
sex,  rank,  estate,'  AS.  hdd,  'estate,  race, 
method,  quality';  Goth,  haidus,  in., 
'  method ' ;  see  further  under  tytitn.  As 
an  independent  word  it  became  obsolete 
in  E.  in  the  MidE.  period,  and  was  pre- 
served only  as  a  suffix,  as  in  ModHG.  ;  AS. 
-lutd,  E.  -h<>od  (boi/hood,  falsehood,  maiden- 
hood), and  also  E.  -head  (maidf7ihead). 

fjetter,  adj.,  'clear,  serene,  bright,  cheer- 
ful,' from  MidHG.  heiter,  OHG.  heitar, 
adj.,  'serene,  bright,  glittering';  comp. 
OSax.  hidar,  AS.  hddor,  'serene' ;  a  West 
Teut.  adj.,  but  in  Scand.  heijj-r,  'serene,' 
without  the  derivative  r  (all  used  orig.  of 


Hei 


(    i43    ) 


Hel 


the  clear,  cloudless  sky  only)  ;  comp.  OIc. 
heij>,  '  clear  sky.'  Corap.  Tent,  haidra-, 
haida-,  from  pre-Teut.  kaitrd-,  hiito-,  with 
Sans.  MUs,  m.,  '  brightness,  light,  rays, 
flame,  lamp'  (identical  in  form  with  Goth. 
haidus,  m.,  'manner,  mode,'  connected 
with  jfyeit),  from  the  root  cit  {kit),  'to  shine 
forth,  appear,  see' ;  to  this  is  allied  a  Sans, 
adj.  citrd-s,  'glittering,  radiating,  bright, 
glorious,'  containing  a  derivative  r,  but 
with  a  differently  graded  vowel  in  the  stem. 
A  figurative  sense  is  specially  attached  to 
OIc.  heifrr  (gen.  heij>ar  and  heipj-s),  m., 
'honour,'  as  well  as  to  Ajtit. 

l)Ci\cn,  vb.,  '  to  beat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  heizen,  a  variant  of 
hei^en  (comp.  betjen,  vetjen)  ;  a  nominal  verb 
from  heii>,  stem  haita-,  Goth.  *liaitjan; 
comp.  AS.  hdetav,  '  to  make  hot,  heat ' 
(from  hdt),  E.  to  heat.     See  fteijj. 

rftclo,  m.,  from  the  ecjuiv.  MidHG.  helt 
(gen.  heldes),  m.,  late  OHG.  helid,  'hero'; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  helith,  AS.  Juele]>- 
(nom.  sing.,  hcele),  'man,  hero,'  OIc.  hpltir, 
hgldr  (from  *haluj>r),  and  hair,  '  man,' 
Teut.  hale}}-,  from  kalet-,  kale't-,  may  most 
probably  be  connected  with  Ir.  calath, 
Bret,  calet,  '  hard.' 

I)elfen,  vb.,  '  to  help,  assist,  avail, 
remedy,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  helfen, 
OHG.  helfan ;  a  common  Teut.  vb.  used 
in  the  same  sense  in  all  the  dialects ; 
comp.  Goth,  hilpav,  OIc.  hjalpa,  AS. 
h'eipan,  E.  to  help,  Du.  helpen,  OSax. 
h'eipan.  Teut.  root  help  from  pre-Teut. 
kelb- ;  a  root  of  another  Aryan  dialect 
apparently  allied  in  meaning  curiously 
ends  in  p  {kelp) ;  comp.  Lith.  szdlpti,  'to 
help,'  paszalpd,  'help'  (in  Sans,  the  root 
falp  does  not  occur).  Sans,  kip,  '  to  ac- 
commodate oneself  to,  suit,'  is  even  less 
closely  connected. 

l)CU,  adj.,  '  clear,  bright,  evident,'  from 
MidHG.  hel  (gen.  h'elles),  adj.,  '  loud,  sono- 
rous,' OHG.  hel  in  galiel,  unhel,  missahell j 
in  MidHG.  the  meaning  'sonorous'  was 
still  current,  but  that  of  'glittering'  is 
found  neither  in  OHG.  nor  MidHG.  Comp. 
OHG.  hellan,  MidHG.  hellen, '  to  resound  ; 
MidHG.  hal  (gen.  halles),  m.,  '  sound, 
resonance,'  whence  ModHG.  hallen;  fur- 
ther Scand.  hjat,  n.,  '  chattering,'  hjala, 
'  to  chatter '  ?.     Comp.  fyolett. 

/acllbctnR,  -Moll bonk,  f.,  'bench  near 
the  stove,'  allied  to  earlier  ModHG.  $clit, 
Jjjollf,  f.j'the  narrow  space  between  the  stove 
und  the  wall ' ;  the  word  is  first  recorded 


towards  the  end  of  the  15th  cent.,  but  was 
in  existence  at  an  earlier  period.  Comp. 
AS.  heal,  MidE.  hal,  'angle,  corner'  (coinp. 
Olr.  cuil,  'corner').  The  ModHG.  form 
is  due  to  a  confusion  with  JpcKe,  which, 
like  the  ModHG.  QtlU  'ttjinfel,'  is  connected 
with  the  root  hel,  '  to  veil,  conceal.' 

,S»eUebarte,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
helmbarte,  {.,  '  halberd ' ;  for  the  second 
part  of  the  compound  see  93artc  (1).  The 
first  component  has  been  ascribed  to  two 
sources — to  the  very  rare  MidHG.  helm, 
halm,  '  helve,  handle,'  which  would  pro- 
bably suit,  as  far  as  the  sense  is  concerned, 
h elmbarte,  ' an  axe  fitted  with  a  handle'?. 
But  since  helmbarte,  in  such  a  derivation, 
should  have  halm-  as  the  component,  the 
phonetic  relation  of  the  words  is  in  favour 
of  the  derivation  from  helm,  in.,  hence 
helmbarte,  'an  axe  for  cleaving  the  helmet/ 
From  G.  the  Rom.  words  (Fr.  hallebarde) 
are  derived. 

feller,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
heller,  holler,  m., '  a  copper  coin  worth  about 
i\d-' ;  according totheordinary supposition, 
"  it  was  so  called  from  the  imperial  town 
of  Scfoivabifdj^all,  where  it  was  fi  ret  coined." 
The  OHG.  term  halliny,  'obolus,'  which 
apparently  contradicts  this,  is  perhaps 
rightly  regarded  as  identical  with  MidHG. 
helblinc,  in.,  '  a  fourth  of  a  farthing.' 

f>eUia,en,  betjelltftcn,  vb.,  '  to  impor- 
tunate,' from  MidHG.  helligen,  '  to  weary 
by  pursuit,  tease,  torment' ;  a  nominal 
verb  from  MidHG.  hellic,  adj.,  '  wearied, 
exhausted,'  ModHG.  Ijclltg,  '  wearied.'  The 
origin  of  the  adj.  is  obscure. 

$belm,  (1.),  m., '  helmet,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  helm,  m. ;  the  same  in 
OSax.,  OFris.,  and  AS.  (AS.  helm,  'helmet, 
protector,'  E.  helm),  OIc.  hjalmr,  Goth. 
hilms, '  helmet' ;  a  common  Teut  str.  noun, 
helma-,  '  helmet,'  from  pre-Teut.  kelmo-. 
Comp.  OInd.  fdrman-,  n.,  '  protection ' 
(comp.  the  AS.  meaning),  with  which  the 
root  kel  in  ModHG.  l)ol)len,  lu'iden,  is  con- 
nected. Lith.  s&ilmas,  'helmet,'  and  OSlov. 
Slemu,  '  helmet,'  were  borrowed  at  an  early 
period  from  Teut. ;  so  too  the  Rom.  class — 
Ital.  tlmo  (Fr.  heaume),  'helmet.' 

^ACltn  (2.),  m., 'tiller,'  ModHG.  simply, 
from  LG.,  whence  a  number  of  nautical 
li-rins  found  their  way  into  HG.  (see  Sect, 
Matyx,  aSarfe,  &fattr,  <Spiict) ;  comp.  Du. 
hc'mstock, '  tiller.'  E.  helm,  AS.  helma,  'rud- 
der,' Scand.  hjdlm,  f., '  tiller.'  In  this  case, 
M  in  most  of  the  other  nautical  expressions, 


Hem 


(    i44    ) 


Her 


it  cannot  be  decided  in  which  division  of 
tlie  Saxon  and  Scand.  group  the  technical 
term  originated ;  as  in  other  instances — 
see  53oor,  Serb — AS.  contains  the  earliest 
record  of  the  word.  The  MidHG.  helm  (see 
•§fll«bartf),  'helve,  handle,'  which  occurs 
only  once,  and  its  variant  halmey  do  not 
seem  to  be  actually  allied  to.  the  present 
term  ;  they  are  connected  witk  ^alfter^ 

.ilvemo,  n.,  'shirt,'  from  MidHG.  and 
MidLG.  hemde,  he.medey  OHG.  h$midi,  n., 
'shirt,'  prop,  'long  under-garment' ;  allied 
to  OFris.  hemethe,  AS.  Agnize  (Goth.  *ham- 
eijril);  a  dimin.  term,  formed  like  OHG. 
jungtdi,  'young  of  animals.'  The  sense 
'  short  garment,. bodice,'  originates  in  Teut 
hama-y  'garment,'  the  same  as  OIc.  hamr, 
in.,  '  covering,  skin,,  external  form.'  See 
further  under  SJeidjnam,  also  £amen,  fyanttfd). 
The  Goth,  form  *hamei)>ja-  previous  to  its 
permutation  was  kamttjo^,  and  with  this 
the  late  Lat.  term  camisia,  'tunica  inte- 
rior, under-garment,.  shirt,'  recorded  at  the 
beginning  of  the  5th  cent,  and  chiefly  in 
relation  to  soldiers,,  must  be  connected  in 
some  way  j  it  differs  little  from  the  as- 
sumed form  in  pre-Teut.  ;  OIc.  ha7nsy  m. 
(from  hamisa~),  'slough  of  a  snake,'  has  a  de- 
rivative s.  Probably  Sans,  camulya, '  shirt,' 
is  prim,  allied.  Since  there  is  no  doubt  that 
the  HG.  word  is  classical  Teut.,  the  vulgar 
camisia  must  be  traced  back  to  a  Teut  ori- 
gin, which  is  also  attested  by  W.  hefis, '  che- 
mise,' and'  Olr.  caimmse,  'nomen  Testis. 
The  relation  of  the  initial  HG.  h  to  Rom.  c 
would  correspond  to  that  of  Fr.  Cliivert  to 
its  OHG.  original  Hiltiberty  i.e.  a  Franc,  ch 
forms  the  connecting  link.  In  Lat.  camisia 
we  obtain  for  HG.  J&emb  other  related  terms 
in  Rom.  (Fr.  chemisey  Ital.  camicia). 

^Ctnmctt,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hemmen  (MidG.),  hamen,  'to  stop,  hinder, 
check';  OHG.  *hamen  and  *hemmen  are 
wanting.  The  early  existence  of  the  word,, 
which  is  not  found  in  Bav.,  is  proved  by 
OIc.  hemja,  'to  check,'  and  Sans,  gamay, 
'to  annihilate,'  which  is  perhaps  cognate 
with  the  latter.  It  is  based  upon  a  Teut. 
mot  ham,  meaning  'to  mutilate*;  comp.. 
OHG.  ham  (inflected  form  hammSr),  'lame, 
paralytic'  (Goth.  *ham-ma-,  from  *ham-na-, 
orig.  a  partic.),  and  further  also  OHG. 
hamal,  'mutilated'  (see  $ammei)..  Scand. 
suggests  the  possibility  of  a  different  ety- 
mology— hemja,  'to  curb  any  one,,  lame, 
check,'  from  hgm,  f.,  'hind-leg  of  a  horse,' 
liemill,  '  rope  for  tethering  cattle  by  the 


thighs  when  they  are  grazing,'  hafa  fomil  a, 
'  to  restrain  any  one.'  In  Suab.  and  Bav. 
Ijemtnett  means  only  '  to  tether  horses  when 
grazing.'  Comp.  also  Lith.  kdmanos,  plur., 
'bridle.' 

$ertflff,  m.,  'stallion,'  from  MidHG. 
hengest,  OHG  hevgist,  m.,  '  gelding,  horse 
(generally),.'  comp.  Du.  hengst,  m.,  'stal- 
lion,.' AS.  hengest,  m.,  '  male  horse  (gene- 
rally),' obsolete  at  the  beginning  of  the 
MidE.  period;  OIc.  hestr  (from  *hin- 
histr),  m.,  'stallion,,  horse  (generally).' 
The  earlier  meaning  of  the  HG.  word  was 
equus  castvatus,  and  by  the  adoption  of  the 
general  term  $fcrt>,  '  horse,'  the  word  ob- 
tained in  ModHG..  (from  the  15th  cent.) 
ae  '  ungelded,  male  horse.'  In  Goth,  pro- 
bably *hangists.  The  attempt  to  explain 
the  word  etymologically  has  not  yet  been 
successful;  comp.  Lith.  szankus,  'nimble' 
(of  horses)  1,  or  Lith.  kinky ti,  'to  put  (horses) 
to'?. 

<&CttKeI,.m.,  'handle,  shank,' ModHG. 
simply,  allied  to  fjettfeit. 

rjenfeett,  vb.,  'to  hang,,  suspend,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  henken,  prop,  a  variant 
of  OHG.  and  MidHG.  hen  gen  (k  is  Goth. 
gj)..  To  these  two  words,  varying  in  sound, 
different  meanings  were  attached;  comp. 
MidHG.  henken,  '  to  hang  up,'  hengen,  '  to 
hang  down  (one's  head),'  espec.  'to  give  a 
horse  the  reins.'  Yet  MidHG.  hengen  is 
also  used  in  the  sense  of  hpiktn, '  to  execute 
by  hanging.' 

«&cnfecr,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(rare)  henker,  hunger,  m.y  'hangman,'  allied 
to.  ficttfen. 

^cmte,.  f.,  'hen,'  from  MidHG.  and 
MidLG.  henne,  ©HG. Vienna,  f..;  comp.  AS. 
he.nn,  E.  hen  (AS.  hana  was  even  in  the 
AS.  period  supplanted  by  its  equiv.  cock)  ; 
a  West  Teut.  fern,  of  the  common  Teut 
hano,  'cock,'  to  which  are- allied  the  graded 
forms,  OIc.  hcena,  OSwed.  and  ModSwed. 
hnna,  'hen*  (OHG.  also  he.nin,  hpiinna, 
'hen ').     See  #af)tt,.  £ul)n. 

&cppe,  see  J&ippe. 

l)er,  adv.,  'hither,  this  way.'  from  Mid 
HG.. for  {hire),  OHG.  hera,  adv.,  'hither/ 
formed  like  OHG.  icara,  'whither' ;  allied 
to  Goth,  hiri,  adv.  imperat,  '  come  here.' 
Connected  with  a  pronom.  stem  hi-.  See 
Ijcute,  liter,  lu'iuicit. 

J)crb,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
here,  inflected  herwer  (also  hare,  inflected 
harwer),  'bitter,  harsh';  Goth,  and  OHG. 
*ltar-ica-  is  wanting.      Allied   to  OSax. 


Her 


(    145    ) 


Her 


har-m,  AS.  hear-m,  adj.,  'painful,  mortify- 
ing, bitter'?.     See  ^arm. 

Jierberge,  f.  (with  £as  in  ^erjog,  allied 
to  Ǥeer),  'shelter,  quarters,  inn,'  from  Mid 
HG.  herberge,  f. ;  lit.  'a  sheltering  place  for 
the  army'  (rare  in  MidHG.),  most  fre- 
quently '  lodging-house  for  strangers,'  also 
'dwelling'  generally.  OHG.  heri-b'erga, 
'camp,  castra,'  then  al-o  '  hospitium,  taber- 
naculum.'  MidE.  hmberge,  ' hospitium,' 
E.  harbour ;  Scand.  herberge,  n.,  'inn,  lodg- 
ing, room,  chamber.'  The  compound^  in 
its  later  form,  seems  to  have  been  adopted 
from  G.  by  the  other  Teut.  languages,  and 
also  by  Rom. ;  Fr.  auberge,  Ital.  albergo ; 
OFr.  preserves  the  older  meaning  'camp.' 
Com  p.  Jpevr,  bergen. 

(^Crbff,  m.,  'autumn,  harvest,'  from  the 
equiv:  MidHG.  herbest,  OHG.  h^rbist,  in. ; 
coinp.  MidLG.  hervest,  Du.  herfst,  AS.  hcer- 
fest,m.,  andthe  equiv. ~E.harvest;  a  common 
West  Teut.  word,  archaic  in  form  (whether 
OIc.  haust,  n.,  'autumn,'  Swed.  and  Dan. 
host,  are  identical  with  $txb\t  is  still  very 
dubious).  Hence  the  statement  of  Tacitus 
(Germ.  26) — '(Gijrmani)  autumni  parinde 
nomen  ac  bona  ignorantur,'  can  scarcely 
be  accepted..  It  is  true  that  ^ctfyt  in  UpG. 
is  almost  entirely  restricted  to. 'the  fruit 
season,'  espec.  '  the  vintage '  (the  season  it- 
selfisprop.  called  ©^atja  l>r,  Suab.  ©patting). 
This  coincides  with  the  fact  that  J&evbjl  is 
connected  with  an  obsolete  Teut.  root  harb, 
from  Aryan,  karp  (Lat.  carpere,  icap-irus, 
'fruit'),  'to  gather  fruit,'  which  perhaps 
appears  also  in  Lith.  kerpu  (kirpti),  '  to 
shear.'  In  Goth,  the  term  is  asans  ('  season 
for  work,  for  tillage'  ;  comp:  (Sntte). 

<$ibcvb,  m.,  'hearth,  fireplace,  crater,' 
from  MidHG.  liert  (-ties),  m.,  'ground, 
earth,  fireplace,,  hearth,'  OHG.  herd,  m., 
h'erda,  f.,  'ground,  hearth.'  This  double 
sense  is  wanting  in  the  other  West  Teut. 
languages,  Du.  heerd,  haard,  m.,  'hearth,' 
OSax.  herth,  AS.  heor}>,  E.  hearth.  The 
meaning  of  herjja-  (Goth.  *hairf>s),  'hearth,' 
is  West  Teut.,  while  'ground'  is  simply 
HG.  ;  it  is  not  improbable  that  two  orig. 
different  words  have  been  combined  (comp. 
OIc.  hjarl, '  ground,  land '  ?).  #frt>,  '  hearth,' 
with  Goth,  ha&ri,  n.,  'charcoal'  (plur. 
haurja,  'fire'),  OIc.  hyrr,  in.,  'fire,'  may 
be  connected  with  a  Teut.  root  her,  '  to 
burn'  (comp.  Lat.  crS-mare). 

<$crbc,  f.,  '  herd,  flock,  drove,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  herte,  h'ert,  OHG.  herta,  f. ; 
the  common  Teut.  word  for  'herd';  Du. 


herde  (obsolete,  see  §ivte  ;  kudde,  f.,  is  used 
instead,  see  Jfcttc),  AS.  heord,  f.,  E.  herd, 
OIc.  hjgrfi,  f.,  Goth,  hairda,  f.,  'herd.'  The 
Teut  type  herdd  (the  d  of  the  ModHG. 
form,  compared  with  OHG.  t,  i8  due  to  LG. 
influence),  from  pre- Teut.  kerdhd  ;  comp. 
Olml.  c&rdhas,  n.,  gdrdha-s,  m.,  'troop  ; 
also  OSlov.  ereda,  f.,  '  herd '  ?.     See  §trte. 

Bering,  see  Jadrhtg. 

^setting,  <$&tttrttng,  m.,  'sour  grapes' 
(ModHG.  only),  for  the  earlier,  *.§cnv>Uttg, 
allied  to  tjcrine,  '  bitter.' 

^evmelitx,  m.  and  n.  (accented  like  a 
foreign  word),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hermelin,  n.,  'ermine,'  dimin.  of  MidHG. 
harme,  OHG.  harmo,  m.,  'ermine'  ;  a  G. 
word  merely,  wanting  in  the  other  OTeut. 
languages,  but  in  spite  of  the  phonetic 
correspondence  with  Lith.  szermu,  'ermine' 
(Lith.  sz  for  Sans,  c,  Aryan  k,  whence  Teut. 
h),  there  is  no  doubt  about  its  being  genu- 
inely Teut  From  G.  are  derived  the  Rom. 
words  similar  in  sound  (ModFr.  hermine, 
Ital.  ermellino)  rather  than  from  the  Mid 
Lat.  mus  armenius  (for  which  the  earlier 
mus  ponticus  is  found). 

Sbevolb,  m., '  herald,'  late  MidHG.  only 
(14th  cent.),  h^ralt,  hyolt  (also  erhalt),  m., 
'herald';  undoubtedly  an'  OG.  military 
term,which,like  a  large  number  of  others  of 
the  same  class  (comp.  jailer,  Jtampf),  became 
obsolete  at  an  early  period,  $erc(b  itself 
is  derived  from  an  OFr.  term  recorded  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  13th  cent.,  Ix4ra.lt, 
ModFr.  hfraut  (comp.  Ital.  araldo,  MidLat. 
heraldus),  which  is  based,  however,  upon 
an  OG.  *he.riwalto,  *hariwaldo,  '  an  army 
official,'  appearing  in  OSax.  as  a  proper 
name,  Hariold  (OIc.  Harald).  OHG.  harin, 
'  to  praise,'  does  not  occur  in  the  compound. 

<$»CIT,  m..  '  master,  lord,  gentleman, 
sir,'  from  MidHG.  h'erre  {hire),  m.,  OHG. 
liSrro  (hiro),  m.  ;  comp.  OSax.  hirro,  Du. 
heer,  OFris.  hira,  'lord';  prop,  a  com- 
parative of  f}cf>r  (OHG.  hir),  in  Goth. 
*hairiza.  In  the  OHG.  period  this  origin 
was  still  recognised,  as  is  seen  by  OHG. 
Mrero,  '  lord '  (see  fjertfdjeii).  Since  the 
orig.  meaning  of  the  adj.  t)el)t  was  '  vene- 
rable,' ^>crr  seems  to  have  originated  in  the 
relation  of  the  dependants  to  their  master 
(comp.  AS.  hlafora, '  bread  guardian,'  under 
Siaib),  and  was  used  chiefly  as  a  term  of 
address  (see  3ungtr).  Comp.  in  Rom.  the 
words  used  in  the  same  sense  from  Lat. 
senior,  viz.,  Ital.  sianore,  Fr.  seigneur.  Jpert 
is  orig.  native  to  Germany,  but  in  the  form 


Her 


(     »46    > 


Heu 


htarra  it  found  iis  way  at  a  very  early 
period  (about  the  9th  cent)  from  the  Ger- 
man lowlands  to  England,  and  later  to 
Scandinavia  (ModSwed.  heire,  '  master '). 
In  ModHG.  only  a  fern.  Jgimut  has  been 
formed  from  $etr  (as  in  Itai.  signora  from 
eignore).  The  older  language  used  ftrau, 
£err  having  supplanted  the  earlier  fr6  (see 
under  frobn). 

fjcrrltd),  adj.  (with  shortened  i  before  a 
double  consonant,  as  in  the  two  following 
words,  probably  due  to  its  association  witli 
^ert),' lordly,  splendid,  magnificent,' from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  hirlich,  adj.,  'distin- 
guished, excellent,  magnificent.'  Allied  to 
WE. 

(j&errfd)af1,  f.,  'lordship,  dominion, 
master  and  mistress,  employers  (as  used  by 
servants^,'  from  MidHG.  hirschift,  f.,  OHG. 
hhscaft,  hirscaf,  f.,  lit.  'lordship,'  then 
'hitfh  rank,  manor,  magistracy.'  Allied 
to  J&err,  but  probably  not  to  fyefir. 

I)errfd)en,  vb.,  from  MidHG.  hersen, 
hbsen,  OHG.  hSris6n,  '  to  rule,  reign,'  but 
also  hirrisdn  even  in  OHG.,  from  its  asso- 
ciation witli  Mrro, '  lord '  (for  ModHG.  sch 
after  r  from  an  older  s,  comp.  £irfd),  ,Rirfd)e). 
The  origin  of  the  meaning  '  to  rule '  cannot 
be  explained  from  the  posit,  be&r,  OHG. 
hSr,  '  august,  exalted,  venerable,  glad,'  but 
from  the  originally  compar.  Idrro,  '  lord.' 
Thus  OHG.  h$ri.-$n, '  to  be  lord  and  master, 
dominari,'  is  related  to  hiiro,  heriro, '  lord,' 
as  Goth,  *hairiza  (compar.)  is  to  *hairis6n, 
vb. 

<>»er3,  n.,  '  heart,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  herze,  OHG.  herza,  n.  ;  comp.  OSax. 
herta,  OIc.  hjarta,  Goth.  hairtd,  AS.  heorte, 
and  the  equiv.  E.  heart;  the  common  Teut. 
word  for  '  heart,'  which  may  be  traced  back 
even  to  West  Aryan.  The  Teut.  type  hert- 
6>i-,  from  Aryan  kerd  (krd).  corresponds  to 
Lat.  cor,  cor-dis,  n.,  Gr.  KapUa  and  *%>  for 
*Kijp$,  n.,  lath,  szirdis,  f.,  OSlov.  srudice,  n., 
Olr.  cride.  The  corresponding  East  Aryan 
word  for  '  heart'  (Sans,  hfd,  hrdai/a,  Zend. 
zaredaya),  is  usually  dissociated  on  account 
of  the  initial  sound  (we  should  have  ex- 
pected Sans.  *crd)  from  the  West  Aryan 
class. 

->3cr}0g,  m.,  'duke,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  heyzoge,  OHG.  he,rizogo  (-zoho),  m.  ; 
comp.  OSax.  heritogo,  AS.  heretoga,  m.,  OIc. 
hertoge,  m. ;  a  common  Teut.  term  for '  the 
leader  of  an  army,'  in  which  zoho,  zogo, 
allied  to  ziohan  (as  togo  to  tiuhan),  has 
the  old  meauing  '  leader.'    Comp.  jier/tit. 


hcl^cn,  vb., 'to infuriate, provoke, chase, 
huut,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  hetzen,  '  to 
chase,  hunt,  incite'  ;  by  permutation  from 
*hatjan;  comp.  £afj.  The  subst  $<$t,  f., 
is  merely  a  ModHG.  formation  from  the  vb. 

$CU,  n.,  '  hay,'  from  MidHG.  hbu,  hou, 
houwe,  n.,  '  hay,  grass,'  OHG.  hewi,  houwi 
(prop.  noin.  he,ici,  gen.  houvoes,  dat  houwe), 
n.,  'hay.'  Comp.  Goth,  havri  (gen.  Uaujis), 
i).,  '  hay,  grass '  (with  regard  to  the  change 
of  Goth,  j  into  OHG.  wand  the  consequent 
absence  of  mutation,  see  ftxau,  9lu,  ©au,  &c; 
in  earlier  ModHG.  the  unm mated  form 
£au  is  still  retained);  OSax.  houici,  AS. 
Mg,  liig  (with  g  for  Goth,  j  as  usual),  n., 
MidE.  hei,  E.  hay,  OIc.  hey,  n.,  *  hay ' ; 
common  Teut.  hauja-  (in  the  Goth.  stem). 
Apparently  from  the  root  hau  (see  r/aum\ 
with  the  suffix  -ja-,  £m,  meaning  '  that 
which  is  to  be  cut'  There  is  less  proba- 
bility of  its  being  connected  with  Gr.  roa. 
(Ion.  iroii)),  'grass,'  from  iroFirj,  «foff?7(Teur. 
h  equal  to  Gr.  x  for  kF,  both  from  Aryan  /:, 
as  in  txiroi,  equal  to  Lat  equus,  Gr.  trwdcu, 
equal  to  Lat.  sequx). 

rjeucf)cln,  vb.,  '  to  feign,  dissemble,' 
ModHG.  only,  prop,  a  MidG.  word  (the  cor- 
responding UpG.  word  is  gleifjntn),  allied 
to  an  early  ModHG.  ftaufyu,  'to  duck, 
stoop,'  from  MidHG.  hdchen,  '  to  crouch ' ; 
comp.  the  further  cognates  under  borfen. 
The  variation  of  meaning  'to  stoop,  dis- 
semble,' is  exhibited  in  an  OTeut  root 
lut,  AS.  Mtan,  'to  bend,  bow.'  to  which  lot, 
'  deceit,'  and  Goth,  liuta,  '  hypocrite,'  are 
allied. 

fjcuer,  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hiure,  OHG.  hiurn,  adv.,  'in  this  year'; 
derived  from  hiujdru  (see  3tfvr)>  the  chief 
accent  being  placed  on  the  pron.  Respect- 
ing hiu  see  beute,  in  which  the  component 
parts  are  equally  obscure. 

rjculcrt,  vb.,  '  to  howl,  yell,  scream,' 
from  MidHG.  hiuUu,  hiuwcln,  '  to  howl, 
cry,'  OHG.  hiuvrilon,  hiirilon,  '  to  shout  for 
joy.'  Also  allied  to  OHG.  hAwila,  hiuwila, 
MidHG.  hiuwel,  f.,  '  owl '  (as  '  the  howling 
bird '),  and  hence  more  remotely  to  OHG. 
h&wo,  111.,  '  owl.' 

,$eufd)rcdte,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
II G.  houschrecke,  m.,  OHG.  h$uri-skrekko, 
m.,  'grasshopper,'  lit  'hay -jumper'  (see 
©djrecfen).  A  distinctly  G.  term  ;  comp. 
Du.  sprinkhaan,  AS.  gcers-hoppa,  equiv.  to 
E.  grasshopper,  AS.  also  gcers-stapa,  '  grass- 
stalker.'  In  Goth,  occurs  an  obscure  term 
fcramstei,  f.  (  whence  OSlov.  chrastu, '  beetle '] 


Heu 


(    »47    ) 


Hin 


beute.  adv.,  '  to-day,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hiute,  OHG.  hiutu;  comp.  OSax. 
hiudu,  hiudiga  (wheuce  AS.  heodceg),  OFris. 
hiudeya,  'to-day';  a  West  Teut.  adv.  for 
Goth.  *hid  daya,  '  on  this  day,'  with  the 
accent  on  the  pron.,  which  resulted  in  the 
combination  of  the  two  words.  In  the 
same  way  *hiutayu  became  hiutgu,  hiuttu, 
and  was  finally  shortened  into  hiutu  (comp. 
the  similar  origin  of  fteucr).  Further, 
Lat.  ho-die  and  Gr.  <r-rmepov  are  similarly 
compounded.  Likewise  for  fyeute  9tad)t, 
'  to-night/  OHG.  and  MidHG.  had  a  par- 
allel adv.  ;  comp.  OHG.  hl-naht  (MidHG. 
htnet),  '  to-night '  (in  Bav.  and  Suab.  heint 
is  used  for  '  to-day  ').  The  pronom.  stem 
hi-  contained  in  it  appears  in  Goth,  in  a 
few  cases,  and  indeed  as  a  temporal  pron., 
'  this '  ;  comp.  himma  daga,  '  to-day,'  and 
hina  dag,  '  until  to-day,'  &c.  In  the  Sax. 
dials,  this  pronom.  stem,  which  corresponds 
to  Lat.  ci-  in  ci-s,  ci-tra,  appears  as  a  3rd 
pers.  pron.  ;  comp.  E.  he,  AS.  hi,  E.  him, 
AS.  liim  (Goth,  himma),  &c,  OSax.  and 
LG.  hi,  '  he.'    See  further  fjer,  fyicr. 

iSibexe,  f.,  '  witch,  ha,r,  sorceress,'  from 
MidHG.  hecse,  f.,  OHG.  Iiagzissa,  hagazussa, 
hagzus  (also  lidzus,  hdzissa),  f.,  a  gloss  for 
furia,  striga,  eumenis,  erinnys ;  comp.  Mid 
Du.  haghetisse,  ModDu.  helcs,  AS.  /icegtesse, 
f.,  E.  (with  the  rejection  of  the  apparent 
termination)  hag.  The  word,  which  is 
doubtlessly  a  compound,  has  not  yet  been 
satisfactorily  explained  ;  OHG.  hag,  AS. 
hceg,  '  hedge,  wood,'  as  the  first  component, 
seems  indubitable.  The  second  part  has 
not  been  elucidated  ;  some  suppose  that 
the  prim,  meaning  of  l&txt  is  '  forest  woman 
or  demon '  i.  Comp.  OHG.  holzmuoja,  Mid 
HG.  holzmunje,  f.,  'forest  woman,  witch' 
(also  '  wood-owl '). 

jfttcb,  m.,  '  cut,  stroke,  blow  ;  sarcasm,' 
first  recorded  in  the  17th  cent.,  being  re- 
cently formed  from  baueit,  pret.  fyiefr,  bteben  ; 
comp.  Jpanbcl  from  banbctn  and  -§e|je  from 
fyefceit. — <$ief,  see  Jjjtftbcnt. 

f)ter,  also  f)ie,  adv.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hier,  hie,  OHG.  hiar,  'here'; 
comp.  Goth.,  Ola,  AS.,  and  OSax.  Mr, 
equiv.  to  E.  here.  Allied  to  hi-  (see 
fyeute)?. 

^ifffjont,  also  Jbftff&Ont  (a  corrup- 
tion due  to  the  fact  that  the  horn  was  car- 
ried attached  to  a  belt  around  the  waist — 
'  J&ufte '),  '  hunting-horn,'  ModHG.  simply  ; 
the  earliest  ModHG.  form  is  $i<fbont  ; 
(fttef,  also  ,&iff,  '  the  blast  from  a  hunter's 


horn.'  Allied  to  Goth,  hiufan,  AS.  he6fan, 
OHG.  hiufan,  'to  wail,  howl'?. 

<$Ufe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  hilfe, 
helfe,  f.,  OHG.  hilfa,  hel/a,  f.,  'help,  aid' 
(Goth.  *hiipi  and  */iilpa,  f.).    Comp.  Ijelfcit. 

^tmbcere,  f.,  'raspberry,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  hinttyr,  n.,  OHG.  hint-beri, 
n.  ;  lit.  '  hind-,  doe-berry.'  With  regard 
to  ModHG.  §iinbeere,  with  a  distinct  second 
component  (in  MidHG.,  however,  hemper, 
from  hintbere,  according  to  strict  phonetic 
laws),  see  ModHG.  2Btmver,  from  wintbrd. 
In  AS.  hindberie,  f.,  means  'strawberry' 
and  '  raspberry ' ;  comp.  E.  dial,  hindberries, 
'  raspberries'  (note  too  AS.  hindhdilefre, 
'  ambrosia,'  MidHG.  hirz-icurz,  AS.  heort- 
clcefre, '  camedus,'  prop. '  hemp  agrimony '). 
In  earlier  ModHG.  there  existed  a  term 
§inbddufte,  from  MidHG.  hintlouf,  'a plant 
growing  on  the  hind's  track,'  i.e.,  alon<{ 
forest  paths,  which  was  applied  to  the 
common  chicory. 

<£mnmet,  m.,  'heaven,  sky,  canopy, 
clime,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  himel, 
OHG.  himil  (OBav.  humil',  in.  ;  comp. 
OSax.  himil,  Fris.  himul,  Du.  hemel,  Swed. 
and  Dan.  himmel;  the  derivative  I  is  the 
result  of  differentiation  from  an  earlier 
derivative  n,  formed  like  Goth,  himins,  OIc. 
himenn,  with  which  the  Sax.  forms  with/ 
for  m  are  connected  ;  AS.  heofon,  m.,  E. 
heaven,  OSax.  heban,  m.,  ModLG.  heven. 
These  forms  are  based  upon  a  common 
Teut.  hemono-  (humeno-) ;  on  account  of  its 
derivative  suffix,  note  too  Gr.  ovpav6s.  The 
ModHG.  sense,  'sky'  is  current  in  all  the 
Teut.  dials. ;  the  word  is  probably  connected 
with  the  OTeut.  stem  ham,  '  to  cover,  veil,' 
mentioned  under  bdtnifd),  Jpemt),  and  Seicb- 
nant.  OHG.  himil  hits  also  the  meaning 
'  ceiling,'  especially  in  the  OHG.  deriva- 
tive himilizzi,  ModHG.  himelze,  a  fact 
which  supports  the  last  assumption  ;  comp. 
AS.  huslieofon,  Du.  hemel,  MidLG.  hemelte, 
'  roof.'  The  etymology  of  Jpimmcl  (Goth. 
himini),  based  upon  OSlov.  kamy,  Lith. 
akmu,  'stone,'  as  well  as  upon  Sans.  acmd. 
'  stone,  (the  stone-roofed)  vault  of  heaven,' 
and  Gr.  ndfuvos,  '  oven,'  are  not  satisfactory, 
since  the  word  probably  denoted  the  'cover- 
ing of  the  eaith  '  originally. 

i)in,  adv.,  'hence,  that  way,'  from  Mid 
HG.  hin,  nine,  OHG.  hina,  adv.,  '  off, 
away '  ;  AS.  hina  (hin-  in  compounds,  e.g., 
hinstp",  'departure,  death'),  adv.  'away,' 
allied  to  the  pronom.  stem  hi-  discussed 
under  ttctite. 


Hia 


(    148    ) 


Hir 


^ftiuoc,  with  an  affixed  fein.  termination, 
also  £inbut,  f.,  'hind,  doe,'  from  MidHG. 
and  MidLG.  hinde,  OHG. hinta,  f.,  'hind'  ; 
comp.  AS.  hind,  f.,  E.  hind,  OIc.  hind, 
'hind' ;  the  common  Tent,  fern,  of  £itfdj  ; 
Goth.  *hindi  (gen.  *hindj6s),  f.,  is  wanting. 
Itisgenerallyconnectedwith  Gotli.  hinban, 
'to  catch'  (to  which  E.  to  hunt  is  allied). 
Others  relate  it  to  Gr.  Ktn-ds,  f.,  'young 
deer,  pricket ' ;  in  that  case  the  dental  is  a 
suffix,  as  in  hun-d  (allied  to  Gr.  kw-  ;  see 
J&unb),  and  n  before  a  dental  may  originate 
in  m  (comp.  @imb,  @d>anbe,.  and  fnmbcrt). 

I)tttbern,  vb.,  'to  impede,  obstruct,  pre- 
vent,' from  MidHG  hindern,  OHG.  hintiren 
and  hintardn,  'to  repulse,  hinder' ;  comp. 
AS.  hinder ian,  E.  to.  hinder,  OIc.  hindra ; 
an  old  derivative  from  the  prepos.  fyiuter  ; 
see  the  latter  and  fcrberit. 

^ittbin^  see  §inbe. 

$tltRC»t,  vb.,  'to  limp,,  walk  lame,,  fit 
badly,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  hinken, 
OHG.  hinchan;  a  word  peculiar  to  HG., 
if  Scand.  hokra, 4 to  crawl,'  is  not  connected 
with  it  (AS.  hellehincay '  devil,'  is  found). 
Root  hink,  from  Aryan  kheng  (kh  as  in  ftaben, 
from  the  root  khibh,  in  Lat.  habere;  comp. 
further  Sldjjel),  based  on  tbe  Sans,  root 
khanj,  '  to  limp'  ;  allied  also  to  the  equiv. 
Gr.  oTcdfw  for  s-khi'igjd,  with  s  prefixed 

Airmen,  von  Ijimten,  adv.,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  hinnen,  OHG.  hinnan, 
hinndn,  hinnana,  adv.,  '  away  from  here, 
from  hence' ;  used  in  ModHG.  only  with 
the  explanatory  prepos.  AS.  heonan, 
heonon,  adv.,  '  from  here,'  E.  henc*  (with  a 
suffix  s,  whence  ce).  Formed  from  the  pro- 
nom.  stem  hi,  like  baimen,  5?ou  bamien,  from 
the  pron.  ba-.    See  fiinten,  Winter. 

l)infert,  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hinden,  OHG.  hintana,  adv.,  '  behind ' ; 
Goth,  hindana,  adv.  and  prep.,  '  behind, 
on  the  other  side' ;  comp.  OSax.  bihindan, 
'  behind,  along  behind,'  AS.  hindan,  adv., 
'behind,'  AS..  behindany  E»  behind;  allied 
to  Ijinnen  and  fnntcr. 

f)trtfcr,  prep.,,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
hinter,  hinder,  OHG.  hintar,y  prep.,.  '  be- 
hind ' ;  while  OHG.  nt  is  changed  regularly 
into  nd  in  MidHG.,  it  is  frequently  retained 
when  -er  (i.e.x  vocal  r)  follows  as  an  in- 
dependent syllable ;  comp.  ©inter,  from 
OHG.  uintar,  ntimtcr,  from  muntar.  In 
lunbem  the  d  has  been  inserted  in  the 
normal  way,  just  as  in  MidHG.,  and  ear- 
lier ModHG.  Innbcr  is  found  as  well  as 
Ijilitet.     Goth,  hindar,  prep.,   AS.   hinder, 


pro]),  an  ace.  neu.  of  an  old  compar.  in 
-repo-v,  Sans,  tara-m  (of  which  AS.  and 
Goth,  have  preserved  a  superb  in  -tama-s, 
Goih.*hinduma,  whence  hindumists,  'outer- 
most,' AS.  hindema,  '  the  last ').  Comp. 
OInd.  pratardm  (compar.  of  j>r<i),  adv., 
'  further,  onwards,'  avalarum  (allied  to 
prep,  acd),  adv.,  'further  away,'  vitardm 
(allied  to  prep,  vi),  comp.  nnber.  The  com- 
par. ftinter  is  used  as  an  adj.  in  OHG.  hin- 
taro,  ModHG.  hinter,  '  hinder,  posterior.' 

jfaippc  (1.),  f.,  'sickle,'  a  MidG.  form 
introduced  by  Luther  into  the  ModHG. 
literary  language  instead  of  Jpeppe,  from 
MidHG.  heppe,  hepe  (lidppe),  f.,  '  pruning- 
hook ' ;  OHG.  heppa  {hdppa),  f.,  whence 
Fr.  happe,  '  axle-iree  bed,  cramp '  (from 
the  type  happia,  Fr.  hache,  'hatchet,'  is 
derived^.  Numerous  South- Western  dials. 
(Suab.  also)  use  hdp  (h6p),  from  MidHG. 
hdpe,  OHG.  hdppa  (from  Goth.  *he*b-). 
Allied  to  Gr.  kwttti,  'hilt,  hand  e'?,  kottIs, 
'knife,  dagger'?. 

<#ippe  (2.),  f.,  ^ippldn,  n., '  goat,'  only 
in  ModHG.  ;  the  more  usual  dial,  heppe 
(Bav.,  Thur.,  and  Hess.)  makes  it  probable 
that  the  word  is  a  pet  or  child's  term  for 
OG.  *haber,  'he-goat';  on  this  point  see 
^aber^eip  and  £itte. 

<&irtt,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  hirne, 
OHG.  hirni,  n.,  '  brain.'  We  should  have 
expected  Goth.  *liairni,  n.,  for  which  hwair- 
neins,  '  skull,'  occurs  once  in  the  gen.  sin^'. 
OIc.  hjarne,  m.,  '  brain ' ;  also  correspond- 
ing in  sound  to  the  Goih.  word  heern,  f., 
'  the  two  white  boat-shaped  bones  in  the 
brain  of  fishes^  ooliths '  (LG.  has  a  peculiar 
word  for  ©efiirn — E.  brain,  AS.  bravjen,  Du. 
brein,  MidDu.  bregenj  see  SBracjcn).  The 
words  with  initial  h  and  those  with  hw 
must  be  kept  distinct.  Du.  hersen,  f_ 
'  brain '  (E,  dial,  harns),  to  which  is  allied 
MidHG.  hersenicr,  'covering  for  the  head 
worn  under  the  helmet,'  proves  the  origin 
of  OHG.  hirni  from  *hirzni.  *Jiirsni  (OIc. 
hjarne  from  *hjarsne;  comp.  JpontiiTe).  This 
OTeut.  herzn-,  hersn-.,  is  most  nearly  related 
to  Sans.  ctrSn-, '  head '  (nom.  cirSa),  and  the 
closely  corresponding  OIc.  hjarse,  '  crown 
(of  the  head).'  It  is  also  cognate  with  Gr. 
Kpavlov,  '  skul  i,'  whence  results  the  further 
connection  with  Gr.  Kdpa,  Kaprjvov,  'head,' 
Lat.  cerebrum  (from  *ceresrum),  '  brain/ 
Sans,  ciras,  'head';  a  common  Aryan 
stem,,  ker,  kers,  '  head,'  to  which  £cru  is 
also  allied.  Moreover,  Gr.  Kipvov,  '  a  large 
earthen  dish,'  might,  according  to  the  analo- 


Hir 


(    M9    ) 


Hoc 


gies  mentioned  under  .Repf,  be  closely  re- 
lated to  Jpivn,  'skull.' 

<5atrfd),  m.  (in  Hess,  and  Alem.  occurs 
a  variant  <£>ir(j,  whence  the  Alem.  proper 
name  ^irjd),  'stair,  hart,'  from  MidHG. 
/11Y3,  kirz,  m.,  OHG.  MruT,,  kb%  hirz;  the 
sch  in  .§irfci)  is  from  an  older  §irp  (comp. 
£trfe,  l)errfcf/ctt,  Slrfd),  birfcfjen).  Correspond- 
ing to  Du.  kert,  n.,  AS.  heorot,  heort,  m., 
E.  /icwtf,  Scand.  hjgrtr ;  Teut.  *herut-,  from 
*lierwut,  */<erwo-t,  with  a  dental  suffix, 
allied  to  Lat.  c«?tm-s  (<  occurs  as  a  suffix 
in  names  of  animals  in  Teut. ;  comp. 
©emfe,  Sixths,  and  JpocniJTe) ;  the  latter  is 
usually  connected  with  Gr.  icepa.6s, '  horned ' 
(allied  to  K^pas ;  comp.  <§ovn).  Hence  the 
stag  in  Lat.  and  Teut.  may  have  been 
named  from  its  antlers  (the  OTeut.  lan- 
guages naturally  have  a  distinct  word  for 
the  hornless  female  ;  see  £tnt>e).  A  more 
prevalent  term  is  Aryan  eln-,  in  Gr.  £\acpos, 
Armen.  eln,  Lith.  elnis,  OSlov.  jeleni  (also 
W.  elain,  'hind'). 

(iairfc,  f.  (older  ModHG.  and  even  yet 
MidG.,  Suab.  SQ\x]d)e),  '  millet,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  hirse,  Mrs,  OHG.  hirsi, 
hirso,  m. ;  orig.  a  HG.  word  merely,  which, 
however,  in  modern  times  has  spread  to 
the  north  (E.  and  Dan.  hirse,  Swed.  hirs). 
Allied  to  Lat.  cirrus, '  a  tuft  (of  hair,  &c.) ' ?. 

^irfc,  m.  (a  strictly  HG.  form  com- 
pared with  the  orig.  LG.  <£>etbf),  '  herds- 
man, shepherd,  pastor,'  from  MidHG.  hirte, 
OHG.  hirti;  comp.  OLG.  hirdi,  AS.  kyrde 
(and  heorde,  connected  with  heord,  '  herd '), 
'herdsman,'  still  found  in  E.  shepherd 
(scedphyrde  in  AS.),  OIc.  hirfier,  Goth. 
hairdeis,  m.,  'herdsman';  derived  by  the 
addition  of  ja-  from  Teut.  herdd-,  '  herd.' 
Hence  J&irte  is  orig.  'he  that  belongs  to 
the  herd.'  Another  derivative  is  exhibited 
by  Du.  and  MidLG.  herder,  m.,  MidHG. 
hertcvre,  '  herdsman,'  lit.  '  herder,'  whence 
Berber  as  a  proper  name.  With  this  word 
Lith.  kerdzus,  skhdzus,  '  herdsman,'  is  also 
connected  ?. 

J)ifTctt,  vb.,  'to  hoist,'  ModHG.  only, 
derived  as  a  naut.  term  from  the  equiv. 
LG.  hissen;  comp.  Du.  /lijschen,  E.  to  hoist, 
Swed.  hissa.  Among  which  of  the  mari- 
time Teutons  this  technical  term,  the  ety- 
mology of  which  is  still  obscure,  originated 
is  not  known  ;  see  J&clm  (2)  ;  it  also  found 
its  way  into  Rom.  (Fr.  hisser). 

AW*,  f.,  LG.  'goat'  (Bav.  #ettf,  .fcrtttl, 
and  without  mutation  Swiss  and  Suab. 
fcattct),    a  pet  term    for  MidHG.   hatele, 


'goat';  comp.  the  equiv.  OIc.  haftna  as 
well  as  ^tVpe. 

(iaifje,  f.,  '  heat,  ardour,  passion,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  hitze,  OHG.  hizza,  f. 
(lor  *hitja,  the  Goth,  form) ;  comp.  Du. 
hitte,  hette,  OIc.  kite,  m., '  heat' ;  all  formed 
by  the  weakest  stage  of  gradation  from  the 
stem  of  the  adj.  Ijetjj  (Teut.  root  tit,  liait, 
'  hot').  OHG.  kizza  was  adopted  by  Rom. 
(comp.  Ital.  izza,  'anger,  indignation'). 

<$ibobcl  (dial.  -&cfd),  m.,  'plane,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  (rare)  hobel,  kovel,  m.  ; 
comp.  MidLG.  kovel,  Swed.  Mjfve'.  Modlc. 
kefill,  m.,  '  plane,'  proves  nothing  for  the 
wrongly  assumed  connection  with  beta. 
Its  relation  to  OHG.  kovar,  AS.  kofer, 
'  hump,  boss,'  is  also  dubious. 

t)0<$),  adj.,  'high,  lofty,  proud,  dear,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  k6ck,  OHG.  k6k, 
adj.  ;  a  common  Teut.  adj.  with  the  mean- 
ing 'high'  ;  comp.  Goth,  kauks,  OIc.  Mr 
(for  kauhr),  AS.  hedk,  E.  kigk,  Du.  koog, 
OSax.  k6k;  Tent,  kauka-,  from  the  un- 
permitted pre-Teut.  kduko-  (the  weakest 
vowel  stage  of  the  stem  is  exhibited  by  the 
cognate  <§ugel).  OTeut.  possessed  a  mas. 
and  neu.  subst.  formed  from  the  adj.  in 
the  sense  of  'hill'  (type  kauko-s) ;  comp. 
OIc.  kaugr  (from  which  E.  kow  in  proper 
names  was  borrowed),  MidHG.  1wuc(-<jes), 
to  which  such  proper  names  as  ©ottiierafKuiflf 
are  akin.  Goth,  kiukma,  in., '  heap,  crowd,' 
seems  also  allied.  In  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages it  is  rightly  compared  with  Lith. 
kaukard,  'hill,  height,'  kaukas,  'boil'  (Mid 
HG.  hiibel,  m.,  'hill,'  is  connected  with 
Lith.  kupstas,  '  tump,'  as  well  as  to  OHG. 
kofar,  AS.  kofer,  '  hump '). 

$bod)$eit,  f.,  'wedding,'  from  MidHG. 
kdchztt  (also  kdckgezit),  f.  and  n.,  '  a  great 
ecclesiastical  or  lay  feast,'  then  also  '  wed- 
ding feast.' 

Jjodte  (1.),  'shock  (of  corn),  cock  (of 
hay),'  first  occurs  in  ModHG.,  perhaps 
from  LG. ;  yet  UpG.  (Suab.  and  Tyrol.) 
kock,  111.,  *cock.'  Perhaps  allied  to  fyedj 
and  <§uufe  (root  kuk) ;  Lith.  kligis,  '  cock,' 
points,  however,  to  a  different  root.  In 
west  Teut.  a  cognate  term  with  a  prefix  < 
appears — MidHG.  sckoeke,  schocke, '  cock,'  E. 
skock,  and  the  equiv.  MidE.  schokke.  With 
regard  to  the  prefix  8  comp.  <2ticr,  £refjcl, 
and  (inft. 

^O&e  (2.),  m.,  'huckster,'  MidHG. 
kucke,  m.  ;  MidG.  h»ke,  with  a  long  vowel 
(hence  HG.  §cfcr,  J&cfrrti,  &c),  Du.  hok, 
'  booth '  ?.     Comp.  MidDu.  heukster,  MidE. 


Hoc 


(    150    ) 


Hok 


huckrtere,  E.  huckster;  probably  akin  to 
fyocf en,  '  to  squat.' 

I)odicn,  vb.,  '  to  crouch,  6quat,'  first  re- 
corded in  ModHG.  ;  it  is,  however,  an 
archaic  word,  as  is  shown  by  the  prevalence 
of  the  root  hfik,  hnkk ;  comp.  MidHG. 
huchen,  'to  duck,  crouch,'  OIc.  htika  (with 
a  str.  partic.  hokenn),  'to  crouch,'  Du. 
huiken.  OIc.  hokra, '  to  crawl,'  is  probably 
not  connected  with  this  word,  but  with 
Innfett. 

<&ochCY,  m.,  'hump,'  from  MidHG. 
hocker,  hogger,  hoger,  in.,  'hump,  hump- 
hack';  a  subst.  peculiar  to  HG.,  formed 
from  an  adj.  hngga-,  'hump-backed,'  and 
based  on  OHG.  hovar,  MidHG.  hover, 
'  humphack,'  AS.  hoftr  (comp.  Lith.  kupra, 
f.,  'humpback,  hump')  ;  hogga-  represents 
hubga,  Sans,  kubja  (for  kubjhal),  'hump- 
backed ' ;  comp.  Gr.  Kv<p6s,  '  bent,  bowed, 
stooping,'  for  Kv<fxf>6-s,  kubghdsl. 

,&obe,  f.,  'testicle,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  hode,  OHG.  hodo,  m.  ;  comp.  MidDu. 
hode,  and  in  OFris.  hotha,  'testicle.'  Of 
obscure  origin  ;  perhaps  allied  to  Lat. 
cGleus,  'scrotum,'  if  it  stands  for  *cotleus  ?. 

<$of,  in.,  'yard,  courtyard,  manor,  court,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  hof 
(hoves),  in.  ;  comp.  OSax.  and  Du.  hof,  m., 
AS.  hof,  n.  (obsolete  at  the  end  of  the  AS. 
period);  in  West  Teut.  'courtyard,  farm, 
garden  (thus  in  Du.  and  OHG.),  (prince's) 
palace,'  AS.  also  'circle,  district,  glohe.' 
OIc.  hof,  n.  (the  same  gender  as  in  AS.), 
'  temple  with  a  roof,'  later  also  (under 
G.  influence)  '  palace,  courtyard.'  Goth. 
*hufa-,  m.  and  n.,  is  curiously  wanting. 
Since  the  cognates  are  based  upon  pre- 
Teut.  Mpo,  they  cannot  be  allied  to  Gr. 
ktjttos,  'garden,'  Lat.  campus. 

Jftoffarf ,  f.,  '  haughtiness,  arrogance,' 
from  MidHG.  Mchvart,  f.,  'living  in  high 
style,  magnanimity,  splendour,  magnifi- 
cence, haughtiness' ;  from  hdch  and  vart; 
MidHG.  varn,  'to  live,'  as  in  5Dol)[faf)rt. 

I)Offen,  vl>.,  from  equiv.  MidHG.  (espec 
MidG.),  hoffen,  'to  hope,'  which  is  not  yet 
used,  however,  by  the  classicists  of  the 
MidHG.  period  (they  employ  the  term 
gedivgen,  wk.  vb.,  with  which  gedinye, 
'  hope,'  is  connected  ;  OHG.  t/idingen  and 
gidin/jo)  ;  it  is  also  unknown  to  OHG.  In 
OLG.,  on  the  other  hand,  a  corresponding 
td-hopa,  '  hope,'  is  found.  The  vb.  appears 
earliest  in  E. ;  AS.  tShopa,  '  hope,'  AS. 
hopian,  equiv.  to  E.  to  hope.  At  a  later 
period  Du.  hopen  and  MidLG.  hopen  occur. 


Not  until  the  latter  half  of  the  13th  cent, 
does  MidHG.  hoffen  become  more  preva- 
lent, after  its  solitary  occurrence  since 
1150  a.d.  It  is  usually  considered  as  a 
LG.  loan-word.  For  the  early  history  of 
the  word  the  corresponding  abstract  AS. 
hyht,  'hope,'  is  significant,  since  it  shows 
that  Teut  hopdi  represents  *huq&n  (Aryan 
root  kxtg).  Its  connection  with  Lat.  cupio 
is  scarcely  possible. 

l)Ofteren,  vb., 'to  court,  flatter,'  from 
MidHG.  hovieren,  '  to  make  a  display, 
serve,  pay  court  to,  be  courteous,  sere- 
nade' ;  from  G.  £cf,  with  a  Rom.  suffix. 

^>oftfd),  adj.,  '  courtly,  flattering,  fawn- 
ing,' from  MidHG.  hovtsch,  adj.,  'courtly, 
accomplished ' ;  allied  to  £of. 

^of)C,  f.,  'height,  summit,  elevation,' 
from  MidHG.  hake,  OHG.  Mht,  f.  ;  comp. 
Goth,  hauhei,  f.,  '  height.' 

f)of)l.  adj.,  'hollow,  concave,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  hoi,  adj. ;  comp. 
Du.  hoi,  'hollow,'  AS.  hoi,  OIc.  hob,  adj., 
'  hollow  ' ;  E.  hole  is  an  adj.  used  as  a  subst.. 
so  too  AS.,  OHG.,  and  MidHG.  hoi,  'cave.' 
The  relation  of  these  cognates,  which  point 
to  Goth.  *hula-,  'hollow,'  to  the  equiv.  AS. 
holh,  E.  hollow,  has  not  been  explained. 
The  word  is  usually  connected  with  the 
root  hel  (in  fje^ten),  'to  conceal  by  cover- 
ing'; Goth,  hulundi,  f.,  lit.  the  hiding- 
place,  'cave.' 

$>of)lc,  f.,  'cavity,  cave,  burrow,'  from 
MidHG.  hide,  OHG.  holt,  f.,  'excavation, 
cave ' ;  allied  to  Ijcfyl. 

^aorjn,  m.,  'scorn,  scoffing,'  from  Mid 
HG.  (very  rare),  h&n,  m.,  OHG.  (very 
rare),  h&iia,  f.,  'scorn,  mockery,  igno- 
miny ' ;  a  fern,  subst.  formed  from  an  old 
adj.,  OHG.  *h&n,  represented  by  h6ni,  'de- 
spised, ignominious,  hase,'  Goth,  haunt, 
'  hase,'  AS.  hedn  (obsolete  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  MidE.  period),  'base,  miser- 
able, ignominious.'  With  this  is  connected 
the  vb.  fycfnun,  from  MidHG.  hcenen,  OHG. 
h&nen,  wk.  vb.,  'to  abuse';  comp.  Goth. 
haunjan,  '  to  degrade,'  to  which  hauneins, 
'  humility,'  is  allied  ;  AS.  hi/nan,  *  to  de- 
grade, humble'  (from  the  OHG.  vb.  Fr. 
honnir,  '  to  cover  with  disgrace,'  and  honte, 
'disgrace,'  are  derived).  It  corresponds 
in  the  non-Teut.  language  to  Lett,  kauns, 
'shame,  ignominy,  disgrace,'  Lith.  kuveti-s, 
'  to  be  ashamed '  ;  hence  Goth,  hauns. 
'  humble,  base,'  can  hardly  have  originated 
in  the  sensuous  meaning  '  base.' 

iodfecr,  see  £rrff. 


Hok 


'    151    ) 


Hoi 


/aohuspoftus,  m ,  '  hocus-pocus,'  Mo<l 
HG.  only.  It  became  current  in  England, 
where  a  book  on  conjuring,  with  the  title 
'Hocus  Pocus  junior,'  appeared  in  1634 
A.D.  The  early  history  of  this  apparently 
fantastic  and  jocose  expression  is  still 
obscure  ;  its  connection  with  the  phrase 
used  in  the  celebration  of  mass,  '  hoc  enim 
est  corpus  meuin,'  cannot  be  established. 

ftoto,  adj.,  'favourable,  gracious,  charm- 
ing, lovely,'  from  MidHG.  holt  (gen.  holdes), 
OHG.  hold,  adj.,  '  gracious,  condescend- 
ing, favourable,  faithful';  Goth,  hnlfrs, 
'gracious,'  OIc.  hollr,  'gracious,  faithful, 
healthy,'  AS.  and  OSax.  hold.  The  com- 
mon Tent.  adj.  originally  denoted  the  rela- 
tion of  the  feudal  lord  and  his  retainers 
('condescending,  gracious,'  on  the  one  side. 
'  faithful,  devoted,'  on  the  other)  ;  comp. 
MidHG.  holde,  m.,  '  vassal.'  The  idea  ex- 
pressed by  \)o[\>  was  also  current  in  the 
religious  sphere — Goth,  unhulpdns,  f.,  lit. 
'  fiends,  devils,'  OHG.  holdo,  '  genius,'  Mid 
HG.  die  guoten  holden,  '  penates.'  §cU>  is 
usually  connected  with  an  OTeur.  root  hal, 
•to  bow,'  to  which  OHG.  hald,  'inclined,' 
is  allied  ;  see  Jpalbe.  It  has  also  been  re- 
iVrred  to  Ijaktm  on  the  supposition  that  the 
dental  is  derivative  ;  f)db,  adj.,  '  guarded, 
nursed'?.  From  the  phonetic  point  of 
view  there  is  no  important  objection  to 
either  of  these  derivations. 

Ssolbev,  UpG.,  the  same  as  ^climber. 

bolcn,  vb., ' to  fetch,'  from  MidHG.  holn 
(variant  haln),  vb.,  OHG.  holdn  (ha!6n), '  to 
call,  invite,  lead  or  fetch  (hither).'  Comp. 
OSax.  haldn,  OFris.  halia,  Du.  halen,  'to 
fetch ' ;  AS.  giholian  and  *gehalian,  E.  to 
hale.  The  Tent,  root  hal,  hoi,  corresponds 
to  Lat.  caldre,  *  to  convoke,'  Gr.  KaXttv. 
Comp.  further  §af(,  I;c((,  which  probably 
belong  also  to  the  same  root. 

«$olffer,  Jmlffcr  (rarely  .§alfttr),  I., 
1  holster,'  in  which  sense  it  is  ModHG. 
only  ;  MidHG.  hulfter,  '  quiver,'  a  deriva- 
tive oihulft, '  sheath,  covering,  case ' (OHG. 
huluft).  These  cognates  are  often  wrongly 
connected  with  Goth,  hulistr,  n.,  '  sheath, 
covering,'  which  is  said  to  be  supported  by 
the  MidHG.  variant  huls,  'sheath,  cover- 
ing,' Du.  holster  and  its  equiv.  E.  holster. 
By  such  an  assumption  the /of  the  OHG., 
MidHG.,  and  ModHG.  form  still  remains 
obscure.  It  is  more  probably  allied  to 
forms  with/,  such  as  Goth.  hwilftrj6s,1  coffin.' 
It  is  possible,  of  course,  that  there  has 
been  a  confusion  with  the  words  from  the 


stem  hul  (Goth,  hulistr,  'sheath,  cover- 
ing'). 

c<»olh,  m.,  '  large,  heavy  ship,'  from  Mid 
HG.  holche,  OHG.  holcho, '  transport  ship ' ; 
comp.  LG.  hoik,  Du.  hulk, '  transport  ship,' 
E.  hulk.  This  word,  like  other  nautical 
terms  (see  J&elm),  appears  earliest  in  K,  in 
which  hide,  'liburna,'  is  found  in  the  9th 
cent.  MidLat.  holcas  is  scarcely  derived 
from  oX/cds  ?.  It  is  true  that  some  etymolo- 
gists also  ascribe  other  Teut.  naval  terms 
to  a  Gr.  origin.     Comp.  9?arfe. 

(iadlle,  f.,  'hell,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  heVe,  OHG.  hella,  f.,  from  hallja ; 
comp.  Goth,  halja,  AS.  and  E.  hell,  OSax. 
hell  a ;  a  common  Teut.  term  applied  by 
Christianity  to  'hades,  infernum';  the 
Scand.  hel  shows  that  the  earlier  word  upon 
which  it  is  based  was  also  used  in  prehis- 
toric times  for  a  heathen  'infernum.'  Comp. 
also  Olc.  Hel,  the  goddess  of  the  dead.  It 
was  possible  for  Christianity  to  adopt  the 
old  heathen  word  in  all  the  Teut.  languages; 
in  this  case  it  is  quite  unnecessary  to  as- 
sume the  diffusion  of  a  Goth,  or  other  term 
(comp.  §eicf).  It  is  usually  connected  with 
the  root  hel,  hal, '  to  cover  for  concealment,' 
hence  <§6fle, '  the  hiding-place.'    See  fyeljlen, 

,$oIm,  m.,  '  holm,'  first  occurs  in  Mod 
HG. ;  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  OSax.,  AS.,  and 
E.  holm  (AS.  'sea,  lake,'  OSax.  'hill  '),  OIc. 
holmr,  'small  island  in  a  bay  or  river.' 
Apart  from  the  divergent  sense  in  AS.,  the 
words  (whence  Russ.  cholmH,  '  hill,'  from 
Slav.  *cliulmn,  is  borrowed)  are  related  to 
the  cognates  of  E.  hill  (allied  to  Lat.  collis, 
eulmen).    See  -£>afbf. 

holpem,  vb.,  'to  jolt,'  ModHG.  only 
(Alein.  hiilpen),  for  which  in  late  MidHG. 
holpeln  once  occurs.     Of  imitative  origin. 

J&olltnoer,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
holunder,  holder,  OH(J.  Iwlantar,  holuntar, 
m.,  'elder' ;  for  OHG.  -tar  as  a  suffix  see 
iffiacr/fyclbev,  SWafifyclbcr.  Its  relation  to  the 
eqoiy.  AS.  ellen,  E.  elder,  is  dubious.  It 
is  most  closely  allied  to  the  equiv.  Russ. 
kalina. 

c&olj,  n.,  '  wood,  timber,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  holz,  n.,  'forest,  thicket,  timber.' 
In  the  remaining  dialects  the  meaning 
' forest'  preponderates.  Comp.  OIc.  holt,  n., 
'  forest,  thicket,'  so  too  AS.  and  MidE.  holt, 
n.  (wanting  in  E.),  but  Du.  hout,  'thicket, 
wood  (as  material).'  Teut.  type  Itultos,  from 
pre-Teut.  kld»s;  comp.  OSlov.  (with  a  dif- 
ferent stage  of  gradation)  klada,  f.,  '  beam, 


Hon 


(    152    ) 


Hor 


wood,'  Gr.  k\&5os,  111.,  *  twig,'  Olr.  caill, 
cuill,  '  forest '  (with  11  from  Id). 

jCvonirt,  m., '  honey,'  from  MidHG.  Zionec 
(gen.  -</es,  variant  huw'c),  OHG.  honag,  ho- 
nung,  11.  ;  comp.  OSax.  howg,  Du.  honiy, 
AS.  huneg,  n.,  E.  honey,  Olc.  hunatig,  n.  ; 
a  common  Tent,  word,  wanting  only  in 
Goth.,  in  which  an  older  term,  milip  (Gr. 
/ue\tT-,  Lat.  »«e£,  under  2)Jcl)ltau),  is  used. 
The  origin  is  not  certain  ;  it  has  been  re- 
ferred toGr.  k6hs,  'dust' ;  <§onia.,  'granular'  ?. 

<$opfctt,  m., '  hops,'  from  MidHG.  hopfe, 
late  OHG.  hopfo,  m.  ;  conip.  MidLG.  and 
Du.  hoppe,  MidE.  hoppe,  ~E,  hop;  MidLat. 
hupa  (for  huppa  ?).  The  origin  of  the  cog- 
nates is  obscure ;  the  term  may  be  borrowed, 
but  there  is  no  proof  of  this.  The  assumed 
relation  to  OHG.  hiufo,  OS;ix.  hiopo,  AS. 
heOpe,  '  brier,'  is  not  satisfactory,  since  the 
latter  cannot  be  assigned  to  a  general  sense, 
'climbing  plant.'  Nor  is  it  probable  that 
^cpfen  is  connected  with  fyupfen.  Scaml. 
has  humall,  111.,  Sw.  and  Dan.  hamle,  formed 
from  MidLat.  humlo,  hurnulus  (whence  Fr. 
houblonl). — §cpfen — l;cvfett,  see  I;i"ipfen. 

ljorcf)e»t,  vb.,  'to  hearken,  listen  to, 
obey,'  properly  MidG.  (in  UpG.  lofeti,  fyercu), 
MidHG.  hdrchen,  late  OHG.  hOrechen,  from 
*h6rahJi6n;  comp.  AS.  *liedrcian,  E.  to 
hark,  OFris.  Ithkia;  a  common  West  Teut. 
derivative  of  rjcrnt.  Goth.  *hauzaq6n  1 
(whence  in  AS.  htfrcnian,  E.  to  hearken). 
Comu.  E.  to  talk,  connected  with  to  tell,  to 
lurk  with  to  lower  (see  lenient),  to  walk,  related 
to  hwfien. 

,i»orbe  (1.),  f.,  'horde,'  ModHG.  only 
(from  the  middle  of  the  16th  cent.) ;  comp. 
Fr.  and  E.  horde,  Ital.  orda ;  "a  word  ori- 
ginating in  Asia."  From  Tartar  horda, 
'  camp,'  Per.*,  ordu,  '  army,  camp.' 

,5aoroe  (2.),  f.,  'frames  of  wickerwork 
and  the  space  enclosed  by  them,'  from  Mid 
HG.  horde  (MidG.),  'enclosure,  district;' 
comp.  Du.  horde,  'wickerwork,  hurdle.' 
Allied  to  Jpfivbc. 

l)orcn,  vb.,  '  to  hear,  give  ear  to,  listen,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  hozrev,  OIK  J. 
horen;  common  Teut.  hauzjan,  'to  hear' ; 
comp.  Goth,  hantsjan,  Olc.  hei/ra,  AS.  h$ran, 
hiran,  E.  to  hear,  Du.  hooren,  OLG.  horian 
(comp.  also  the  derivative  I;erd)eit)  ;  Teut. 
root  hauz,  from  pre-Teut  kous,  to  which  is 
allied  Gr.  d/c<ww  (for  *a-Kovaju  ?  ;  Hesychius, 
/co£  dicoijci).  The  latter  is  probably  con- 
nected with  the  Aryan  stem  of  Df)t  (cus), 
just  as  Lat  audire  stands  for  *aus-dire 
(comp.  auscultare) ;  in  that  case  the  Teut. 


guttural  h,  Gr.  &k,  would  be  the  remnant 
of  a  prefix.  A  more  widely  diffused  stem 
for  ()i;veu  is  OTeut.  Idus  and  klu,  from  pre- 
Teut.  klus  and  Ida,  which,  however,  is 
nearly  obsolete  in  Teut.  ;  comp.  lattt,  lau- 
fcfyeit,  tauflevn.  Der.  gefyorfam,  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  gehdrsam  (AS.  gehflrsuni),  *  obed- 
ient' 

<$ortt,  n.,  '  horn,  peak,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  horn,  n.  ;  comp.  Goth. 
hatirn,  Olc.  horn,  AS.  and  E.  horn,  OFris. 
horn,  Du.  ho)tn ;  a  common  Teut.  word 
for  '  horn,'  cognate  with  Lat.  comu,  and 
Ir.,  W.,  and  Corn,  corn  (icdpvov  ttju  a&Xwiyya 
TaXarat,  Hesychius) ;  allied  to  Gr.  Kip-as, 
'horn,'  with  a  different  suffix  (comp.  also 
Teut.  <£>ivfd),  lit.  'horned  animal'),  as  well 
as  the  equiv.  Sans,  crn-ga.  See  further 
respecting  the  Aryan  root  leer  under  Sfrixw. 
Comp,  ^»a()itrei. 

^ormfTc,  f.,  'hornet,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hdrnii.  h6rnU$  (early  ModHG., 
also  £crnaufj),  OHG.  h6riw$,  h6rnii$,  m.  ; 
comp,  AS.  hyrnet,  E.  hoi-net;  probably  not 
a  derivative  of  §0111.  The  Slav,  and  Lat. 
words  for  '  hornet'  point  rather  to  a  Goth. 
*haurznuts,  based  upon  a  root  horz,  Aryan 
krs  (Ind.  *crs) ;  Lat,  crdbro,  '  hornet,'  for 
*crdsro,  OSlov.  srMeni,  Lith.  szirszone, 
'hornet.'  They  point  to  an  old  Aryan 
root  krs,  '  hornet' ;  with  this  comp.  OSlov. 
sruia,  Lith.  szirszu,  'wasp.'  A  trace  of 
this  medial  s  is  retained  in  Du.  horzel, 
'  hornet '(Goth.  *haursuls),  to  which  horze- 
len,  *  to  hum,'  is  allied. 

Jaontunjt,  rn.,  'February,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  hornunc(g) ;  the 
termination  -ung  is  patronymic  ;  February 
is  regarded  as  the  offspring  of  January, 
which  in  earlier  ModHG.  (dial.)  is  desig- 
nated by  atopcv  J&cvii,  '  great  horn,'  in  con- 
trast with  February,  ftciner  £orn,  'little 
horn.'  Comp.  AS.  and  Olc.  hoinung, 
'bastard'?. 

^orfl,  111.,  'shrubbery,  eyrie,' from  Mid 
HG.  hurst,  (MidG.)  horst,  OHG.  hurst,  horsl, 
f.,  'shrubbery,  copse,  thicket' ;  MidE.  hurst, 
'  hill,  copse,'  E.  hurst ;  of  obscure  origin. 

$>ovt,  m.  (like  §af(e,  feeim,  and  ©cm, 
revived  in  the  last  cent,  after  being  long 
forgotten,  by  the  study  of  MidHG.),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  hort,  m.,  OHG.  hort,  n., 
1  hoard ' ;  OSax.  hord  (horth),  n.,  '  treasure,' 
also  'hidden,  innermost  room,' AS.  hmdk, 
n.  and  m.,  'treasure,  store,'  E.  hoard; 
Goth,  huzd,  '  treasure,'  Olc.  hodd,  n.,  hoddr, 
m.,   'treasure.'     Teut.  hozda-,  from  pre- 


Hos 


(    i$$    ) 


Hum 


Teut.  kuzdhd-  for  kudhto-,  partic.  '  that 
which  is  hidden'  (comp.  Gr.  KevOw,  see  also 
^utte,  ^aud),  Gr.  icuados,  any '  hollow,'  espec. 
*  pudenda  nmliebria.' 

<$ofe,  f.,  '  hose,  stocking,  breeches,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  hose,  OHG.  hosa,  f.  ; 
comp.  AS.  hosu,  E.  hose,  and  the  equiv. 
OIc.  hosa;  Goth.  *hicsd  is  by  chance  not 
recorded.  '  Hose '  was  originally  (in  OHG, 
MidHG,  AS.,  and  OIc.)  applied  to  aeover- 
ing  for  the  legs  reaching  from  the  thigh, 
or  even  from  the  knee  only,  and  often  also 
to  stockings  and  gaiters.  Considering  the 
numerous  correspondences  in  Kelt,  and 
Rom.  the  Teut  term  is  certainly  original ; 
the  Teut.  words  found  their  way  into  Kelt. 
(Corn,  hos,  *  ocrea '),  and  Rom.  (OFr.  hose). 
The  connection  of  §ofe  with  OSlov.  koSulja, 
f.,  '  shfrt,'  is  dubious. 

.SbVlb,  m.,  '  heaving,  lift,  impetus,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  Ijefcett. 

gdube,  see  £iife. 

$>i\bel,  in.,  'hillock,'  from  MidHG. 
hiibel,m.  (comp.  Du.  heuvel),  'hill';  per- 
haps cognate  with  Lith. kupstas,  'lump,'  or 
the  same  as  MidHG.  and  UpG.  biihel  (see 
under  bieaen). 

Ijubfcf),  adj.,  ' pretty,  handsome,'  from 
MidHG.  hubcsch,hiibsch,  adj.,  prop,  'courtly,' 
then  also  '  beautiful.'  OHG.  *hubisc  is 
connected  by  a  grammatical  change  with 
hof. 

<5»uf,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  /two/ (gen.  huoves),  m., '  hoof ;  comp. 
OSax.  hf>f,  in.,  AS.  hof,  E.  hoof,  Du.  hoef, 
OIc.  hofr.  Goth.  *hofs,  m.,  'hoof,'  is  by 
chance  not  recorded.  Teut.  Mfa-,  from 
pre-Teut.  *k6po-,  to  which  is  allied  OSlov. 
/copy to,  n.,  'hoof  (akin to kopati,  'to dig'); 
others  derive  hdfa-  from  pre-Teut.  kdpho- 
and  compare  it  with  OInd.  caphd,  Zend 
mfa,  '  hoof.'  Compared  with  both  these 
explanations,  the  derivation  of  £uf  from 
fyebett  must  be  rejected. 

/aufe  (LG.  form),  £snbc  (UpG.  form), 
f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  huobe,  OHG. 
huoba,  f.,  'hide  of  land'  (about  30  acres),, 
so  still  in  OSax.  h6ba,  f.  (in  E.  an  inde- 
pendent word  is  found  from  the  earliest 
period — AS.  htfd,  E.  hide).  Cognate  with 
Gr.  Krjiros,  'garden';  the  common  type  is 
kdpos. 

^ttffe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  huf 
(plur.  hiiffe),  OHG.  huf  (plur.  huf),  f., 
'hip';  comp.  Goth,  hups  (nom.  plur. 
Mpeis),  m.,  AS.  hype  (hop-),  m.  and  i.,  E. 
hip,  and  the  equiv.  Du.  heap,  f. ;   Teut. 


hupi-,  from  pre-Teut.  kubi;  allied  to  Gr. 
Kvfios,  m.,  '  hollow  near  the  hips '  ?.  Others 
comp.  Lith.  kitmpis,  'spring  or  hand  of 
pork'  (allied  to  Lith  humpas,  'crooked').  : 

Jififffjortt,  see  £tftf)cnt. 

&ix$el,  m.,  'hill,  knoll,'  ModHG.rmly, 
introduced  by  Luther  from  MidG.  into 
thewriiten  language;  in  MidHG. (UpG.), 
biihel,  hiibel,  were  used,  which,  however, 
must  be  separated  etymologicallv  from 
£fuje(;  see  £ubd.  ^lujel  (Goth.  *hugils), 
with  dimin.  suffix,  is  related  by  gradation 
to  OHG.  hottg,  MidHG.  houc(-(jes),  'hill,' 
which  are  explained  under  Jjocf). 

<$»uf) it,  n.,  'fowl,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  huon  (plur.  -ir,  MidHG.  hiiener), 
n.  ;  comp.  OSax.  h&n,  Du.  hoen;  unknown 
to  E.  ;  OIc.  plur.  only,  heens  (AS.  hens-1), 
n.,  '  fowls.'  ^mfnt  compared  with  the  re- 
lated words  £alni  and  -§emte  is  prop,  of 
common  gender,  and  may  in  OHG.  be  used 
instead  of  §af)it.  The  Goth,  term  may 
have  been  *hdn  or  *hdnis.     Comp.  $a1)n. 

<$ttlb,  f.,  'grace,  favour,  kindness,' 
from  MidHG.  hidde,  f.,  OHG.  huldi,  OSax. 
hvldt,  f.  ;  abstract  of  ijolb. 

^ftffe,  see  §ilfc. 

gsiliic,  f.,  'envelop,  covering,  sheath,' 
from  MidHG.  hiille,  OHG.  hulla  (Goth. 
*huljd),  f,,  '  cloak,  kerchief,  covering '  ; 
allied  to  the  root  hel,  '  to  cover  for  conceal- 
ment,' in  I)evteit. — ModHG.  in  £idle  unb 
gtd(e  meant  orig.  'in  food  and  clothing' ; 
hence  -§uf(e  unb  %\\[[t  was  used  to  denote 
all  the  necessaries  of  life,  finally  the  idea  of 
superfluity  was  combined  with  the  phrase. 

jftulfe,  f.,  'shell,  husk,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hiilse,  hiilsche,  OHG.  hulsa,  for 
*hulisa  (Goth.  *hulisi  or  *huluzi).  f.,  'shell' ; 
from  the  root  hel,  hul  (see  fyefyfen,  ^u(le), 
like  Goth,  jukuzi,  f.,  'yoke,'  or  aqizi,  t., 
'axe'  (see  9Irt),  in  AS.  without  the  suffix 
8,  hulu,  '  pod,  husk.' 

ilutlfl,  m.,  'holly,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  huh  (comp.  9lrt,  from  MidHG.  ackes\ 
OHG.  huh.  hulis,  m.  ;  from  G.,  Fr.  houx  is 
derived.  Comp.  E.  holly,  AS.  holeg)^  E. 
hulver,  Kelt,  kehn,  '  holly.' 

jiutiiimol,  f., '  humble-bee,  drone,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidflG.  hummel,  humbel,  OHG. 
humbal,  m.  ;  comn.  Du.  hommel,  '  drone,' 
MidE.  humbel-bee,  E.  humble-bee  (AS.  *hum- 
bolbe6).  The  origin  of  the  aognntai  ia  ob- 
scure ;  the  derivation  from  MidHG.  hum- 
men,  '  to  hum,'  is  not  satisfactory,  since  the 
soft  labial  in  OHG.  humbal  must  be  archaic 
and  original. 


Hum 


(    i54    ) 


Hun 


Aummcr,  m., '  lobster,'  ModHQ.  only, 
from  tlie  equiv.  LG.  (Dan.  and  Swed.) 
hummer;  the  final  source  is  OIc.  human; 
in.,  'lobster' ;  comp.  Gr.  Kdfiapos,  tcdfifiapos, 
'  a  kind  of  crab,'  although  the  occurrence 
of  the  same  names  of  fishes  in  several  Aryan 
.languages  is  usually  very  rare.  In  E.  a 
different  word  is  used— AS.  loppestre,  f.,  E. 
lobster. 

^umpe,  f,  ^umpen,  m.,'drinking-cup, 
bumper,  bowl,'  ModHG.  only  (from  the  17th 
cent.) ;  it  seems,  however,  to  be  primitive, 
6ince  correspondences  are  found  in  the 
Aryan  languages,  Sans,  kumbha,  m  ,  '  pot, 
urn,'  Zend  xu^°a  (the  initial  h  of  the  Mod 
HG.  word  probably  originated  like  the  h 
in  tyaben,  root  khabh ;  yet  comp.  also  Gr. 
/«5/i/3oj,  m.,  '  vessel,  enp ').  However  re- 
markable it  may  seem  that  a  primit.  word 
like  $umprn  should  have  been  unrecorded 
in  the  entire  Tent,  group  until  the  17th 
cent.,  yet  similar  examples  of  such  a  phe- 
nomenon mayl  e  adduced  ;  comp.  Sdnvire, 
'  stake,'  in  ModHG.  dial,  only,  which,  like 
AS.  swer,  '  pillar,'  corresponds  to  San?. 
svdru-s,  '  sacrificial  stake.'  In  this  case, 
however,  the  supposition  that  the  word 
has  been  borrowed  is  more  probable,  be- 
cause Teut.  has  for  the  most  part  adopted 
foreign  terms  for  drinking  vessels  (comp. 
Jtrug,  Jtraufe,  .fintfe,  Jteld)) ;  the  assump- 
tion, on  account  of  Zend  -xymba,  that  the 
woid  was  borrowed  at  an  early  period  from 
a  Pers.  dial,  is  alluring  (as  in  the  case  of 
$fab). 

ifumpeln,  Jjumpen,  vb.,  •  to  hobble' ; 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  ?.  Perhaps  allied 
to  Innfen. 

<&ttn6,  m., '  dog,  hound,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hunt(d),  OHG.  hunt{t),  m. ;  a 
common  Teut  word  hunda-,  'dog' ;  comp. 
Goth,  hunds,  OTc.  hundr,  AS.  hund,  E. 
hound  (for  the  chase  only,  in  other  cases 
dog,  AS.  doeffe),  Du.  hond,  LG.  hund.  If 
the  second  syllable  in  hun-da-  is  a  deriva- 
tive (comp.  £inbe),  the  Teut.  word  corre- 
sponds to  Aryan  hin-,  'dog' ;  comp.  Gr. 
kuuv  (gen.  kw-6i),  Sans,  cva  (<>en.  pun-as), 
Lat  cants.  lath,  szu  (stem  szun-),  Olr.  eft. 
Thus  the  Aryans  in  their  primit  home  were 
already  acquainted  with  the  dog  as  distinct 
from  the  wolf.  In  Teut.  it  might  also  ap- 
pear as  if  the  word  were  connected  with 
an  old  str.  vb.  hinjjan, '  to  catch '  (in  Goth.) ; 
in  popular  etymology  $unb  might  l>e  re- 
garded as  the  'captor,  hunter,  taker  of 
prey.'     The  phrase  auf  ben  £unb  fentnun. 


'  to  full  into  poverty,  go  to  the  dogs,'  seems 
to  be  based  upon  the  OTeut.  expression  in 
dice-playing  (see  grfallfn,  <2au,  and  also 
2)auS) ;  probably  £unb,  like  Lat.  cants  and 
Gr.  kvwv,  denoted  an  unlucky  throw  ;  in 
Sans,  the  professional  gambler  is  called 
'  dog-slayer  '  (cvaghnin).  The  probable 
antiquity  of  dice-playing  is  attested  by 
Tacitus'  account  of  the  Teutons  and  by 
the  songs  of  the  Vedaa. 

<&Uttoerf ,  n., '  hundred,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  late  OHG.  fotndert,  n. ;  comp. 
OSax.  hunderod,  AS.  and  E.  hundred,  and 
the  equiv.  OI<".  hundra'S,  n. ;  Goth.  *hunda- 
rap  (gen.  -dis)  is  wanting ;  the  word  is 
evidently  a  compound,  the  second  part  of 
which  is  connected  with  Goth,  rafijan, '  to 
count'  (comp.  9hbe).  The  first  component 
was  used  alone  for '  hundred' ;  comp.  Goth. 
twa  hunda,  200,  firija  hunda,  300,  &c. ;  OHG. 
zwei  hunt,  driu  hunt,  &c,  AS.  t-A  hund,  Jjreo 
hund,  200,  300.  This  simple  term  is  an 
Aryan  form,  Teut.  hunda-,  from  pre-Teut. 
kmtd- ;  comp.  Lat.  centum,  Gr.  enarbv.  Sans. 
patdm,  Ztmdsata,  Lith.  szimtas  (m  is  changed 
in  Teut.  into  n  before  d  ;  see  €?anb)  ;  OSlov. 
suto  is  probably  derived  from  Iran.  sata. 
But  while  the  word,  judging  from  the  cor- 
respondences in  these  language?,  denoted 
our  decimal '  hundred'  in  primit.  Aryan,  we 
find  that  it  is  used  in  OTeut.  for  120,  the 
so-called  duodecimal  hundred.  In  OIc. 
hundrap  in  the  pre-Christian  period  de- 
noted only  120.  a  distinction  being  made 
at  a  later  period  between  tdlfroztt  hundrajj, 
120,  and  tiroztt  hundraj),  100  ;  even  at  the 
present  time  hundrap  denotes  the  duode- 
cimal hundred  in  Iceland.  In  Goth,  we 
have  only  indirect  evidence  of  the  com- 
bination of  the  decimal  and  duodecimal 
numeration,  tai/umti-hund, '  ten  times  ten,' 
but  twa  hun'la,  200  (OIc.  tiu-tiger,  '  ten 
tens,  100').  So  too  in  OHG.  and  AS.; 
comp.  OHG.  zehanzo,  '100,'  prop,  'ten 
tens,'  and  also  einliunt,  AS.  te&ntig,  but  tA 
hund.  In  other  cases  also  the  co-existence 
of  the  duodecimal  and  decimal  system  may 
be  seen  in  OTeut.  In  G.  the  word  for  120 
became  obsolete  at  an  early  period,  but  its 
existence  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  the  old  word  hun/l  in  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  was  used  only  for  several  hundreds, 
while  hundred  was  expressed  almost  en- 
tirely by  zehanzo  and  zehenzig. 

(fttmosfoff,  m.,  first  occurs  in  early  M<>d 
HG.,  lit.  " '  cunnus  cam's.'  Borrowed  from 
the  shamelessness  of  the  '  proud '  bitch." 


Hun 


(    i55    ) 


Hut 


iiu'uie  (a  LG.  form,  in  earlier  ModHG. 
^ettne),  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  hiune, 
111.,  'giant,'  in  which  sense  it  is  found  in 
the  13th  cent.  This  word,  phonetically 
identical  with  MidHG.  Hiune,  OHG.  HAn, 
'  Hun,  Hungarian,'  existed  in  Germany  in 
OTeut.  names  of  persons  even  before  the 
appearance  of  the  Huns.  Some  etymolo- 
gists assume,  with  little  probability,  that 
the  primit.  Tent.  Hti.no-  was  the  name  of 
the  aborigines  of  Germany.  Undoubtedly 
the  North  G.  £iine  points  rather  to  a  Tent, 
tribe  (Sigfrid  in  the  Eddas  is  called  enn 
hunslce).  Numerous  compound  names  of 
places  with  §un  (^aun)  are  found  in  North 
Germany  (Jpauna,  -£>unfclb).  Note  the  names 
of  persons  such  as  ^jumbclbt  (OHG.  HAn- 
bolt). 

Jauttger,  m.,  'hunger,  famine,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  hunger,  OHG.  hungar,  m. ; 
comp.  OSax.  hungar,  AS.  hungor,  in.,  E. 
hunger,  OIc.  hungr,  m. ;  Goth.  *huggrus 
is  wanting  (it  is  indicated  by  huggrjan, 
'to  hunger'),  but  the  term  hdhrus  (for 
hunhrus,  hunhrus),  m.,  occurs ;  common 
Teut.  hunhru-,  hungru-,  'hunger,'  from 
pre-Teut.  hnkru- 1.  The  Gr.  gloss,  icty/cel 
iretvy,  points  to  an  Aryan  root,  kenk,  konk ; 
comp.  also  Lith.  kankd,  '  torment,'  with 
OIc.  ha,  vb., '  to  torment,  pain '  (from  Teut. 
*hanh6n). 

hunt  ,}cn,  vb.,  '  to  abuse,'  ModHG.  only, 
probably  '  to  call  one  a  dog '  (note  the  for- 
mation of  evfcen,  ftefcen,  bitten) ;  then  pro- 
bably also  '  to  treat  anyone  like  a  dog. 

ljftpfctt,  vb.,  from  the  eqniv.  MidHG. 
hiipfen,  hupfen,  'to  hop';  OHG.  *hupfen 
is  by  chance  not  recorded  ;  so  too  AS.  *hyp- 
pan,  whence  MidE.  hyp-pen.  E.  to  hip.  Akin 
also  to  ModHG.  and  MidHG.  />opfen,  AS. 
hoppian,  E.  to  hop,  OIc.  hoppa ;  Goth.  *hvp- 
p&n,  *huppjan,  are  wanting.  UpG.  dialects 
have  besides  hoppen,  from  OHG.  *hopp6n 
(OTeut.  *hvbbdn).  AS.  hoppettau, '  to  hop,' 
MidHG.  *hopfzen,  ModHG.  Ijepfeii,  are  dif- 
ferently formed. 

^tttroe,  f.,  'hurdle,'  from  MidHG.  hurt, 
plur.  hiirte  and  hiirde,  f.,  'hurdle,  wicker- 
work,'  OHG.  hurt,  plur.  hitrdi,  f.  ;  comp. 
Goth.  hairds,  f., '  door,'  OIc.  hufS,  f.,  'door ' 
(this  sense  is  also  found  in  MidHG.),  like- 
wise '  wickerwork,  hurdle,  lid  ';  AS.  *hyrd, 
MidE.  hyrde,  AS.  hyrdel,  E.  hurdle.  The 
meaning  'door'  is  only  a  development  of 
the  general  sense  '  wickerwork  '  ;  pre- 
Teut.  krti:  Comp.  Eat.  crdtes,  Gr.  Kvprla. 
'wickerwork,'  Kvprt),  Kvprot,   'creel,  cage,' 


Kdprd\os,  '  basket' ;  allied  to  the  Sans,  root 
kH,  'to  spin,'  cH,  '  to  connect,  combine.' 

<$ure,  f.,  '  whore,'  from  MidHG.  huore, 
OHG.  huora,  huorra  (from  */i6rjd,  Goih.  1), 
f.  ;  comp.  AS.  and  MidE.  hdre,  E.  whore, 
with  an  excrescent  w),  Du.  hoer,  OIc.  hdra, 
f.,  'whore' ;  in  Goth,  hdrs,  m.,  is  'whore- 
monger '  (but  kalki,  f., '  whore  ').  To  these 
are  allied  OHG.  huor,  n.,  '  adultery,  forni- 
cation.' OIc.  hdr,  AS.  hdr,  n. ;  probably 
also  MidHG.  herge,  f.,  '  whore '  (Goth. 
*harj6)  1.  The  Teut.  root  hdr-  is  related  to 
Lat.  carus,  '  dear,'  Olr.  cara,  '  friend,'  and 
caraim,  '  I  love.'  Its  connection  with  £arn 
is  less  probable,  although  Gr.  fioixfo,  'adul- 
terer.' is  formed  from  6mx*iv,  'mingere.' 
In  Slav.-Lith.,  too,  words  with  cognate 
sounds  are  found  in  the  sense  of  '  whore.' 
OSlov.  kurSva,  f.  (Lith.  kurva,  f.),  is  per- 
haps derived  from  the  Teut.  word. 

%\XVta,  interj.,  '  hurrah  1 '  from  MidHG. 
hurrd,  interj.  (allied  to  MidHG.  hurren, 
'  to  move  quickly ';. 

Ijurfig,  adj.,  'quick,  prompt,  speedv,' 
from  MidHG.  hurtec,  hurtecltch,  'quick.' 
prop,  'dashing  violently  against';  Mid 
HG.  hurt,  m.  and  f.,  'coming  into  violent 
collision,  impact,'  is  said  to  be  borrowed 
from  Fr.  heurt  (Ital.  urto),  'thrust,'  which 
again  is  derived  from  Kelt,  hwrdh,  '  thrust.' 
Yet  fyurttg  may  be  regarded  as  a  genuine 
Teut.  word,  allied  to  OHG.  rado,  AS.hrad, 
'quick,'  with  which  OIc.  horsier,  'quick,'  is 
also  connected. 

«$ufar,  m.,  '  hussar,'  ModHG.  only 
(from  the  16th  tent.);  final  source  Hun- 
garian huszdr. 

hufd),  interj.,  'hush!  quick!'  from 
MidHG.  husch  (but  used  only  as  an  interj. 
to  express  a  feeling  of  cold) ;  hence  Mod 
HG.  l)iifcfocn. 

iftltftcn,  m.,  'cough,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  huoste,  OHG.  huosto,  m.,  from  an 
earlier  *hic6sto  with  the  loss  of  the  w  (Up. 
Alsat.  and  Swiss  wueke  with  the  w  retained 
and  the  h  before  it  suppressed)  ;  comp. 
Du.  hoest,  AS.  hwdsta,  m.,  E.  (dial.)  whoost, 
Scand.  huste  (for  *hv6ste),  m., '  cough.'  The 
verbal  stem  hwds  was  retained  in  the  AS. 
str.  vb.  (pret.  hiceis),  beside  which  a  wk. 
vb.  hwSsan,  E.  wheeze,  occurs.  Teut.  root 
hw(ts  (Goth.  *hwdsta),  from  pre-Teut.  kwdn, 
kd<,  corresponds  to  the  Sans,  root  kds,  '  to 
cough,'  Lith.  kdsiu  (kdseii),  '  to  cough,' 
OSlov.  kaitli,  m.,  'cough.' 

Ssxxl  (1.),  m.,  'hat,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OIIG.   huot  (gen.   hnotes),  m.,  '  hat,  cap, 


Hut 


(    156    ) 


Imp 


helmet';  comp.  D11.  hoed,  AS.  hud,  E. 
hood.  It  is  most  closely  allied  to  AS. 
hcBtt,  E.  hat,  and  the  equiv.  01c.  hgttr  ;  in 
Goth,  both  *h6f>s  and  *hattus  are  wanting. 
It  is  probably  connected  more  remotely  with 
Litli.  kudas,  'tuft  (of  hair,  &c),  crest  of  a 
cock,'  and  perhaps  also  with  the  Teut. 
root  had,  h6d,  in  the  two  following  words. 

gbXXl  (2.),  f.,  'heed,  care,  guard,'  from 
MidHG.  huot,  huote,  f.,  OHG.  huola,  f., 
'oversight  and  foresight  as  a  preventive 
against  harm,  care,  guard '  ;  Du.  hoede, 
'foresight,  protection.'     To  this  is  allied 

f)utcn,  vb.,  '  to  heed,  take  care,'  from 
MidllG.  hiieten,  OHG.  huoten,  'to  watch, 
take  care ' ;  Goth,  hfoljan  is  wanting.  AS. 
hedan,  E.  io  heed  (also  as  a  subst.),  Du. 


hoeden,  OSax.  h/klian.  Teut.  root  h6d,  from 
the  Aryan  hudh  (kddhl)  or  kut ;  perhaps 
allied  to  Lat.  cassis  (for  *cat-i<),  'helmet,' 
also  to  MidHG.  huot,  '  helmet,'  E.  hat.  See 
£ut(l). 

gbiltte,  f.,  '  cottage,  hut,  foundrv,  tent,' 
from  MidHG.  hiUte,  OHG.  hutta,  f„  '  hut, 
tent' ;  a  specifically  HG.  word  which  found 
its  way  into  Du.,  E.,  and  Rom.;  comp.  Du. 
hut,E.hut,  Yr.hutte,  'hut.'  In  Goth. perhaps 
*hufija,  and  related  to  AS.  hfidan,  E.  to 
hide  (from  *hHdjan),  Teut.  root  hud,  from 
Aryan  kuth,  allied  to  Gr.  KevOwl.     Comp. 

^ttfjel,  f.,  'dried  pear  cutting's,'  from 
MidHG.  h-utzel,  hiitzel,  f.,  'dried  pear'j 
probably  an  intensive  form  of  £uut  1. 


I. 


td),  pron,,  '  I-,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ich,  OHG.  ih;  corresponding  to  OSax.  ik, 
Du.  ik,  AS.  ic,  E.  7,  Goth.  ik.  For  the 
common  Teut.  t'/;,  from  pre-Teut  egom, 
comp.  Lat.  ego,  Ger-.  <tyw,  Sans,  aham,  OSlov. 
azu,  Lith.  az.     The  oblique  cases  of  this 

1>rimit.  nom.  were  formed  in  all  the  Aiyan 
anguages  from  a  stem  me- ;  comp.  meiii. 
The  orig.  meaning  of  id),  primit.  type  egom 
(equal  to  Sans,  aham),  cannot  be  fathomed. 
gflel,  m.,  '  hedgehog,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  igel,  OHG.  igil,  m.  ;  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  egel,  AS.  igl  (tl),  in  E.,  however, 
hedgehog,  to  which  OIc.  igull  is  equiv.  Gr. 
iylvm,  OSlov.  jeSt,  Lith.  ezy.%  'hedgehog,' 
are  undoubtedly  cognate.  A  West-Aryan 
*eghi-nos,  '  hedgehog,'  must  be  attained  ; 
comp.  Goth,  katils,  from  Lat.  cattnus,  Goth. 
asilus,  from  Lat.  tm'nws  (so  too  @ff{,  -§imnte(, 
J?ummcl,  Jftjicl).  Very  different  from  this 
word  is  the  second  component  of  the  com- 
pound 93lutigei,  prop.  SBlutegel ;  in  MidHG. 
simply  egel,  egele,  OHG.  egala,  f.,  'leech.' 
That  this  OHG.  egala  is  connected  etymolo- 
gically  with  OHG.  igil,  'hedgehog,'  is  im- 
probable on  account  of  the  meaning  only. 
tljr,  poss.  pron.,  'her.  their'  (general 
from  the  14th  cent.),  MidHG.  tr  is  rare  as 
a  poss.  pron.  ;  it  is  prop,  the  gen.  plur.  of 
er,  OHG.  iro  (Goth.  ize~).  Further  details 
belong  to  grammar. 

Sifts,  m.,  '  polecat,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  iltls,  Sites,  OHG.  illitiso,  in.  (the  long 
t  is  assumed  by  the  ModHG.  and  Bav.  form 
dllefceiS)  ;  a  specifically  G.  term  based  upon 


an  old  compound  which  has  not  as  yet  been 
explained. 

Stttbtfj,  m.,  'lunch,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  imblj,,  inblj,,  m.  and  n.. '  food,  meal,' 
allied  to  MidHG.  enbt^en,  OHG.  mbl^an, 
'  to  partake  of  food  or  drink,  eat,'  allied  to 
fceijjon. 

§tmmc,  f.,  'bee,'  from  MidHG.  imhe 
(later  imme),  m.,  OHG.  imbi,  'swarm  of 
bees'  (hence  a  collective  term  ;  the  mean- 
ing '  bee '  first  occurs  in  late  MidHG.).  In 
OHG.  records  imbi  bianS  denotes  '  swarm  of 
bees ' ;  comp.  AS.  geogoft, '  a  youthful  band/ 
with  E.  youth  (see  5iJurfd)e,  graucn;iiiuucv, 
<Etute).  Yet  it  is  questionable  whether 
imbi  has  ever  signified  '  swarm,  herd'  (gene- 
rally). Its  direct  connection  with  SMette 
(root  bt)  is  certainly  dubious ;  it  is  more 
probably  related  to  Gr.  i/irh,  'mosquito, 
gnat.' 

intmcr,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  imer, 
immer,  earlier  iemer,  OflG.  iomir, '  always ' 
(only  of  the  present  and  future) ;  OHG.  io- 
mir is  a  compound  of  io  (comp.  jf)  and  mh" 
(see  meljr) ;  comp.  AS.  (efre  (E.  ever),  from 
*ce-mre  (equiv.  to  OHG.  io-mir). 

tmpfen,  vb., '  to  ingraft,  vaccinate,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  (rare)  imp/en,  OHG. 
(rare)  impfdn,  for  which  the  usual  forms 
are  MidHG.  imp(f)eten,  OHG.  impfit&n, 
mostly  impit&n,  '  to  inoculate,  ingraft ' ; 
j'et  comp.  also  AS.  impian,  E.  to  imp. 
3mVfen,  just  like  pftcpftfl  and  peljtn,  seems, 
on  account  of  OHG.  imp/tin  and  AS.  im- 
1  MM,  to  have  been  borrowed  about  the 


In 


(    iS7    ) 


Irr 


7th  or  8th.  cent,  from  Lat.  ;  yet  only  OHQ. 
impitdn  can  be  explained  as  directly  bor- 
rowed from  a  Lat.  horticultural  term  ; 
comp.  Lat.-Rom. putare,  'to prune'  (comp. 
Ital.  potare,  Span,  podar),  to  which  Franc. 
possen,  Du.  and  LG.  poten,  '  to  ingraft,'  are 
related.  The  correspondence  of  OHG.  im- 
pitdn, with  Fr.  enter,  'to  ingraft'  (from 
*empter),  is  remarkable  ;  comp.  Du.,  Mid 
Du.,  and  MidLG.  entcn,  '  to  inoculate ' 
(from  empteri).  With  the  Mid  Lat.  base  im- 
putare  (for  Lat.  amputare  1),  OHG.  impf&n 
and  AS.  impian  may  be  connected  by  the 
intermediate  link  impo(d)are,  unless  it  is 
based  rather  like  Fr.  (Lorr.)  ope", '  to  inocu- 
late,' upon  a  Lat.  Hmpuare.  The  usual 
derivation  of  all  the  Tent,  and  Rom.  words 
from  Gr.  inQvTevw,  inQtiu,  'to  ingraft,'  is 
perhaps  conceivable.  Moreover,  the  medi- 
cal term  impfeu  has  been  current  only  since 
the  18th  cent. 

in,  prep.,  'in,  into,  at,'  from  the  equiv.. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  in,  a  common  Tent, 
prep,  witli  the  same  form  ;  comp.  Goth., 
AS.,  E.,  Du.,  and  OSax.  in, '  in.'  Its  priniit. 
kinship  with  Lat.  in,  Gr.  iv,  hi,  Lith.  i,  and 
Lett,  e  is  certain.  To  this  are  allied  intent, 
tnfccfj,  and  inbeffen. 

gfnfel,  gttfltl,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  infel,  infele,  f.,  '  mitre  of  a  bishop  or 
abbot' ;  formed  from  Lat.  infula.. 

gfnjJttJCr,  m.,  'ginger,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ingewer,  also  giugebere,  m.^derived, 
like  Du.  gember,  E.  ginger,  Fr.  gingembre, 
Ital.  zenzuvero,  zenzero,  'ginger,*' from  the 
equiv.  late  Gr.  iiyylflepis,  which  comes  from 
the  East ;  comp.  Arab,  zendjebil,  fromPrak. 
singabSra  (Sans,  frhgavira). 

tnnc,  adv.,  «  within,'  from  MidHG.  ami 
OHG.  inne,  OHG.  inna, '  inwardly ' ;  comp. 
Goth,  inna;  allied  to  in.— So  too  inncn, 
'within,'  MidHG.  innen,  OHG.  inndn, 
innana;  Goth,  innana,  'within.' — inner, 
'within,'  from  MidHG.  innere,  adj.  and 
adv.,  'internal,'  OHG.  innar,  adj. 

inntg,  adj.,  'intimate,'  from  MidHG. 
innecUj),  adj.,  'internal,  intimate';  a  re- 
cent formation  from  MidHG.  inne ;  comp. 
even  in  OHG.  inniglih,  '  internal.' 

gfnttmtfl,  f.,  '  association,'  from  late 
MidHG.  innunge,  f.,  'connection  (with  a 
corporate  body),  association,  guild' ;  allied 
to  OHG.  inndn, '  to  receive  (into  an  alli- 
ance), combine ' ;  connected  with  inne. 

SnfcfjliH,  see  llnfdjlitt. 

junfel,  f.,  '  island,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  instl,  insele,  f. ;  formed  from  Lat.  and 


Rom.  insula  [~Er.  tie,  Ital.  isola) ;  even  in 
OHG.  a  divergent  form  of  the  word,  isila, 
was  borrowed.  The  OTeut.  words  for 
'  island '  are  9lne  and  SfBert. 

gnftegcl,  n.,  '  seal,' from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  insigel,  insigele,  OHG.  vnsigili,  n.  ; 
corresponding  to  AS.  insegele,  OIc.  innsigle, 
with  the  same  sense.  See  Steffi  for  the 
curious  history  of  the  cognates. 

inffembtg,.  adj.,  '  instant, urgent,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  *inste.ndec ;  OHG.  in- 
stendigo  is  recorded  once.  Allied  to  jleljen 
(gejtanben) ;  perhaps  an  imitation  of  Lat. 
insistere,  Ho  pursue  zealously'?. 

tmnenbig,  see  wmben. 

§fn^tcftf ,  f.,  '  accusation,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  inziht,  f. ;  an  abstract 
of  jtdjen  ;  comp.  also  be^tefctigen. 

irben,  adj., '  earthen,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  irdtn,  adj.,  'made  of  clay'  (also 
'earthly')  \.  an  adj.  of  material  allied  to 
OHG.  erda,  'earth.'  Also  trbifcfc,  with  a 
different  application,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  irdesch,  OHO.  irdisc  (prop,  'peculiar 
or  belonging  to  the  earth ' ;  with  regard  to 
the  suffix comp.  beutfd)  and  3J}f nfd)).  See  S'rfce. 

irgcnb,  adv.,  'ever,  soever,  whatever,' 
with  an  affix  d  (see  2Monb,  £afeid)t,  and  £)bft), 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  (MidG.)  iergen, 
late  OHG.  iergen,. for  which  in  earlier  OHG. 
io  wergin  occurs  ;  OHG:  wergin  (for  *hwer- 
gin,  *hwar-gin),.  corresponds  to  OSax.  hirer- 
gin,  AS.  hwergen,  in  which  hwar  signifies 
'  where,'  and  -gin,  the  indef.  particle, '  any,' 
corresponding  to  Goth,  -hun  (Lat.  -cu»que, 
Sans.. -cawa)  ;  Goth.  *hwar-gi»,  *hwar-hun, 
'anywhere.'  Respecting  OlIG.  io,  comp. 
je.  9Mr$enb,  the  negative  form,  occurs  even 
in  MidHG.  as  niergen  (a  compound  of  ni, 
'not'). 

irre,  adj.,  '  in  error,  astray,  insane,  con- 
fused,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  irre,  OHG. 
irri,  adj.  (OHG.  also  '  provoked ')  ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  yrre,  '  provoked,  angry.' 
Allied  to  Goth,  airzeis,  'astray,  misled' 
(HG.  rr  equal  to  Goth.  rz).  Anger  was 
regarded  as  an  aberration  of  mind  (comp. 
also  Lat.  delirare,  allied  to  lira,  '  furrow,' 

Erop.  '  rut').  The  root  ers  appears  also  in 
at.  errare,  'to  go  astray'  (for  *ersare), 
error,  'mistake'  (for  *ersor) ;  allied  also  to 
Sans,  irasy,  'to  behave  violently,  be  angry :  ?. 
— irren, '  to  be  in  error,  go  astray,  mislead, 
dereive,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  irren, 
OHG.  irrin  (Goth.  *airsi6n).— Sfrre,  f., 
'  mistaken  course,'  from  MidHG.  irre,  f. 
(comp.  Goth,  airsei, '  mistaken  course,  lead- 


Iso 


(   158 


Jau 


iug  astray').  §nrfal,  n.,  'erring  erro- 
neous opinion,  niaze,'  from  MidHG.  irresal, 
n.  and  in.  (Goth.  *airzisl ;  OHG.  -isal  is  a 
suffix  ;  see  OJatfet). 

3 fop,  m.,  'hyssop,'  from  the  equiv.  early 


MidHG.  it6pe  {tsdpe,  ispe) ;  derived  like 
Ital.  is6po  from  Lat.  hysCpum,  late  Gr. 
Ot<twtoj,  which  is  of  Oriental  origin. 

3t,)tvl,    Jew.-G.    from   Hebr.   Juchdck, 
1  Isaac' 


J. 


>* 


ja,  adv.,  'yes,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  jd  (for  jd)  ;  corresponding  to 
Goth.  ja,  '  yes,'  also  jai,  '  truly,  forsooth,' 
OSax.  ja,  AS.  ged,  also  grese  (for  gS-swd, 
•  yes,  thus '),  whence  E  yea  and  yes.  Allied 
also  to  Gr.  %  '  forsooth,'  and  OHG.  j'ehan, 
'  to  acknowledge,  confess'  (see  SSeicfyte). 
Lith.  ja  is  derived  from  G. 

jttd),  Qad^,  'precipitate,  hasty,'  allied 
to  jdfye. 

§fad}f,  f.,  '  yacht,  sloop,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  Du.  jagt  (comp.  E. 
yacht),  which  is  usually  connected  with 
jagen,  and  even  to  jdfye. 

gacfec,  f.,  'jacket,'  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.  (15th  cent.),  formed  from  the 
equiv.  Fr.  jaque,  whence  also  E.  jacket; 
the  derivation  of  Ft.  jaque  (Ital.  gimv)  from 
Teut.  is  quite  uncertain. 

^fctftb,  f.,  '  chase,  hunt,  hunting-party,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  jaget,  n.  (and 
f.),  OHG.  *jagot,  n.  ;  a  verbal  abstract  of 
iagert,  '  to  hunt,  chase'  (from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  jagen,  OHG.  jagdn,  wk.  vb.), 
which  does  not  occur  in  Goth.,  OIc,  AS., 
or  OSax.  The  connection  of  this  specifi- 
cally G.  word  with  Gr.  8u!>ku  is  dubious, 
and  so  too  its  kinship  with  Gr.  dfrxfa 
'  unceasing,'  and  Sans,  yahft,  '  restless.' — 
§fcifler,  '  huntsman,  sportsman,'  is  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  jeger,  jegere,  OHG.  *jageri 
(jagdri). 

jell),  fltif)C,  adj.,  'steep,  precipitous, 
hastv,'  from  MidHG.  gcehe  (also  gdeh), 
OHG.  gdhi,  adj.,  '  quick,  suddenly,  im- 
petuous '  ;  a  specifically  G.  word  (with  a 
dial,  initial  J*  lor  g  as  in  jappen  ;  comp.  also 
jdljnen  with  gdfynen).  From  this  Fr.  gai, 
'gay,'isborrowed.  Its  connection,  with  gtfyett, 
gegangen  (see  ©aug),  is  impossible,  ©aubieb 
is,  on  the  other  hand,  allied  to  it. 

§fctf)U,  m.,  '  swath,'  first  found  in  early 
ModHG.,  yet  undoubtedly  a  genuine  G. 
word,  existing  throughout  South  Germany 
(MidHG.  *jdri),  and  also  appearing  in  S  wed. 
dials,  as  dn.  In  Swiss  dials.  3<it)n  means 
'  passage  (formed    by  a   swath).'      Hence 


the  word  is  a  derivative  of  the  Aryan  root 
yS,  or  rather  f,  '  to  go,'  with  which  Goth. 
iddja,  'went'  (Sans,  yd,  'to  go'),  is  con- 
nected.    See  gefjeu  and  eitert. 

3al)r,  n.,  'year,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  jdr,  n. ;  a  common  Teut. 
term  ;  comp.  Goth.jer,  OIc.  dr,  AS.  gedr, 
E.  year,  Du.  jaar,  OSax.  jdr  (gir),  n., '  year.' 
The  orig.  meaning  of  the  word,  which  also 
appears  in  fjmer,  seems  to  be  '  spring,'  as 
is  indicated  by  the  Slav,  cognate  jaru, 
'spring';  comp.  also  Gr.  &pa,  'season, 
spring,  year,'  and  (fyos,  'year,'  so  too  Zend 
ydre,  'year';  in  Ind.  a  similar  term  is 
wanting  (comp.  Scmmet  and  SBinttr).  F.>r 
the  change  of  meaning  see  the  history  of 
the  word  SBintrr. 

jammer,  m.,  'sorrow,  grief,  wailing,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  jdmer,  OHG. 
jdmar,  m.  and  n.  ;  prop,  a  neut.  adj.  used 
as  a  subst.,  OHG.  jdmar, '  mournful '  (hence 
3amntfv,  'that  which  is  mournful');  in 
OSax.  and  AS.  the  adj.  only  exists,  comp. 
OSax.  jdmar,  AS.  geomor, '  painful,  mourn- 
ful.' The  origin  of  this  word,  which  is 
unknown  to  East  Teut.  (Golh.  *jimrs),  is 
obscure. 

Sttnner,  111.,  'January,'  from  the  equiv. 
early  MidHG.  jenner,  in.  ;  from  the  Lat. 
januarius,  Horn,  jenuario  (OHG.  *jenneri, 
m.,  is  wanting,  perhaps  only  by  chance). 

jappert,  vb.,  '  to  gape,  pant,'  ModHG. 
only,  prop.  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  gapen,  '  to 
gape,'  under  aa ffeit. 

jttfen.  see  gdten. 

gtaudje,  f., '  filthy  liquid,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.,  introduced  into  HG.  from 
a  MidG.  and  LG.  variant,  jfiche.  It  is  based 
on  a  Slav,  word  for  '  broth,  soup,'  which 
deteriorated  in  sense  when  borrowed  ;  e.g. 
Pol.  jvcha,  '  broth '  (cognate  with  Lat  j£s, 
Sans.  yuSan,  '  broth  '). 

3aud)ort.  gudjerf  p  m.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  jAchert,  late  OHG.  julihart  (ul), 
n.,  'acre';  the  Bav.  and  Alem.  word  for 
the  Franc,  and  MidG.  2Wcrgen.  The  usual 
derivation  from  La.t.  jugerum, '  acre  of  laud ' 


Jau 


(    i59    ) 


J112 


(prop.  §  acre),  does  not  offer  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  OHG.  word,  for  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  jiuch,  n.  and  f.,  '  acre  of 
land,'  can  only  he  cognate  with  liat.j&gerum, 
and  not  a  mutilated  form  of  the  Lat.  origi- 
nal. Hence  MidHG.yiuc/ijlike  Lrt.jdgerum, 
is  douhtlessly  connected  with  ModHG.  3ccfy 
and  Lat.  jugum;  consequently  3ucf)crt  is 
lit.  'as  much  land  as  can  he  ploughed  by 
a  yoke  of  oxen  in  a  day' ;  the  suffix  of 
OHG.  juhhart  suggests  that  of  MidHG. 
egei-te,  '  fallow  land.'     See  3cd). 

iaud)3ett,  vb.,  '  to  shout  for  joy,  exult,' 
from  MidHG.  juchezen,  '  to  cry  out,  shout 
for  joy,'  OHG.  *jtihhazzen;  probably  a  de- 
rivative of  the  MidHG.  mterjs.jllch,j4  (ex- 
pressions of  joy) ;  comp.  adjjeti,  allied  to  ad). 

\e,  adv.,  older  ie  (which  in  the  17th  cent, 
was  supplanted  by  je,  recorded  at  a  still 
earlier  period),  'always,  ever,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ie,  '  at  all  times,  always  (of  the  past 
and  present),  the  (with  compars.,  distri- 
butives, &c),  at  any  (one)  time,'  OHG. 
io,  eo,  'always,  at  any  (one)  time.'  The 
earliest  OHG.  form  eo  is  based  on  *eo,  aiw 
(comp.  See,  <Sd)nee,  ami  roie)  ;  comp.  Goth. 
aiw,  'at  any  time,'  OSax.  $/>,  AS.  a,  'al- 
ways' (E.  aye,  from  OIc.  ei,  'always'). 
Goth,  aiw  is  an  oblique  case  of  the  subst. 
aiws, '  time,  eternity,'  and  because  in  Goth, 
only  the  combination  of  aiw  with  the  nega- 
tive ni  occurs,  it  is  probable  that  ni  aiw 
(see  me),  ' never'  (' not  for  all  eternity'),  is 
the  oldest,  and  that  the  positive  meaning, 
OHG.  eo,  'always,'  was  obtained  &  pos- 
teriori; yet  comp.  Gr.  aid,  'always,'  allied 
to  alibv,  and  see  eroig  and  the  following  words. 

lebet,  pron., '  each,  every,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  ieder,  earlier  ieweder,  OHG.  iowedar 
(eo-hwedar),  'either,'  from  l»eber  (OHG.  wedar, 
'  which  of  two')  and  je ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  iaftweViar,  AS.  dhwaifier  ;  comp.  also 
OHG.  eogiwedar,  MidHG.  iegeweder,  AS. 
liiyhwafier,  E.  either. — ModHG.  jeblDCbcr, 
'  each,  every,'  is  of  a  different  etymological 
origin,  being  derived  from  MidHG.  ietw'eder, 
ie-aew'eder,  '  either'  (from  ie  and  MidHG. 
deweder,  'any  one  of  two';  see  entuxber). 
— j oil  lid).  '  each,  every,'  from  MidHG. 
iegelich,  OHG.  eo-gilih,  'each';  allied  to 
OHG.  gilth,  'each'  (see  gleid)).  ModHG. 
jeber,  prop,  'either,'  has  in  ModHG.  sup- 
planted the  MidHG.  iegelich. — jemom\ 
'  anybody,  somebody,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ieman,  OHG.  eoman  (prop,  'any 
person '). 

jencr,    pron.,   'you,   yonder,   that,  the 


former,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  jener, 
OHG.  fyier,  allied  to  the  differently  voca- 
lised Goth,  jains,  OIc.  enn,  inn,  AS.  geon, 
E.  you  (with  which  yonder  is  connected). 
In  late  MidHG.  der  jener,  'that,'  is  also 
used,  whence  ModHG.  berjentge. — jenfeif s, 
'  on  the  other  side,  beyond,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  jenstt,  lit.  'on  that  side'  (MidHG. 
also  jene  site). 

i^tjf  j  adv.  (older  ie|,  like  ie  for  jo),  '  now, 
at  the  present  time,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  ietze,  iezuo  (hence  the  archaic  ModHG. 
jejjo),  beside  which  MidHG.  iezunt.  Mod 
HG.  jffcuub,  with  a  new  suffix,  occurs. 
How  the  adv.  ie-zuo,  recorded  in  earlier 
MidHG.,  can  mean  'now'  is  not  clear; 
comp.  MidHG.  iesd,  '  at  once,'  from  ie  (see 
je)  and  sd,  'at  once.' 

§totf),  n.,  'yoke,  ridge  of  mountains,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  joch.  OHG.  j<>h(hh), 
n.,  'yoke,  ridge  of  mountains,  acre' ;  cor- 
responding to  Goth,  juk,  n.,  '  yoke  of  oxen,' 
OIc.  ok.  AS.geoc,  ~E.yolce,  Uu.juk;  a  common 
Aryan  word  formed  from  the  Aryan  root 
yug,  '  to  fasten ' ;  comp.  Sans,  yugi'i,  '  yoke, 
team'  (allied  to  the  root  yuj,  'to  put  to'), 
Gr.  ?vy6i>,  from  tetiywfu,  Lat.  jugum,  from 
jungere,  Lith.  jilngus,  OSlov.  igo  (from 
*jugo) ;  comp.  3aucbeit.  The  str.  root  verb 
(Teat,  root juk)  has  become  obsolete  in  the 
whole  Tent.  root. 

goppe,  f.,  'boddice,'  from  MidHG.  joppe 
(jope,  juppe),  f.,  'jacket';  borrowed,  like 
Sacfe,  from  Rom.  ;  comp.  Fr.  jupe,  jupon, 
'  skirt.'  Ital.  giuppa,  giubba,  'jacket,  jerkin.' 

jttbcln,  vb.,  'to  rejoice  loudly,  exult.' 
allied  to  MidHG.  jubilieren.  This  word 
(formed  like  MidLat.  jubilare,  comp.  Ital. 
giubilare)  is  still  wanting  in  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  3ube(,  'shout  of  joy,  exultation,'  too, 
first  occurs  in  ModHG. 

gfud)crf,  see  Saud^evt.— juchjen,  see 
jaudjjen. 

jucUen.  vb.,  'to  rub,  scratch,  itch,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  jucken  (jikken\  OHG. 
jucchen,  wk.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  AS. 
gi/ccan,  E.  to  itch  (Goth.  *jukijan).  The 
stem  j uk,  jukk,  occurs  also  in  OKQ.jucchido, 
AS.  gyefia, '  itch '  (MidLG.  joken,  Du.  jeuken, 
'to  itch'). 

Z*u It-;.,  see  3ur. 

ijugcito,  1.,  'period  of  youth,  young 
people,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  jttgent(d), 
OHG.  j»gu7id,  f.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
jugtCS,  Du.  jeugd,  AS.  geogoiS,  f.,  'youth, 
young  troop,'  E.  youth  (see  SBurfcbe,  ^ratten* 
jimmer,  ami  3mme) ;   the  common   Teut. 


Jun 


(     160    ) 


Kaf 


abstract  of  jung  (in  Goth,  junda,  '  youth ')  ; 


(with  a  nasal) ;  comp.  MidHG.  junc(g), 
OHG.  and  OSax.  jung,  Du.  jong,  AS. 
geong,  E.  young,  Goth.  juggs(jungs), '  young.' 
This  common  Teut.  junga-  is  based,  by 
contraction  from  juwunga-,  upon  a  pre- 
Teut.  yuwenko-,  'young,'  with  which  Lat. 
juvencus,  '  youth,'  ami  Sans,  yuvagds, 
'  young,'  are  identical.  The  earlier  Aryan 
form  yuwin  {yewen  1)  appears  in  Lat.  juvenis, 
'  young,  youth,'  and  juven-ta,  *  youth ' 
(cquiv.  to  Goth,  junda,  f.),  as  well  as  in. 
Sans,  j&van,  'young,  youth'  {y6$d,  fM 
'maid'),  and  OSlov..  jmiii,  Li th.  jdunas, 
'young/  ;  they  are  all  based  upon  an  Ar)ran 
root  yu,  'to  be  young'  (coinp.  Sans,  ydviS- 
tha, '  the  youngest'),  gangling,  '  youth, 
young  man,'  is  a  Teut.  derivative  of  jittio, ; 
comp.  OHG.  jungaling,  MidHG.  jungelinc, 
~Du.jongeling,  AS.  gcongling,  E.  (antiquated) 


youngling,  OIc.  yn/jlingr  (in  Goth,  juggn- 
lau}>s),  'youth.' — gftngor,  in.,  Mi.-, 
prop,  the  compar.  of  jititc*.  used  as  a  subst.; 
comp.  MidHG.  jiinger,  OHG.  juvgiro, 
ciple,  pupil,  apprentice ' ;  the  word  (as  the 
antithesis  to  ^crr,  OHG.  hSrro)  is  probably 
derived  from  the  OTeut.  feudal  system. — 
ModHG.  gunflfcr,  f.,  'young  girl,  vir-in, 
maid,  maiden,'  is  developed  from  MidHG. 
juncwrouwe,  '  noble  maiden,  young  lady ' 
(thus,  even  in  MidHG.,  ver  appears  for  the 
unaccented  proclitic  Srcut).  To  this  is  allied 
^flttt&er,.  m.,  'young  nobleman,  squire' 
(prop,  'son  of  a  duke  or  count'),  from 
MidHG.  junchSrre,  ' young  lord,  noble 
youth';  corresponding  to  Du.  jonker, 
jonklieer,  whence  E.  younker  is  borrowed. 

jiingff,  'recently,'  from  MidHG.  ze 
jungestj  comp.  in  juitgjte  £ag,  'doomsday,' 
for  fcer  tffcte  Sag,  '  the  last  day.' 

Qux,  in.,  'jest,'  ModHG.  only  ;  probably 
from  Lat.- Rom.  jocus  (comp.  ItaL  giuoco\ 
whence  also  E.  jokey  Du.  jqk. 


K. 


&(ibel>  n.  and  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kabely.  f.  and  n.,  'cable'  ;  the  latter 
borrowed,  through  the  medium  of  Du.  and 
LG.,  from  Fr.  odble,  m.,  'rope,  cable'  (Mid 
Lat.  capulum) ;  E.  cabls  and  Scand.  kabill, 
from  the  same  source. 

fabliau,  Jtabcljcm,.  m.,  'cod-fish,' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  recorded  in 
LG.  from  the  15th  cent,  and  adopted  by 
the  literary  language ;  from  Du.  kabel- 
jaauw;  Swed.  kabeljo,  Dan.  kabeljau,  E„ 
cabliau ;  also,,  with  a  curious  transposition 
of  consonants  (see  ($"jiig,  f ifeetit,.  Jtifce),  Du. 
bah'jauw,  which  is  based  upon  Basque 
baccallaOa.  The  Basques  were  the  first 
cod-fishers  (espec.  on  the  coast  of  New- 
foundland, the  chief  fishing-place).  See 
Sabtcvcan. 

<&abufe,  f.,  '  small  hut,,  partition, 
caboose/  ModHG.  only,,  from  MidLG.  kab- 
hAse  ;  comp.  E.  caboose,  which  was  probably 
introduced  as  a  naval  term  into  Du..  kabuyn, 
and  into  Fr.,  canibuse.  The  stem  of  the  E. 
word  is  probably  the  same  as  in  E.  cabin, 
and  hence  is  Kelt. ;  E.  cabin  and  the  cog- 
nate Fr.  cabane,  cabinet,  are  based  upon 
W.  kaban.  The  cognates  also  suggest 
ModHG.  JWfter, '  small' chamber,'  and  OHG. 


chafterl,  'beehive,'  the  origin  of  which  is 
obscure. 

dtadjd,  f.,  'earthen  vessel,  stove-tile,' 
from  MidHG.  kachel,  kachele,  f.,  'earthen 
vessel,  earthenware,  stove-tile,  lid  of  a  pot,' 
OHG.  chahhala.  In  E.  the  word  became 
obsolete  at  an  early  period.  In  Du.,  faichcl, 
borrowed  from  HG.,  is  still  current  (in 
MidDu.  kakile). 

uocncrt,  vb.,.  'to  cack,  go  to  stool,' 
early  ModHG.  only.  Probably  coined  by 
schoolboys  and  students  by  affixing  a  G.  ter- 
mination to  Lat.-Gr..  caccare  (kclkkcLv  •  allied 
to  «n/c<5j  1.  Comp.  MidHG.  qudt, '  evil,  bad, 
dirt');  the  OTeut.  words  are  fdfjetjjm  and 
dial,  bvtjjen.  In  Slav,  too  there  are  terms 
similar  in  sound,  Bohcm^.  kakati,  Pol. 
kakdc.  The  prim  it.,  kinship  of  the  G.  word, 
however,  with  Gr.,.  Lat.,.  and  Slav,  is  incon- 
ceivable, because  the  initial  k  in  the  latter 
would  appear  as  h  in  Teut. 

^ctfcr,  m.,  'beetle,  chafer.'  from  the 
eqniv.  MidHG\.  kever,  kefere,  OHG.  chevar, 
ohivaro,  m.;  comp.  AS.  Zeafor,  E.  chafer, 
Du.  kever,  m.  The  Goth,  term  was  pro- 
bably *kifra,  or  following  AS.  ceafor,  *kafrus 
also  (comp.  LG.  kavel).  The  name,  which 
has  the  same  import  in  all  the  dialects  at 


Kaf 


(     161     ) 


Kal 


their  different  periods,  signifies  'gnawing 
animal'  (comp.  MidHG.  kifen,  Jciffen,  'to 
gnaw,  chew,'  MidHG.  kiffel,  under  Jtiefet), 
or  'husk  animal,'  from  OHG.  cheva,  'husk,' 
MidHG.  kaf,  E.  chaff  (AS.  kaf). 

gaffer,  'uneducated person/prop,  astu- 
dent's  term,  from  Arab,  kdfir,  'unbeliever.' 

-"•Uificr,  ni.  and  n.,  'cage,  gaol,'  from 
MidHG.  keyje,  m.,  f.r  and  n^  'cage  (for 
wild  animals  and  birds),'  also  '  prison ' ; 
the,;  of  the  MidHG.  word  became*/  (comp. 
gcra,e  and  @d)erge).  OHG.  ch,evia,  f.,  is  de- 
rived from  Low  Lat.  cdvia,  Lat.  cavea,  '■bird- 
cage' (respecting  HG.  /  for  Lat.  v,  comp. 
ifferb,  SScrd,  and  SBerbift),  whence  also  Mod 
HG.  .ftaue.  Allied  to  the  Rom.  words, 
Ital.  gabbia,  gaggia,  Fr.  cage  (hence  E.  cage), 
and  Ital.  gabbiuolo,  Fr.  gedle  (E.  jail,  gaol), 
'  prison.'  Further,  Skuct  first  obtained  the 
meaning  'cage'  in  MidHG. 

gaffer,  n.,  comp.  J?a6ufe ;  the  meaning 
'  Hi  tie  chamber'  is  ModHG.  only ;  in  OHG. 
chafteri,  'beehive,'  Suab.  kdft,  'student's 
room '  ?.     Allied  to  AS.  ceaforHn, '  hall '  ?. 

haf)f,  adj.,  from-  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
leal  (gen.  kalwer),  '  bald,'  OHG.  chalo  (gen. 
chalwSr,  chalawir)  ;  comp.  Du.  kaal,  AS. 
calu,  E.  callow.  Probably  borrowed  from 
Lat.  calvus  (Sans,  khalvdta,  '  bald-headed '), 
whence  Fr.  chauve,  since  Lat.  crispus  and 
capillare  have  also  been  introduced  into 
Teut. ;  comp.  AS.  cyrsp,  E.  crisp,  OHG.  and 
MidilG.  krisp,  'curly,'  and  Goth,  kapilldn, 
'  to  crop  one's  hair.'  Probably  the  Teutons 
and  the  Romanswere  equallystruck  by  each 
other's  method  of  wearing  the  hair.  Other 
etymologists  are  inclined  to.  connect  Teut. 
kalwa-  with  OSlov.  golu,  'bare,  naked.' 

.Sbcifym,  iStorjlt,  m..  'mould  on  fer- 
mented liquids,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kdm  (kd») ;  comp.  Ic.  kdm,  n.,  '  thin  coat- 
ing of  dust,  dirt,'  E.  coom,  'soot,  coal  dust' 
(with  i  mutation,  E.  keam,  keans);  Goth. 
*l:ema-,  *kemi-.  The  root  ka-  is  inferred 
from  MidHG.  ka-del, in.,  'soot,  dirt.'  Der. 
fafymtg,  adj.,  'mouldy'  (of  wine). 

£&.aiftl,  m.,  'boat,  skiff,  wherry,'  Mod 
HG.  only  (strictly  unknown  to  UpG.  and 
Rlien.,  as  in  the  case  of  93cot ;  in  UpG. 
9?acf}eu)  ;  from  LG.  kane,  Du.  kaam  ;  comp. 
OIc.  ktiena,  f.,  '  a  kind  of  boat.'  OIc.  kane 
signifies  '  wooden  vessel,'  whence  the 
meaning  'boat'  might  be  evolved  accord- 
ing to  the  analogies  adduced  under  ©duff  ; 
com]).  Dan.  kane,  with  a  somewhat  different 
sense  '  sleigh.'  LG.  kane  looks  like  a  meta- 
thesis of  AS.  naca  (comp.  fityclu  and  3if$f)- 


From  the  Teut.  cognates,  OFr.  cane,  'ship, 
is  derived,  but  hardly  so  ModFr.  canot, 
which  is  of  American  origin. 

^tatfer,  m.,  'emperor,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  keiser,  OHG.  keisar;  correspond- 
ing to  AS.  cdserer  Goth,  kaisar.  The  ai  of 
the  ModHG-  orthography  originated  in  the 
Bav.  and  Aust.  chancery  of  Maximilian  I., 
in  which  the  MidHG.  ei necessarily  became 
ai  (according  to  the  lexicographer  Helvig, 
a.d.  1620,  Meissen  Sax.  Jleifet  was  Bohem.- 
Bav.  Jfatyfer).  The  ae  of  Lat.  Caesar,  upon 
which  the  word  is  based,  cannot  be  made 
responsible  for  the  ModHG.  ai.  More- 
over, the  relation  of  Lat.  ai  to  Goth.- 
Teut.  ai  is  not  explained.  The,  Romans,  it 
is  true,  used  ae  for  ai  in  Teut.  words,  comp. 
Lat.  gaesum,  under  ©er ;  yet  the  use  of 
Teut.  &  to  represent  ae  in  Lat.  Vraecus 
(Goth.  Kreks,  OHG.  Chriah,  'Greek')  is 
opposed  to  this.  At  the  same  period  as 
the  adoption  of  the  names  ®ried)e  and  9?i?mer 
(Goth.  Rdmdiieis),  i.e.,  the  beginning  of 
our  era,  the  Teutons  must  have  borrowed 
the  Lat.  term,  connecting  it  chiefly  with 
Caius  Julius  Ca;sar  (similarly  the  Slavs 
use  the  name  Jfarl  bcr  ©rcfie  of  Charlemagne, 
in  the  sense  of  'king';  OSlav.  kraljl, 
Russ.  korolt,  whence  Lith.  kardlius, '  king ') ; 
yet  not  until  the  Roman  emperors  adopted 
the  title  Caesar  could  this  word,  which  pro- 
bably existed  previously  in  Teut,  assume 
the  meaning  '  emperor,'  while  the  Romance 
nations  adhered  to  the  Lat.  title  imperator  ; 
comp.  Fr.  empereur.  OSlov.  cesarl  (in  Russ. 
contracted  Car)  is  derived  through  a  G. 
medium  (which  also  elucidates  MidE.  anil 
OIc.  keiser)  from  Cwsar.  Thus  Jftufcr  is 
the  earliest  Lat.  word  borrowed  by  Teut. 
(see  §anf).  For  a  Kelt  loan-word  meaning 
'king'  see  under  Off  id). 

i"tajitfc,  f., '  cabin,' early  ModHG.,  from 
LG.  kajiitey  Du.  kajuit,  Fr.  cajute.  The 
origin  of  the  group  is  obsoure^but  is  hardly 
to  be  assigned  to  Teut 

(^alan&cr,  m., '  weevil,'  from  the  equiv. 
LG.  and  Du.  kalander  (comp.  Fr.  calandre). 

Stalb,  n.,  'calf,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kalp  (b),  OHG.  chalb  (plur.  chalbir), 
n.  ;  comp.  AS.  cealf,  E.  calf,  Du.  kalf,  OIc. 
kalfr,  m.  ;  Goth,  has  only  a  fem.  kalbd 
(OHG.  chalba,  MidHG.  kalbe),  'heifer  over 
a  year  old  that  has  not  calved.'  MidHG. 
kilbere,  f.,  OHG.  chilburra,  f.,  'ewe  lamb,' 
is  in  a  different  stage  of  gradation  ;  comp. 
AS.  cilforlamb,  'ewe  lamb,'  and  ModHG. 
dial,  tfilbcr  (Swiss),  '  young  ram,'  (E.  dial 


Kal 


(    162    ) 


Kain 


ehilver).  In  the  non-Tent,  languages  there 
is  a  series  of  words  with  the  phonetic  base 
glbh-,  denoting  'the  young  of  animals.' 
Comp.  Sans,  gdrbha,  '  covey,'  also  '  child, 
offspring' ;  in  the  sense  of  'mother's  lap' 
the  Ind.  word  suggests  Qr.  5e\<pfc,  '  womb,' 
and  its  derivative  ade\<p6s,  'brother';  comp. 
also  d4\<f>a£,  '  pig,  porker.'  To  the  a  of  the 
Teut.  word  0  in  Gr.  8o\<p$s  '  tj  ^rpa,  'the 
womb,'  corresponds. 

^talfcauneit,  f.  plnr.,  'intestine.*,'  from 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  kald&ne;  a  MidHG. 
and  LG.  word  (in  Ui>G.  Jtittteln).  It  is 
based  upon  a  Rom.  and  MidLut.  cald&men, 
a  derivative  of  Lat.  calidus  (caldtis)  'warm,' 
meaning  chiefly  '  the  still  reeking  entrails 
of  newly  slaughtered  animals';  comp. 
South-West  Fr.  chaurtin,  Bologn.  caldfrm, 
'  entrails.'  From  East  Rom.  (aid  G.  1)  the 
word  found  its  way  also  into  Slav.  ;  comp. 
Czech  kaldoun,  '  entrails,'  Croat,  kalduni, 
'lung.' 

^tafenber,  m., '  calendar,'  from  MidHG. 
kalender  (with  the  variant  kalendencere),  m. ; 
the  latter  comes  from  Lat.  calendarium,  but 
is  accented  like  calendae. 

fealfafertt,  vb.,  '  to  caulk  a  ship,'  from 
Du.  kalefaterenj  the  latter  is  derived  from 
Fr.  calfater. 

jftctlfc,  111.,  'lime,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kale,  kalkes,  OHG.  chalch,  m.  The 
ModHG.  variant  Jtatd)  (occurring  in  UpG. 
nnd  MidG.)  is  based  upon  OHG.  chalk  for 
chalah  (hit).  Allied  to  AS.  Scale;  but  E. 
chalk  has  assumed  a  divergent  sense,  just 
as  MidHG.  kale  means  both  *  lime '  and 
'  white-wash.'  The  cognates  are  derived 
from  the  Lat.  ace.  calcem  (nom.  calx),  and 
were  borrowed  at  a  very  early  period,  as 
is  indicated  by  the  initial  &,  or  rather  c  of 
the  HG.  and  E.  words,  for  somewhat  later 
loan-words  such  as  .Rteuj  (from  crucem)  have 
z  for  Lat.  c;  c  remains  as  k  in  old  loan- 
words such  as  .Raifer,  Goth,  lukarna,  from 
Lat.  lucerna,  JW(cr,  from  ceHarium.  The 
Teutons  became  acquainted  through  the 
Itals.  both  with  the  name  and  thing  about 
the  same  period  as  with  SWauer  and  B'\t$tl 
(lihtdje). 

.<Utlm,  m.,  'calm,'  of  LG.  origin  ;  LG. 
ialm,  E.  calm ;  based  on  the  Fr.  ealme. 

<&almatxk,  /tafmemg,  m,  from  E. 
calamanco,  Fr.  calmande,  {.,  all  with  the 
same  meaning, '  fine  woollen  stuff.'  Mid  Lat. 
calamancus  may  be  derived  from  the  East. 

^ttItttaufcr,m.,'mopingfellow,'siniply 
ModHG.,  of  obscure  origin ;  the  second  part 


of  the  compound  is  exactly  the  same  as  ill 
Surfmdiifer,  which  see. 

fcctlf,  adj.,  'cold,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  kalt  (gen.  IcalUs)  :  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  ceald,  cold,  E.  cold,  OIc 
kaldr,  Goth,  kalds;  an  old  partic.  forma- 
tion corresponding  to  the  Lat.  vbs.  in  -ivx, 
Sans,  tas  (Goth,  d  from  Aryan  t),  as  in  air, 
laut,  tott,  tiaut,  javt,  &c.  kal-  as  the  root 
appears  in  a  stronger  stage  of  gradation 
in  ModHG.  futyl,  and  in  a  weaker  stage  in 
OIc.  htlde,  'cold.'  In  OIc.  and  AS.  the 
str.  vh.  of  which  ModHG.  fait  and  OIc. 
keldr  are  patties,  is  retained  ;  Scand.  hda, 
'to  freeze,'  AS.  calan,  'to  freeze';  allied 
to  Swiss  xak, '  to  cool,'  and  hence  '  curdle.' 
Note  ModE.  chill  from  AS.  Syle  (from  6eli, 
kali).  The  root  is  identical  with  that  of 
Lat.  gelv,  '  frost,'  geldre,  '  to  congeal,'  gelt- 
dus,  'cold.' 

Jiamcl,  n.,  'camel,'  from  Lat.  camilm; 
in  MidHG.  kemmel,  kernel,  which  point  to 
the  Byzantine  and  ModGr.  pronunciation 
of  Gr.  KdfMJXos,  and  hence  to  K&fii\os  (the 
e  of  kernel  is  produced  by  t-  mutation  from 
a).  The  ModHG.  word  is  a  more  recent 
scholarly  term,  borrowed  anew  from  Lat. 
(comp.  Fr.  chameau,  Ital.  camello),  while 
the  MidHG.  word  was  brought  back  from 
the  Crusades,  and  hence  is  due  to  imme- 
diate contact  with  the  East.  Moreover,  at 
San  Rossore,  near  Pisa,  a  breed  of  camels 
has  existed  from  the  Crusades  down  to 
modern  times,  some  of  which  aTe  exhibited 
in  Europe  as  curiosities.  In  the  OTeut. 
period  there  was,  curiously  enough,  a  pecu- 
liar word  for  'camel'  current  in  most  of 
the  dialects,  which  corresponded  to  Gr. 
i\e<i>a.vT-,  Goth,  ulbandus,  AS.  olfend,  OHG. 
olbenta,  MidHG.  olbent;  allied  to  OSlov. 
velibadu,  '  camel.'  The  history  of  this  word 
is  quite  obscure. 

dtamerab,  m.,  '  comrade,  companion,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  Fr.  camarade  (Ital. 
cameraia,  'society,'  lit.  'comrades  living 
together  in  a  room,'  then  too '  companion ',*, 
whence  also  E.  comrade.  OTeut.  had  a 
number  of  terms  for  ModHG.  ^amerafc  ; 
comp.  ©ffellf,  ©ejtnce,  OHG.  gidofto,  '  com- 
panion '  (comp.  £edjt  and  35eft),  simply 
forms  illustrative  of  the  OTeut.  heroic  age, 
which  were  partly  disused  in  the  MidHG. 
period  in  favour  of  the  foreign  terms  •Ram- 
part and  JJamcrab. 

guxmilie,  f.,  'camomile,'  from  MidHG. 
kamille,  f.,  which  is  again  derived  from  Mid 
Lat.  and  Ital.  camamilla  (Gr.  x^a'"1?*01'). 


Kam 


(    163    ) 


Kan 


The  term  became  current  in  the  Middle 
Ages  through  medical  science,  which  was 
learnt  from  the  Greeks  (comp.  3lrjt,  93ud}fe, 
SPflajtet). 

^omitt,  m.,  'chimney,  fireplace,  fire- 
side,' from  MidHG.  kdmtn,  kgmtn;  the  Mod 
HG.  accentuation,  which  differs  from  the 
MidHG.,  is  due  to  the  word  being  based 
anew  on  Lat  camtnus,  while  the  latter  is  due 
to-  a  German  version  of  the  foreign  word. 
E.  chimney  is  Fr.  chemin4e,  'chimney,  fire- 

Slace,'  which  is  phonetically  cognate  with 
EidLat.  caminata,  prop,  'room  with  a  stove 
or  fireplace,'  and  hence  with  MidHG.  kemi- 
ndte  (yvvaiKe'iov) ;  allied  also  to  Czech,  Pol., 
and  Russ.  komnata,  'room.' 

(^atttifol,  11., '  waistcoat,  jacket,'  simply 
ModHG.  formed  like  the  Fr.  camisole, 
'under-vest'  (allied  to  MidLat.  camisia, 
'  shirt ' ;  see  §emt>). 

„<ictmm,  m.,  'comb,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kam  (mm),  kamp  (b) ;  it  signifies 
'  comb '  in  the  widest  sense  ;  OHG.  chamb; 
comp.  AS.  comb,  E.  comb  (also  AS.  hunig- 
comb,  E.  honeycomb  ?),  Goth.  *kambs.  The 
term  is  undoubtedly  OTeut  ;  our  ancestors 
attached  great  importance  to  dressing  their 
hair.  Tiie  lit.  meaning  of  the  word  is 
'instrument  with  teeth,'  for  in  the  allied 
Aryan  languages  the  meaning  '  tooth '  ob- 
tains in  the  cognate  words.  OHG.  chamb 
is  based  upon  pre-Teut.  gombho- ;  comp. 
Gr.  yofupios,  '  molar  tooth,'  ya/up-qXal,  ya.fi- 
<pal,  'jaws, beak';  OInd. jambha,  m.,  'tusk' 
(plural  'bit'),  jambhya,  m.,  'incisor,'  0 
Slov.  zabu, '  tooth  '  Gr.  y6fi<pos, '  plug,  bolt,' 
points  to  a  wider  development  of  meaning. 
— U&mmext,  vb., '  to  comb,  card  (wool),' 
is  a  verbal  noun  ;  ModHG.  kemmen,  OHG. 
chemben,  chgmpen  ;  AS.  cpiiban.  In  UpG. 
the  term  jhdfylen  is  current,  <2trdf)l  too  being 
the  word  for  '  comb.' 

jammer,  f.,  '  chamber,  office,'  from 
MidHG.  kamer,  kamere,  f.,  with  the  general 
meaning  '  sleeping  apartment,  treasury, 
storeroom,  money-chest,  royal  dwelling, 
justice  chamber,'  &c.  ;  OHG.  chamara,  f., 
'  apartment,  palace.'  E.  chamber,  from  Fr. 
chambre;  but  the  HG.  word  is  based  upon 
a  Rom.  word  (Span,  and  Port.)  camara, 
'  room  '  (Ital.  camera),  which  ag  iin  is  de- 
rived from  Ka.fi6.pa, '  any  enclosed  space  with 
a  vaulted  roof,'  a  term  restricted  to  the  more 
civilised  classes  in  the  Middle  Ages  and 
current  in  the  Rom.  and  Tent,  groups  ; 
comp.  further  OFr.  camra,  Slav.  Icomora. 
The  numerous  meanings  in  MidHG.  are 


also  indicated  by  the  ModHG.  derivatives 
and  compound  terms  hammerer,  JJdmmeret, 
and  .Rammetfierr. 

(ftcumnertudj,  n.,  '  cambric,'  manufac- 
tured first  at  Cambray  (Du.  Kamerijk)  ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  kamerijksdock. 

£k(Xttip,  m.,  a  LG.  word,  comp.  Du. 
(MidDu.)  kamp ;  from  Lat.  campus  ?.  Jtamp, 
however,  has  a  special  sense,  '  enclosed 
piei-e  of  ground,  field.' 

<|tttmpe,  m., '  combatant,  wrestler,'  first 
introduced  into  literary  ModHG.  by  the 
study  of  the  Teut.  languages,  yet  the  special 
history  of  the  word  is  not  known.  The 
form  indicates  a  LG.  origin  ;  comp.  OLG. 
kempio,  '  combatant,  warrior.'  Perhaps  it 
was  orig.  a  legal  term  of  the  Saxon  Code. 
See  Jtamp". 

Jtatttpf,  m.,  'combat,'  from  MidHG. 
kampf,  m.  and  n.,  '  combat,  duel,  tilting ' ; 
OHG.  champf,  m.,  AS.  camp,  comp;  OIc. 
kapp,  n.  Tiie  OIc.  word  is  interesting, 
because  it  signifies  lit.  'zeal,  emulation,' 
which  is  the  orig.  meaning  of  Jtampf  (Mod 
HG.  Jtvicg  has  gone  through  a  similar  de- 
velopment of  meaning).  Hence  there  is 
no  probability  in  the  assumption  that  OTeut 
*kampa-  is  derived  from  Eat.  campus,  thus 
connecting  it  with  Campus  Martius.  This 
older  assumption  receives  no  support  from 

{thonetic  laws,  for  kamp  does  not  look  un- 
ike  a  Teut.  word,  while  the  meaning  of 
the  Scand.  word  makes  it  impossible.  We 
should  consider,  too,  whether  the  old  Teu- 
tons, with  their  numerous  terms  relating 
to  war,  had  any  need  of  borrowing  such  a 
word.  Some  connect  OTeut.  kampo-  with 
Sans,  jang,  '  to  fight.'  HG.  Jldntpfer,  and 
Jldmpfe,  Jtdmpe,  prop.  '  combatant,'  is  Mid 
HG.  kempfe,  OHG.  chemphio,  cliempho, 
'  wrestler,  duellist ' ;  AS.  cempa,  and  OIc. 
kappe  signify  'warrior,  hero';  this  term, 
denoting  the  agent,  passed  into  Rom.  (comp. 
Fr.  champion,  whence  also  E.  champion). 

tSfcampfer,  m., '  camphor,'  from  MidHG. 
kampf er,  gaffer,  m.,  from  MidLat  camphora, 
cafura  (Fr.  camphre ;  Ital.  canfora  and 
cafura,  ModGr.  Ka<fx>vpd)  ;  the  latter  term 
is  derived  finally  from  Ind.  karpAra,  kap&r, 
or  from  Hebr.  kopher,  '  pitch,  resin.' 

/utnef ,  m., '  cinnamon  bark,'  accented 
on  the  termination,  from  MidHG.  kanil, 
'  stick  or  cane  of  cinnamon ' ;  the  word  was 
borrowed  in  the  MidHG.  period  from  Fr. 
canelle,  canndle,  'cinnamon  bark,' which 
is  a  diminut  of  Fr.  canne  (Lat  canna\ 
'  cane,'  Ital.  canella,  '  tube.' 


Kan 


(    164    ) 


Kap 


<$tamncf><m,  n.,  'rabbit,'  dimin.  of  an 
earlier  ModHG.  J?attin ;  it  is  based  upon 
Lat.  (funiculus,  winch  passed  into  HG.  in 
various  forms  ;  MidHG.  kiinicltn  (accented 
on  the  first  syllable),  evidently  germanised, 
also  kiinolt,  kiinlln,  kulle.  The  ModHG. 
form  is  based  upon  a  MidLat.  variant, 
caniculus;  the  form  with  a  is  properly 
restricted  to  North  and  Middle  Germany, 
while  ii  (JJiindjel)  is  current  in  the  South. 
Comp.  MidE.  coning,  E.  coney,  from  Fr. 
conmn  (Ital.  coniglio). 

^anhcr  (1.),  m., '  spider '  (MidG),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  Jcanher  (rare),  m.  The 
derivation  of  the  word  from  Lat.  cancer, 
'  crab,'  is,  for  no  other  reason  than  the 
meaning,  impossible.  It  seems  to  be  based 
upon  an  OTeut.  vb. '  to  weave,  spin.'  This 
is  indicated  by  the  OIc.  kgngulvdfa,  kgngur- 
v&fa,  'spider';  AS.  gongelwcefre,  'spider,' 
must  also  be  based  upon  a  similar  word  ; 
its  apparent  meaning,  *-the  insect  that 
weaves  as  it  goes  along,'  is  probably  due 
to  a  popular  corruption  of  the  obscure  first 
component.  We  should  thus  get  a  prim. 
Teut.  stem  hang,  'to  spin,'  which  in  its 
graded  form  appears  in  ModHG.  jtunfel. 
This  stem  has  been  preserved  in  the  non- 
Tent,  languages  only  in  a  Finn,  loan-word  ; 
comp.  Finn.  Icangas,  '  web '  (Goth.  *kaggs). 

farther  (2.),  m.,  '  canker,'  from  OHG. 
chanchar,  cancur ;  comp.  AS.  cancer,  E. 
canker.  Probably  OHG.  chanchur  is  a  real 
Teut.  word  from  an  unperniutated  gon- 
gro- ;  comp.  Gr.  y&yypos, '  an  excrescence  on 
trees,'  ydyypaiva,  '  gangrene.'  Perhaps  a 
genuinely  Teut.  term  has  been  blended  with 
a  foreign  word  (Lat.  cancer,  Fr.  chancre). 

^cmrte,  f.,  'can, tankard,  jug,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  kanne,  OHG.  channa,  f.  \_ 
comp.  AS.  canne%  E.  can;  OIc.  kanaa, 
Goth.  *kann6.  The  OTeut.  word  cannot 
have  been  borrowed  from  Lat.  cantharus 
(Gr.  K&vdapos)  ;  an  assumed  corruption  of 
kantarum,  m.  ace.  to  a  fern.  kann6y  is  impro- 
bable. The  derivation  of  Jtauiie,  from  Lat. 
c anna,  '  cane,'  is  opposed  by  the  meaning 
of  the  word.  Since  ModHG.  Maljn  is  based 
upon  a  Teut.  root  ka-,  the  hitter  can  hardly 
be  adduced  in  explanation  of  Jtamte,  al- 
though the  meaning  of  both  might  be 
deduced  from  a  prim,  sense  '  hollowed 
wood.'  If  we  assume,  as  is  quite  possible, 
a  Goth.  *kaznd,  'can,'  another  etymology 
presents  itself,  Goth,  kas,  OIc.  ker,  and 
OHG.  char,  'vessel,'  would  be  cognate, 
and  -n6-t  a  suffix  of  the  same  root.     If  we 


compare,  however,  with  Jtanne  the  Suab. 
and  Alem.  variant  Jtante,  which  is  based 
upon  OHG.  chanta,  we  obtain  kan-  as  the 
root.  The  G.  word  passed  into  Fr.  (Mod. 
Fr.  canette,  '  small  can,'  equiv.  to  MidLat. 
cannetta,  dimin.  of  MidLat.  canna). 

-ft ante,  f.,  'sharp edge,  border,  margin, 
fine  lace,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  kante, 
'edge,  corner';  the  latter,  like  E.  cant, 
'  corner,  edge,'  which  is  also  unknown  to 
the  earlier  periods  of  the  language,  is  de- 
rived from  Fr.  cant,  'corner,'  which,  with 
Ital.  canto,  is  said  to  be  based  finally  on 
Gr.  k6.p6os,  'felloe  of  a  wheel.' 

(^Lcmffcf)U,  m.,  'leather  whip,'  from 
Bohem.  kanSuch,  Pol.  kaiiczuk.  The  word 
is  of  Turk,  origin  (Turk,  kamle,  'whip'). 
Comp.  ,ftatfcatfd)e. 

Jtanjel,  f.,  '  pulpit,'  from  MidHG.  kan- 
zel,  OHG.  cancella,  chanzella,  f.,  lit.  'the 
place  set  apart  for  the  priests,'  then  '  pul- 
pit'; from  the  equiv.  MidLat.  cancellus, 
cancelli,  'grating,'  cancelli  altaris,  'the 
grating  enclosing  the  altar,  the  part  sepa- 
rated from  the  nave  of  the  church  by  a 
grating';  in  MidLat.  generally  'any  part 
surrounded  by  a  parapet,  especially  an 
oriental  flat  roof.'  "  Qui  vero  Epistolas 
missas  recitare  volebant  populo  in  regione 
Palsestinse  antiquitus,  ascendebant  super 
tectum  et  de  cancellis  recitabant  et  inde 
inolevit  usus  ut  qui  litteras  principibus 
missas  habent  exponere  Cancellarii  usitato 
nomine  dicantur"  (du  Cange).  Hence 
Jtanjler.  From  the  same  source,  MidLat. 
cancellus,  is  derived  E.  chancel,  taken  from 
OFr.,  the  meaning  of  which  forms  the 
starting-point  for  the  development  of  the 
signification  of  the  HG.  word. 

jStapaun,  m.,  'capon,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kappUn ;  borrowed  after  the  era 
of  the  substitution  of  consonants  from 
Rom.  cappdnem  (Lat.  capo,  equiv.  to  Gr. 
kAttwv)  ;  comp.  Ital.  cappone,  Fr.  chapon 
(whence  also  Serv.  kopun).  Even  in  the 
AS.  period  captin,  '  gallinaceus,' is  found 
derived  from  the  same  source  (E.  capon) ; 
comp.  Du..  kapoen.  From  the  Lat.  nom. 
cappo  is  derived  MidHG.  kappe,  and  even 
OHG.  chappo..  For  another  term  see  under 
-£>a()itvei. 

(j&apcllc  (1.),  f., '  chapel,  orchestra,'  an 
early  loan-word,  which  always  remained, 
however,  under  the  influence  of  MidLat. 
capella,  on  which  it  is  based,  for  while 
numerous  other  words  borrowed  from  Lat. 
have  their  accent  changed  according  to  the 


Kap 


(    165    ) 


Kar 


Teut.  metliod,  the  Lat  accent  is  retained 
in  OHG.  chapella,  MidHG.  kapelle,  and  the 
ModHG.  form.  It  is  true  that  in  MidHG. 
kdppelle  (ModAlem.  kdppelle),  with  the  G. 
accent  also  occurs,  and  hence  the  UpG. 
.Ra^cf,  Jtiwel,  frequent  names  of  villages. 
MidLat  capella  has  a  peculiar  history  ;  as 
a  dimin.  of  capa  (comp.  J?aN>e)  it  signified 
*a  cape' ;  the  chapel  itself,  in  which  the 
cloak  of  St.  Martin  and  other  relics  were 
preserved,  first  obtained  the  name  of 
capella;  then  from  about  the  7th  cent, 
the  use  of  the  word  became  general. — 
/taplan,  m.,  '  chaplain,'  from  MidHG. 
kappelldn.  It  is  based  on  MidLat.  capel- 
Idnus,  which  orig.  denoted  the  priest  who 
had  to  guard  the  cloak  of  St.  Martin. — 
MidLat.  capella  also  signifies  the  body  of 
priests  under  a  bishop,  hence  the  other 
meanings  of  ModHG.  ^apeftf. 

Stapelle  (2.),  f.,  'cupel,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
it  is  based  upon  a  combination  of  MidLat. 
capella,  Fr.  chapelle,  'lid  of  an  alembic,' 
and  MidLat.  cupella,  Fr.  coupelle,  'cupel, 
crucible '  (dimin.  of  Lat.  cupa). 

Jtctper,  m.,  'pirate,'  from  the  equiv. 
Du.  kaper. 

Jiapifel,  n.,  'chapter,'  from  MidHG. 
kapitel,  '  solemn  assembly,  convention,' 
OHG.  capital,  capitul,  '  inscription.'  Mid 
h&t.  capitulum  has  also  both  these  meanings. 

kctpotres,  adj.,  'broken,  destroyed,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  according  to  the  general  ac- 
ceptation it  is  not  allied  to  ModHG.  fapur, 
but  is  rather  derived  from  Hebr.  kapp&rdh, 
'  reconciliation,  atonement.' 

<S%appe,  f.,  'hood,  cowl' ;  the  meaning  of 
MidHG.  kappe,  f.,  upon  which  it  is  based, 
does  not  correspond  very  often  with  that 
of  ModHG.,  its  usual  signification  bein;.; 
'a  garment  shaped  like  a  cloak  and  fitted 
with  a  cowl  as  a  covering  for  the  head ' ; 
hence  Xarnfappe,  which  has  first  been  made 
current  in  ModHG.  in  this  century  through 
the  revival  by  scholars  of  the  MidHG.  torn- 
kappe  (prop.  '  the  cloak  that  makes  the 
wearer  invisible').  OHG.  chappa ;  AS. 
cceppe,  '  cloak,'  E.  cap.  The  double  sense  of 
the  MidHG.  word  appears  in  the  MidLat. 
and  Rom.  cappa, '  cloak,  cap,'  on  which  it  is 
based  (on  the  prim,  form  capa  is  based  E. 
cope,  from  MidE.  cope,  as  well  as  OIc.  kdpa, 
4  cloak ').  With  regard  to  the  meaning 
coinp.  Mod  Fr.  ch  ape  (cape),  'cope,  scabbard, 
sheath,  case,'  and  the  derivatives  chapeau, 
'hat,'  and  chaperon,  'cowl.'  The  MidLat. 
word  was  adopted  by  the  more  civilised 


classes  of  Europe,  passing  into  Slav,  as  well 
as  into  Rom.  and  Teut  The  word  was  not 
borrowed,  or  rather  not  naturalised  before 
the  8th  cent.,  for  an  earlier  borrowed  term 
would  have  been  *chapfa  in  OHG.  and 
*kapfe  in  MidHG.— Comp.  Jfcujette. 

happen,  vb.,  'to  chop,  lop,'  ModHG. 
simply,  from  Du.  kappen,  'to  split' ;  comp. 
Dan.  kappe  and  E.  chap.  In  UpAlsat. 
kcliapfe  is  found  with  the  HG.  form  ;  allied 
also  to  the  dial,  graded  forms  kipfen,  kippen; 
hence  the  Teut.  root  kep,  kapp. 

Nappes,  pappus,  m.,  'headed  cab- 
bage,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kappa$, 
kappds,  kabe$,  m.  OHG.  chabu^,  cliapu^, 
directly  connected  with  Lat.  caput,  which 
strangely  enough  does  not  appear  in  Mid 
Lat.  in  the  sense  of  '  cabbage-head ' ;  Ital. 
capuccio  (hence  Fr.  cabus  and  E.  cabbage) 
presumes,  however,  a  MidLat.  derivative 
of  caput  in  the  sense  of  '  cabbage-head, 
headed  cabbage.'  The  naturalisation  of 
the  Ital.  word  in  HG.  may  have  been  com- 
pleted in  the  7th  cent,  or  so  ;  by  that  time 
a  number  of  Lat.  names  of  plants,  as  well 
as  the  art  of  cookery  and  gardening  intro- 
duced from  the  South,  was  already  firmly 
established  in  Germany. 

^tappaauut,  m.,  '  cavezon,'  ModHG. 
only,  corrupted  from  Ital.  caxezzone,  whence 
also  Fr.  cavecon,  '  cavezon.' 

feapuf ,  adj.,  lit.  '  lost  at  play,'  ModHG. 
simply,  from  Fr.  capot;  faire  capot,  '  to 
cause  to  lose,'  itre  capot,  &c.  The  Fr.  ex- 
pression was  introduced  into  G.  with  a 
number  of  other  terms  orig.  used  at  play 
(comp.  XrcfF). 

<$apU3e,  f.,  'cowl,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Ital.  capuccio,  whence  also  Fr.  capuce;  Mid 
Lat  capucium;  deriv.  Jtapitjinet  (MidLat 
capucin  us). 

Sxcircii,  n.,  'carat,'  not  derived  from 
MidHG.  gdrdt,  f.  and  n.,  '  carat,'  which  in 
ModHG.  must  have  been  (5hirat.  The  Mod 
HG.  has  been  more  probably  borrowed 
anew  from  Fr.  carat  or  Ital.  cardto;  the  Mid 
HG.  word  has  adopted  theG.  accent,  while 
the  ModHG.  term  preserves  the  accent  of 
the  Rom.  word  upon  which  it  is  based. 

.XtarcutfdK,  f.,  'crucian,'  ModHG.  only; 
older  variants.  kara$,  karAtsch;  from  Fr. 
carassin, '  crucian '  ?.  Comp.  also  E.  crucian, 
and  its  equiv.  Ital.  coracino,  Lith.  kardsas, 
Serv.  karai,  Czech  karas,  which  forms  are 
nearer  to  HG.  than  to  Fr. ;  the  final  source 
is  Gr.  Kopcucivoi  (MidLat.  coractnus). 

S\arbcilfd)C,   f.,  '  hunting-whip,'  bor- 


Kar 


(     1 66    ) 


Kar 


rowed  from  Slav,  like  JTaMfau  and  sJ}<itfdje 
in  ModHG. ;  Pol.  karbacz,  Boh.  karabdS 
(from  Turk.  kerbaZ). 

&arbe,  ^Starve,  f.,  'caraway,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  karice  and  karne,  f. ;  allied 
to  Fr.  and  Ital.  carvi, '  caraway.'  The  usual 
assumption  that  ths  word  as  well  as  E. 
caraway  is  based  on  Lat.  careum  (Gr.  Kdpov), 
'caraway,'  is  notquite  satisfactory,  hence  the 
influence  of  Arab,  al-karavia  is  assumed. 

JKitrd),  m.,  'dray,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  karrech,  karrich,  OHG.  cliarrUk  (hh), 
in.  Probably  current  even  in  the  8th  cent, 
on  the  Up.  and  Mid.  Rhine,  as  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  initial  h,  ch  (comp.  *Bfcrb). 
It  is  based  upon  the  late  Lat.  carruca, 
'  honoratorum  vehiculum  opertum,  four- 
wheeled  travelling  car'  (a  derivative  of 
carrus;  comp.  barren) ;  Fr.charrue,1  plough,' 
is  likewise  based  upon  Lat.  carr&ca,  which 
also  signifies  'plough'  in  MidLat. 

giarbe,  f.,  'fuller's  thistle,'  from  Mid 
HG.  karte,  f.,  OHG.  charta,  f.,  '  teasel,  the 
instrument  made  from  the  thistle  and 
used  by  cloth-weavers  for  carding  wool.' 
The  final  source  is  Mid  Lat.  cardus,  carduus, 
'thistle'  (Fr.  chardon,  Ital.  cardo),  the  d 
of  the  ModHG.  word  compared  with  the  t 
of  OHG.  and  MidHG.  is  due  to  the  word, 
which  was  naturalised  about  the  7th  cent., 
being  based  anew  on  the  Lat.  form. — 
<^tar6effd)e,  <S%arb&lf<$)e,  f.,  'carder's 
comb' ;  a  derivative  of  .Rarbe. 

(^larfrcifag,  m.,  'Good  Friday,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  karvrftac,  mostly  kar- 
tac,  m.  ;  J?avtt»ed)f,  '  Passion  Week,'  is  also 
current  even  in  MidHG.  The  first  part  of 
the  compound  is  OHG.  chara,  f.,  'lamenta- 
tion, mourning '  (charasang, '  elegy ').  This 
OTeut.  word  for  JHage,  'lament,'  as  distin- 
guished from  the  other  synonyms,  signifies 
properly  the  silent,  inward  mourning,  not 
the  loud  wailing,  for  in  Goth,  the  cognate 
kara,  f.,  means  '  care,'  AS.  cearu,  f.,  '  care, 
suffering,  grief,'  E.  care.  A  corresponding 
vb.  signifying  *  to  sigh  '  is  preserved  in 
OHG.  queran  (Goth.  *qairan).  Other  de- 
ri  vatives  of  the  Teut  root  kar,  qer,  are  want- 
ing.    See  also  farg. 

Jtarfunfcel,  in.,  '  carbuncle,'  from  Mid 
HG.  karbunkel,  m.,  with  the  variant  kar- 
funkel,  probably  based  on  MidHG.  vunke, 
ModHG.  guttfe ;  b  is  the  original  sound,  for 
the  word  is  based  upon  L  it.  carbunculus 
(comp.  E.  carbuncle,  ModFr.  escarboucU). 

&arg,  adj.,  'sparing,  niggardly,'  from 
MidHG.  karc  (g), '  prudent,  cunning,  sly, 


stingy' ;  in  OHG.  charag,  'sad' ;  a  deriva- 
tive of  the  OTeut.  kara,  '  care,'  discussed 
under  Jfarfreitag.  From  the  primary  mean- 
ing '  anxious,'  the  three  significations  'sad,' 
' frugal,'  and  'cunning'  might  be  derived  ; 
comp.  AS.  (earig, '  sad,'  and  E.  chart/,  allied 
to  E.  care.  The  syncope  of  the  vowel  in 
MidHG.  karc  compared  with  OHG.  charag 
is  normal  after  r. 

^torpfen,  m.,  '  carp,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  karp/e,  OHG.  charplto,  m.;  comp. 
E.  carp;  allied  to  OIc.  kar/e.  It  cannot  be 
decided  whether  jtarpfen  is  a  real  Teut. 
word  ;  probably  MidLat.  carpo,  Fr.  carpe, 
and  Ital.  carpione  are  derived  from  Teut. 
In  Kelt,  too  there  are  cognate  terms  for 
'  carp,'  W.  carp ;  comp.  also  Ru*s.  karpu, 
koropu,  Serv.  krap,  Litli.  kdrpa,  'carp.' 

gtoxxxe,  f.,  barren,  m.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  karre,  m.  and  f.,  OHG.  cltarra,  f., 
cliarro,  m , '  cart' ;  the  HG.  words  and  abo 
the  E.  car  (OIc.  kerra)  are  based  on  Mid 
Lat.  carrus,  m.,  carra,  f.,  and  their  Rum. 
derivatives  (ModFr.  char,  'car').  Lat.  carrus, 
'  four-wheeled  transport  waggon,'  is  again 
of  Kelt,  origin  (Gael,  carr,  Bret,  karr) ; 
comp.  Jtatcfc,  *Pferb. — ^ariole,  ^arrtole, 
f.,  ^ariol,  n.,  'jaunting  car,'  simply  Mod 
HG.  from  Fr.  carriole. — gn&VTnex,  ni., 
'  carter.' 

Attrff ,  m.,  '  hoe,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  karst,  m.,  OHG.  and  OSax.  carst ;  the 
word  is  not  foitnd  in  other  groups.  The 
etymology  is  dubious ;  allied  to  fef>rc u 
(karjan),  '  to  sweep '  ?. 

(^tartauitc,  tartaric,  f., '  short,  heavy 
cannon,'  from  Ital.  quartana,  MidLat.  quar- 
tdna;  this  term,  as  well  as  its  earlier  Mod 
HG.  version  ffiiertefebiidjfe,  signifies  a  gun 
"which  fired  25  lbs.,  in  comparison  with  the 
heaviest  piece  of  artillery  firing  100  lbs." 

-ftctrf  C,  f.,  '  card,  chart,  map,'  from  late 
MidHG.  karte,  f.;  formed  from  Fr.  carte. 

(Aarfrjaufc,  jfcarfaufe,  f., 'Carthusian 
monastery,'  from  late  MidHG.  kart&se,  f., 
which  is  again  derived  from  CartHsia,  Char- 
treuse (near  Grenoble,  where  the  Carthusian 
order  was  founded  in  1084  A.D.). — <^crrf- 
f)&\lfer,  'Carthusian  friar,'  from  MidHG. 
kartuser,  karthiuser. 

<i*arioffel,  f.,  '  potato,'  derived  by  a 
process  of  differentiation  from  the  earlier 
ModHG.  form  Sartuffcl.  Potatoes  were  in- 
troduced into  Germany  about  the  middle 
of  the  18th  cent,  from  Italv,  as  is  proved 
by  the  Ital.  name  (comp.  Ital.  tartufo,  tartu- 
folo;  6ee$vuffd).     Another  name,  (Srtar-fd, 


Kas 


(    167    ) 


Kau 


seems  to  indicate  that  the  plant  was  brought 
i'rom  the  Netherlands  and  France,  Du. 
aard-appel,  Fr.  pomme  de  tare.  The  dial, 
©rutnbire  is  due  to  a  similar  conception,  its 
orig.  form  being  ©ruticbtrne.  £ujfrln  is  a 
shortened  form  of  jfartojfel,  resulting  from 
the  position  of  the  accent  (conip.  jfr"irbii? 
from  cucurbita).  The  rarer  dial.  $atafm 
(Franc),  which  corresponds  to  E.  potato, 
is  based  upon  Ital.  and.  Span,  patata,  the 
final  source  of  which  is  an  American  word. 
Potatoes  were  introduced  in  the  17th  cent, 
from  America  into  Spain  and  Italy,  and 
were  transplanted  from  these  countries  to 
the  north. 

<5iiafe,  m.,  'cheese,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  knese,  OHG.  chdsi,  m.;  Lat.  cdseus 
(whence  also  Olr.  caise),  before  the  5th  cent, 
at  the  latest  was  adopted  in  the  vernacular 
form  cdsius  (variant  cdseus  ?)  by  the  Teu- 
tons ;  comp.  Du.  kaas,  AS.  cfise,  E.  cheese. 
It  corresponds  in  Rom.  to  Ital.  cacio,  Span. 
queso ;  yet  cdseus  was  supplanted  in  the 
dials,  at  an  early  date  by  Lat.  *formaticus, 
♦(cheese)  mould';  comp.  Fr.  fromage  (Ital. 
formaggio).  OIc.  has  a  peculiar  word  for 
1  cheese,'  ostr,  in  Goth,  perhaps  *justs  (comp. 
Finn,  juusto, '  cheese')  ;  the  assumed  Goth. 
*just8  is  connected  etymologically  with  Lat. 
jus,  '  broth,'  OSlov.  jucha,  '  soup,'  OInd. 
yuSdn,  '  soup '  (comp  Sattdje),  the  root  of 
which  is  yu, '  to  mix,'  in  Lith.  jduju,  jduti, 
'to  mix  (dough).'  From  this  collocation 
of  terms  it  is  probable  that  *justs  is  the 
OTeut.  word  for  'cheese,'  and  that  the 
Teutons  did  not  learn  how  to  make  cheese 
from  the  Southerners,  but  only  an  improved 
method  of  doing  so  when  they  adopted  the 
term  Jtafe  from  them.  It  is  true  that  ac- 
cording to  Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.  xi.  41,  the 
barbarians  generally  were  not  acquainted 
with  the  method  ;  yet  comp.  also  33uhcr. 

Aoflttnie,  f.,  'chestnut* ;  comp.  OHG. 
chestiniia,  MidHG.  tystene,  tysten,  kastdnie. 
The  latter  is  evidently  a  return  to  the  orig. 
form,  Lat.  castanea,  which  had  already  been 
transformed  tokestenne  (comp.  UpG.  J?estc). 
Moreover,  OHG.  chestinna  and  AS.  Sisten 
(£istenbedm,  MidHG.  kedenboum,  E.  chest- 
nut) point  to  a  Lat.  *castinia,  *castinja. 
Comp.  Fr.  chdtaigne,  Ital.  castagna, '  chest- 
nut.' The  Lat.  word  is  derived  from  the 
equiv.  Gr.  Kaaravia,  -ma,  -mov,  -vov ;  the 
chestnut  was  named  from  the  town  of  KdV- 
rava,  in  Pontus. 

Krtflcicrt,  vb.,  'to  chastise,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kastbjen  (g  for  j),  tystigen,  OHG.  ch$s- 


tl<j6n,  'to  chasti.se,  punish' ;  the  alteration 
of  the  accent  and  the  vowels  corresponds 
to  that  in  ^aflanie  (which  see)  compared 
with  the  dial,  jfejie.  Lat.  castigate  (whence 
also  Fr.  c/idtier,  and  further  E.  chastise)  wa3 
adopted  on  the  introduction  of  Christianity 
(comp.  Jfreuj,  fruiter,  and  prebiflen)  from 
ecclesiastical  Lat.  ;  OHG.  c/i$stlg6n,  like 
many  words  borrowed  in  the  OHG.  period 
(see  prebtvjen),  was  accented  after  the  G. 
method. 

^taffen,  m.,  'chest,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kaste,  OHG.  chasto,  tn. ;  this  word,  which 
is  at  all  events  really  Teut.,  is  wanting  in 
the  rest  of  the  OTeut.  dials.  Goth.  *kasta, 
'  receptacle,'  may  be  connected  with  kasa-, 
'  vessel,'  so  that  the  dental  would  be  a  de- 
rivative ;  yet  kas  signifies  specially  '  an 
earthen  vessel,  pot'  (comp.  kasja, '  potter'). 
This  Goth,  kas,  moreover,  became  char  in 
OHG.  by  the  normal  change  of  s  into  r ;  in 
the  ModHG.  literary  speech  it  is  now  want- 
ing, but  it  appears  in  MidHG.  binen-kar, 
upon  which  ModHG.  5Menenfotb  is  based. 

£kalev,  m.,  '  tom-cat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kater,  katere,  m.,  OHG.  chataro, 
m.;  the  r  of  j?ater  appears  to  be  a  masc. 
suffix  ;  comp.  SWavber  and  SWarb,  Xaubet  and 
£aube;  (Sntemd)  and  (Snte?,  ©anfer  and 
©ana  1,  &c.     Comp.  JTafce. 

Jtaff ittt,  m.,  '  cotton,  calico,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  kottAn,  m.,  which  is  again 
derived  from  Du.  kattoen,  Fr.  coton,  equiv. 
to  E.  cotton. 

,Suxt]e,  f., '  cat,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
katze,  OHG.  chazza,  f. ;  a  common  Europ. 
word  in  the  Mid.  Ages  and  in  modern  times ; 
of  obscure  origin.  Comp.  also  AS.  catt,  in., 
E.  cat;  OIc.  lcqttr,  m.  These  assume  Goth. 
*katta,  *kattus.  Early  Mid  Lat.  cattus  and 
its  Rom.  derivatives  (Ital.  gatto,  Fr.  chat), 
It.  and  Gael,  cat,  m.,  and  Slav.  kotu\  'tom- 
cat,' Lith.  katl,  'cat,'  kdtinas,  ' tom-cat ' 
(allied  to  Serv.  kotiti,  'to  litter,'  &c,  kot, 
'brood,  litter'),  suggest  the  possibility 
that  the  Teut.  term  was  borrowed  from  a 
neighbouring  race  after  the  period  of  the 
Teut.  substitution  of  consonants,  at  latest 
a  century  before  or  alter  the  migration  of 
the  tribes.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  how- 
ever, that  G.  retains  a  prim,  and  inde- 
pendent masc.  form  of  the  word  in  Jtatcr 
(Goth.  *kaduza1),  which  also  occe.s  in  Du. 
and  LG.  kater  (comp.  E.  caterwaul). 

ftauoerroelfd),  adj.,  'jargon,'  first  oc- 
curs in  early  ModHG.  allied  to  an  unex- 
plained vb.  faubem, '  to  talk  unintelligibly,' 


Kau 


(    168    ) 


Keb 


hence  '  strange,  unintelligible  foreign 
tongue.'  It  seems  to  have  been  a  Swiss 
word  orig.  and  allied  to  Suab.  and  S\vis3 
kauder,  chUder,  '  tow ' ;  or  should  it  be 
fymwlfd)  1 

ficiuc,  f., '  coop,  cage,  pen,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kouice  (koice),  f.,  '  miner's  hut  or  shed 
over  a  sbaft'  (OHG.  *kouwa,  Goth.  *kavj6, 
are  wanting) ;  from  Lat.  cavea  (interme- 
diate form  cauja  ?),  '  cavity,'  See  aho 
.Jtifi.j. 

Uaitcn,  vb.,  •  to  chew,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ktiwen,  kiuwen,  OHG.  chiuxvan; 
ModHG.  au  and  MidHG.  A  in  this  word 
compared  with  au  in  uneicifatteii  is  properly 
MidG.  merely.  It  corresponds  to  AS. 
ceCwan,  E.  to  chew,  and  the  equiv.  Du. 
kaauicen.  The  verb,  which  is  based  on 
a  Teut.  root  hew,  ku,  pre -Tent,  gew,  is  want- 
ing in  Goth.  ;  comp.  OSIov.  $tva,  zuja, 
ztvati,  '  to  chew.'  The  Aryan  root  is  gja, 
glw, '  to  chew ' ;  see  Jtieme.  Gr.  yevo/j.ai  for 
yeiLHTOficu  is  totally  unconnected  with  HG. 
fatten,  being  allied  to  fcjlen. 

Rcutcrn,  vb.,  '  to  crouch  '  ;  its  relation 
to  MidHG.  hUren  (Du.  hurkeri),  '  to  squat,' 
is  obscure ;  in  E.  and  in  Scand.  an  initial 
k  also  appears,  MidE.  couren,  E.  to  cower ; 
Dan.  k&re,  Swed.  k&ra,  in  the  ModHG. 
sense  ;  OIc.  k&ra, '  to  be  inactive.'  Comp. 
Itura 

RCtufett,  vb.,  'to  buy,'  from  MidHG. 
koufen,  OHG.  choufSn.  The  meaning  in 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  is  somewhat  more 
general,  •  to  trade,  negotiate,'  specially  also 
.  to  buy,  sell,  or  to  barter.'  Comp.  Goth. 
kaupdn, '  to  trade,'  AS.  6ypan  (Goth.  *kaup- 
jan),  '  to  buy,  sell.'  The  word  has  nume- 
rous interesting  meanings ;  its  primary 
sense  is  '  to  barter,'  and  was  used  by  the 
parties  on  either  side,  and  hence  on  the 
development  of  the  system  of  paying  in 
specie  it  signified  both  'to  buy'  and  'to 
sell';  comp.  also  AS.  cedp,  'trade,  busi- 
ness, cattle'  (cattle  was,  in  fact,  the  chief 
medium  of  payment  in  exchange  ;  comp. 
©elb  and  53tefy).  It  is  most  closely  allied  to 
Lat.  caupo,  'retail  dealer,  innkeeper,'  and 
in  connection  with  this  fact  it  is  certainly 
remarkable  that  a  nomen  agentis correspond- 
ing to  Lat.  caupo  is  far  less  widely  diffused 
than  the  Teut.  vb.  kauptiii  (only  in  OHG. 
does  choufo  mean  'shopkeeper').  The  Teut. 
vb.  in  the  form  of  kupiti,  '  to  buy '  (allied 
to  kupii,  '  trade,'  kuplcl,  '  merchant,'  Lith. 
kH/Kzus,  '  merchant'),  passed  into  prim. 
Slav,   and  Finn,    (kauppata,  '  to   trade '). 


The  cognates  are  wanting  in  Rom.  (comp. 
tfaifer).— The  ModHG.  Jfauf  is  OHG.  chouf, 
m.,  'trade,  business';  AS.  cedp,  'trade'; 
in  E.  the  cognates  cheap  and  chapman  have 
been  retained. 

c<*auLbarfd),  'round posterior,'  £anU 
feopf,  'bull-head,'  Jtau^quctppc,  'raff' ; 
in  these  compounds  .Raid  signifies  'a  ball 
of  small  circumference' ;  MidHG.  k&lc,  a 
variant  of  kugele  (comp.  fteil  from  fteigel) ; 
■older  ModHG.  Jtaule;  comp.  MtuU. 

Raum,  adv.,  '  scarcely,'  from  MidHG. 
kiime,  as  adj.  (?),  '  thin,  weak,  infirm,'  as 
adv.  (OHG.  chtimo), '  with  difficulty,  hardly, 
scarcely, not' ;  to  this  is  allied  OHG.  ch&mig, 
'  powerless,  toilsome.'  '  Feeble'  is  the  prim, 
meaning  of  the  adj.  and  adv.,  as  is  shown 
by  Lower  Hess,  kiime,  MidLG.  kiime,  Swiss 
chum,  and  MidE.  klme,  *  feeble.'  The 
corresponding  AS.  c§me  signifies  '  tender, 
fine,  beautiful'  (comp.  flein).  Teut.  lUmi-, 
'feeble,'  is  not  found  in  the  other  lan- 
guages. 

/tcutj,  m.,  'screech-owl,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ktitze,  Mtz,  m.  (rarely  occurs)  ;  in 
OHG.  as  well  as  in  the  other  OTcut.  dials, 
the  word  is  wanting,  therefore  it  is  difficult 
to  determine  its  Goth.  form.  We  might 
assume  Goth.  *kutts  or  *kMna;  the  first 
partly  suggests  Gr.  /30fo  '  owl'  (for  g&dja  ? 
/3  as  in  paiva,  •  to  go,'  (ivoaos,  '  fine  flax, 
equiv.  to  ModHG.  Jfaute).  Moreover,  in 
ModHG.  pet  names  for  birds  are  formed 
ending  in  tz,  ©raJS  Stiegli^,  Jttebifc  ;  hence 
Jlaii;$e  may  have  to  be  divided,  and  thus 
Gr.  ptas, '  owl,'  would  be  most  closely  con- 
nected with  Teut.  kau,  k&. 

RttU3Ctt,  vb.,' to  cower';  ModHG.  only; 
like  faucni,  it  is  connected  with  the  root  k&; 
zen  is  a  suffix  from  OHG.  zen,  azen  (55*'', 
a53e'l)>  Goth,  atjan ;  *k&uatjan  would  be 
the  Goth.  form.     Comp.  faucni. 

<$kebfe,  f.,  'concubine,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kebse,  kebese,  OHG.  chehisa,  chehis  ; 
in  Goth,  perhaps  *kabisi.  Comp.  AS.  6efes, 
cyfes.  Unfortunately  the  word  is  etymo- 
logically  quite  obscure.  The  meaning  is 
an  important  one  in  the  history  of  man- 
ners ami  customs  ;  the  AS.  word  signifies 
'concubine'  and  'servant,'  and  the  corre- 
sponding masc.  kefser  in  OIc.  'slave';  it 
is  evident  that  female  captives  were  made 
slaves  and  concubines  (comp.  AS.  wealh, 
'  Kelt,  slave,'  wylen, '  female  slave,  servant,' 
under  2Bel|"dj).  The  idea  of  '  concubine,' 
in  spite  of  Tacitus'  highly-coloured  pictuie 
of  the  OTeut  family  life,  is  not  foreign  to 


Kec 


(    169    ) 


Kei 


OTeut.  antiquity  ^  but  the  important  fact 
is,  and  this  is  confirmed  by  his  general 
statements,  that  concubines  were  chosen 
from  the  prisoners,  or  rather  the  slaves ; 
in  antiquity  the  slaves  were  regarded  as 
chattels  ;  comp.  Lat.  mancipium,  Qr.  dvdpd- 
xo5ot> ;  OIc.  man, '  slave,'  is  neu.,  and  some- 
times signifies  '  female  slave,  concubine.' 
.  fcecfe,  adj.,  'pert,  impudent,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kec,  a  variant  of  quec  (inflected  keeker, 
quecker),  'living,  fresh';  OHG.  chec  (in- 
flected checcher),  quec,  quecchSr,  'living.' 
Corresponding  to  AS.  cwicu  (cucu), '  living,' 
E.  quick.  The  prim,  meaning  of  the  adj. 
is  'living,'  and  the  ModHG.  lebfjaft,  'lively,' 
illustrates  the  development  of  the  signifi- 
cation. For  further  comparison  we  have 
to  proceed  from  the  corresponding  Goth, 
adj.  qiwa,  'living'  (the  second  c,  k  of  the 
HG.  and  E.  words,  is  an  insertion  before 
the  Goth.  to).  Goth,  qiwa-,  derived  from 
gwiwo-,  giwo-,  corresponds  exactly  to  Lat. 
vicus  for  gwlvus,  Sans,  jivds,  '  living,'  allied 
to  Lat.  vtvere  (victus) ;  Sans,  jivdtus,  'life,' 
jtvathas,  '  life ' ;  furthur,  in  Gr.  with  an 
initial  |3  (comp.  fiaivu,  '  to  go  '),  /3toy,  /3foros, 
/3i6w ;  allied  to  OSlov.  zivu,  Lith.  gyvas, 
Olr.  beo,  'living.'  All  these  forms  indi- 
cate an  Aryan  root  giw,  'to  live.'  Tlvis 
ro  >t  seems  to  be  graded  in  Teut.  only,  in 
OIc.  kveykva,  kvdkja  (Goth.  *qaiivjan), 
'to  light  a  fire,'  prop,  'to  give  life  to.' 
In  ModHG.  mpticfm  and  Guerfitlfret  are 
connected  with  the  same  root,  and  in  fact 
with  the  Aryan,  adj.  <jIk6s,  'living' ;  the 
loss  of  the  u  after  q,  which  has  differen- 
tiated fecf  from  qucrf,  is  seen  also  in  fommen, 
Jtober,  and  jfot. 

Reflet  (1.),  m., '  cone,  nine-pin,  sight  (of 
a  gun),'  from  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  kegel, 
m.,  'nine-pin,'  also  'stick,  cudgel,'  OHG. 
chegil,  'stake,  ping,'  allied  to  MidDu. 
ke'jghe,  Du.  keg, '  wedge,'  ModHG.  and  Bav. 
kag,  'stump.'  OHG.  chegil,  'plug,'  may 
have  been  Goth.  *kagils  (from  pre-Tent. 
gagho-),  and  might  be  cognate  with  Gr. 
y6fi<f>o-s  (<f>  for  gli),  'plug,  wooden  nail, 
wedge,'  with  the  root  syllable  nasalised. 
It  cannot  be  decided  whether  Lith.  zaginy*, 
'stake,  post'  (zdgaras,  'dry  branch'),  is 
allied  to  iluyi,  or  rather  to  jtufe,  'cheek  of 
a  sledge.' 

JtCflcl  (2.),  m.,  'bastard'  (retained  in 
ModHG.  only  in  the  phrase  Jtinb  unt  Mtc\d, 
'  kith  and  kin '),  from  MidHG.  kegel,  kekel, 
'illegitimate  child.'     Of  obscure  origin. 

/tefjlc,   f.,  '  throat ;  channel,    fluting,' 


from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  We, 
f.,  OHG.  chela  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  keel, 
AS.  feole  (obsolete  in  E.)  and  Seolor.  In 
Goth,  perhaps  *kild  (gen.  *kil&ns).  Since 
Teut.  k  is  derived  from  pre-Teut.  g,  we 
may  compare  Sans,  gala  and  Lat.  gula, 
'throat.'     See  £erj. 

ftef)r<m  (1.),  vb., '  to  turn,'  from  MidHG. 
keren,  OHG.  chSrren,  'to  turn,  direct';  a 
difficult  word  to  explain  both  etymolo- 
gical ly  and  phonetically  ;  in  AS.  Jterran, 
tprran  (pret.  cyrde),  '  to  turn.' 

ftc^rcn  (2.),  vb.,  'to  sweep,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  kern,  keren,  kerjen,  OHG. 
cherian,  cheren  ;  the  Goth,  form  is  probably 
*karjan,  not  *kazjan;  also  OHG.  uoarchara, 
'  offscouring,  impurity,'  connected  with  Ic. 
kar,  n.,  '  dirt  (on  new-born  lambs  and 
calves).'  Probably  primit.  allied  to  Lith. 
zeriu,  zerti,  '  to  scrape.' 

Skeih,  <St<xib,  m., '  vulgar  person,'  prop. 
'  carrion ' ;  simply  ModHG.,  and  only  in 
Suab.  and  Alem. 

fceifen,  vb.,  'to  scold,'  with  the  LG. 
form  for  the  strictly  HG.  feifcett,  MidHG. 
kiben,  '  to  upbraid,  quarrel,'  with  the  equiv. 
frequentative  kibeln,  kivelu;  MidHG.  Mp, 
kibes,  m.,  '  wrangling  manner,  defiance,  re- 
fractoriness.' MidLG.  ktven,  Du.  kijven, '  to 
upbraid,'  Scand.  kifa,  'to  quarrel,'  hif, 
'  quarrel.' 

<51teU,  m.,  'wedge,  keystone,'  from  Mid 
HG.  Ml,  '  wedge,  plug,'  with  the  curious 
variant  kidel  (ModHG.  dial.  Jfeibel),  OHG. 
chll,  '  plug ' ;  both  the  MidHG.  forms 
assume  Goth.  *keipls  1.  Scand.  keiler  (Goth. 
*kaileis),  m.,  'wedge,'  is  abnormal;  the 
root  is  Jet,  kai.  OIc.  kill,  'canal'  (comp. 
the  proper  name  Jtiel),  is  probably  not 
connected  on  account  of  the  meaning ; 
since  OHG.  and  MidHG.  ktl  signifies 
'  plug,'  the  word  is  more  probably  allied 
to  AS.  c&g,  E.  key. 

gteilcv,  jfitculcr,  m.,  'wild  boar,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  probably  not  allied  to  Jfeitlt ; 
borrowed  from  Lith.  kuilys,  'boar'?. 

(J'tetm,  m.,  'germ,  bud,  shoot,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Mm,  ktme,  m.,  OHG.  chtm, 
chtmo,  m.  (Goth.  *keima,  m.).  The  Teut. 
root  is  kt,  which  is  widely  diffused  in  the 
Teut.  group.  Goth,  has  only  the  partic. 
of  a  vb.  derived  from  this  root,  us-kijans, 
'sprouted,'  for  which,  however,  an  earlier 
variant,  keins,  'germinated,'  is  assumed  by 
the  vb.  us-keinan  (-ndda).  With  the  same 
root  kt  are  connected  the  dental  derive. 
AS.  dj>,  OSax.  MIS,  OHG.   chtdi  (fruvu 


Kei 


(    170    ) 


Ken 


ikhh),  MklHG.  ktde,  ModHG.  dial.  Jtufce, 
•  shoot.'  OSax.  and  OHG.  ktnan,  '  to  ger- 
minate,' has  a  pres.  affix  n  of  tlie  root  kt; 
the  identical  AS.  dnan,  'to  spring  up, 
burst,  burst  to  pieces,  germinate,'  and  tlie 
corresponding  AS.  subst.  Unit,  MidE. 
chine,  'rift,  crack,'  prove  that  the  meaning 
'to  germinate'  originated  in  the  actual 
perception  of  budding. 

Item,  num.  adj.,  '  no,  none,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kein,  bhortened  from  dechein,  OHG. 
dihhein,  also  OHG.  dohh-ein,  nihhein,  noh- 
hein,  all  of  which  are  compounded  with 
ein.  The  meaning  of  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
deck  is  obscure. 

/told),  m., '  chalice,  cup,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kelch,  OHG.  chelih,  kelih  (hh),  m.  ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  kelik;  from  Lat. 
calicem  (caliz),  borrowed  at  a  time  when 
the  word  was  pronounced  kalikem  (comp. 
Jtefler)  ;  the  suggestion  that  Stdty  was  first 
adopted  from  Ecclesiast.  Lat.  on  the  in- 
troduction of  Christianity,  is  refuted  by 
the  changes  made  in  Lat.  ci-ucem,  'Jvreuj' 
('  cross '),  which  was  certainly  not  borrowed 
before  this  time  ;  the  G.  z  for  Lat.  c  before 
e  points  to  a  far  later  period  than  tlie  deri- 
vation of  JWdj  from  calicem.  There  is 
greater  probability  in  the  assumption  that 
the  term  was  imported  with  the  southern 
culture  of  the  vine  ;  comp.  J?d(er,  SGfin, 
and  33cd)er.  In  E.  and  Scand.  the  Lat.  a 
is  retained  ;  AS.  caliS,  ccelic',  and  Scand. 
kalkr  ;  comp.  Olr.  calich.  In  almost  every 
language  the  word  is  restricted  to  eccle- 
siastical uses ;  comp.  Fr.  calice. — "gSIuf  en- 
field),  '  calyx,'  ModHG.  is  due  to  a  con- 
fusion by  scientists  of  &t{&)  (Lat.  calix), 
with  Gr.  /cd\i>£,  '  calyx.' 

/telle,  f.,  'ladle,  scoop,  trowel,'  from 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  kelle,  f.,  'ladle, 
trowel,'  OHG.  chella,  f.,  'trowel';  Goth. 
*kaljd,  f.,  is  wanting.  Although  there  are 
a  few  points  of  contact  between  HG.  JW(c 
and  AS.  cylle,  cille,  f.,  '  leather  bottle  or 
bag,  vessel,'  tlie  AS.  word  is  based  upon 
Lat.  culleus,  'leather  bag,'  or,  as  is  more 
probable,  a  genuine  Tent,  word  has  been 
confused  with  a  borrowed  term  in  AS. 

^teller,  m.,  'cellar,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  keller,  m.,  OHG.  chelldri,  m.  ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  kellere,  m.  ;  Scand. 
kjallare,  m.  ;  a  Teut.  loan-word  which  pro- 
bably passed  from  the  South  through  Up. 
Germany  to  the  North  ;  in  England  only 
the  word  did  not  obtain  in  the  older 
period ;  E.  cellar  originated  in  the  OFr. 


celier.  The  word  was  borrowed  from  late 
Lat.  cellarium  (with  a  change  of  gender 
and  accent)  in  the  pre-OHG.  period,  since 
the  terms  borrowed  from  Lat.  in  OHG. 
change  Lat.  c  before  open  vowels  into  2 
(tz)  ;  comp.  jfrrcm.  Jfeller  may  have  been 
introduced  into  Germany  from  the  South 
at  the  same  time  as  Sltld)  (which  6ee),  per- 
haps with  the  culture  of  the  vine  ;  yet  the 
word  signifies  generally  '  subterranean 
storeroom.' — ^tellner,  m.,  'waiter,'  from 
MidHG.  kelnare,  m.,  '  butler,'  from  Mid 
Lat.  cellenariux,  with  the  equiv.  variant 
kellatre,  m.,  from  Lat.  cellarius,  m.,  'steward, 
butler.' — Jtellnerin,  'barmaid,'  MidHG. 
kelncBrinne,  kellcerinne,  f.,  'maid,  servant, 
housekeeper.' 

<$ieUev,  f.  and  m.,  'wine  or  oil  press,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kelter,  kalter,  m. 
and  f.  OHG.  calcattira,  calctHra  (also  calc- 
HrhUs,  MidHG.  kalterhUs) ;  borrowed,  on 
the  introduction  of  the  southern  culture 
of  the  vine  (see  SBcin,  33cd)er,  Md),  and 
Jtcfler),  from  Lat.  calcatura,  '  wine-press ' 
(calcatorium),  derived  from  calcare,  '  to 
tread.'  Hence  JMter  orig.  means  '  tread* 
ing  press.'  For  the  genuine  UpG.  for 
filter  see  under  Srctte  and  Xcvfti  (in  Du. 
pers,  AS.  presse,  from  Lat.  pressa).  Jlcltcr 
is  MidG.,  and  is  found  from  the  Moselle 
to  the  Saale.  Corresponding  to  OLorraine 
c/taucheur,  from  Lat.  calcatorium. 

Jtemenaf e,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kemendte,  f.,  'room  with  a  fireplace,'  espec. 
'  bedroom,'  also  '  sitting-room,  women's 
apartment.'  During  the  OHG.  period  Mid 
Lat.  camindta,  '  room  with  a  stove  or  fire- 
place,' was  introduced  into  G.,  as  is  proved 
by  the  preservation  of  the  Lat.  sharp  den- 
tal in  OHG.  chemindta,  f.  From  MidLat. 
caminata,  which  is  recorded  as  early  as 
the  6th  cent.,  are  derived  Ital.  camminata, 
'  large  room,'  and  Fr.  chemine'e,  whence  the 
equiv.  E.  chimney,  also  Czech,  Pol.  and 
Russ.  komnata,  '  room ' ;  comp.  Jtamin. 

kertnen,  vb.,  '  to  know,  be  acquainted 
with,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kennen, 
OHG.  ch$nnen.  The  simple  form  was  very 
little  used  in  MidHG.  and  OHG..  the  usual 
words  being  the  compounds  OHG.  irchpi- 
nen,  MidHG.  erkennen,  and  OHG.  bic/ien- 
nen,  MidHG.  bekennen,  with  the  meanings 
of  ModHG.  femtett.  The  corresponding 
Goth,  kannjan  (uskanvjan),  as  well  as 
AS.  c$n»a»,  gecennan,  signifies  '  to  make 
known.'  This  double  sense,  which  is  com- 
bined in  OIc.  kenna,  is  explained  by  the 


Ker 


(    171    ) 


Ker 


fact  that  OTeut.  kannjan  is  a  factitive  of 
the  OTeut.  pret.-pres.  kann,  inf.  kunnan, 
1  to  know' ;  erfentten  is  a  derivative  '  to  in- 
form oneself.'  Comp.  further  references 
under  fonnen. 

$Levbe,  f.,  '  notch,'  from  MidHG.  kerbe, 
f.,  k'erp,  m.,  '  incision,  notch.'  Comp.  OIc. 
kjarf,  kerfe,  n., '  bundle,' AS.  cyrf, '  incision.' 

fecrbcn,  vb.,  'to  notch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kerben  (with  a  str.  parti c.  gekurben 
in  Lower  Rhen.)  ;  an  orig.  str.  vb.  with 
the  graded  forms  kerf  an,  hirf  knrbum,  kor- 
ban  (comp.  AS.  Seoifan,  E.  to  carve,  Du. 
k-rven)  ;  the  final  /  of  the  stem  kerf  is 
attested  by  the  MidHG.  kerve,  a  variant  of 
kerbe  ;  Gotli.  *Jcairfan  is  wanting.  The  root 
kerf  is  found  also  in  Gr.  ypd<f>u,  '  to  write,' 
prop.  '  to  cut  in,  scratch '  (comp.  HG. 
retjjett  with  E.  to  write),  which  with  Teut. 
for/"  points  to  a  Sans,  root  *grph. 

gaevbel,  m.,  'chervil,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kervele,  kervel,  f.  and  111..  OHG. 
kervola,  kervela,  f.,  '  a  culinary  and  medi- 
cinal herb'  ;  comp.  AS.  Serfille,  E.  chervil. 
It  was  probably  naturalised  in  Germany 
before  the  OHG.  period,  and  is  derived 
from  Lat.  ccerifolium  (xai/o^t>XXoi'),  whence 
also  Fr.  cerfeuil,  Ital.  cerfoglio,  which  were 
borrowed  at  a  period  when  the  initial  c 
before  open  vowels  was  still  pronounced 
k ;  comp.  JWIer,  Verier,  j?atfer,  .ftreu*,  $ed), 
&c.  In  the  period  before  the  HG.  per- 
mutation of  consonants,  the  Ital.  art  of 
cookery  and  horticulture,  and  with  the 
latter  many  southern  vegetables  and  herbs, 
were  introduced  into  Germany ;  comp. 
JtaWeS,  ?Pfeffer,  KittK,  tfofyf,  and  teller. 

Sievfiet,  m.,  •  gaol,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  karkcere,  kerkcere,  kerker,  m.,  OHG. 
karkdri,  m.,  '  prison ' ;  from  Lat.  carcerem, 
probably  more  strictly  from  karkerim  (comp. 
OHG.  krdzi,  from  Lat.  crucem  under  Jtreu^), 
so  that  the  final  i  of  the  OHG.  word  would 
represent  the  -em  of  the  ace.  (comp.  Jfclcr/, 
?infe).  Even  in  Goth,  karkara,  f., '  prison,' 
is  found,  corresponding  to  AS.  cearcern, 
Olr.  carcar.  In  the  HG.  word  the  second 
k  shows  that  Jtcrfer  was  borrowed  before 
the  OHG.  period,  since  borrowed  terms  in 
OHG.  such  as  chi-uzi,  from  crucem,  pro- 
nounce the  c  as  tz  before  open  vowels ; 
comp.  Jfaifer,  Jhldj,  JWlcr,  Jferbcl,  and  $ecfe. 

giietl,  m.,  'fellow.'  a  MidG.  and  LG. 
form  for  MidHG.  karl,  111., '  man,  husband, 
lover,'  OHG.  karal;  OIc.  karl,  m.,  'man 
(opposed  to  woman),  old  man,  one  of  the 
common  folk,  serf,  servant,'  hence  E.  carl, 


'  fellow,  man.'  Besides  these  terms,  which 
indicate  Goth.  *karla-,  there  appears  a  form 
kerla-  (Goth.  *kairla-)  allied  to  them  by 
gradation,  and  assumed  by  AS.  Seorl,  'serf 
(hence  <?eorlian,lto  take  a  husband,  marry '), 
MidE.  cheorl,  E.  churl,  as  well  as  by  Du. 
kerel,  Fris.  tzerl,  LG.  kM,  kerel  (wanting 
in  OSax.).  As  a  proper  name  the  HG.  Jtarl 
was  retained  without  being  supplanted  by 
the  MidG.  and  LG.  form  ;  on  the  adoption 
of  Jfatl  by  Slav,  see  under  .ftatfer.  Both 
words  denoted  a  full-grown  man  (generi- 
cally,  '  husband,  lover,'  and  also  '  male  of 
animals '  in  OHG.  and  AS. ;  legally, '  man 
of  the  lower  orders')  ;  in  AS.  ceorl,  *  man,' 
retained  the  entire  signification,  since  it  is 
used  even  of  kings,  and  in  the  derivative 
ceorlian,  '  to  marry,'  it  preserves  its  gene- 
ric meaning  and  its  legal  aspect  in  being 
applied  to  the  common  freemen  and  the 
serf.  References  in  non-Teut.  cannot  be 
adduced  with  any  certainty  ;  the  compari- 
son of  kerl,  karl,  with  Sans,  jdra  (J  for  g), 
'  paramour,  lover,'  is  possible  as  far  as  the 
stem  is  concerned  ;  the  I  of  the  Teut.  word 
is  at  all  events  a  suffix.  With  regard  to  the 
gradation  Jterl,  ^av(,  comp.  Jtafer,  ©iebel, 
liefer,  gaut,  &c. 

Jflterrt,  m.,  'kernel,  stone  (of  fruit),  pith,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kern,  kerne,  m. 
OHG.  kerno,  m. ;  corresponding  to  OIc. 
kjarne,  m.,  'kernel.'  A  corresponding  Goth. 
*kairu6,  n.,  is  wanting  (for  which  we  have 
kaurnd,  n.  ?).  AS.  cyrnel,  and  the  equiv. 
E.  kernel  are  connected  phonetically  more 
nearly  with  J?crn,  since  a  derivative  of  Jtent 
in  E.  would  have  an  initial  ch.  OTeut. 
kerna-  and  korna-  are  allied  by  gradation 
to  each  other  just  as  S3rett  and  93ort>,  Sttxi 
and  Jtavt. 

kemett,  vb.,  '  to  chum,'  allied  to  E. 
churn,  AS.  *6irne,  *6yrne,  Du.  karn,  OIc 
kirna,  f.,  '  churn,'  with  which  AS.  (//rnan, 
E.  to  churn,  and  the  equiv.  Du.  karnen  are 
also  connected.  Akin  to  ModHG.  (Up. 
Palat.)&era,  'cream,'  MidDu.  kerne,  Scand. 
(Ic.)  kjarne,  •  cream,'  which  perhaps  are 
identical  with  Jtent.  Probably  Teut.  kirn- 
jdn,  'churn,'  and  kirnjan,  'to  churn,'  are 
prim,  derivatives  of  *ker»o-,  '  cream.' 

<&CV$e,  f.,' taper,  wax-light,  candle,'  from 
MidHG.  kerze,  'candle,  taper,'  espec.  '  wax 
candle,'  OHG.  clierza,  charza,  f.,  charz,  m., 
'  taper,  wick,  tow.'  We  have  to  proceed 
from  the  latter  in  tracing  the  development 
of  meaning  in  Jtcrje  (comp.  OIc.  kerte,  n., 
'  wax-light * ;  '  tow,  wick  made  of  tow,  wick 


Kes 


(     172     ) 


Keu 


with  acovcringof  wax,  taper,'  form  theseries. 
Hence  there  is  no  need  to  suppose  that 
ftergc  lias  been  borrowed  from  Lat.  cerdta, 
allied  to cera,  'wax,' an  assumption  equally 
at  variance  with  the  phonological  relations 
of  the  words.  It  is  true  that  neither 
*karta-,  *  tow,'  nor  its  derivative  *kartj6, 
1  taper,'  has  any  etymological  support  in 
the  non-Teut  languages.  The  OHG. 
doublet  karza,  kerza,  may,  however,  be  ex- 
plained by  the  assumption  of  a  Goth. 
*kartjd,  f.,  the  mutation  appearing  only  at 
a  late  period  before  r  and  conson?.  in 
OHG. 

Reflet,  m.,  '  kettle,  cauldron,  boiler,' 
from  the  equiv.  Mid II G.  ke^yl,  OHG. 
che^il,  in.  ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  katils, 
OL\  ketell,  AS.  Sytel,  m.,  E.  kettle,  and  the 
equiv.  Du.  ketel.  This  OTeut.  word  is 
usually  derived  from  Lat.  catinus,  'dish' 
(Sans,  kathina,  'dish'),  or  its  dimin.  catillus. 
Lat  catinus  is  indicated  by  OHG.  tytfin, 
c/*f33$,  MidHG.  che^i  (Alem.)  '  kettle,' 
AS.  cete,  '  cooking-pot.'  It  is  shown  under 
3od  that  Goth,  katils  can  be  derived  from 
Lat.  catinus.  Sdjuffel  and  %i\tf)  may  have 
been  borrowed  at  the  same  period  as  J?cffft. 
From  Lat.  catinus  are  also  derived  the 
Rom.  terms,  Port,  cadinho  and  Tyrol,  cadin, 
'  wooden  dish.'  From  Teut.,  OSlov.  kotliu, 
'kettle'  is  derived. 

(£tctfe  (1.),  f.,  'covey,'  with  the  earlier 
variants  kitte,  kiitte,  at  present  dial. ;  used  in 
ModHG.  only  of  partridges,  &c.  Jlette  is  a 
corruption  of  the  unintelligible  kiitte,  Mid 
HG.  kiitte,  OHG.  cliulti,  n.,  '  herd,  troop'  ; 
coinp.  MidLG.  kiidde,  Du.  kudde,  f.,  'herd.' 
AVe  might  connect  the  word  with  Lith. 
qfitas,  in.,  gavjd,  f., '  herd,'  and  hence  further 
with  the  Ind.  root  j&  (for  gu^,  '  to  drive, 
urge  on,'  Lith.  gUiti, '  to  drive.'  Therefore 
the  dental  of  the  OHG.  word,  as  in  the 
equiv.  Lith.  giitas,  belongs  to  the  suffix. 
The  Aryan  root  is  gu,  '  to  drive  cattle.' 

^elte  (2.),  f.,  'chain,  fetter,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  keten,  tytene  (.ftette  is  found 
since  the  15th  cent.),  f.,  OHG.  chetina, 
chetinna,  f.,  'chain';  borrowed  from  Lat. 
catSna,  yet  hardly  from  the  latter  itself, 
since  the  word  was  probably  naturalised 
in  G.  before  the  HG.  permutation  of  con- 
sonants (comp.  Jterfer),  but  rather  from  a 
vernacular  cadena  (thus  Prov.  and  Span., 
hence  Fr.  chaine,  from  which  MidE.  chaine, 
E.  chain  is  derived),  which  by  a  change  of 
accent  and  by  the  HG.  permutation  and 
mutation  resulted  in  chettna  ;  Du.  keten  and 


MidDu.  ketene  still  point,  however,  1 
t  of  the  Lat.  word.     For  the  transition  of 
S  to  t ,  comp.  feiern  and  spent.  ^  The  accent 
is  changed,  as  in  OHG.  ubbat,  from  Lat 
abbdt-em. 

^eljer,  in.,  'heretic,'  from  MidHG. 
ketzer,  m.,  '  heretic,'  also  '  reprobate,  Sodo- 
mite '  (not  recorded  in  OHG.).  The  tz 
presents  no  difficulties  in  deriving  the  word 
from  Gr.  Kndapk  (icaOapol,  a  Manichean  sect 
spread  throughout  the  West  in  the  11th 
and  12th  cents.,  and  persecuted  by  the 
Church),  if  it  be  assumed  that  Du.  ketter, 
'heretic,'  is  a  phonetic  vetsion  of  the 
II G.  word.  It  is  true  that  HG.  tz  from 
Gr.  0  (Lat.  th)  cannot  be  demonstrated  ; 
the  hard  fricative  th  (/>,  6)  may,  however, 
be  regarded  phonetically  as  tz,  since,  e.g., 
King  Chilperic's  sign  for  the  was  none  other 
than  z;  the  />  in  OIc.  words  sounded  also 
to  the  Germans  of  the  9th  cent,  like  2; 
}>6r  seemed  to  them  zor.  So  too  in  Italy 
the  icadapol  were  called  Gazari. 

Iieudjcit,  vb.,  '  to  gasp,'  from  MidHG. 
kitchen,  'to  breathe'  ;  MidHG.  klchcn,  'to 
breathe  with  difficulty,  gasp,'  has  also  been 
absorbed  in  the  ModHG.  vb.  Correspond- 
ing to  Du.  kugchen,  '  to  cough,'  from  Mid 
Du.  kuchen,  AS.  cohhettan,  MidE.  coughen, 
E.  to  cough. — MidHG.  ktchen  is  based  on  a 
Teut.  root  kik,  which  appears  in  LG.,  Du., 
and  E.,  in  a  nasalised  form  ;  LG.  (Holstein) 
kinghosten,  Du.  kinkhoest,  m.,  E.  chincough 
(for  chinkcough), '  whooping-cough ' ;  allied 
to  Sued,  kikhosta,  Dan.  kighoste,  AS.  Sin- 
cung. 

^Cltlc,  f.,  'club,  pestle;  thigh;  rude 
fellow,'  from  MidHG.  kiule,  f.,  'club,  stick, 
pole '  ;  cognate  with  ModHG.  Jfaule,  from 
MidHG.  kule,  a  variant  of  kugele,  kitgel. 
See  the  further  references  under  Jtuijel. 

^eulcr,  m.     See  .Seder. 

lieu fd),  adj.,  'chaste,  pure,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kiusche,  kiusch,  adj., '  moderate,  quiet, 
modest,  bashful' ;  OHG.  chAski,  adj.,  'con- 
tinent, moderate.'  AS.  cAse  is  borrowed 
from  the  OSax.  of  the  Heliand,  OSax. 
*kilsci,  of  which  only  the  corresponding  adv. 
cAsco  is  recorded  ;  Du.  Jcuisch,  '  cleanly, 
chaste.'  The  prim,  meaning  of  the  OTeut. 
adj.,  which  appears  in  all  these  form?,  is 
presumably  'pure';  comp.  Du.  kuischen, 
'  to  dean,  purify' ;  OHG.  unchtiski,  'dirt' 
(also  Hess,  unfeufefter  2Befl, '  road  in  bad  con- 
dition ').  —  jAeit  fd)Iamm,  '  chaste  tree,' 
simply  ModHG.,  formed  from  MidLat 
agnus  castus,  known  in  Gr.  by  the  term 


Kib 


(    i73    ) 


Kie 


&yv<x;  this  being  associated  with.  ayvbs, 
'  pure,' gave  rise  to  the  Lat.  agnus  castus; 
agnus,  Gr.  Ayvos,  being  confused  with  agnus, 
1  lamb,'  led  to  HG.  Jleufcfylamm,  one  of  the 
strangest  products  of  sciolism  (not  of  popu- 
lar etymology).  The  tree  is  also  called 
.fteufdjbcutm,  Du.  kuischboom. 

dibits,  m.,  '  lapwing,'  with  numerous 
dial,  forms  varying  at  different  periods  ; 
they  are  all  due  to  a  corruption  of  a  term 
the  etymology  of  which  was  not  under- 
stood ;  in  MidHG.  also  there  are  several 
forms ;  gibitze,  gibitz,  gibi^  occur  in  the 
written  language.  The  similarity  in  sound 
of  the  equiv.  Russ.  6ibezu  and  of  MidLG. 
ktvit,  Du.  kievit,  E.  peewit,  suggests  the  as- 
sumption that  jfiblfc  is  of  onomatopoetic 
origin.  The  suffix  resembles  that  in  ©ttfltijj. 

<Slid)ev,  f.,  'chick-pea,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kicher,  OHG.  chihhurra,  chihhira, 
f. ;  based  on  Lat.  cicer  (plur.  cicera),  n., 
'chick-pea,'  cicera,  f.,  'chickling  vetch'; 
MidLat.  cicoria,  cichorea,  which  would  he 
most  closely  allied  phonetically  to  OHG. 
chihhurra,  signifies  '  chicory  (Gr.  kIx&p<-oi>). 
MidE.  chiche,  E.  chiches,  chickpeas,  plur., 
with  the  suffix  r  wanting  as  in  Er.  chiche, 
Ital.  cece.  The  term  was  borrowed  before 
the  OHG.  period  (Du.  sisererwt  is  more 
recent). 

fttd)ero,  vb.,  '  to  titter,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
allied  to  OH(J.  chih/iazzen,  '  to  laugh,'  a 
variant  of  OHG.  chalthazzm  (MidHG. 
kac/izen) ;  comp.  also  MidHG.  ka/i,  m., 
'loud  laughter,'  and  MidHG.  kachen,  'to 
laugh  loudly';  the  ch  is  not  based,  as  in 
other  instances,  on  Teut.  k,  but  follow- 
ing AS.  cealthet  an,  'to  laugh,' on  OTeut. 
hh.  The  cognates  are  onomatopoetic,  the 
root  of  which  cannot  be  discovered.  In 
Gr.  similar  terms  were  coined,  icaxdfy, 
Kayx&fa,  KayxaMu,  Kayx\&fa,  '  to  laugh 
loudly,'  /caxXdfw,  'to  splash  and  bubble.'  On 
account  of  the  non-permutation  of  the  con- 
sonants the  terms  cannot  have  been  orig. 
allied.  The  Gr.  words  may,  however,,  be 
cognate  with  Sans,  kakh,  'to  laugh.' 

<Stiebif3,  see  JtUufc. 

e^liefer  (1.),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kiver  (in.,  n.  1),  kivel,  kivele,  'jaw,  jawbone,' 
besides  which  there  is  a  form  from  the 
stem  of  fauen,  MidHG.  kiuwel,  m.,  and  usu- 
ally kiuwe,  kewe,  f.,  'jaw,  jawbone.'  Yet 
ModHG.  kiver,  kivel,  have,  notwithstand- 
ing their  rare  occurrence,  a  remoter  history 
in  the  past ;  with  Goth.  *kfru-  is  connected 
OIc.  kjgptr,  kjtiplr  (Goth.  *kiftus),  '  mouth 


(of  beasts),  jawbone,'  and  also  with  the  a 
stage  of  gradation,  AS.  ceafl,  OSax.  k>fl, 
m.,  'jaw  of  animals'  (with  regard  to  the 
gradation  comp.  Jtifer,  ©iebet,  and  Jterl). 
The  Teut.  stem  is  therefore  kef,  kaf,  or 
rather  keb,  kab  (before  Zand  r later  permu- 
tations of  b  to  j?  sometimes  occur),  from 
pre-Teur.  gephorgebh;  comp.  Zend,  zafare, 
zafra,  n., '  mouth,,  jaws '  (the  corresponding 
term  in  Sans.  *japhra,  *jabhra,  is  want- 
ing) ;  the  nasalised  root  jambh,  by  grada- 
tion j >bh,  'to  snap  at,'  leads  to  Gr.  yafupai, 
yafi<pi)\al,  'jaws,'  yet  these  are  probably 
connected  more  closely  with  the  cognates 
discussed  under  J?amm.     See  Jfctfer. 

($tefer  (2.),.  f.,  'pine,'  early  ModHG. 
only ;  it  cannot  be  traced  further  back ; 
in  UpG.  fteijxe  simply.  Hence  Jfiefer  pro- 
bably originated  in  .Rienfcljre  (respecting 
the  obscuration  of  old  compounds  comp. 
SBtmfcer,  ©djitltj,  and  ©d)uflet).  The  inter- 
mediate form  kimfer  is  recorded  as  North 
Boh.  Comp.  also  MidHG.  kienboum,  m., 
'pine,'  and  *kienforhe,  f.,  ' pine-tree '  (at- 
tested by  the  derivative  kievforhin,  adj., 
'  of  pine ').     Comp.  Jttm  and  Sofne. 

{^ttefte,  f.,  '  foot-warmer,'  simply  Mod 
HG.  from  the  equiv.  LG.  kike,  in  Dan.  ild- 
kikkert,  '  foot-warmer.'     Of  obscure  origin. 

Sxxci  (1.),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kil,  m.  and  n.,  'quill';  not  recorded  in 
OHG.;  dial,  tfeil  (MidG),  pointing  to  Mid 
HG.  Ml ;  LG.  quiele,  kiel,  is  connected  with 
MidE.  quille,  E.  quill.  Goth.  *qilus  or 
*qeilus,  and  further  cognate  terms  are 
wanting. 

Siiei  (2.),  m., '  keel,'  from  MidHG.  kiel, 
OHG.  chiol,  m.,  'a  rather  large  ship'; 
comp.  AS.  ce6l,  m.,  'ship,'  Du.  kiel,  E.  keel, 
OIc.  kj6ll,  m.,  'ship.'  Scand.  kjglr,  m., 
'  ship's  keel,'  is  not  allied  to  these ;  from  this 
the  E.  word  as  well  as  the  ModHG.  mean- 
ing is  probably  derived  (probably  through 
LG.  and  Dan.  influence").  The  OTeut. 
*kiuls  (the  assumed  Goth,  form),  'ship,' 
may  be  connected  with  Gr.  tovXos  (700X0$), 
'merchant  vessel'  (orig.  'pail,'  also  'ar- 
ticles in  the  form  of  a  pail,  e.g.  beehive  ') ; 
au  would  be  Goth,  iu,  as  in  HG.  Sticr, 
Goth,  stiurs,  compared  with  Gr.  ravpos. 
The  fact  that  a  naut.  term  was  orig.  com- 
mon to  both  the  Teutons  and  the  Greeks  is 
no  more  remarkable  than  the  occurrence 
of  the  term  2Raft  among  the  Teutons  and 
the  Romans  ;  beside*,  the  terms  relating  to 
shipbuilding  stretch  still  further  back,  as 
is  proved  by  the  correspondence  of  Lat. 


Kie 


(    i74    ) 


Kin 


ndois,  Gr.  ww,  Iud.  ndus ;  comp.  91ad}en. 
With  the  Gr.  word,  Sans,  gdld,  g6lam, 
'  cone-shaped  j)itcher '  (Sans.  6  for  au),  has 
also  been  compared  ;  lience  a  similar  signi- 
fication might  be  assigned  to  the  orig. 
Teut.  word.     Conip.  Jfafyii. 

gkictne,  f.,  'gill  (of  a  fish),'  ModHG. 
simply,  from  the  equiv.  LG.  ktm;  allied 
to  OH.G.  chiela,  chila,  as  well  as  AS.  cian, 
ce6n,  with  the  same  meaning.  Since  the 
forms  corresponding  exactly  in  sound  with 
Jtteme  are  wanting  in  the  earlier  periods, 
its  origin  is  uncertain  ;  some  have  con- 
nected it  with  fauen,  root  kiw  (Aryan  giw). 

Siicix,  m.,  'resinous  wood,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kun,  11.  and  m.,  OHG.  chien,  'resin- 
ous wood,  pine  chips,  pine  torch  ' ;  conip. 
AS.  *ken,  tin,  in.,  '  torch  pine.'  Goth.  *k£ns 
or  *kizns  (comp.  SWiete  From  Goth,  mizdd) 
is  wanting ;  further  references  cannot  be 
found.     Comp.  also  differ. 

^icpc,  f., '  wicker  basket,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  kiepekorf,  m., '  wicker 
basket,  basket  for  the  back,'  MidDu.  also 
(Upe,  AS.  ctfpa,  E.  dial,  kipe,  'basket'; 
Goth.  *Mpj6  or  *kiup6  is  wanting.  Whe- 
ther these  terms  are  borrowed,  or  rather 
developed,  from  MidLat.  cApa,  'tun,'  and 
also  '  measure  of  corn '  (comp.  Jtufe;,  can- 
not be  decided. 

£tics,  m.,  'gravel,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG. kis,  111. :  &ie fel, ' pebble,'  from MidHG. 
kisel,  111., '  flint-stone,  hailstone,  large  hail- 
stone ' ;  OHG.  chi$il,A$>.  Seosel,  MidE.  chisel, 
'  pebble.'  Goth.  *kisuls,  m.,  is  wanting ; 
this  would  be  a  derivative  of  *kisa-,  on 
which  MidHG.  kis  and  ModHG.  JfieS  is 
probably  based.  Du.  kei  and  kiezel  poii.ts 
to  ki  as  the  stem. 

fciefett,  vb.,  'to  select,'  from  MidHG. 
kiesen,  OHG.  cliiosan,  '  to  test,  try,  taste 
for  the  purpose  of  testing,  test  by  tasting, 
select  alter  strict  examination.'  Goth,  kiu- 
san,  AS.  ce6san,  E.  to  choose.  Teut.  root 
kus  (with  the  change  of  s  into  r,  kur  in  the 
partic.  etfcren,  see  also  Rive, '  choice '),  from 
pre-Teut.  gus,  in  Lat.  gus-tu*,  gus-tare,  Gr. 
7ei5w  for  ycuau,  lnd.  root  juS,  '  to  s-eleet,  be 
fond  of.'  Teut.  kausjun  passed  as  kusiti 
into  Slav. 

^iC3C,f.,  'small  basket,' ModHG.  simply, 
in  MidHG.  k&tze,  f., '  basket,  basket  for  the 
back.'     Origin  obscure. 

(^tlf,  .ttilfgcmg,  in  Alem.  'nocturnal 
meeting';  wanting  in  MidHG.  Conip. 
OHG.  chunltiwerch,  n.,  '  evening  work ' ; 
OIc.  kveld,  n.,  'evening'  (in  Iceland  and 


Norway  the  usual  word  for  evening,  wiiile 
aptann  is  used  poetically  and  in  stately 
prose).  AS.  cwyldhrefre,  f., '  bat,'  lit. '  even- 
ing swiftness,'  cwyldxe.ten, '  evening.'  Hence 
qeldos,  n.,  is  the  oldest  word  for  'evening.' 
The  loss  of  the  w  after  k  is  normal ;  comp. 
fcrf,  £et,  and  j?cber. 

Aino,  n.,  '  child,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kint  (gen.  kindes),  n.,  OHG.  chind,  n., 
'  child ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  kind,  n., 
'child' ;  wanting  in  Goth.,  Scand.,  and  E., 
butaGoth.*£i?i/>a-may  be  assumed,  whence 
OSlov.  Sedo,  'child,'  is  borrowed.  In  OIc. 
a  form  kwidr,  m.,  '  son,'  allied  by  grada- 
tion occurs,  and  with  this  an  adj.  suffix 
kunds,  'descended  from,'  may  be  mostclosely 
connected,  Goth.  Iriminakunds,  'heavenly,' 
qinakunds, '  female,'  AS.  ftorrancund, '  hav- 
ing a  distant  origin.'  This  suffix  is  an  old 
partic.  in  to  (comp.  alt,  fait,  laut,  trant,  ©ott), 
from  a  root  kun,  ken,  kan,  which  has  nume- 
rous derivatives  both  in  the  Teut.  and  uon- 
Teut.  languages.  The  root  signifies  '  to 
give  birth  to,  beget' ;  comp.  Jtottio,  and  also 
Goth,  kuni,  OHG.  chunni,  MidHG.  kiinne, 
n.,  '  race '  (Goth,  gins,  '  woman,'  E.  queen, 
are,  however,  unconnected).  So  too  AS. 
cennan,  '  to  give  birth  to,  beget.'  Teut. 
ken,  Aryan  gen,  has  representatives  in  Gr. 
yivos,  n.,  yL-yvoftai,  7W1),  in  Lat.  genus, gigno, 
gens,  in  OSlov.  Sena,  'wife'  (Pruss.  gena, 
'wife'),  in  Lith.  gentis,  'relative,'  and  in 
the  Sans,  root jan,  '  to  generate,'  jdnas,  n., 
'  race,'  jantis,  n.,  *  birth,  creature,  race,' 
j'tnt,  f.,  '  woman,'  janttc,  m.,  '  child,  being, 
tribe,'  jdtd,  '  son '  (the  latter  is  most  nearly 
connected  with  Teut.  Jtittt). 

j^titttt,  n.,  'chin,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kin,  kinne,  OHG.  chinni,  n.  (also 
'jaw ').  The  older  meaning, '  cheek '  (Goth. 
kinnus,  f.,  '  cheek'),  has  been  preserved  in 
jftmibein, '  cheek-bone,'  in  OHG.  chinnizun, 
MidHG.  kinnezan,  '  molar  tooth,'  OHG. 
kinnibaccho,  'jawbone';  comp.  AS.  6in, 
E.  chin,  AS.  tinbdn,  E.  chin-bone,  ModDu. 
kin,  f.,  'chin' ;  OIc.  kinn,  'cheek.'  Comp. 
Gr.  yiws,  f.,  'chin,  jaw,  jawbone,'  also 
'  edge  of  an  axe,  axe,'  yiveiov,  n.,  '  chin, 
jaw,'  yfvdas,  f.,  'chin,  beard';  Lat.  gena, 
'cheek,'  dentes  genuini,  'molar  teeth'; 
Ir.  gin,  'mouth';  San?,  hdnu-s,  f.,  'jaw,' 
hanavya,  'jawbone.'  Hence  the  meaning 
varies  considerably  between  cheek,  jaw, 
chin  ;  the  prim,  sense  of  the  root  gen  in  this 
term  cannot  be  ascertained.  On  account  of 
the  Gr.  meaning  'axe 'some  deduce  the  word 
from  a  root  gen,  '  to  cut  to  pieces.' 


Kip 


(     175    ) 


Kir 


Jtipfet,  dial.,  also  ©ipfel,  ni.  and  n., 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kipfe,  m.,  'roll 
of  fine  white  bread  pointed  at  both  ends ' 
(Oipfel  is  a  corrupt  form) ;  perhaps  allied 
to  OHG.  chip/a,  f.,  MidHG.  kipfe,  »  drag  of 
a  wheel.' 

$lippe,  f., '  brink,  edge,'  from  MidG.  and 
LG. ;  the  proper  HG.  form  is  Jlipfe,  mean- 
ing 'point'  in  Luther;  earlier  references 
are  wanting.  The  nominal  vb.  kippen 
means  '  to  cut  off  the  point' ;  in  the  sense 
of  '  to  strike,'  allied  to  OIc.  kippa,  '  to 
strike,'  AS.  cippian,  with  which  ModHG. 
fappen  is  also  connected. 

jurcfte,  f.,  'church,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kirche  (Swiss  chilche),  OHG. 
chirlhha  (Swiss  chllihha),  f.  ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  kerk,  AS.  6iri6e,  Syri6e,  E.  church. 
As  is  shown  by  the  OHG.  hh  of  chirlhha, 
the  word  must  have  existed  before  the 
OHG.  period  ;  names  of  places  with  JEircfye 
are  found  in  Germany  even  before  the  be- 
ginning of  the  8th  cent.  ;  yet  the  word  is 
unknown  to  Goth,  (the  terms  used  were 
gudJiUs,  '  the  house  of  God,'  gards  or  razn 
bid6,  '  house  of  prayer ' ;  also  aikklesjd, 
'  coetns  christianonim ').  The  other  Teur. 
tribes  must,  however,  have  adopted  the 
term  from  Gr.  through  the  medium  of 
Goth.  (comp.  *J> fa ff e,  also  -£>eibe,  Xattfr,  and 
£eufel).  It  is  triue  that  Gr.  Kvpiaicri  (with 
ii/xipa  understood)  during  the  first  ten  cen- 
turies signified  'Sunday'  exclusively,  and 
only  from  the  11th  cent,  onwards  did  it 
obtain  the  meaning  '  house  of  the  Lord.' 
But  since  the  word  is  foreign,  we  may  as- 
sume that  the  gender  of  Kvpianbv,  'church' 
(or  its  plur.  Kvpiatcd),  recorded  from  the 
4th  cent.,  was  changed  (OHG.  chirlhha,  f.). 
Since  the  Gr.  word  was  never  current  in 
the  Romish  Church  (the  Latlloni.  as  well 
as  the  Kelt,  term  being  ecclesia),  we  have 
in  Mxtye  a  term  of  the  Greek  Church,  though 
in  other  cases  the  words  adopted  with  Chris- 
tianity are  essentially  Lat.  (from  Goth. 
*kyreika,  Russ.  cerkovi,  and  OSlov.  cruky  are 
also  probably  derived).  The  introduction  of 
.ftirdje  through  a  Goth,  me  Hum  was  possible 
as  late  as  the  9th  cent,  at  least,  for,  accord- 
ing to  Wal.  Strabo,  divine  service  was  cele- 
brated on  the  Lower  Danube  in  the  Goth, 
language  even  at  that  period. — /urcljfpicl, 
n.,  '  parish,'  from  MidHG.  kirchspil,  also 
kirspel;  the  second  part  of  the  compound 
is  instinctively  connected  with  2J?eitfdjnt- 
1>iel,  yet  its  origin  has  not  been  definitely 
ascertained  ;  some  have  referred  it  to  Goth. 


spill,  n.,  'speech'  (comp.  93eifpie(),  and  have 
defined  Jlircfyfpifl  as  'the  district  within 
which  the  decision  of  a  church  is  para- 
mount.' This  assumption  is  not  quite  satis- 
factory, because  no  connecting  link  be- 
tween Jtirdjemvort,  'decision  of  the  church,' 
and  Jtird)fpiel,  '  parish,'  can  be  discovered. 
Following  the  explanation  of  ^farre,  we 
should  rather  assume  some  such  meaning 
as  'district,  enclosure,  forbearance,'  which 
is  supported  by  AS.  spelian, '  to  spare,  pro- 
tect' ;  comp.  AS.  sp^la,  'representative'  i. 
— <$ird)n>e£f),  f.,  '  dedication  of  a  church,' 
from  MidHG.  kirchuthe,  f.,  which  thus 
early  signifies  also  'annual  fair,'  and  even 
'fete '  generally,  OHG.  chirihwthi,  f.,  prop. 
'  dedication  of  a  church '  (comp.  Alem. 
Jiitbe,  chilli). 

^irmes,  f.,  'village  fete,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kirmesse,  f.,  'dedication  festival,'  for 
the  unrecorded  kirchiriesse,  just  as  MidHG. 
kirspil  is  a  variant  of  kirchspel,  n., '  parish,' 
and  kirwthe  a  variant  of  kirchxclhe,  'dedica- 
tion of  a  church.'  jtiimed  (Du.  kerkmis, 
kermis),  lit.  'mass  to  celebrate  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  church'  (in  Alem.  chilbe,  from 
Icilchicihe,  Bav.  kirta,  from  kirchtac).  Comp. 
3Me. 

feirre,  a<lj.,  'tractable,'  from  MidHG. 
kiirre,  MidG.  kurre,  kirre,  adj.,  'tame, 
mild' ;  derived,  by  suppressing  the  w,  from 
earlier  OHG.  *churri,  *quirrij  comp.  Goth. 
qairrus,  'meek,'  OIc  kvirr,  kyrr,  adj.,  'still, 
quiet.'  Perhaps  based  on  the  Tent,  root 
ger  appearing  in  ModHG.  ^cber  ;  yet 
Lith.  gurti,  'to  grow  weak,  relax,'  gurus, 
'  crumbling,'  may  also  be  allied. 

Jthrfche,  f.,from  the  equiv.  MidHG.Hrse, 
k'erse  (Alem.  chriesi),  f.,  'cherry'  (for  the 
change  of  s  into  sc/i  comp.  Slrfdj  and  J&irfd}). 
OHG.  china  (*chirissa),  f.,  ia  certainly 
not  derived  from  Lat.  cerasvm,  but,  like 
the  connate  Rom.  words,  from  certsia  (prop, 
n.  plur.  of  the  adj.  ceraseus  ?.  Comp.  Gr. 
Ktpdatov,  'cherry,  '  Ktpaala,  Ktpaaia,  'cherry- 
tree  '),  only  with  a  Teut.  accent ;  the  Alem. 
form  Jtviefe  (from  the  prim,  form  krisia, 
which  perhaps  appears  also  in  Istrian  kriss 
and  Serv.  krijcSa),  like  .Ritfcfyf,  is  based  too 
on  the  common  primit.  form  with  the  Rom. 
accent  ;  Mid  Lat.  *cer$sea  (Ital.  ciriegia,  Fr. 
cerise)  ;  emnp.  also  OSlov.  creStnj a  (primit. 
Slav.  *6trs-,  from  *kers-  ?).  The  adoption 
of  the  word  by  HG.  occurred  before  the 
7th  cent.,  as  is  shown  by  the  preservation 
of  the  initial  c  as  k  in  HG.  I1  or  a  discus- 
sion of  the  period  at  which  the  word  was 


Kis 


(    176    ) 


Kla 


borrowed, .and  of  the  Render  of  the  Southern 
terms  for  fruit,  see  ^flauntf. 

^iffcit,  <£tft|Tcn,  n.,  'cushion,'  from 
Mid  HG.  kiissen,  kiisstn,  OHG.  chimin,  n.y 
'cushion';  comp..  Du.  kussen,  'cushion.' 
The  G.  word  is  derived  (com p.  tyiiiljl  and 
glaum)  from  the  equiv.  MidLat.  cussinus 
(Fr.  coussin),  which  comes  from  Lat.  *culci- 
tinum,  allied  to  culcita,  'mattress,  cushion' ; 
E.  cushion  and  Ital.  cuscino  are  modern 
Fr.  loan-words.  The  t  of  ModHG.  Jtififn 
conies  from  MidG.  and  UpG.  dialects 
(com  p.  $i(j  and  3Mm3). 

<#t(Ie,  f.,  'box,.'  from  MidHG  kistey 
OHG.  chista,  f.,  'box,,  chest';  comp.  Du. 
lcist,  AS.  Zest,  (iste,  E.  chest,  OIc.  kista, 
'box.'  In  Goth,  a  cognate  term  is  want- 
ing. The  assumption  that  the  Teut.  lan- 
guages borrowed  Lat.  cista  (Gr.  kI<tt7j)  at  a 
very  early  period,  at  any  rate  long  before 
the  change  of  the  initial  c  of  cista  into  tz, 
presents  no  greater  difficulty  than  in  the 
case  of  Slrd)e  ;  comp.  Jtorb,  Jtoffer,  and  ©acf. 
Hence  between  j?ajlett  and  $tfle  there  is  no 
etymological  connection  ;  the  first  has  no 
cognate  term  in  Lat. 

JfMff,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kiite, 
kiit,  m.,  'cement,  putty,  OHG.  chuti,  quiti, 
'glue,  birdlime,'  which  makes  it  probable 
that  the  Goth,  form  was  *qidus;  comp.  also 
AS.  cmidu, '  resin  of  trees.'  Prim,  allied  to 
Lat.  bitumen,  Sans,  jatu,  'resin  of  trees *; 
common  type  gdU.  Allied  also  to  OIc. 
kvafta,  Swed.  kdda,  '  resin,'  MidE.  code, 
'pitch.' 

<&iticl,  m.,  'smock-frock,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kitel,  kittel,  m.,  'smock-frock,  shirt,, 
chemise.'  AS.  cyrtel,  E.  kirtle,  OIc.  kyrtell, 
on  account  of  the  medial  r  and  the  abnor- 
mal dental  correspondence,  cannot  be  com- 
pared (they  are  allied  to  fuvj).  Its  connec- 
tion with  x'rw"  is  impossible.  The  origin 
of  the  HG.  word  has  not  been  explained. 
The  strong  suspicion  that  it  has  been  bor- 
rowed cannot  be  proved. 

<$iitfte  (1.),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG 
kitze,  kiz,  n.,  OHG.  chizzi,  kizzin,  11.,  'kid' ; 
from  Teut.  *kittin,  n.,  with  the  original 
dimin.  suffix  -ina,  which  appears  in  j?iid)cteitt 
and  ©dnpeiit.  Goth.  *kidi  (kidjis),  n.,.  may 
be  deduced  from  OIc.  kift,  n.,  'she-goat,' 
•whence  E.  kid  is  borrowed  (an  E.  word 
cognate  with  Scand.  must  have  had  an 
initial  ch).  Further,  the  assumed  Goth. 
*kidi  and  *kittein,  with  medial  dentals, 
are  related  to  each  other,  just  as  the  forms 
assumed  under  3if3?,  tigd  and  tikk-.in,  with 


medial  gutturals.  The  close  correspond- 
ence between  Jtifce  and  Qidt  proves  that 
they  are  related  ;  both  are  pet  names  for 
©eifjj.'goat'  (comp.  Swiss  gitzi  for  OHG. 
cldtzi). 

<#it3e  (2.),  <#tci3C,  f.,  'kitten,  kid, 
fawn,'  not  found  in  MidHG.  and  OHG, 
but  probably  existing  in  the  vernacular, 
as  is  indicated  by  the  specifically  HG.  tz 
compared  with  LG.  tt  Qcitte) ;  comp.  MidE. 
chitte,  'kitten,'  from  an  unrecorded  AS. 
*citten  (E.  kitten) ;  MidE.  kitlung,  E.  kitling, 
are  probably  borrowed  from  Scand.  ket- 
lingr,  'kitten.'  The  cognates  are  related 
by  gradation  to  Jtafce 

hit \c tit,  vb.,  'to  tickle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kitzeln,  kiitzeln,  OHO.  chizzilun, 
chuzzildn;  comp.  MidLG.  ketelen,  OIc.  kit- 
la;  AS.  cytelian  (E.  to  kittle)  is  based  on 
the  prim,  form  *kutil6n.  E.  to  tickle,  MidE 
tikelen,  is  based  on  a  transposition  of  con- 
sonants in  the  root  kit  (so  too  Alem.  zicklen, 
'  to  provoke'),;  comp.  ©fjuj,  ftitbex,  Jtafrcljatt, 
and  3tfije.  The  Teut.  root  kit,  kut,  'to 
tickle,'  seems  to  have  been  coined  anew  in 
Teut.  on  an  onomatopoetic  basis ;  hence 
the  OHG.  variants  chizziWn,  chuzzildn.  In 
cognate  languages  similar  correspondences 
are  formed  anew;  comp.  Lett,  kutet,  'to 
tickle.'  The  subst.  Jti|ef,  m.,  'tickling,' 
first  occurs  in  ModHG,  and  is  formed 
from  the  vb-. ;  comp.  Jjjaiifcet 

hlttbajlcnt,  vb.,  '  to  run  noisily,'  Mod 
HG.  only ;  orig.  a  LG.  term  ;  in  conse- 
quence of  the  entire  absence  of  the  word 
in  the  earlier  periods  of  the  languages  its 
origin  is  dubious ;  it  is  most  probably 
akin  to  OHG.  klaphdn,  MidHG.  klaffen, 
'  to  clatter' ;  AS.  clappian,  E.  to  clap, 

<5stfabbc,  f., 'rough  draft,  day-book,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  LG.  kladde,  '  impurity, 
dirt,'  then 'rough  draft';  further  details 
for  the  elucidation  of  the  LG.  word  (comp. 
ffatetift)  are  wanting. 

Jtlaff,  m.,  'crash,  yelp,  bark,'  from 
MidHG.  klaf  (gen.  klafes)  and  klapf,  m., 
'  report,  crack,'  OHG.  Maph,  m.,  anaklaph, 
'  shock ' ;  MidHG.  klaffenrklapfen, '  to  ring, 
resound,'  Hf  klaffen,  '  to  break  asunder, 
o->en,  gape,'  OHG.  chlaphdn;  Goth.  *klap- 
pdn  is  wanting  ;  AS.  clappian,  E.  to  clap. 
'  Resounding'  is  the  prim,  meaning  of  the 
stem  klapp,  while  'cracking,  bursting,  gap- 
ing' is  the  derivative  sense;  comp.  Jtlapp 
and  HepfhL 

pilaff er,  n.,  m.,  and  f.,. '  fathom,'  from 
MidHG.   kldfter,  f.,    m.,    and  n.,   OHG. 


Kla 


(     177    ) 


Kla 


chldftra,  f.,  '  length  of  the  outstretched 
aims,  fathom ' ;  for  a  similar  development 
of  meaning  comp.  d((e,  ^aixxx,  also  Spanne 
and  gufj.  Goth.  *kUJtra  or  *MeJtri,  f.,  is 
wanting,  so  too  the  corresponding  forms 
in  the  cognate  languages.  Its  connec- 
tion with  AS.  clyppan,  E.  to  clip,  '"to 
embrace,'  Swiss  yj.v.pfel,  'armful  of  hay' 
(Teut.  root  klep),  makes  it  probable  that 
the  word  is  related  to  Lith.  gllbtiy  •  to 
encircle  with  the  arms,'  glebys,  'armful,' 
globti,  '  to  embrace '  (root  gleb).  The  Mid 
HG.  variant  Idfter  (Idhttr),  f.  and  n.,. 
'  fathom,'  is  obscure. 

Jtfoge,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
klage,  OHG.  chlaga,  f.,  '  complaint,'  prop. 
'a  wail  as  an  expression  of  pain' ;  want- 
ing in  all  the  early  periods  of  the  OTeut. 
languages  except  OHG. ;  adopted  as  a 
legal  term  in  Modlc.  in  the  form  of  klbgun. 
ModHG  and  MidHG.  klagen,  from  OHG 
chlagOn.  The  pre-Teut.  root  is  probably 
glak  or  glagh;  yet  cognates  are  wanting. 

^ttamnt,  m.,  'spasm  in  the  throat,! 
from  MidHG.  Mam  (gen.  Mammes),  m., 
'  cramp,  oppression,  fetter ' ;  correspond- 
ing to  AS.  clom  (o  before  m,  or  rather  mm, 
for  a),  m.,  f.,  and  n.,  'firm  grip,  talon,, 
claw,  fetter ';.  also  OflG.  chlamma,  Mid 
HG.  klamme,  f.  ModHG.  ftlemnten,  'to 
squeeze,' from  MidHG.  Memmen  (OHG.  bi- 
cittymmen), '  to  seize  with  the  claws,  squeeze 
in,  press  together' ;  comp.  AS.  becleinman,. 
Olc.  klemma—  ModHG..  £tlcmme,  f., 
'defile,'  from  MidHG,  Memme,  klemde,  f., 
'narrowness,,  cramping,'  OHG.  not  yet 
found. 

Jtlcttttmer,  f.,  'cramp,  clamp,  brace,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  klammer,  klamer, 
llamere,f.,OU&.*Mamara,  f.,  is  wanting; 
Scand.  klgmhr  (gen.  klambrar),  f.,  '  vice/ 
and  MidHG.  klamere  point  to  a  Goth. 
*klamra  or  *klamara,  f.,,  which  is  con- 
nected with  the  Teut.. root  klam,  'to  puss 
together,'  appearing  in  JKaitmt.  The  equiv. 
MidHG.  klampfer,  f.,  and  the  ModHG. 
dial,  forms  .Klampev  (Bav.)  and  Jltantvffv 
(Carinthian)  are  abnormal ;  comp.  also  E. 
clamp  and  the  equiv.  Du.  Mamp,  m. ;  the 
labial  following  the  m  presents  some  diffi- 
culties.    Comp.  the  next  word. 

<$tlcttttpc,  f.,  '  clamp,'  not  yet  found  in 
MidHG.  ;  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  klamp, 
'  cramp,  cleats.'  The  strictly  HG.  form  is 
.filamvfe  (Bav.,  Austr.),  'cramp';  coin  p. 
])u.  klamp,  E.  clamp,  and  the  equiv.  Scand. 
klampi. 


jStfanjJ,  m.,  'sound,  clang,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  klanc  (gen.  Manges),  m., 
with  the  variant  Mane  (gen.  klankes),  OHG. 
chlang ;  comp.  Du.  Mank,  m.,  '  clang, 
souud,'  as  well  as  E.  clank  and  clang  ;  AS. 
*clong,  *clonc,  are  wanting,  so  too  Goth. 
*klaggs  and  *klagks;  comp.  also  MidHG. 
klunc  (Munges),  m.,  'sound,'  and  Mine 
(Minges),.  m.,  '  tone,  clangour.'  The  form 
Mank  with  a  final  k  is  to  be  regarded  per- 
haps like  faljen  compared  with  fatten,  3icfe 
with  Sie^c,  and  Jtifce  with  Olc.  kfiS  (comp. 
also  franf),  i.e.,  k  represents  kk  for  Aryan 
kn;  glank  (or  rather  glangh)  is  perhaps 
the  Aryan  root  of  the  Teut.  cognates,  un- 
less we  are  tempted  to  regard  JUano.  (comp. 
f  lingett)  as  a  new  onomatopoe  tic  word  (comp. 
Gr.  K\ayy^,  Lat.  clangor). 

Sllapp,  m.,  'clap,  slap,  blow,'  ModHG. 
only,  adopted  from  LG.,  like  its  cognates 
(JtUiN-K,  flaxen,  -fi(avv$).  Only  FfaWtni, 
vb.t  'to  clatter,'  is  current  in  MidHG. 
without  any  presumption  of  its  being  bor- 
rowed ;.  perhaps  it  is  onomatopoetic.  Mod 
HG.  $lap\>,  '  blow,'  is  phonetically  MidHG. 
Map/,  klaf,  m.,  'report,  crack';  comp. 
Jltaff. 

fefar,  adj.,  '  clear,  bright ;  evident,' 
from  MidHG.  Mar,  'bright,  pure,  beauti- 
ful ' ;  adopted  in  MidHG.  from  Lat.  cldrus; 
E.  clear,  MidE.  cltr,  is  borrowed  from  Fr. 
clair. 

felcrierifl,  adj.,  'slovenly,'  a  LG.  -word  ; 
prop,  'dirty  and  wet'  (of  the  weather), 
then  used  especially  in  a  figurative  sense  ; 
comp.  LG.  Mater,  'dirt,  dung,'  allied  to 
Jtlabbe. 

h(atfd),  'clap,'  onomat.  interj.,  Mod 
HG.  simply ;  allied  to  onomat.  cognates 
for  '  to  resound ' ;  comp.  Du.  kletsen,  '  to 
crack  a  whip,'  E.  to  clash. 

ttlcutbcn,  vb.,  '  to  pick  or  dig  out,  cull, 
from  MidHG.  kUben,  OHG.  chMbtn,  « to 
pluck  to  pieces,  cleave';  Goth  *khlb&n  is 
wanting.  The  Teut.  root  kl-fib  anciently 
formed  another  vb. ;  see  Hicbfii,  under  which 
further  references  are  given. 

{ftfttUC,  f.,  'claw,  talon,  fang,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  kldwe,  kid,  OHG.  chldwa, 
cM6a,  f.  (comp.  99r<uif,  from  OHG.  brdira). 
The  variants  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  render 
it  difficult  to  determine  the  Goth,  form  ; 
AS.  eld,  clea,  cle6  (plur.  cldiee),  clawu  (<U) 
are  also  difficult  to  explain  phonetically  ; 
Goth.  *Mitca,  f.,  is  probable,  although  Olc. 
M6  allows  us  to  infer  a  graded  form, 
*M6wa,  f.     The  common  Teut.  stem  means 

M. 


Kla 


(    178    ) 


Kle 


'claw,'  but  it  is  not  found  in  the  non- 
Teut.  languages.  The  root  is  klu,  pre- 
Teut.  glu  (comp.  JJnducl) ;  01c.  kid,  'to 
scratch,  shave,'  based  011  a  Teut.  klah, 
is  scarcely  connected  with  these  cog- 
nates. 

Slllaufe,  f.,  'cell,'  from  MidHG.  Muse, 
kids,  f.,  'hermitage,  cell,'  also  ' monastery,' 
OHG. chlusa.  M'u\ha.t.clausa,clusa, clausum, 
closum,  with  the  meanings  'locu3  seu  a<jer 
sepibus  vel  muris  septus  ant  clausus,'  also 
'  monastery ' ;  hence  the  HG.  word  is  based 
on  clusa,  which  is  a  later  panicipial  form, 
due  to  clUstis,  the  panic,  of  the  compounds 
of  claudere,  in  place  of  the  earlier  clausus 
(comp.  Ital.  chiusa).  On  the  other  hand, 
MidHG.  kl6*e,  kids,  f.,  'hermitage,  monas- 
tery,' with  the  derivative  kl6sencerey  'her- 
mit' (comp.  MidLat.  clausarius,  'monk,' 
but  clilsinaria,  f., '  virgo  deo  sacra  reclusa '), 
is  ba  ed  on  MidLat.  clausa,  *cl6sa  (comp. 
closum).  The  MidHG.  meanings  of  kldse, 
kldse,  '  rocky  cleft,  defile,  ravine,'  are  con- 
nected with  MidLat.  cldsa,  'angustus  mon- 
tium  aditus.'  Comp.  also  Jtlofler,  AS.  elds, 
f.,  '  cell.' 

Stlciufei,  f.,  'clause,'  in  use  since  the 
15th  cent.,  from  Lat.  clausula. 

kleben,  vb.,  'to  cleave  (to),' from  Mid 
HG.  Meben,  OHG.  chlebSn,  vb.,  '  to  cleave, 
adhere,  hold  on' (fore  from  Tent,  and  Aryan 
i  comp.  Ouecf  jilber,  teben,  wrwefen,  &c.)  ;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  clibtin,  AS.  cleofian, 
E.  to  cleave ;  Goth.  *klibon  is  wanting  ; 
Seand.  klifa  has  only  the  figurative  sense 
'to  cling  to,'  i.e.,  'to  repeat.'  A  common 
Teut.  vb.  meaning  'to  cleave  (to),'  formed 
from  the  weakest  vowel  stage  of  the  Teut. 
root  klib  (see  flciben). 

^lecft,  <#ledts,  m.,  'blot,'  ModHG. 
simply  ;  only  the  vb.  ftecfen  (flecffeu)  may 
be  traced  farther  back,  MidHG.  klecken, 
'to  blot,  stain,  sputter,'  also  'to  strike 
sonorously ' ;  the  corresponding  Mac  (ekes), 
m.,  signifies  'rent,  slit,  crack.' 

Slice,  m.,  'clover,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kle  (gen.  k'ewes),  m.,  OHG.  chle,  chlSo 
(gen.  chliwes).  m.  and  n. ;  based  on  klaiw- 
(see  <See,  @d)nee).  The  remaining  LG. 
dials,  have  an  extended  form,  in  some 
cases  only  partially  corresponding,  AS. 
clwfre,  cldfre,  f.,  E.  clovtr,  Dn.  klaver,  LG. 
klever  and  klaver,  '  clover.'  Perhaps  these 
are  based  on  some  obscure  compound.  Ex- 
cept in  the  West  Teut.  languages,  too,  there 
are  no  terms  cognate  with  HG.  Mitt ;  in 
Scand.,   Ic.   smdri    (smcerur),   Norw.   and 


Swed.  (dial)  svuere  are  used  ;  Dan.  Mover 
is  borrowed. 

$Iei,  m.,  'clay,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
LG.  klei,  'slime,  loam,  moist  earth,'  allied 
to  Du.  klei,  f.,  'marsh  soil,  clay,  loam'; 
comp.  E.  clay,  from  AS.  clceg.  An  assumed 
Goth.  *Haddja,  f.,  may  be  connected  with 
the  root  klai,  by  gradation  kli,  meaning  '  to 
cleave  (to),'  which  lias  a  wider  ramification 
in  OTeut.  ;  AS.  c/dra(l'rom  Maim),  'loam, 
clay,'  E.  (dial.)  cloam,  'pottery,'  OHG. 
chleimen,  Scand.  kleima,  kllna, '  to  besmear ' ; 
comp.  .ftietjkr  anil  flein.  It  corresponds  in 
the  non-Teut.  languages  to  Gr.  y\oi,  by  gra- 
dation y\i ;  comp.  yXotor,  'oil  lees, clammy 
stuff,"  as  well  as  yXtVi;  and  yXto,  'glue'; 
Lat.  glus,  gluten,  with  #  tor  older  oi ; 
OSlov.  glina,  'clay,'  gllnu,  'slime'  (Lett. 
gltwe, '  slime '  ?).  Further  MidHG.  klenen, 
'  to  cleave  (to),  spread  over,'  is  connected 
with  the  Gr.  and  Slav,  noun  with  the 
suffix  na, 

Uleibcn,  vb.,  '  to  stick,  glue,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  Meiben,  'to  fix  firmly, 
fasten,'  prop.  '  to  cause  to  adhere  or  hold 
on' ;  a  causative  of  the  vb.  Mtben,  obso- 
lete in  ModHG.  and  rarelv  found  even  in 
MidHG,  OHG.  chliban,  OSax.  bikllhan, 
'to  cleave,  adhere.'  OIc.  klifa,  'to  climb,' 
proves  the  connection  of  ModHG.  flimmcn 
(which  see)  with  the  root  kllb,  Mlf,  'to 
cleave  (to),'  from  pre-Teut.  glip  (Teut./ in 
Swiss  \lefe,  'box  on  the  ear.' 

Stleib,  »-  'dress,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kleit  (gen.  kleides),  n.  ;  wanting  in 
OHG.  till  the  middle  of  the  12th  cent. ; 
hence  the  word  is  supposed  to  be  borrowed 
from  Du.  Meed.  Unknown  orig.  to  OSax. 
also,  as  well  as  to  Goth,  and  several  AS.  re- 
cords (AS.  cla}>,  n.,  'cloth,  dress,'  E.  cloth ; 
OIc.  klfefri,  11.,  'stuff,  cloth,  dress').  The 
history  of  the  word,  which  is  more  widely 
diffused  in  the  modern  Teut.  languages,  is 
obscure  on  account  of  the  want  of  early 
references  and  the  divergence  of  the  earliest 
recorded  forms,  AS  cldjj,  n.,  and  OIc.  Mc&SL, 
11.  (the  latter  too  has  an  abnormal  d  instead 
of  ei  for  the  Teut.  oi).  If  the  dental  of 
AS.  cldj>  be  regarded  as  derivative  (Goth. 
*klai-J>a),  we  may  infer  from  the  AS.  and 
OIc.  meaning  'stuff,  cloth'  (AS.  cildcldj?, 
prop,  'child's  clothes,'  with  the  special 
sense  '  swaddling  cloth '),  a  root  klai  sig- 
nifying perhaps  'to  weave.' 

Slide,  f.,  '  bran,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kite,  usually  plur.  Mien,  with  the 
earlier  variant  kliwen,  OHG.  chlta,  chliica, 


Kile 


(    179    ) 


Kli 


plur.  chliuHn,  f.;  wanting  in  Gotli.,  E.,  and 
Scand. ;  comp.  further  MidLG.  clige,  Mod. 
Du.  wanting  ;  Swed.  kli,  '  bran.' 

fUeilX,  adj.,  '  little,'  from  MidHG.  klein, 
kleine,  a<lj.,  'clean,  pretty,  fine,  prudent, 
slender,  lean,  little,  insignificant' ;  OHG. 
chleini,  J  pretty,  shining,  neat,  careful,  slight' 
(Alem.  dials,  point  to  an  OHG.  variant 
*chlini).  AS.  dame,  adj.,  '  clean,  neat,'  E. 
clean,  proves  that  'pretty,  clean,'  is  the 

Srim.  idea  of  the  various  senses  of  the  Mid 
[G.  word  (comp.  <Sct)mad)).  Scand.  klenn 
was  borrowed  at  a  Lite  period  from  E., 
LG.,  or  Fris.  Goth.  *klai-ni-  is  wanting ; 
the  nasal  belongs,  as  in  several  other 
adjs.  (see  rein  and  fdjott),  to  the  suffix. 
It  is  uncertain  whether  the  root  is  to  be 
connected  with  Gr.  y\ot.-6i,  'greasy,  sticky 
oil,'  and  its  cognates,  discussed  under  Sttti 
(the  meanings  'to  shine,  cleave  (to) '  inter- 
change, e.g.,  in  the  root  Anr,  Gr.  Xlira,  XT*  apiw, 
\iiros,  \tirap6s).  Gr.  7X77POS,  n.,  '  wonders, 
ornaments,'  and  7X77V17,  'pupil  (of*  the  eye),' 
are,  however,  both  on  account  of  their 
forms  and  meanings,  still  less  allied. — 
Jtlctrtob,  n.,  'jewel,'  from  MidHG.  kleindt, 
n.,  with  the  variants  kleincete,  kleinoede,  n., 
lit.  'fine,  pretty  thing,'  then  'costliness, 
ornament,'  not  recorded  in  OHG.;  6b  is  a 
suffix  (see  §e  imat,  Sltmut,  and  (Sinobe).  Hence 
the  derivative  has  retained  another  feature 
of  the  earlier  varied  senses. 

£ileiftev,  m.  and  f.,  '  paste,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Jcltster,  m.,  with  the  equiv. 
variant  klenster  based  on  the  vb.  klenen; 
OHG.  chltstar  and  Goth.  *kleistra-  are 
granting  ;  stra  is  a  suffix,  as  in  Safler  ;  the 
stem  kli  is  the  root  kit,  by  gradation  klai, 
'  to  cleave  (to) '  (discussed  under  ^let  and 
ffetn),  which  forms  a  vb.  only  in  OHG., 
but  it  passes  at  the  same  time  into  the  e- 
class,  chlenan,  '  to  cleave  (to),  smear,'  for 
kli-na-n,  with  na  as  a  suffix  of  the  pres.,  as 
in  Lat.  and  Gr.  {sper-ne-re,  line-re,  S&kvciv, 
&c.) ;  comp.  MidHG.  klenen,  vb.,  Ic.  kllna, 
'  to  smear,'  klinuigr, '  bread  and  butter,'  klis- 
tra,  '  to  paste.' 

felempetw,  vb.,  'to  tinkle,'  ModHG. 
simply,  allied  to  MidHG.  klamben,  klamp- 
fern,  '  to  clamp ' ;  Jtfcmpner,  '  tinker,' 
also  ModHG.  simply,  allied  to  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  klampfer. 

Ill  en  hen,  vb.,  '  to  force  the  seeds  from 
cones  by  heat,'  from  MidHG.  klengen,  Men- 
ken, '  to  cause  to  ring ' ;  factit.  of  fliugen, 
which  see  ;  comp.  fyenfen,  allied  to  tuition. 

<#lepper,  m., '  nag,'  early  ModHG.,  orig. 


not  in  a  contemptuous  sense  ;  a  LG.  form  ; 
it  is  connected  with  LG.  kleppen, '  to  strike 
rapidly '  (espec.  also  '  to  ring  with  a  sharp 
sound '),  MidHG.  klepfen.  Perhaps  the  terra 
JHepper  is  derived  from  the  bells  on  the 
harness  of  the  horse. 

5&fctf c,  f.,  '  bur,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  klette,  f.,  with  the  variant  klete;  OHG. 
chletto,  m.,  chletta,  f.  (also  OHG.  chleta). 
AS.  clipe,  cldte,  f.,  E.  dotbur,  'large  bur'  ; 
further  from  the  root  kllb,  '  to  cleave  (to), 
adhere'  (comp.  fleben),  the  equiv.  OHG. 
chliba,  AS.  clife,  MidE.  dive,  as  well  as 
MidDu.  klijve,  MidLG.  klive;  finally  also 
ModDu.  klis,  f., '  bur.'  OHG.  chletta  is  the 
most  closely  connected  with  AS.  dipe.  It 
has  been  compared  with  Lat.  glis  (ss)  as  a 
cognate.  From  the  G.  word,  OFr.  gleton, 
gletteron,  and  ModFr.  glouferon  are  derived. 
Comp.  also  the  next  word. 

Met t em,  vb., '  to  climb,'  early  ModHG 
only,  probably  allied  to  Jtiftte,  and  derived 
like  the  latter  from  a  root  meaning  '  to 
cleave  (to) ' ;  comp.  fleben  and  ftimmen. 
Akin  to  Du.  klauteren,  LG.  kldtern,  klattern, 
South  Franc,  kldteren,  'to  mount,  climb' 
(with  an  abnormal  vowel  and  dental) ; 
root  Met  ?. 

kliehen,  vb., '  to  split,'  from  MidHG. 
klieben,  OHG.  chlioban,  vb., '  to  split,  cleave' ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  dioban,  AS.  dedfan, 
E.  to  deave.  From  the  correspondence  of 
the  other  Teut.  dials,  we  may  assume  Goth. 
*kldban,  *kliuban, '  to  split.'  Under  f lauben 
a  vb.  from  the  same  root  klub,  by  grada- 
tion kleub,  '  to  work  with  a  sharp  instru- 
ment,' has  been  discussed,  to  which  is  allied 
Gr.  7X^0  (y\v<f>w, '  to  hollow  out,  carve,'  7X1/- 
(pavos, ' chisel,'  yXvTrrvs, ' carver'),  perhaps  also 
Lat.  gl&bo, '  to  peel.'  With  the  Aryan  root 
gl4bh,  by  gradation  gleubh,  JUcben,  Jfllift, 
and  jttuppe  are  also  connected. 

hlimmcu,  vb.,  'to  climb,"  from  a  Mid 
HG.  klimmen,  klimben,  OHG.  ddimbnn,  str. 
vb.,  'to  climb,  mount';  corresponding  to 
AS.  dimban,  E.  to  dimb.  The  nasal  was 
orig.  a  part  of  the  pres.  stem  ;  it  did  not 
belong  to  the  root,  as  is  proved  by  OIc. 
klifa,  vb.,  '  to  climb.'  As  to  the  identity 
of  klimban  with  OTeut.  kliban,  '  to  cleave 
(to),  hold  firm,'  comp.  ffeibcn ;  hence  Uim- 
men  is  prop.  '  to  adhere.' 

lilimportt,  vb.,'  to  clink,'  ModHG.  only, 
a  new  onomatopoetic  term. 

JUinge  (1.),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  Hinge,  f.,  '  sword -blade ' ;  the  word, 
which  is  not  recorded  in  OHG,  is  pro- 


Kli 


(     180    ) 


Klu 


bablyaderivativeof  flingfn(from  the  ringing 
Bound  made  by  the  sword  on  the  helmet). 

<&titlQC  (2.),  f.,  'ravine,'  from  MidHG. 
klinge,  t, '  mountain  stream,'  OHG.  chlinga, 
chlingo,  m.,  'torrent';  like  .Rlinge  (1),  a 
derivative  of  flingen. 

feltttflcln,  vh.,  «  to  ring,'  from  MidHG. 
Miwjden,  OHG.  cJiliiigildn,  vb.,  '  to  sound, 
roar,  splash,'  diinin.  and  frequent,  of  ftingen. 

felingen,  vb.,  •  to  sound,  from  MidHG. 
klingen,  OHG.  clilingan,  str.  vb., '  to  sound, 
resound ' ;  corresponding  to  Ic.  klingja, '  to 
ring.'  E.  to  clink  has  adopted  the  same 
final  stem  sound  (k  for  g\  which  the  subst. 
clank,  connected  with  it  by  gradation (comp. 
Jt(ang  and  F(enfen),  has  always  had.  The 
stem,  like  the  derivative  Jtfoitg  (comp.  also 
JUinge,  Jtlinfe,  and  ffenfrn),.  is  common  to 
Teut.,  but  on  account  of  the  non-permuta- 
tion it  cannot  be  cognate  with  Gr.  kXayy-^, 
hut.  clangor.  Both  roots  are  independent 
onomatopoetic  forms  in  each  separate  lan- 
guage. 

Sulirihe,  f., '  latch,'  from  MidHG.  klinke, 
f.,  '  bolt  of  a  door' ;  allied  to  flingen. 

^tlittfe,  S^lin^e,  f.,  'cleft,'  from  Mid 
HG.  klinse,  klimse,  and  with  a  different 
stage  of  gradation  klunse,  klumse,  klumze,  f., 
'  slit' ;  OHG.  *chlumu^a,  chUmuya,  is  want- 
ing.    Origin  obscure. 

-Hlippc,  f.,  '  cliff,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  (Lower  Rhen.)  klippe,  f.,  borrowed 
from  MidDu.  klippe;  comp.  Du.  klip; 
allied  to  a  Teut.  root  klib,  as  is  shown  by 
OIc.  k7eif,  n., '  cliffs' ;  comp.  also  AS.  clif, 
Ti.,  E.  cliff,  OIc.  klify  n.,  OSax.  klif,  OHG. 
klebyTi.,  all  pointing  to  a  Goth.  *klif,  klibis, 
ii., '  rock,  hill.'  They  have  been  connected 
with  Ic.  klifa,  vb.,  '  to  climb '  (see  under 
f(fibfii),  but  on  account  of  the  prim,  mean- 
ing'to  cleave  (to),f  this  is  scarcely  satis- 
factory. 

fllippern,.  vb.,  'to  click,'  ModHG.  only, 
a  uecent  onomatopoetic  term. 

ftlirren,  vb.,  'to  clash,'  ModHG.  only, 
a  recent  onomatopoetic  term. 

^lobcn,  m.,  '  log  of  wood,,  block, 
pulley,'  from  MidHG.  klobe,  m.,  'log  of 
wood  with  a  slit  to  act  as  a  vice,  fetter,  stick 
with  a  slit  for  catching  birds,  bolt,  slit,' 
&c.  ;  OHG.  chlobo,  m.,  'stick  For  catching 
birds' ;  allied  to  flifbtn,  MidHG.  klieben, 
vb.,'to  split,  cleave'  (comp.  93egen,  allied 
to  bif  gen).  OLG.  klodo,  m.,  '  fetter  * ;  OIc. 
klofe,  m.,  'crevice  in  a  rock,  door  joint'  ; 
Du.  kloofy  f.,  •  slit,  rift,  cleft.'  Comp.  J?neb- 
laiicfc. 


felopfon,  vb.,  'to knock,'  from  MidHG. 
k'opfen,  OHG.  chlopf&n,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  knock, 
rap ' ;  Goth.  *klu}tpon  is  not  warranted  by 
corresponding  forms  in  the  other  OTeut. 
dials. ;  comp.  also  Du.  Idoppen.  Further, 
OHG.  chlocchSn,  MidHG.  klocken,  *  to 
knock,'  which  are  not  indubitably  allied 
to  Hopfni.  With  the  latter  the  cognates 
discussed  under  MUft  are  connected  by  gra- 
dation, and  these  point  to  a  Goth.  *ktap- 
ptin,  '  to  strike.' 

Jtloflcr,  m.,  'monastery,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  klSster,  n.,  bor- 
rowed on  the  introduction  of  Christianity 
from  MidLat.  and  Rom.  claustrum  (Ital. 
chioslro,  Fr.  cloltre),  '  monastery ' ;  comp. 
Jttatfe. 

Si f  of],  m.,  ' clod,  dumpling,'  from  Mid 
HG.  M63,  m.  and  n.,  '  lump,  bulb,  clew, 
bullet,  pommel  of  a  sword,  wedge,'  OHG. 
cldd$,  m.,  'ball,  round  -mass,  bowl  (at 
play)';  corresponding  to  MidLG.  klitte, 
Du.  Moot,  m.,  'bullet,  ball.'  AS.  *cledt, 
E.  cleat,  '  wedge '  (Ic,  Mot,  '  pommel  of  a 
sword,'  has  an  abnormal  6  ior  au,  which 
indicates  that  the  word  has  been  borrowed, 
unless  it  is  cognate  with  Lar.  glMius). 
Goth.  *klauta-  is  wanting  ;  the  Teut.  root 
klut  appears  also  in  the  following  word. 

^tIot3,  m.  and  n.,  '  block,  log,  stump,' 
from  MidHG.  kloz  (gen.  klotzes),  m.  and  n., 
'  lump,  bullet,'  hence  equiv.  to  MidHG. 
kl6$;  AS.  *clotf,  E.  clot ;  we  may  therefore 
assume  Goth.  *klutta-,  the  relation  of  which 
to  klauta-, mentioned  under .Rlefj,  is  evident. 
In  the  non-Teut,  languages  the  Teut  root 
klut  ('bale  '?),  adduced  under  Jtlcjj,  has 
not  been  definitely  authenticated  ;  a  root 
glud  appears  in  Lith.  gludus,  '  clinging  to,' 
glausti,  '  to  cling  to.' 

S%l\\&e,  $htcfce,  f.,  'clucking  hen,' 
from  MidHG.  klucke.  f.,  '  brood  hen,'  allied 
to  MidHG.  and  ModHG.  klucken  (glucken). 
Comp.  AS.  cloccian,  E.  to  cluck,  Du.  klokken. 
The  Teut.  cognate,  klukk,  is  of  onomato- 
poetic origin  ;  comp.  the  phonetic  cog- 
nates, Lat.  glCcire,  Gr.  yXwfriv,  '  to  cluck.' 

<#Iufl,  f.,  'chasm,'  from  MidHG.  kluft, 
{.,  '  cleft,  chasm,  cave,  vault,  tongs,'  OHG. 
clduff,  f.,  'tongs,  shears,'  prop,  'splitting' 
(as  a  verbal  abstract  of  the  OTeut.  kliuban, 
'  to  split,'  discussed  under  fliebni).  The 
tongs,  as  an  instrument  with  a  slit,  is 
called  dial.  Jttnft ;  comp.  ^Iitppe.  The  Mid 
HG.  meaning  '  vault '  (crypta)  e eems  to  be 
due  to  a  confusion  of  .Shift  with  the  foreign 
word  crypta  (see  ©ntjr).    Goth.  *klufti-,  f. ; 


Klu 


(    1S1    ) 


Kna 


AS.  *clyft,  E.  cleft,  cliftj  Du.  kluft,  I, 
'cleft,  notch,  chasm.' 

hi  uct,  a<lj., '  knowing,  prudent,  shrewd,' 
from  MidHG.  kluoc  (gr),  '  fine,  pretty,  ten- 
der, superb,  brave,  polite,  prudent,  sly ' ; 
in  OHG.  not  recorded,  whether  by  chance 
or  no  i3  not  known.  It  is  thought  to 
have  been  borrowed  from  LG.,  although 
the  word  in  the  non-HG.  languages  has  a 
final  k,  LG.  kluk,  Du.  Mock,  'prudent, 
brave,  great,  corpulent'  (not  found  in  E. ; 
Scand.  klokr,  'prudent,  cunning,'  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  G.  loan-word).  No  clue  to 
an  etymological  explanation  of  the  adj. 
can  be  discovered. 

.Sklumpe,  <$ittumpc«,  m.,  'clump, 
lump,'  ModHG.  only  ;  from  the  equiv.  LG. 
klamp,  Du.  klomp,  m.  ;  comp.  E.  clump. 
Scand.  klumba,  f.,  'club,'  with  a  different 
labial,  also  a  variant  klubba ;  klubbu-futr, 
whence  the  equiv.  E. '  club-foot.'  Further 
references havenotbeendiscovered.  Comp. 
JWfrcn. 

c^tftittgel,  n.,  'clew,'  from  MidHG. 
*kliingel,  kliingdin,  OHG.  chlungilin,  n., 
'  clew,'  dimin.  of  OHG.  chlunga,  f., '  clew ' ; 
if  ng  be  a  suffix,  as  in  jimcj,  the  word  may 
be  allied  to  Jttiduef,  OHG.  chliuwa  (root 
klu,  Aryan  glu),  in  which  case  it  would  be 
brought  into  connection  with  other  terms  ; 
it  is,  however,  more  probably  allied  to  E. 
to  cling,  from  AS.  clingan,  '  to  cling  to, 
hold  fast,  adhere.' 

^tluttfcer,  f.,  'clot,  tassel,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  allied  to  MidHG.  klungcler,  '  tassel,' 
glunke,  f.,  '  dangling  curl,'  glunkern,  *  to 
swing,  dangle.' 

<$lttppe,  f.,  'pincers,'  from  MidHG. 
kluppe,  f.,  '  tongs,  barnacles,  splinter,' 
OHG.  kluppa,  f., '  tongs.'  JUuWe,  like  Mod 
HG.  Jtluft  (dial.)  'tongs,'  is  also  derived 
from  OTeut.  kliuban,  '  to  split,  cleave ' ; 
unfortunately  correspondences  in  other 
dialects  are  wanting  (Goth.  *klubj6  ?). 
Comp.  Hiebcit,  flaubeti,  and  J'ilufr. 

<S&\\abo,  m.,  'boy,  lad,  youth,'  from 
MidHG.,  late  OHG.  chnabo,  m.,  '  boy  ' ; 
also  '  youth,  fellow,  servant,'  with  the 
originally  equiv.  variants,  ModHG.  £na$pr, 
MidHG.  knappe,  OHG.  clmappo  (OHG. 
chnabo  and  chnappo  are  related  like  SlAbt 
and  3?aW>e).  AS.  cnapa,  OSax.  knapo,  and 
Olc.  knape,  'attendant,  squire,'  present 
some  difficulties  compared  with  AS.  cnafa, 
E.  knave.  Equally  obscure  is  the  relation 
of  the  entire  class  to  the  root  ken,  Aryan 
gen  (Lat.  renus,  gi-gn-o,  Gr.  ylvos,  yi-yv-ofiai, 


Sec),  with  which  some  etymologists  would 
like  to  connect  it ;  if  it  were  allied,  OHG. 
chn'eht  (kn-eht)  also  might  perhaps  be  com- 
pared. 

(mctcucn,  vb.,  '  to  crack,'  from  MidHG. 
knacken,  gnacken,  '  to  split,  crack,'  wanting 
in  OHG.  ;  E.  knack,  MidE.  cnak,  'crack,' 
Ic  knakkr;  ModHG.  Mnatf,  'crack,'  Mid 
HG.  not  yet  found.  To  the  same  root  Olc. 
knoka,  AS.  cnocian,  E.  to  knock,  formed  by 
gradation,  seem  to  belong.  The  words 
are  based  on  an  imitative  root  which  is 
peculiar  to  Teut. 

Anall,  m.,  ' sharp  report,  explosion,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  allied  to  MidHG.  er-knel- 
len,  '  to  resound.'  Comp.  AS.  cnyll,  cnell, 
m.,  '  signal  given  by  a  bell,'  E.  knell. 

<Sinaxx,  Jtttan,  m.,  '  father,'  from  Mid 
HG.  genanne,  gnanne,  from  genamne,  prop., 
'  of  the  same  name '  (for  MidHG.  ge-  comp. 
gletcfy  and  ©efel(e),  '  namesake.'  Used  even 
in  MidHG.  by  sons  addressing  their  father 
or  grand  father. 

nnapp,  adj.,  'scanty,'  ModHG.  only; 
wanting  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ;  probably 
from  LG.,  for  gehnapp.  Comp.  Olc.  hneppr, 
'  narrow.' 

<$bnappc,  m.,  'squire,  attendant,'  from 
MidHG.  knappe,  m., '  youth,  bachelor,  ser- 
vant, squire,'  OHG.  chnappo,  m. ;  in  the 
rest  of  the  OTeut.  languages  there  are  no 
cognates  pointing  to  Goth.  *knabba;  two 
variants  of  the  assumed  *knabba  are  men- 
tioned under  Jlnabf,  where  the  further  ety- 
mological question  is  discussed.  Comp. 
also  (Hafee  with  {Ra^e,  Goth,  laigan,  'to 
lick,'  with  AS.  liccian. 

hnappen.  vb.,  '  to  make  scarce,  hobble, 
nibble,'  ModHG.  only,  from  Du.  knappen, 
'  to  eat,  lay  hold  of  quickly.' — <£tnappfacfc, 
'  knapsack,'  from  Du.  knap-zack,  '  saddle- 
bag,' whence  probably  also  E.  knapsack. 

bwarven,  vb., '  to  creak,'  from  MidHG. 
knarren,  gnarren,  '  to  creak,  snarl ';  a  re- 
cent onomatopoetic  term  like  frtirrcn  and 
f  ti  in  veil. 

cfmaff  ct,  m.,  '  best  tobacco,'  borrowed 
at  the  beginning  of  the  18th  cent,  from 
Du,  knaster,  kanaster,  m.,  'canister  tobacco,' 
which  conies  from  Span,  canastro, '  basket' 
(comp,  Lat  and  Gr,  canistriwh,  Kdvaarpov). 

-V.iuiuei,  nw  and  n.,  'clewV  from  Mid 
HG.  kniuieel,  knudtii,  kniul,  n.,  'small 
clew  or  ball'  ;  the  n  by  differentiation 
represents  I  on  account  of  the  final  I 
(see  JtncMau^);  MidHG.  kliuioel,  kliuweltn, 
diinins.  of  MidHG.  klimce,  n.,  'clow,  ball's 


Kna 


(    182    ) 


Kni 


OHG.  chliuwelm,  dimin.  of  chliuwa,  chliwa, 
1., '  ball,  clew ' ;  AS.  cle6we,  cltfwe,  n.,  MidE. 
cleewe,  E.  clew;  also  AS.  cle6wen,  cljjwen, 
]i., like  MidG.  kltiiotn,  Du.  kluwen,  'skein.' 
OHG.  also kliwi,  kliuui,  n.,  MidHG.  kliuwe, 
n.,  'clew.'  A  richly  developed  nominal 
stem  peculiar  to  West  Teut. ;  the  Gotli. 
form  is  probably  *klitri  (kliujis),  n.  or 
*kliuj6,  n. ;  the  root  Jcffi,  by  gradation 
kl£u,  appears  also  perhaps  in  .ftlaue  (Goth. 
*kl$wa),  which  in  that  case  was  so  called 
from  its  contracting  ;  comp.  Lat.  gluere, '  to 
contract,'  gldmct,  '  husk,'  also  Sans,  gldus, 
'  bale,'  hence  Aryan  root  glu.  Lat.  gldbus 
and  gldmus  are  not  connected  with  this 
word. 

e^nauf,  m.,  '  button,  pommel,'  from 
MidHG.  knouf,  m  ,  '  pommel  (of  a  sword), 
pinnacle,'  also  a  dimin.  knoufel,  knoufel, 
m.,  OHG.  *chnouf  not  recorded  ;  Goth. 
*knaups  is  also  indicated  by  Du.  knoop,  m., 
'button,  knob.'  A  Goth,  graded  form 
*knupps  may  likewise  be  inferred  from  the 
cognates  discussed  under  Jtnepf,  which  see. 

^mcutfer,  m., '  niggard,'  ModHG.  only, 
probably  from  MidHG.  knui>,  '  impudent, 
daring,  haughty  (towards  the  poor).' 

^tnebel,  111.,  '  branch,  peg,  moustache, 
knuckle,'  from  MidHG.  knebcl,  m.,  OHG. 
knebil,  'crossbeam,  girder,  crossbar,  cord, 
fetter,  knuckle ' ;  Du.  knevel,  m.,  '  packing- 
stick3;  Scand.  knefiil,  m.,  'stake,  stick'; 
Goth.  *knabils  is  wanting.  Considering 
the  relation  of  Goth.  *nabala,  m.,  '  navel,' 
to  Gr.  6/i<pa\6s,  we  may  assume  for  Goth. 
*knabils,  a  root  gombh  (jgonbh)  in  the  non- 
Teut.  languages  (comp.  ybfupos,  '  plug,  nail, 
wedge ' ;  this  word,  however,  is  usually 
connected  with  the  cognates  of  ModHG. 
^antm). — It  is  still  doubtful  whether  Mnthd 
in  jjnebelbart  '  (twisted)  moustache,'  first 
recorded  in  ModHG.  and  borrowed  from 
LG.  and  Du.,  is  of  a  different  origin,  i.e. 
connected  with  AS.  cenep,  OFris.  kenep, 
OIc.  kanpr  (Goth.  *kanipa-),  '  moustache,' 
MidDu.  cane/been,  '  cheek-bone.' 

edited)!,  m.,  'servant,'  from  MidHG. 
kn'eht,  OHG.  chneht,  m.,  '  boy,  youth,  fel- 
low, man,  squire,'  often  also  '  hero' ;  comp. 
AS.  cniht,  m.,  '  boy,  youth,  man  capable  of 
bearing  arms,  hero,'  E.  knight ;  probably  a 
West  Teut.  word,  unknowu  to  Goth,  and 
Scand.  (Dan.  knegt  and  Swed.  knekt  are 
borrowed).  The  same  variety  of  meanings 
in  West  Teut.  words  is  found  in  Jtnabe  and 
.KiKHtye  (comp.  also  AS.  mago,  '  son,  boy, 
man,  champion,'  see  too  Jterl).     However 


probable  its  close  connection  with  Jtnabe 
and  JfnaWe  may  be,  yet  it  is  not  possible 
to  define  it  strictly.  Jtnedjt  is  more  pro- 
bably allied  to  the  root  ken,  from  Aryan  gen 
(Lat.  genus,  ytvos,  Lat.  gi-gn-o,  yiyvo/iai),  than 
.knabe,  because  a  suffix  -eht  exists  in  Teut. 

kttctfen,  vb.,  •  to  nip,'  ModHG.  only,  a 
phonetic  rendering  of  LG.  knipen,  adopted 
l>y  the  written  language.     Comp.  fncipen. 

(ifitnctpe,  f.,  'pincers,  gripes,'  ModHG. 
only,  of  obscure  origin  ;  its  cognate  rela- 
tion to  fneipeit  can  only  be  assumed,  since 
an  older  connecting  link  between  it  and 
Jitteipe,  '  tavern,'  is  wanting  ;  orig.  Jfctfipe 
was  a  low  tavern.  Is  it  related  to  Du. 
knijp,f.,  'narrowness, embarrassment'?  or 
rather  Du.  kniji,  m.,  '  bird-snare,  brothel'  ? 

fcttCipen,  vb.,  '  to  pinch,'  early  ModHG., 
orig.  LG.  knipen  (see  also  fmifen)  ;  Du. 
knijpen,  '  to  nip,  twitch ' ;  probably  not 
allied  to  AS.  hntpan,  hnipian, '  to  bow,'  but 
to  a  root  hntp,  'to  nip,' not  recorded  in 
OTeut.,  from  which  also  MidE.  nipen,  E. 
to  nip,  are  derived  ;  kn  initially  may  be 
explained  from *gahnipan.  Thepre-Teut. 
root  knib  appears  in  Lith.  knibti,  '  to  pick, 
pluck,'  knibti,  '  to  nip.'  If  the  E.  word  is 
unconnected  with  Du.  knijpen  on  account 
of  the  initial  sound,  we  might  assume 
a  root  knib,  gntb  (Lith.  gnybti,  '  to  nip,' 
gnybis,  'nip'),  though  this  too  is  not  re- 
corded in  OTeut. 

fcttefett,  vb., '  to  knead,'  from  the  eqniv. 
MidHG.  kneten,  OHG.  chnetan ;  comp.  Mid 
LG.  and  Du.  kneden,  'to  knead,'  AS.  cn'edan, 
MidE.  cneden,  E.  to  knead;  a  Goth.  *knidan, 
or  rather  *knudan  (comp.  tvetcn), '  to  knead,' 
may  be  assumed  ;  Scand.  has  only  a  wk. 
knotSa,  pointing  to  Goth.  *knudan.  Since 
HG.  t,  LG.,  E.,  and  Goth,  d  may  have  ori- 
ginated in  t  owing  to  earlier  positions  of 
the  accents  (comp.  SSater,  AS.  feeder,  with 
Lat.  pater,  Gr.  war^p),  gnet  may  be  regarded 
as  the  pre-Teut.  root.  Comp.  OSlov.  gneta, 
gnesti,  '  to  crush,  knead.' 

imiefcen,  vb., '  to  crack,'  ModHG.  only ; 
from  LG.  knikken,  '  to  burst,  split,  crack ' ; 
E.  (dial.)  to  knick,  '  to  crack.' 

Jtttio,  n.,  'knee,'  from  MidHG.  knie, 
kniu  (gen.  knies,  knieices),  OHG.  chniu. 
chneo  (gen.  chnewes,  chniices),  n.,  'knee'; 
comp.  Du.  knie,  f.,  AS.  c»e6  (gen.  cneowes), 
n.,  MidE.  cnee,  E.  knee;  Goth,  kniu  (gen. 
kniwis),  n., '  knee ' ;  a  common  0.  and  Mod 
Teut  word  with  the  prim,  meaning '  knee,' 
which  also  belongs  to  the  allied  Aryan 
words ;  genu-,  gonu-,  gnu-  are  the  Aryan 


Kni 


(    183    ) 


Kno 


6tems  of  the  word  ;  comp.  Lat.  genu,  Gr. 
yovv  (comp.  yw-irereiv,  yv6%,  lyvia),  Sans. 
idnu,  n.,  '  knee '  (abhijnu,  '  down  to  the 
knee,'  jnu-badh,  'kneeling').  This  Aryan 
6tem  gnu  had  when  declined  the  variant 
gnew-,  which  appears  extended  in  Teut.  by 
the  a  of  the  a-declension,  Goth,  kniwa-. 
The  shorter  Teut.  form  knu-,  Aryan  gnu-, 
has  been  retained  in  Goth.  *knu-ssus  (in- 
ferred from  knussjan,  'to  kneel'),  'kneel- 
ing' (the  suffix  -ssus  is  current  in  Goth.), 
and  probably  also  in  OIc.  Jcnue,  m ., '  knuckle ' 
(presupposing  Goth.  *knuwa,  m.) ;  there 
are  also  some  abnormal  £-deri  vatives,  MidE. 
cnilien,  E.  to  kneel,  Du.  hidden,  and  Swiss 
chnii'e,  '  to  kneel.' 

<#mff,  m.,  'pinch,'  ModHG.  only,  allied 
to  fneifm  ;  Dn.  kneep,  f., '  pinch,  pinching.' 

j&mrps,  m.,  '  pigmy,'  ModHG.  only,  a 
MidG.  word,  by  syncope  from  *kniirbes, 
knirbes  (comp.  LG.  knirfix,  Lower  Rhen. 
knirwes).  MidE.  narvel,  nirvel  (AS.  *cnyr- 
fel  ?),  *  pigmy,'  are  formed  with  a  different 
dimin.  termination.  Allied  to  Suab.  knorp, 
'  pigmy ' ;  and  to  Du.  knorf,  '  knot '  1. 

Imnrrett,  vb.,  '  to  creak,'  from  MidHG. 
knirren,  '  to  jar.'    A  recent  imitative  word. 

fcmrfd)ett,  vb.,  'to  gnash,'  MidHG. 
*knirsen,  may  be  inferred  from  knirsunge, 
f.,  '  gnashing,'  and  zerkniirsen,  '  to  crusli, 
squash ' ;  for  sch  from  s  after  r  comp.  J&irfd) 
and  5lvfd) ;  comp.  ModDu.  knarsen,knersen, 
*  to  gnash,  crash,'  knarsetanden,  '  to  gnash 
with  the  teeth.' 

fcttifient,  vb.,  'to  crackle,'  from  Mid 
HG.  *lcnisten,  on  which  the  noun  knistunge, 
f.,  'gnashing,'  is  based  ;  an  onomatopoetic 
formation. 

Sinit t ef»ers,  m., '  doggerel,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  Jtutttcl  for  tfnuttel, '  cudgel.'  E.  staff, 
in  the  sense  of  '  stick,'  and  also  '  verse, 
strophe,  stanza,'  may  be  adduced  as  an  ap- 
proximate parallel.  The  Dutchman  Junius 
says  of  the  refrain  in  Du.  popular  songs, 
'  In  vulgaribus  rhythmis  versum  iden- 
tidem  repetitum  scipionem  aut  baculum 
appellant' ;  the  Romans  had  versus  rhopa- 
ItcL  the  Scandinavians  the  stef. 

Rttitfern,  vb.,  'to  rumple,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  an  imitative  word. 

Kttobcltt,  vb.,  'to  fillip,'  ModHG.  only, 
allied  to  a  widely  diffused  dial,  form  knobel 
(UpG.),  knowel  (MidG.  aud  LG.),  'joint,' 
espec.  of  the  fingers. 

Jtttoblcmd),  m., '  garlic,'  from  MidHG. 
knobelouch,  m.,  with  the  orig.  variant  klobe- 
louch,  m.,  OHG.  chlobolouh,  chlo/olouh,  chlo- 


volouh,  m.  ;  with  regard  to  b  for  /,  comp. 
Sdtocfff  ;  the  kn  of  the  MidHG.  and  Mod 
HG.  words  may  be  explained  as  in  Jfnduel 
by  a  process  of  differentiation,  i.e.  the  I  of 
the  next  syllable  produced  the  change  of 
the  first  I  into  n;  comp.  ModDu.  knoftook 
and  MidLG.  klofldk:  In  the  ordinary  ex- 
planation of  '  cleft  leek '  no  regard  is  paid 
to  the  fact  that  the  first  part  of  the  com- 
pound, which  is  identical  with  ModHG. 
•Rlebeit,  appears  elsewhere  in  the  Teut. 
group,  AS.  clufe,  E.  clove  (of  garlic),  AS. 
clufl>ung,  '  crowfoot,'  clufwyrt, '  buttercup.' 

,^inod)eI,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
knbchel,  hiuchel,  m.,  'knuckle' ;  dimin.  of 
JlnedHtt,  MidHG.  knoche ;  AS.  cnucel,  Mid 
E.  knokil.  E.  knuckle,  and  the  equiv.  Du. 
knokkel. 

<|mod)Ctt,  m.,  'bone,'  from  MidHG. 
knoche,  m.,  'bone,  knot  of  a  branch,  fruit  cap- 
sule.' The  ModHG.  word,  almost  unknown 
to  Luther,  rarely  occurs  in  MidHG.,  and 
is  entirely  wanting  in  OHG.  (33cin  is  the 
genuine  UpG.  and  HG.  word  for  J?iiod)en, 
which  again  is  orig.  native  to  the  MidG. 
and  LG.  dialects.)  ,Rnod)en  is,  however, 
proved  by  the  corresponding  dimin.  Jtnocr/ol 
to  be  a  good  OTeut.  word  ;  Goth.  *knuqa, 
m.,  may  be  assumed.  It  is  still  uncertain 
whether  it  is  connected  with  E.  to  knock, 
AS.  cnucian,  OIc.  knoka,  MidHG.  knochen, 
'  to  cuff,'  or  is  related  to  OIc.  knue,  'knuckle,' 
which  would  favour  its  further  kinship  wii  h 
jfme.  From  *knuqa,  UpG.  Jlnocfe, '  snag, 
knot,'  MidHG.  knock,  'nape,'  may  be  de- 
rived ;  their  ck  correctly  represents  the 
old  q.  Allied  words  with  final  g  in  the 
stem  are,  however,  obscure,  MidHG.  kno- 
gerlin,  '  little  knot,'  and  MidHG.  kniigel, 
'  knuckle.' 

cfmocuc,  f.,  'bundle,  bunch,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  knocke;  proved  to  be  a 
genuine  OTeut.  word  by  AS.  *cnyiSe,  Mid 
I*].  knucche, '  bundle'  (e.g.  'bundle  of  hay'), 
E.  knitch, '  faggot ' ;  Goth .  *knuka,  or  rather 
*knukja,  m.,  are  wanting. 

/mood,  in.,  'dumpling,'  from  MidHG. 
kniklel,  111.,  'seed-bud,  dumpling';  dimin. 
of  MidHG.  knod  ,  'knot,'  discussed  under 
Anotot. 

^UYoKctt,  m.,  'clod,  bulb,'  from  Mid 
HG.  knolle,  m.,  'clod,  lump';  OHG. 
*chnollo,  m.,  is  wanting.  With  the  Mid 
HG  meaning  are  connected  AS.  cnoll,  m.f 
E.  knoll;  Du.  knol,  'turnip.' 

^tnopf,  m.,  '  button,  knob,  pommel,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  knopf,  ni.,  '  pro- 


Kno 


(     »84    ) 


Kob 


tuberance  on  plants,  bud,  pommel  of  a 
sword,  knot,  loop ' ;  comp.  AS.  *cnopp,  mn 
E.  knop,  'button,  bud' ;  Du.  knop,  '  bad, 
button,  knot  on  plants.'  Goth.  *knuppa- 
ia  wanting;  under  ^nauf  its  graded  form 
Gotli.  *knaupa-  was  assumed,  which  would 
represent  *knauppa-,  for  the  stem  loses  its 
final  6.  as  is  shown  in  MidHG.  kniibel,  m., 
1  knuckle,'  as  well  as  AS.  *cnobba,  MidE. 
ktwbbe,  E.  knob;  comp.  also  ModDu.  knob- 
bd,  in.,  'knot,  bull),  weal,'  and  HG.  .Snubb.'. 
Besides  the  words  hitherto  adduced,  from 
which  we  may  infer  an  old  u  root  (comp. 
especially  ^iniuf),  there  are  some  abnormal 
forms,  OIc.  hvippr,  *  button,  pommel,'  AS. 
cn(Bp,  MidE.  knap.  Comp.  Jtitofpe,  Jtnubfre, 
fmiVfcn,  and  Jluuppef. 

(iitttorpel,  m.,  'gristle,'  from  MidHG. 
knorpel;  knorbel-,  btin  knospel,  '  cartilage.' 
It  cannot  be  certainly  decided  whether 
the  word  is  based  on  a  Goth,  knuzba-  or 
*kna&rba- ;  the  former  is  the  more  probable 
for  grammatical  reasons ;  ModDu.  knob- 
h  I,  ModLG.  kmispcrknaken,  *  cartilaginous 
bone.' 

^tnorre,  m., '  knotty  excrescence,'  from 
MidHG.  knorre,  m.,  with  the  equiv.  variant 
knure,  m.,  'knot,  protuberance'  (on  trees, 
the  body,  &c.) ;  knUre  also  signifies  '  rock, 
cliff,  summit ' ;  in  the  sense  of '  cuff,  push,' 
it  is  connected  with  MidHG.  kniisen  (from 
*knusjari),  'to  push,  strike.'  For  the  other 
meanings  too  we  must  probably  proceed 
from  a  Goth,  word  with  s  (z),  as  the  dial. 
forms  indicate,  Suab.  j?uatu%  '  knob  on  a 
loaf,'  Swiss  knus,  '  knot,  excrescence.'  E. 
knar,  'knot  in  wood,'  MidE.  knarre,  with 
the  variant  knorre,  'knot,  excrescence.' — 
OHG.  has  only  the  adj.  chniurig,  'knotty, 
stout,  firm,'  derived  from  *kndr. — Comp. 
Jtncfpe  and  Jtnujt. 

c&ttorf 3,  m.,  '  snag,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  knorz,  'excrescence,  knot';  Dan. 
knoit,  Swed.  knort.  Allied  to  the  preced- 
ing word  ?. 

(^Itofpe,  f.,  '  bud,'  from  MidHG.  knospe, 
m.,  '  protuberance '  ;  the  modern  meaning 
is  one  of  the  varied  senses  in  earlier  Mod 
HG. ;  'protuberance'  is  the  prim,  signifi- 
cation, hence  it  is  natural  to  connect  jfttofpe 
etymologically  with  J?ttopf ;  the  latter  is  to 
be  represented  in  Goth,  by  *knuppa-,  the 
former  by  *knvspan-  for  *kn  vfspan- ;  in  that 
case  -span  would  be  a  suffix  ;  *knuzpan- 
may,  however,  stand  for  *knusspan-,  and 
be  connected  with  the  root  knus  appearing 
in  Jtttcrre. 


/mofcit,  m.,  'knot,'  from  MidHG. 
kaote,  knode,  m.,  '  natural  knot  (on  the 
body  and  plants),  artificial  knot  in  a 
thread,  noose';  OHG.  chnodo,  chnoto.  m. 
(the  OHG.  and  MidHG.  doublets  with  t 
and  d  appear  in  .Rncte  and  .Kitcfcel  even  as 
late  as  ModHG.).  Allied  to  AS.  cnotta,  in., 
E.  knot,  with  differently  related  dentals ; 
comp.  OIc.  H-knt/tter, '  dirty  tricks,'  and  Mil 
HG.  knotze,  f.,  '  protuberance ' ;  E.  to  knit, 
AS.  cnyttan,  LG.  (Voss)  kniitte,  f.,  'knit- 
ting-needles,' &c.  OIc.  kniilr,  m.,  'knot,' 
kndta,  £,,  'dice';  they  are  related  to  AS. 
knotta,  like  Goth.  *knaupa-  to  *k»up}Ki~ 
(comp.  Jtnauf  and  ^ncpf),  and  just  as  a 
form  with  a  in  the  stem  (AS.  cnmpp)  is 
connected  with  these  words,  so  is  OIc. 
kngttr  (Goth.  *knattus),  m,,  '  ball,'  related 
to  the  cognates  of  Jlitcten.  No  indubitably 
allied  term  can  be  adduced  from  the  other 
Aryan  languages.     Comp.  also  .Jfriuftel. 

(J&nSfertdj,  in.,  'knot-grass';  found  onlv 
in  ModHG. 

efinubbc,  ^tnuppe,  m.,  'knot  in  wood,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  knubbe,  the  cog- 
nates of  which  see  under  ^ttcpf.  We  may 
also  mention  MidHG,  kniibel,  to  which 
Jtmirpc  is  related,  as  fhiuben  to  Jtlmte. 

fenuflfcn,  vb.,  *  to  cuff,'  wanting  in  the 
earlier  periods  ;  of  obscure  origin. 

Kllfipfett,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid  IK  I 
Jcnvpfen,  OHG.  knupfen,  '  to  unite,  tie, 
fasten  together'  (Goth.  *knuppjan  is  want- 
ing) ;  a  nominal  vb.  from  Jhtepf,  which  see  ; 
MidHG.  knopf,*  knot,' 

<&nuppol,  m.,  *  wooden  bar,  stick, 
cudgel,'  from  LG.  ;  in  MidHG.  hiiipfel, 
m.,  'cudgel,'  was  used.  It  is  connected 
with  MidHG.  knopf,  '  knot  on  plants.' 
See  Jlncrf. 

<&nu(l,  ^naitff,  m.,  'crusty  piece  of 
bread,'  prop.  '  protuberance,'  especially 
'  corner  of  a  loaf,'  from  LG.  ;  t  is  a  suffix  ; 
for  kntis-  in  the  sense  of  'knot,'  see  under 
Mncxxt. 

e&mtfc,  f.,  'knout,'  ModHG.  only  ;  bor- 
rowed from  Russ.  knut ;  comp.  *J>ettfcfye. 

cftnfitfcl,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kniitel,  kniittel,  OHG.  chnutil,  m.,  'cudgel,' 
prop,  'stick  or  string  with  knots';  allied 
to  Jhtoten. 

<iiobolf,  m.,  'cobalt,'  ModHG.  only; 
of  uncertain  origin,  probably  equiv.  to 
Jtrirfb. 

JK>ttWi  m.,  'hovel,'  from  MidHG.  kob", 
m.,  'stable,  pigsty,  cage';  the  Mod  IK  J. 
variant  .fiefott  is  derived.  &<  the  /  indicates, 


Kob 


(    185    ) 


Koh 


from  LG.  The  word  had  orig.  a  more  gene- 
ral sense,  and  was  not  restricted  merely  to  a 
shed  for  animals  and  pigs.  Even  in  Mod 
HG.  the  earlier  meaning  'hut'  is  found  ; 
comp.  MidHG.  kobel,  'narrow  house' ;  Ic. 
Jcofi,  m.,  'hut,  penthouse,  partition.'  In 
AS.  the  corresponding  cofa  is  specially 
used  as  a  choice  poetic  term  for  'apart- 
ment, bed-chamher ' ;  hence  E.  cove  and 
pigeon-cove.  Goth.  *lcuba,  on  which  these 
words  are  based,  is  wanting.  The  word 
is  genuinely  Teut.,  as  is  proved  by  OHG. 
chubisi  (Goth.  *kubisi),  *  hut,'  which,  from 
its  form,  is  a  derivative  of  a  far  earlkr 
period  ;  comp.  also  MidHG.  kober,  'basket, 
pocket,'  AS.  cofl,  '  basket.'     See  Jlcbrib  and 

-ci0bolo,  m.,  '  goblin,'  from  MidHG. 
kObolt,  with  the  variant  kobolt,  m.,  'fan- 
tastic familiar  spirit,  goblin.'  As  the 
genuinely  Teut.  household  deities,  the 
jfobofbe  may  be  regarded  as  equiv.  to  the 
AS.  cofgodit,  cofgodas,  'penates,  lares'  (un- 
fortunately AS.  *cofuld  or  *cqf weald, '  house- 
hold deity,'  lit.  '  protector  of  the  bed- 
chamber,' is  not  recorded) ;  in  Goth, 
probably  *kubaicalda-.  The  first  compo- 
nent is  OIc.  kofe,  AS.  cofa,  ''apartment, 
chamber'  (see  Jtoben).  The  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  variants  DWelb  and  JDpelt  may 
have  been  *6twalt,  Goth.  *audawald,  '  Lord 
of  wealth';  the  old  at,  'wealth,'  has  been 
retained  only  in  proper  names  like  Dttcfav, 
Dtfricb  (G'buarb,  E.  Edward).  For  the  end- 
ing ;ctb  see  under  Jperofb  and  walteit. 

,J£iod),  m.,  'cook,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  koch,  OHG.  chohQih) ;  comp.  Du.  and 
OSax.  kok,  'cook';  adopted  before  the 
HG.  permutation  of  consonants,  at  latest 
in  the  6th  cent,  (contemporaneously  with 
Jtfnfye),  when  the  art  of  cookery  and  horti- 
culture were  introduced  from  Italy  j  the 
word  is  based  on  Lat.  coquus,  or  more 
accurately  on  the  form  koko-  (comp.  Ital. 
cv.oco).  The  word  passed  into  E.  in  a 
different  form — AS.  c6c,  E.  cook,  where 
the  6,  compared  with  HG.  and  Lat.  6,  is 
due  to  a  change  of  quantity  in  an  open 
syllable  (comp.  <Sd)itlc  and  .tfucfycn) ;  on 
the  other  hand,  the  6  of  the  HG.  word  is 
probably  derived  from  the  vb.  fodf)cn.  The 
earlier  Teut.  word  for  fedbcn  is  fieben ;  an 
OTeut.  word  for  'cook'  is  wanting. — 
Iiocrjeit,  '  to  cook,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kochen,  OHG.  chofthSn,  from  Lat. 
cnquere  (more  accurately  *coqudre  ?).  The 
HG.  word  could   not  remain  a  str.  vb., 


because  the  vowel  of  the  stem  differed 
from  the  analogy  of  verbs  of  that  class. 
In  Rom.  note  Fr.  cuire,  Ital.  cuocere.  Comp. 
also  Jfrtdjen. 

Jt8d)er-,  m.,  'quiver,'  from  MidHG. 
kocher,  OHG.  chohhar,  m..  'quiver,'  yet  also 
generally  'receptacle'  with  the  variants, 
MidHG.  kochmre,  OHG.  chohhdri,  MidHG. 
koger,  keger,  with  an  abnormal  g  apparently 
in  harmony  with  the  obscure  OIc.  kggurr 
('quiver'  ?),  preserved  only  in  kggursweinn, 
kggurbam  ;  OIc.  kggurr,  '  quilted  counter- 
pane, coverlet,'  is  an  entirely  different 
word,  and  is  connected  with  a  remarkable 
G.  form  ^cd)ct,  '  cover.'  AS.  cocur,  MidE. 
coker,  '  quiver '  ;  also  in  MidE.  and  E. 
quiver,  from  OFr.  cuivre,  which  is  again 
derived  from  the  Teut.  word  (Teut.  kokro-, 
whence  MidLat.  cucurum,  'quiver'). 

tSbobcv,  m.,  'bait.'  The  word,  on  ac- 
count of  its  very  varied  forms  and  senses, 
is  difficult  to  explain  etymologically,  per- 
haps several  words,  originally  different, 
have  been  combined  with  it ;  MidHG. 
boder,  koder,  keder,  korder^  kbrder,  kerder, 
querder,  m.,  'lure,  bait,  patch  of  cloth  or 
leather,'  OHG.  querdar  also  means  '  wick 
of  a  lamp' ;  in  ModHG.  it  signifies,  in  the 
various  dialects  and  at  different  periods, 
'double  chin,  slime,  rag,  leather  strap, 
bait.'  With  j?i?ber,  'double  chin,'  we  may 
perhaps  compare  E.  cud,  AS.  cudu,  cweodu, 
(Goth,  qijjus,  '  belly '  ?).  With  the  mean- 
ing '  bait,'  Goth,  qairrus  and  HG.  fine  may 
be  most  closely  connected,  because  querdar, 
as  the  oldest  HG.  form,  points  to  a  Goth. 
*qairj>ra- ;  witli  this  the  Gr.  compound 
di\eap  (5«X-  for  Sep-  may  be  d  ue  to  a  process 
of  differentiation,  since  a  G.  form  kerdel 
occurs;  and  8,  according  to  iEol.  /3X%>,  is 
perhaps  an  old  guttural,  root  ger)  may  be 
certainly  associated,  and  its  variant  5Ae- 
rpov,  which  more  nearly  corresponds  with 
the  G.  word ;  the  latter  form  is  usually 
approved,  since  it  combines  the  meanings 
of  'bait'  and  'torch'  (corresponding  to 
OHG.  querdar,  '  wick ') ;  in  either  case  E. 
cud  is  abnormal.  For  the  other  meanings 
of  the  G.  word  no  satisfactory  etymologies 
can  be  found. 

goffer,  m., '  trunk,'  Mc  dHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  cojfre. 

S\obl,  m..  '  cabbage,'  from  the  equiv. 
Mi  dHG.  and  OHG.  k6l,  in.,  with  the  vari- 
ants OHG.  chtili,  MidHG.  iaile,  koel,  m. 
(comp.  Aleui.  «/.#/,  led),  ns  well  as  OHG. 
chdlo,  chdlo,  m.,  MidHG.  k6le,  kSle,  HI,  and 


Koh 


(     1 86    ) 


Kon 


OHG.  (Mia,  f.  Adopted  with  the  South 
Europ.  culinary  art  and  horticulture  from 
Lat.  caulis,  ni.,  'cabbage' ;  E.  cole;  MidE. 
caul,  coul,  AS.  cdicl,  as  well  as  OIc.  kdl,  n., 
point  to  Lat.  caulis,  whence  also  Ital.  cavolo, 
Fr.  chou, '  cabbage,'  and  W.  cawl.  The  '  ap- 
parently vernacular'  Lat.  cSlis  would  have 
left  no  trace  in  the  history  of  language  if 
the  MidHG.  forms  kdle,  kdl,  with  a  short 
accented  syllable,  were  not  derived  from  it. 
Most  of  the  G.  varieties  of  fruits  and  vege- 
tables may  have  been  introduced  into  Ger- 
many with  the  art  of  cookery  in  the  6th 
or  7th  cent. ;  comp.  (Sppid),  fod)en,  $feffer, 
STOinje,  $gflaimtf,  and  Jiirjty. 

/tofjlc.  f.,  'coal, charcoal,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kole,  f.,  mostly  kole,  kol,  m.,  and 
kol,  n.,  OHG.  cholo,  m.,  chol,  n.  ;  comp.  AS. 
col,  n.,  E.  coal  (E.  colemouse,  see  under 
Jtoblmeife),  OIc.  h>l,  n.  plur.,  'coals.'  Akin 
to  the  derivs.  OIc.  kylna,  f.,  '  kiln,'  AS. 
cylne,  E.  kiln,  as  well  as  Swed.  kylla,  *  to 
heat.' 

«$oI)tmetfe,  f.,  '  coalmouse,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kdlemeise,  f.,  allied  to  JJoljle,  not  to 
^o^t ;  lit.  'titmouse  with  a  black  head' ; 
AS.  cdlmdse,  E.  colemouse  (a  corruption  of 
coalmouse,  just  as  the  Germans  instinc- 
tively connect  Jtofolmeife  with  Jtoljl). 

{^toljlrabi,  m.,  '  turnip-cabbage,'  from 
Ital.  cavoli  rape  (plur.);  comp.  Fr.  chou- 
rave,  Germanised  Jtcfylrubf.  For  further 
references  see  9h"ibe. 

^olbett,  m., '  club,'  from  MidHG.  kolbe, 
'mace,  club,  cudgel,'  OHG.  cholbo,  m.  ; 
lc.  k6lfr,  m.,  'javelin,  arrow,  bulb,'  with 
the  derivative  kylfi,  n.,  kylfa,  f.,  'club, 
cudgel.'  Goth.  *kulba-n-,  'stick  with  a 
thick  knob  at  the  end.'  From  its  meaning 
the  word  seems  to  be  related  to  the  cog- 
nates with  the  nasal  form  klumb,  discussed 
under  Jlliimpm ;  in  that  case  the  Aryan 
root  may  be  gl-bh,  and  the  word  compared 
with  Lat.  globus,  'round  mass'  (also '  clique,' 
comp.  E.  club). 

.ftoth,  m.,  '  deep  pool,'  LG.  ;  Du.  k >>lk, 
m.,  'eddy,  abyss,  hole.'  Comp.  Sans,  gdr- 
gara,  m.  ;  yet  according  to  Lat.  gurges, 
'  eddy,  whirlpool,  abyss,'  Tent,  r  and  not 
I  ought  to  correspond  to  Ind.  r. 

^toller  (1.),  n.  and  m., '  lady's  ruff,'  from 
MidHG.  koller,  kollier,  gollier,  goller,  n., 
'  neckcloth,'  derived  from  Fr.  collier  (Lat. 
collarium). 

poller  (2.),  m.,  'staggers,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kolre,  m., '  staggers,  frenzy,  silent  ra?e,' 
OHG.  cholera,  m. ;  derived,  like  a  number 


of  medical  tenns,mediately  from  Gr.  x<>X^>a, 
Lat.  cholera;  the  ch  has  also  in  Rom.  the 
value  of  a  &;  comp.  Ital.  collera,  Fr.  coUn>. 

golfer,  m.,  'coverlet,'  from  MidHG. 
kolter,  kulter,  m.,  f.,  and  n.,  '  quilted  coun- 
terpane,' from  OFr.  coultre  (comp.  Ital. 
coltra)  ;  for  fnrther  references  see  jtiffnt. 

ROmmett,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
komen,  OHG.  chueman,  '  to  come,'  a  com- 
mon Tent.  vb.  The  proper  form  of  the  ini- 
tial k  is  qu,  as  is  proved  by  ModHG.  bequtm, 
and  hence  OHG.  queman  is  the  base  ;  the 
w  of  an  initial  hw  is  frequently  suppressed 
in  HG.  (comp.  fecf  and  firr)  before  e  and  o 
(not  before  a).  Goth,  qiman,  AS.  cuman, 
E.  to  come,  OSax.  cuman,  OIc.  koma.  The 
prim.  Tent.  vb.  qemav,  '  to  come,'  thus  de- 
duced has  a  remoter  history  ;  it  is  identical 
with  the  Ind.  and  Zend  root  gam,  *  to  come,' 
and  allied  to  Lit  vSnio  for  *gvemio,  Gr.  §alvu> 
for  *pavjw  (for  *gvemiS) ;  comp.  beqitem  and 
.ftunji.  The  assumed  Aryan  root  is  gem. 
The  evolution  of  a  v  after  the  g  is  normal  ; 
comp.  Goth.  qi7)6  with  Gr.  7wi)  and  Ind. 
gna  (*gdnd),  '  woman' ;  Goth,  qina-,  Lat 
vivus  (Gr.  /3/oj,  subst),  Ind.  jivd  (see  ferf  ; 
comp.  the  similar  evolution  of  a  kv  akin 
to  Tent  hw  from  Aryan  k  under  iver  and 
wcld)er). 

<$tomf  XXV,  m.,  '  commander  of  an  order 
of  knighthood,'  from  MidHG.  hommentiur, 
komedAr,  m.,  from  OFr.  commendeor  (Lat 
commendator),  '  commander,  holder  of  an 
estate  belonging  to  a  priestly  order.' 

^Sttig,  in.,  'king,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kiinic,  kiinc  (g),  OHG.  chunig,  chuning; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  curling,  AS.  cyning 
(cyng,)  E.  king,  Du.  koning,  OIC.  konungr; 
a  common  Teut  term,  wanting  only  in 
Goth.  The  high  antiquity  of  the  term  is 
attested  by  its  being  borrowed  at  an  early 
period  by  Finn,  and  Esth.  as  kuningas, 
'  king,'  by  OSlov.  as  kunegii,kunezi, '  prince,' 
Lith.  as  kuningas,  'lord,  pastor'  (Lett. 
kungs,  '  lord ').  The  word  may  be  most 
probably  explained  by  connecting  it  with 
Goth,  kuni  (gen.  kunjis),  OHG.  chunni, 
MidHG.  kiinue,  AS.  cynn,  '  family.'  Re- 
garding -ing  as  a  patronymic  (AS.  Wdden- 
ing,  'son  of  Woden'),  the  meaning  would 
be  'a  man  of  family,'  i.e,  of  a  distinguished 
family,  'exnobilitate  ortus' (Tacitus,  Germ. 
vii.).  This  simple  and  satisfactory  explana- 
tion is  opposed  by  the  fact  that  in  OTeut 
kuni-  alone  means  '  king,'  which  has  been 
preserved  especially  in  compounds  such  as 
AS.  cyne-helm, '  king's  helmet,'  i.e. '  crown,' 


Kon 


(    187    ) 


Kop 


cynestdl,  'king's  seat,'  i.e.  'throne,'  cynerice, 
equiv.  to  OHG  chunirthhi,  '  kingdom,'  &c. ; 
the  simple  form  is  perhaps  found  only  in 
OIc.  poetry  as  ko»r  (z-stein),  '  man  of  noble 
birth,  relative  of  the  king.'  In  tracing  the 
evolution  in  meaning,  this  fact  can  no  more 
be  rejected  tlian  the  former ;  in  this  case 
too  JJotttg.  would  contain  the  essential  idea 
of  distinguished  birth,  but  perhaps  more 
accurately  '  the  son  of  a  nniu  of  distin- 
guished birth ' ;  com  p.  Fr.  and  E.  prince, 
signifying  both  $rin$  (male  member  of  the 
royal  family)  and  Surft  (a  sovereign  ruler, 
and  also  a  title  next  above  Count).  The 
etymological  connection  between  E.  king 
and  queen  must  be  discarded,  since  the 
latter  signified  '  woman'  generally  ;  yet  it 
is  of  some  value  in  illustrating  the  develop- 
ment of  meaning  in  the  word  JEotitg  ;  AS. 
cwin  is  espec.  '  the  noble  lady.' 

ftomtCtt,  pret.  pres,,  '  to  be  able,'  from 
MidHG.  kunnen,  OHG,  chunnan,  pret.  pres. 
(sing,  kan,  plur.  kunnum,  pret.  konsta), 
prop.  '  to  be  capable  intellectually,  know, 
be  acquainted  with,  understand,'  then  also 
'  to  be  able,  be  in  a  position  (to).'  AS. 
cunnan  (sing,  can),  pret.  pres.,  'to  be  ac- 
quainted with,  know,  be  able,'  E.  can; 
Goth,  kunnan  (sing,  kann,  plur.  kunnum), 

?ret.  pres.,  '  to  be  acquainted  with,  know.' 
n  the  earlier  periods  the  verbal  stem  fcitrten 
had  exclusively  an  intellectual  sense  in  con- 
trast to  that  of  mogett,  wrmogett.  Besides 
the  stem  kann-  preserved  in  the  vb.  kunnan 
(romp,  also  Goth,  kunnan,  '  to  recognise,' 
AS.  cunnian, '  to  explore,  attempt,'  see  also 
.Sunft,  funb,  and  fenncn),  there  exists  in  the 
OTeut.  languages  a  verbal  stem  which  may 
be  represented  in  Goth,  as  *kni.  *kn6  ;  AS. 
endwan,  '  to  recognise,  know,'  E.  to  know ; 
OHG.  irchndan,  bichndan,  '  to  recognise ' ; 
OHG.  urch  ndt,  f., '  perce]  >t  ion '  (Goth.  *kn$J>s, 
f.,  is  wanting)  ;  the  OHG.  nominal  vb. 
irchnuodilen, '  to  become  perceptible,'  points 
to  a  Goth.  *kn6J>la-,  '  knowledge.'  The 
three  Teut.  stems  kann,  knS,  kn6  occur  in 
the  non-Teut.  languages,  Gr.  and  Lat.  gn6 
.in  ytyvdxTKu  (l-yvw-v),  'to  recognise,'  yvGxris, 
'knowledge,'  Lat.  gno-sco,  n6-tus,  n6-tio ; 
OSlov.  znaja,  znati,  'to  recognise';  Olr. 
gndth,  'acquainted.'  Ind.  forms  a  pres. 
from  a  root  *jan,  the  pret.  from  a  root  jnd, 
idnami,  jajndu  (com p.  part,  jndtd),  '  to 
know';  the  Teut.  root  kann  from  gen-n 
appears  in  Lith.  zinau,  '  to  know,  recog- 
nise, perceive,'  pa-zintis, '  knowledge,'  Zend 
d-zainti, f., 'information,'OIr. ad-gSin,  perf., 


'cognovit.'  This  wide  ramification  of  the 
closely  allied  Aryan  root^ere,  gnS, '  to  recog- 
nise, know,'  is  generally  recognised,  but  its 
connection  with  the  root  gen, '  to  beget,  bring 
forth,' and  the  variants  gnd-,gn6-,  discussed 
under  Jltrtb,  Jtorttg,  and  ftmicn,  is  problema- 
tical. Both  seem  to  be  united  in  AS.  cen- 
nan,  '  to  bring  forth,'  and  '  to  generate,'  Gr. 
yvurds, '  related  by  blood,'  and '  discernible, 
known.'  The  distinction,  however,  be- 
tween the  physical  and  intellectual  senses 
of  the  word  must  have  been  made  previous 
to  the  division  of  languages,  since  it  exists 
in  all  the  Aryan  groups.     Comp.  h'jfut. 

<$opf,  m.,  'head,'  from  MidHG.  kopf, 
m.,  ♦drinking  vessel,  cup,  pint  measure, 
skull,  head' ;  OHG.  choph,  chuph,  m.,  'gob- 
let ' ;  AS.  cuppa,  E.  cup  ;  Scand.  koppr,  m., 
'  crockery  in  the  form  of  cups.'  This  class 
is  one  of  the  most  difficult  to  explain. 
£aupt,  E.  head,  is  certainly  the  real  Teut. 
and  earlier  term  for  Jtopf,  and  only  in  Mod 
HG.  has  the  latter  finally  supplanted  the 
former.  The  numerous  senses  of  the  cog- 
nates further  involves  us  in  doubt,  although 
analogies  may  be  adduced  in  favour  of  the 
evolution  of  the  notion  'head'  from  an 
earlier  meaning  ' cup ' ;  comp.  OIc.  k,lla», 
f.,  '  pot,'  kollr,  m.,  '  head ' ;  ModHG.  Jpirxis 
female;  Ital.  coppa,  'cup,'  and  Prov.  cobs, 
'skull';  Fr.  tite,  from  Lat.  testa;  Goth. 
hwalrni, '  skull,' allied  to  AS.  hwer, '  kettle/ 
Du.  hersen-pan,  'skull,'  MidE.  heme-,  brain- 
panne,  'skull,'  allied  to  ^famtf,  'pan'  ;  Du. 
hersen-becken,  'skull/allied  toSJecfott,  'basin.' 
Thus  in  fact  the  ordinary  assumption  might 
be  allowed  to  stand,  according  10  which  the 
entire  class  is  based  on  MidLat.  cuppa  (Ital. 
coppa), '  cup,'  Lat.  ctipa, '  cask.'  There  are, 
however,  cognate  terms  in  Teut  which 
induce  us  to  proceed,  not  from  Lat.  cApa, 
'  cask,'  but  from  a  prim.  Teut.  word  mean- 
ing '  point,  summit,'  AS.  and  MidE.  coppt 
'summit,  point,'  MidE.  also  'head,'  E.  cop 
(for  the  evolution  in  meaning  comp.  ©tebcl, 
allied  to  Gr.  Ke<pa\-fj,  dial.  2)ad>,  'roof,'  for 
Jtcpf) ;  OSax.  coppod,  'cristatus'  of  serpents, 
is  also  worthy  of  note.  The  Teut.  origin 
of  the  word  Jlopf  in  its  ModHG.  sense  is 
also  supported  l>y  the  fact  that  OHG.  chup- 
pha,  MidHG.  kupfe,  f.,  '  head-dress,'  evi- 
dently connected  with  Jtopf,  is  necessary  to 
explain  some  Rom.  cognates — Ital.  cuffia, 
Fr.  coiffe,  and  MidLat.  cofca,  are  derivi-d 
from  OHG.  chuppha.  Besides,  Lat.  cupa, 
cuppa,  as  a  fem.  is  not  well  adapted  in  form 
to  explain  the  Teut.  masc,  especially  since 


Kop 


(     188    ) 


Kas 


koppa-  (Goth.  *kuppa-  is  certainly  wanting) 
bad  already  too  wide  a  ramification  in  the 
OTeut  languages.  But  in  any  case,  it  is 
conceivable  that  the  assumed  genuine  Teur. 
word  was  confused  at  an  early  period  with 
a  MidLat.  and  Bom.  term,  and  thus  in- 
corporated a  number  of  foreign  meanings. 
Comp.  Jtuppe. 

^oppc,  see  JtiiWe. 

/toppct,  f.  and  n.,  'leash,' from  MidHG. 
koppel,  kopel,  kuppel,  f.  (m.  and  n.),  '  tie, 
connection,'  especially  'leash,'  then  collect. 
*  pack  of  hounds,'  also  '  band '  generally  ; 
from  Lat.  copula,  MidLat.  also  cupla  (the 
latter  also  *  couple  of  hounds  in  a  leasn '), 
whence  also  Fr.  couple,  E.  couple,  Du.  koppel, 
'couple,  multitude,  troop.' 

<$oraIle,  f., 'coral,'  from  MidHG.  koralle, 
m.,  formed  from  MidLat.  corallus,  Lat. 
corallium. 

Sxovb,  m.,  'basket,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  korp  (b\  OHG.  chorp,  korb  (gen.  korbes\ 
m. ;  comp.  Du.  korf,  m,, '  dosser.'  The  usual 
derivation  from  Lat.  corbis  is  opposed  by 
phonetic  considerations, and  also  by  the  fact 
that  nouns  equiv.  in  meaning  but  with 
differently  graded  forms  also  occur  $  accord- 
ing to  ModHG.  33rett  and  its  gradation 
S3  orb  (which  see),  MidHG.  kr'ebe,  m.,  *  bas- 
ket,' and  hence  further  ModHG.  Jtrippe 
may  also  be  connected  with  £orb  (comp. 
too  Modlc.  karfa,  f.,  and  korf,  f., '  basket'  (). 
It  is  not  impossible  that,  in  addition  to  an 
inherited  OTeut  word,  the  Lat.  term  was 
borrowed  at  a  later  period  ;  OHG.  churib, 
plur.  churbt,  points  perhaps  to  Lat.  corbis 
(E.  corb) ;  further  ModHG.  9fcff  (1)  seems 
to  l>e  an  old  cognate  of  Lat.  corbis. 

&orbe,  Jtdr&el,  f.,  'cord,  tow-line,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  Fr.  corde,  cordelle; 
comp.  Du.  koord,  f.,  and  the  equiv.  E.  cord, 
from  the  same  Bom.  source,  ultimately  de- 
rived from  Lat.  and  Gr.  chorda. 

<$itortanocr,  m.,  'coriander,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Lat.  coriandriim ;  in  MidHG. 
koliander,  kullander,  kollinder,  from  Mid 
Lat.  coliandrum.  Comp.  Du.  koriand<r 
and  E.  coriander. 

(istorinffjc,  f.,  '  currant,'  early  ModHG. 
only,  from  Fr.  corinthe. 

Aorh,  m.,  'cork,'  early  ModHG.  only, 
through  the  medium  of  Du.  (kork,  kurk,  n., 
'  corkwood,  cork,  stopper ')  and  LG.  com- 
merce, from  Span,  corcho,  '  corkwood,  stop- 
per,' whence  also  E.  cork  at  an  early  period. 
The  ultimate  source  is  Lat.  cortex,  '  bark.' 

<£torn,  n.,  'grain,  com,'  from  MidHG. 


korn,  OHG.  clwrn  (gen.  chorncs),  n.,  'corn ' 
(in  MidHG.  also  'grape-stone,  corn-field, 
corn-stalk').  Goth,  kaurn,  n.,  with  the. 
variant  kaurnd,  n. ;  OIc.  korn,  AS.  and  B. 
corn,  Du.  koren;  common  Teut  stem  korna-, 
meaning  'single  grain,'  then  also  'stone' 
and  '  fruit.'  For  the  meaning  'stone '  comp. 
OHG.  berikorn,  MidHG.  nln-,  trdben-korn, 
'stone  of  a  berry';  OHG.  korn-  and  ker- 
nayful  (AS.  cornceppel),  '  malum  punicum, 
calville,'  are  interchangeable  ;  for  the 
derivative  AS.  cyrnel,  E.  kernel,  see  under 
j?ern.  Thus  it  is  probable  that  there  exists 
a  close  connection  between  ^ern  and  ^or», 
their  phonetic  relation  being  similar  to 
that  between  33rett  and  93etb  ;  for  further 
examples  of  gradation  in  nouns,  see  under 
&cxb.  Another  graded  form  of  J?ern,  from 
pn-Teut  grn6-m,  is  furnished  by  Lat. 
grdnum,  'grain,  core' ;  see  .£>urbf,  equiv.  to 
Lat.  crates;  »o(l,  equiv.  to  Lat.  plinus,  Olr. 
Idn.  Grn6  is  exactly  the  same  as  OSlov. 
zriino,  n.,  'grain.' 

(ftorncllc,  f.,  'cornel-cherry,'  even  in 
OHG.  cornul,  cornul-baum,  from  MidLat. 
cornolium  (Fr.  cornouille,  Ital.  corniolo) ;  a 
derivative  of  Lat.  cornus,  f.,  'cornel-cherry' ; 
comp.  AS.  corntred,  E.  cornelian-tree. 

(^idrpcr,  m.,  '  body,  substance,  carcass,' 
in  the  MidHG.  period  (13th  cent.)  korper, 
Jcorpel,  Jcorper,  m.;  borrowed  from  Lat.  cor- 
pus, or  more  accurately  from  the  stem 
corpor-,  a  prim,  cognate  of  which  exists  in 
OTeut.  from  the  same  source  (Aryan  krp), 
OHG.  href,  AS.  hrif,  '  womb.'  &i$  (see 
Seicfntam)  is  the  OTeut.  word  for  ModHG. 
2eib  and  Jtcrper.  "  The  sacrament  of  the 
Ciiurch  and  the  elevation  of  the  Host,  ami 
perhaps  medical  art,  led  to  the  naturalisa- 
tion of  the  Lat.  word." 

fcofd)er,  feaufcfjcr,  adj.,  'pure,'  Med 
HG.  only,  from  Jew.  Chald.  kdscher,  'pure, 
according  to  prescription.' 

fcofcrt,  vb.,  '  to  chat,  caress,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kdsen,  OHG.  ch6s6n,  '  to  converse, 
talk.'  The  meaning  of  the  vb.  is  opposed 
to  any  connection  with  OHG.  cMsa,  '  law- 
suit,' and  Lat.  causa,  causari,  for  it  nowhere 
shows  an  indication  of  a  legal  origin  ;  Mod 
Fr.  causer,  '  to  chat,'  is  also  derived  from 
G.,  since  in  Lat.  causa,  Fr.  chose  origi- 
nated. As  a  native  word  fcfra  (Goth. 
*kaus6n)  is  of  uncertain  origin  ;  it  is  cer- 
tainly connected,  however,  with  AS.  cedst, 
MidE.  cheeste, '  argument,  dispute,'  Du.  keu- 
zelen,  '  to  caress.' 

^Offttf,  see  Jcct  (1). 


Kos 


(    ife    ) 


Kot 


.Sioft  (1.),  f.,  'cost,'  from  MidHG.  Jcoste 
hist,  f.  and  w., '  value,  price,  expense/  even 
in  OHG.  kosta,  f. ;  borrowed  in  the  OHG. 
period  from  MidLat.  costus,  m.,  costa,  £ 
(comp.  Ital.  costo,  m.,  Fr.  coM,  m.,  Span. 
costa,  f. ;  ultimate  source  Lat.  constare,  '  to 
come  to,  cost').  From  Rom.  are  derived 
MidE.  costen,  E.  to  cost,  whence  Scand. 
kosta,  '  to  cost.' 

$toft  (2.),  f.  (in  the  16th  cent,  also  m.), 
'board,'  from  MidHG.  koste,  kost,  f.,  'living, 
food,  victuals ' ;  comp.  Scand.  kostr,  in., 
'  victuals,  provisions.'  In  Scand.  as  in  the 
G.  word,  the  meanings  of  (1)  and  (2)  over- 
lap ;  at  all  events  (2)  is  a  later  develop- 
ment of  (1).  We  must  certainly  assume 
that  the  Scand.  loan-word  kostr,  '  expense,, 
victuals,'  was  confused  with  an  OTeut. 
word  which  would  be  most  closely  con- 
nected with  Goth,  kustus,  m.,  '  trial,  proof,' 
and  gakusts,  '  test' ;  OIc.  kostr,  m.,  'choice, 
condition,  circumstances.'  With  regard  to 
these  nouns  see  f  if  fen. 

fcoflen  (1.),  vb., '  to  cost,'  from  MidHG. 
koste»,  'to  come  to,  cost';  from  MidLat. 
and  Rom.  costare  (Lat.  constare) ;  Fr.  cotiierj 
see  Jtoft  (1)  and  (2) ;  E.  to  cost. 

hoftctt  (2.),  vb.,  'to  taste,'  from  Mid 
HG.  'to  scrutinise,  test  by  tasting' ;  OHG. 
and  OSax.  costdn,  AS.  costian  (wanting  in 
E.) ;  a  common  Teut.  vb.  meaning  'to  put 
to  the  test,  scrutinise,  try.'  Jtoften,  like  the 
Teut.  words  mentioned  under  Jtejt  (2\  is 
connected  with  fiefett,  and  is  identical  in 
form  with  Lat.  gustdrc,  'to  taste.'  Teut. 
kus,  pre-Teut.  gun,  is  the  root.  Comp. 
ftcfen. 

uofifptcltg,  adj.,  'expensive,'  first  used 
towards  the  end  of  the  18th  cent. ;  it  con- 
tains, however,  an  old  word  which  has 
elsewhere  disappeared,  and  even  in  this 
compound  has  been  corrupted  ;  MidHG. 
spildec,  'extravagant';  OHG.  spilden,  'to 
squander,  dissipate'  (from  OHG.  gaspilden, 
Fr.  gaspiller  is  derived).  Hence  *kost- 
spildig  is  probably  'squandering  money' ; 
spildig,  which  was  etymologically  obscure, 
Avas  corrupted  into  sfv»iciicj. 

<£tot  (1.),  Jtofe,  f.,  'cot';  prop,  a  LG. 
word;  LG.  kote,  kot,  Du.  kot,  'hut';  cor- 
responding to  AS.  cot,  n.,  and  cote,  f., '  hut ' ; 
from  the  former  E.  cot  is  derived  (E.  cot- 
tage is  the  same  word  with  a  Rom.  suffix  ; 
comp.  MidLat.  cotagium,  OFr.  cotage),  from 
the  latter  came  cote  in  dove-cote  and  sheep- 
cote;  comp.  Scand.  kot,  n.,  'small  farm.' 
Goth.  *knt,  n.,  or  *kut6,  f.,  is  wanting.    Tiie 


widely  ramified  class  is  genuinely  Teut., 
and  passed  into  Slov.  (OSlov.  kotki, '  cella ') 
and  Kelt  (Gael.  cot).  Rom.  words  have 
also  been  derived  from  it — ModFr.  cotte, 
cotillon,  Ital.  cotta,  all  of  which  denote 
some  article  of  dress,  though  this  sense 
does  not  belong  to  the  Teut  word  (E.  coat, 
at  all  events,  is  probably  derived  from 
Rom.).  The  Teut.  word  means  only  'apart- 
ment, hut,  room  of  a  house ' ;  gudo-  is  per- 
haps- the  pre-historic  form.: — ^totfaffe, 
also  by  assimilation  Jie3fafi>,.  Jtoffat,  JJotfe, 
'  person  settled  in  a  small  farm ' ;  also 
spelt  .Setter.. 

$ot  (2.),  m.,  'dirt,,  mire,,  dung,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG  k6t,  qudt,  kdt,  n.,  OHG. 
quut ;  Goth.  *qida-,  'dirt,'  is  wanting. 
Prop,  neut  adj.  ;  MidC  qudt,  ModDu. 
kwaad,  'wicked,  ugly,, rotten'  (MidE. cwid, 
'bud').  Unflat  and  llnrat  are  in  the  same 
way  veiled  terms  for  stercus.  In  its  pre- 
Teut..  form  guilho,  Jtot  might  be  related  by 
gradation  to  Ind.  g-Atha,  Zend  gtitha,  'dirt, 
excrementa,'  so  that  the  Teut.  subst.  may 
have  been  formed  from  the  adj.  even  in  pre- 
historic times  ;.  the  Sans,  and  Zend  word 
seems,  however^  to  be  connected  with  the 
Ind.  root  gu,  'caccare'  (OSlov.  govlno,  n., 
'dirt'). 

dtofe,  <i*6fe,  f.,  'pastern  joint,'  Mod 
II G.  only,  from  LG.  kote;  comp.  ModDu. 
koot,  Fris..  kate,.  f.,  'knuckle-bone.'  No 
other  cognates  are  found. 

Jtofer,  m.,  'cur,'  prop,  'farmer's  dog,' 
allied  to  LG.  kote,  'small  farm.'  See  &et 
(1). 

$toi <}<?,  f.,  'coarse  cloth,'  from  MidHG. 
kolze,  in.,  'coarse,  shaggy  woollen  stuff, 
cover  or  garment  made  of  it,'  OHG.  clwzzo, 
m.,  chozza,  f. ;  comp.  OSax.  cot  (tt),  '  wool- 
len cloak,  coat';  a  specifically  G.  word, 
wanting  in  Goth.,  Scand.,  and  E.  The 
Rom.  words  mentioned  under  Jtot  (1) — 
Fr.  cotte,  'petticoat,'  Ital.  cotta — seem  to 
have  been  borrowed  from  G.,  since  in 
OHG.  other  words  belong  to  the  same 
class,  OHG.  wnibtchuzzi,  'upper  garment,' 
nmlil-hvzzeii,  vb.,  'amieire.'  On  the  as- 
sumption that  Jiofce  is  a  genuine  Teut. 
word,  some  have  connected  it  with  Gr. 
pevdot  (from  the  root  gud),  '  woman's  dress.' 
MidE.  cote,  E.  coat  are  certainly  of  Rom. 
origin,  OFr.  cote,  MidLat  cotta.  Comp. 
Statu. 

<$St8f,V?,  f->  '  basket,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  katze;  of  obscure  origin;  comp. 
.Uifjc. 


Kot 


(    190    ) 


Kra 


hof^Cit,  vb.,  '  to  vomit,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.  ;  of  uncertain  derivation. 

JkxCibbc,  f.,  'crab,'  borrowed,  like  most 
words  with  medial  bb,  from  LG. ;  cotup. 
MidLG.  krabbe,  Du.  krab,  AS.  crabba,  E.  crab, 
Scand.  krabbi;  the  strictly  HG.,  i.e.  permu- 
tated,  form  JtrupV?,  appears  in  the  16th  cent., 
yet  the  word  was  native  only  to  the  maritime 
Teutons,  J?reb$  is  from  a  cognate  stein, 
butGr.  /cdpa/3os,  Lat.  carabus,  'sea-crab,'  are 
neither  prim,  allied,  nor  are  they  the  forms 
from  which  the  Teut.  words  were  borrowed. 
Fr.crabe,  'crabfish,'is  most  closely  connected 
with  the  Teut.  and  with  the  Lat.  word. 

hmbbeln,  vb., '  to  crawl,'  with  LG.  per- 
mutation, in  contrast  to  MidHG.  krap- 
peln,  of  which  the  variant  krabelen  occurs, 
whence  also  earlier  ModHG.  frabcttt.  The 
form  with  a  double  labial  may  be  due  to 
its  being  popularly  connected  with  Jtvabfce 
(Jtrappe),  for  in  Scand.  also  a  simple  form 
is  found  without  this  double  labial,  Scand. 
krafla,  '  to  scratch  with  the  nails,'  and 
krafsa, '  to  shuffle  with  the  feet.'  E.  grabble, 
grapple,  grab  are  connected  with  LG.  and 
Du.  grabbeln. 

kvcid)e%\,  vb.,  '  to  crack,  crash,  break,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  krachen,  OHG. 
chrahhdn;  comp.  Du.  kraken, '  to  crack  (nuts, 
&c),  burst,  crack,  crackle,'  AS.  cracian,  E. 
to  crack;  Goth.  *lcrak6n  is  wanting.  AS. 
cearcian,  '  to  crack '  (Goth.  *kark6n),  is 
worthy  of  note  ;  comp.  respecting  the  ap- 
parent transposition  of  the  r,  93rett  and 
Sorb,  fragen  and  fovfd)eu.  Teut.  root  krk 
from  grg ;  comp.  Sans,  grg,  garj,  '  to  rustie, 
crackle.' — jHrctd),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  krach,  OHG.  chrah,  '  crack,  crash.' 

Iu'ttcf)}cn,  vb.,  '  to  croak,'  ModHG. 
only,  a  deriv.  of  fradjett ;  in  MidHG.  kroch- 
zen,  OHG.  chrocchezan,  '  to  croak,'  which 
is  related  by  gradation  to  the  stem  of 
fradjen.  From  AS.  cracian,  cracettun  was 
formed,  like  ModHG.  ftad^en,  from  frad)en. 

itrachc,  f.,  '  sorry  nag,'  ModHG.  only, 
of  obscure  origin.  Perhaps  akin  to  Du. 
kraak,  Fr.  cai-aque,  'clumsily  built  mer- 
chant ship'?. 

^rctft,  f.,  'strength,'  from  MidHG. 
kraft,  OHG.  chraft,  f.,  'strength,  power, 
force  of  an  army,  multitude,  abundance' ; 
comp.  OSax.  craft,  m.  and  f.,  Du.  kracht ; 
AS.  craft,  m.,  with  the  HG.  meanings, 
also  '  mental  capacity,  art,  science,'  hence 
E.  craft  (the  corresponding  crafty  shows 
prominently  the  last  specialisation  of 
meaning  within  the  mental  sphere)  ;  OIc. 


kraptr,  m.,  '  strength.'  Modlc.  krafr, 
'strong,'  exhibits  the  stem  without  the 
dental  suffix  ;  yet  Olc.  krefja,  '  to  beg,  de- 
mand, challenge,'  as  well  as  AS.  erafian, 
E.  to  crave,  seems,  on.  account  of  its  mean- 
ing, not  to  be  connected  with  the  subst. 
No  certain  cognates  are  found  in  the  non- 
Tent,  languages. 

hraff,  prep.,  'in  virtue  of,'  prop.  dat. 
sing,  of  the  preceding  word,  originally 
combined  with  the  preps.  au$  or  in.  Mid 
HG.  kraft,  with  the  gen.  of  a  noun,  is  often 
simply  a  pleonasm  for  the  noun  itself — 
hdher  wunne  kraft  for  h&hiu  wunne,  '  gre;\t 
bliss'  ;  #3  zonies  kraft,  'in  anger.' 

^ragen,  iu.,  'collar,'  from  MidHG. 
krage,  in.,  'neck'  (of  men  and  animals),  also 
'nape,'  then  further, 'article  worn  round 
the  neck,  collar ' ;  wanting  in  OHG.,  OSax., 
AS.,  and  OIc.  MidE.  crawe,  E.  craw, 
'crop'  (of  birds),  point  to  AS.  *craga; 
E.  variant  crag,  'neck,  nape,'  dial,  also 
'crop';  Modlc.  kragi,  m.,  'collar,'  is  of 
G.  origin.  Goth,  kraga,  m.,  '  neck,  throat,' 
is  wanting.  Further  references  are  un- 
certain ;  Gr.  /3/>67x<«,  '  windpipe,'  may  be 
allied,  since  its  initial  p  may  represent  g 
(grogho-,  grongho-) ;  comp.  also  ppoxOos, 
'gullet,  throat.'  MidHG.  krage  is  also 
u>ed  personally  as  an  abusive  term, '  fool ' ; 
hence  ModHG.  ©et jfragen, '  niggard.' 

fSfrr&fye,  f.,  '  crow,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  knee  (rare),  f.  (usually  krd  and  krdwe, 
f.),  OHG.  chrdia,  chrdwa,  and  chrd,  f.  ; 
comp.  Du.  kraai,  OSax.  krdia,t,  AS.  crdwe, 
f.,  E.  crow ;  a  West  Teut.  word  allied  to 
ftatjen,  which  was  orig.  a  str.  vb.  The 
Scand.  term  krdka,  f.,  'crow,'  cannot  be 
immediately  connected  with  the  cognates 
adduced  ;  it  is  only  very  remotely  allied. 

l\tiit)cn,  vb.,  '  to  crow,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  krtien,  krtejen  (pret.  krdte),  OHG. 
chrden,  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  crdwan 
(pret.  cre6w),  E.  to  crow,  and  the  equiv. 
Du.  kraaijen;  a  specifically  West  Teut 
vb.,  in  Goth,  hrdkjan.  That  it  was  not 
orig.  used  of  the  cock  alone  is  attested  by 
the  etymology  of  Jtrdljf,  and  also  by  the 
compounds,  OHG.  hanachrdt,  OSax.  hano- 
crdd,  AS.  hancrid,  'cock-crow,  crowing.' 
The  Teut.  stem,  kri-,  krSw  may  be  con- 
nected with  OSlov.  graja,  grajati, '  to  croak,' 
and  Lith.  gr6ju,  gr6ti,  '  to  croak.' 

(^iral)tt,  in.,  'crane'  (machine),  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  and  Du.  ; 
prop,  identical  with  Jhunidj,  of  which  it  is 
a  shorter  form ;  see  Anmid}.     Gr.  yipavos 


Kra 


(    191    ) 


Kra 


also  means  '  crane ' ;  comp.  too  Lat.  aries, 
HG.  SSocf,  as  well  as  Lat.  grus,  as  terms  for 
machines. 

^VCtkeel,  m.,  '  uproar,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
comp.  I)u.  krakeel;  of  obscure  origin. 

&X<xlie,  f.,  'claw,  talon,  clutch,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  wanting  in  the  earlier  periods. 
Allied  to  Gr.  ypda>,  '  to  gnaw,'  Sans,  root 
gras,  'to  devour'?.  MidHG.  krellen,  'to 
scratch'  (Goth.  *krazljan  ?),  is  more  closely 
connected. 

($*ram,  m., '  retail  trade,'  from  MidHG. 
krdm,  m.,  prop. '  stretched  cloth,  marquee,' 
espec.  'covering  of  a  stall,' then  the  'stall' 
itself  (also  called  krdme,  f.),  '  trade  wares' ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  kraam,  f.,  '  retail 
shop,  wares,'  then,  strangely  enough, 
'  child-bed,'  which  must  have  originated 
in  the  meaning  'stretched  cloth,'  as  the 
coveringfor  the  bed.  A  specifically  G.  word 
introduced  into  the  North  by  commerce 
(Ic.  kram,  n.,  'wares,'  Lith.  kromas).  '  Tent- 
cloth  '  may  have  been  the  prim,  meaning  of 
Goth.  *krema-. 

^vammcisvoQel,  m.,  '  fieldfare,'  fiom 
MidHG. kramat{s)vogel,  Jcrambitvogel,  krane- 
witvogel,  m.,  'fieldfare,'  prop,  'juniper 
bird.'  The  juniper  in  MidHG.  is  krane- 
wite,  kranwit  (kramwit,  kramat),  OHG. 
chranawitu  (prop.  '  crane-wood '),  from 
krana-,  '  crane,'  mentioned  under  Jhafui 
and  Jttanid),  and  OHG.  witu,  'wood'  (note 
the  similarity  in  the  E.  word)  ;  comp.  E. 
craneberri/,  cranberry,  from  crane. 

gkvampe,  f.,  '  staple,  cramp,'  from  LG., 
since  we  should  have  expected  ;>/  in  HG.  : 
comp.  Du.  kram  for  kramp,  '  hook,  clamp,' 
E.  cramp,  also  cramp-irons  ;  OHG.  chrampf, 
'  hook.'  From  the  Tent,  cognates,  which 
are  based  on  the  adj.  *krampa-,  discussed 
under  Jlrampf,  Fr.  crampon,  'cramp,'  is  de- 
rived ;  see  the  next  word. 

gbt&mpc,  f.,  '  brim  of  a  hat,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  krempe,  allied  to  the  OHG. 
adj.  chrampf.  '  curved '  (OIc.  krappr, '  close, 
narrow ') ;  OHG.  chrampf,  quoted  under 
^rampc,  combines  the  meanings  'hook' 
and  '  border,  brim.' 

S\\  d  mpci,  f., '  carding-comb,'  borrowed 
from  LG.,  but  it  occurs  even  in  the  Mid 
HG.  period  ;  dimin.  of  jjrampe,  'hook.' 

<$lrampf,  m.,  '  cramp,  spasm,  convul- 
sion,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
kramp f  (OHG.  also  chrampf 0)  ;  comp. 
OSax.  cramp,  Du.  kramp,  f.,  E.  cramp ;  the 
common  West  Teut.  term  for  'cramp' ;  orig. 
an  adjectival  subst.  from  OHG.  chrampf, 


'curved,'  OIc.  krappr  (normal  for  *krampr), 
'narrow,  pressed  close.'  The  Teut.  stem 
krampa-  has  numerous  cognates  in  G.  ;  be- 
sides the  LG.  loan-words  hampe,  krampe, 
krampel,  we  may  mention  OHG.  chrampf, 
'  hook,  border,'  chrimpfan,  MidHG.  krimp- 
fen,  '  to  contract  in  a  crooked  or  spasmodic 
fashion,'  MidHG.  krimpf,  adj.,  'crooked' 
masc.  subst.  'cramp'  ;  ModHG.  frit  mm  is 
also  allied,  as  is  indicated  by  its  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  variant  krumpf,  '  bent,  twisted.' 
Comp.  ftumm,  and  OHG.  chrimpfan,  Mid 
HG.  krimpfen,  'to  be  convulsed,'  ModDu. 
krimpen,  '  to  draw  in,  shrivel,'  MidE. 
crimpil,  '  wrinkle,'  crumbe,  'hook,'  crumpe, 
'  crump,-'  E.  to  crimpie,  'to  contract,' &c.  ; 
OIc.  krappr,  '  narrow,'  and  its  nominal  vb. 
kreppa,  '  to  compress.'  Comp.  .Rruppcl  and 
ittayfen. 

Slranid),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kranech  (krenich),  m.,  OHG.  chranu'; 
chranih  (hh),  m.,  '  crane '  (bird)  ;  also  with- 
out the  guttural  suffix,  MidHG.  krane, 
which  agrees  with  the  MidG.,  LG.,  and  E. 
forms  (Du.  kraan,  f.,  'crane' — bird,  and 
then  machine  ;  AS.  cran  and  cornuc,  E. 
crane  in  both  senses).  In  the  Scand.  lan- 
guages, OIc.  trane,  m.,  f  crane,'  seems  to  be 
connected  with  thess  Ti.e  suffix  ch  in 
ModHG.  is  Goth,  k  in  ahaks,  'pigeon,' 
AS.  hafoc,  '£abid);t'  (hawk).  The  corre- 
sponding words  for  'crane'  in  the  other 
West  Aryan  languages  (prim,  form  ger-w) 
are  the  most  closely  allied — Gr.  ytpavor, 
Kelt,  and  W.  garan;  also  OSlov.  zeravl, 
Lith.  gerwe,  f.,  Lat.  grus  (gen.  gru-is),  cor- 
responds to  OHG.  chreia,  '  crane.'  The 
derivation  of  Gr.  yipavos,  from  yepao-Kco, 
root  ger,  '  to  grow  old,'  as  if  the  crane  were 
remarkable  for  its  gi-eat  age,  is  open  to 
objection.  Further,  the  crane  is  one  of  the 
few  names  of  birds  (see  2)rojfcl)  in  which 
several  Aryan  stems  coincide.  Comp.  also 
.Uvalm  and  Jtrammetgiie^cf. 

Itrcmlt,  adj.,  'sick,  ill,'  from  MidHG. 
kranc  (k),  adj.,  '  narrow,  slender,  slight, 
powerless,  weak,  null'  (in  OHG.  not  yet 
found).  The  earliest  references  are  in  the 
first  half  of  the  12th  cent.,  therefore  franf 
is  most  frequently  regarded  as  a  LG.  loan- 
word ;  but  the  late  appearance  of  the  word 
cannot  be  accepted  as  a  proof  of  its  having 
been  borrowed,  since  this  is  not  supported 
by  its  form,  which  may  be  derived  from 
an  OTeut  source  ;  comp.  OHG.  chrancho- 
l/in,  '  to  grow  weak,  stumble ' ;  AS.  crane, 
'feeble,  infirm,'  also  occurs  rarely.     For 


Kra 


192 


Kra 


the  further  history  of  the  word  we  must 
at  all  events  proceed  from  the  latter  mean- 
ing (ftfd)  is  the  OTeut.  adj.  for  'sick'); 
Scand.  krankr,  'sick,'  is  borrowed  from  G. 
(*krakkr  musthavebeen  the  native  form) ;  a 
genuine  Scand.  krangr, '  feeble,'  also  occurs. 
The  common  West  Teut.  adj.  kranJca-  is 
connected  with  AS.  cringan,  lit. '  to  writhe 
like  one  mortally  wounded,  fall  in  fight, 
fall  with  a  crash '  (thus  closely  allied  in 
meaning  to  AS.  crane,  'infirm, tottering').. 
With  the  same  root  kring,  krink,  are  con- 
nected ModHG.  .Kring,  'circular  pad  for 
the  head,'  E.  crank,  to  crankle,  crinkle. — 
hrunhett,  tto  make  ill,'  from  MidHG. 
krenken,  '  to  torment,  grieve,'  prop.  Ho 
lessen,  humiliate.' 

/;ran],  m.,  twreath,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  late  OHG.  kranz,m.  ;  a  speci- 
fically HG.  word,,  which  in  this  form  has 
passed  within  historic  times  into  other 
Teut  languages  (Ic.  krans,  Du.  krans).. 
Perhaps  allied  to  Sans,  granth,  cto  tie  (a 
knot),  bind,'  granthis,  m.,  '  knot,'  or  even 
with  Lith.  grandis,  m.,  'bracelet,  tyre  of  a 
wheel'  (Lett,  gr.iidi,  'wood  for  framing,' 
from  the  base  *gr.andai). 

dtrftppel,  j^rcipfel,  dimin..  of  jlra^fen. 

^trapfen  (l.),  Jtrappe,  m.,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  krdpfe  (MidG.  krdpe),  m.,. 
'  a  kind  of  pastry,  fritter' ;  OHG.  chrdpfo, 
m.,  orig.  identical  with  the  following  word  ^ 
so  called  from  the  hooked  form  of  the 
pastry. 

jArctpfett-  (2.),  m.,  '  cramp,,  hook,  dung- 
fork,'  from  MidHG.  krdpfe,  krdpe,  m., 
1  liook,  cramp,'  OHG.  chrdpfo,  '  hook,'  also 
'claw,  talon';  the  Goth,  t'onn  Vcreppa  is 
wanting,  nor  is  the  word  found  in  the 
other  Teut.  languages ;  before  the  HG. 
permutation  of  consonants  it  passed  in 
the  form  grappo,  grapo  into  Rom.  (Ital. 
grappa,  'cramp,  talon,'  Yr.grappin,  'grnp- 
nel').  Comp.  further  E.  craple,  'claw, 
talon.'  It  is  doubtful  whether  OHG. 
chrdcho  (Goth,  krekka),  m.,  '  hooked  in- 
strument,' and  Scand.  kraki,  m.,  'stake,' 
are  allied.  The  stem  of  jhafefeu  appears 
in  a  nasal  form  in  OHG.  chrampf, '  curved,' 
and  OHG.  chrampfa,  chrampho,  m.,  ^iron 
hook' (comp.  Fr.  crampon,  'cramp,  bor- 
rowed from  OHG.).  Consequently  Jhapfen 
is  connected  with  Jfruntpf. 

Strata  (1.),  f.,  'dosser,'  from  MidHG. 
krezze,  also  kratte,  m.,  'basket';  OHG 
chrezzo  and  chratto,  m.,  '  basket'  Perhaps 
the  word  is  allied,  on  account  of  the  Mid- 


HG. variant  krenze,  with  Am*).  On  the 
other  hand,  OHG.  chratto  and  MidHU. 
kratte  suggest  AS.  cradol,  E.  cradle,  and 
also  Du.  brat,  AS.  crat,  E.  cart  (orig.  'cart- 
basket'?),  E.  crate.  With  Gr.  K&praWot, 
'basket,'  these  cognates  cannot  be  con- 
nected. 

^nif3C  (2.),  f.,  'itch,'  from  MidlKi. 
kretz,  kratzr  allied  to  fra^ctt. 

Uraf  ,v?n,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kratzen,  kretznn,  OHG.  chmzzon, '  to  scratch ' 
(allied  to  Scand.  krota,  '  to  dig  in,'  Goth. 
gakrut&n,  '  to  grind ')  ;  previous  to  the 
HG.  permutation  of  consonants  *krat- 
ton,  whence  Ital.  grattare,  Fr.  gratter,  '  to 
scratch.'     Comp.  frtjjflu. 

kraiten,  vb.,  cto  tickle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  krouwen,  OHG.  chrouwdn,  math 
wen;  (Jroth..*krauj6n,  or  rather  *kraggic6n, 
and  otlier  correspondences  are  wanting. 
With  this  vb.  is  connected  OHG.  chrouwil, 
MidHG.  krduwel,  m.,  Hhree-pronged  fork, 
talon,  claw,'  to  which  Swiss  and  ModHG. 
Jtrauel,  'fork  with  hooked  prongs' ;  comp. 
Du.  kraauwel,  m,  'pitchfork,  fork,  claw, 
finger-nail,'  allied  to  kraauwen, '  to  scratch.' 
Connected  with  jfrume. 

hraus,  adj.,  'frizzled,'  from  MidHG. 
bits,  'curled,  frizzled';  unknown  to  all 
the  OTeut.  languages  ;  retained  in  Mid 
Du.  kruis,  ModDu.  hoes,  'dishevelled,  en- 
tangled,, frizzled,  stubborn';  MidE.  crus, 
'•frizzled,  angrj\'  The  genuine  Teut.  ori- 
gin and  great  antiquity  of  frattS  are  certi- 
fied by  the  equiv.  parallel  cognates,  Mid 
HG.  krol  (ll),,1  curly,  lock  of  hair,'  Du.  krul, 
'  lock,'  krullig, '  frizzled^curly,'  MidE. '  crul, 
'curly.'    Comp.  Jfcoffc, 

fSkraufe,  f.,  'pitcher  with  a  lid,'  from 
MidHG.  krAse,  f.,  'pitcher,  earthenware 
drinking  vessel';  OHG.  *chrAsa,  f. ;  Mid 
Du.  kruise,.  AS.  *crdse,  MidE.  cr&se,  E. 
cruse;  Scand.  kr&s,  'pitcher  with  a  lid.' 
It  is  not  immediately  connected  with  HG. 
jjtitg.  That  the  word  is  of  foreign  origin 
seems  certain,  yet  the  ultimate  source  can- 
not be  Gr.  Kpwaafc,  'pitcher.'  See  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

^traufcl,  m.,  'top,'  with  the  more 
frequent  variant  jfoiffl,  a  corrupt  form 
which  arose  from  connecting  Jhuufd  with 
the  circular  (freitffiknng)  movement  of  a 
top  ;  MidHG.  *kriusel,  .MidG.  kr&sel,  m., 
'top,'  a  dimin.  of  Jhaitfe,  hence  lit.  'small 
pitcher.'  Comp.  the  UpG.  term  Sxpf  for 
'  top.' 

^trauf ,  n.,  'herb,  vegetable,  weed,'  from 


Kre 


(    i93   ) 


Kre 


MidHG.  krat,  n.,  'small  foliated  plant, 
herb,  vegetable,'  espec.  'cabbage,'  OHG. 
hrftt,  OSax.  crUd;  Du.  kruid,  n.,.  'herb, 
spice,  gunpowder'  (the  last  meaning  is  also 
found  in  MidHG.  from  the  14th  cent.) ; 
MidE.  crAdewain  (Du.  Icruidwageri),  'am- 
munition waggon,'  seems  to  have  been  bor- 
rowed. Goth.  *kr4/}  (gen.  *krAdis),  a.,  might 
be  taken  for  krdi-da-,  with  the  suffix  dos- 
from  t6  (Aryan  gr&-t6-).  Gr.  ypfrrv,  '  lum- 
ber, trash,'  does  not  agree  in  meaning. 
Perhaps  the  word  should  be  connected 
rather  with  the  Gr.  root  /3/>i/-  for  gru; 
comp.  fSpvw,  'to  swell,'  ttifipvov,  ^embryo,,' 
fipijov,  '  moss.'  From  G.  is  derived  Fr. 
choucroute,  m.,  'pickled  cabbage.' 

^trcbs,  m.,  'crayfish,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  krebeyy.  krebe$,  OHG.  chrebi^, 
chreba^o,  m. ;  comp.  Du.  kreeft,  m.,  '  cray- 
fish ' ;  allied  to  LG.  JTrabbe.  The  G.  word 
passed  at  an  early  period  into  Rom. 
(comp.  Fr.  e'crevisse,  'crayfish,,'  and  crevette, 
'shrimp').  It  is  not  connected  with  Gr. 
Kd/)a/3os,  but  rather  with  OHG.  chrdpfo, 
'hook' ;  JtreftS,  lit.  'hooked  or  claw  fish'  ?. 
See  .f  ratfm  (2). 

givoibe,  f., '  chalk,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid. 
HG.  kride,  late  OHG.  krida,  f.  ;  ultimate 
source  Lat.  creta,  f.,  '  Cretan  earth.'  The 
change  from  Lat.  $  to  HG.  t  cannot  be  ex- 
plained by  the  ModGr.  pronunciation  of 
Crete  (comp.  MidHG.  Kride,  Scand.  Krlt, 
'Crete'),  since  there  are  other  instances 
in  which  Lat.  4  appears  in  HG.  loan-words,, 
as  t ;  comp.  $cter,  and  espec.  <Seibf..  Be- 
sides, the  word  crita,  '  Cretan  earth,'  is 
unknown  to  Gr.  The  more  precise  his- 
tory of  the  adoption  of  HG.  krida  is  ob- 
scure (the  corresponding  words  in  Rom. 
are  Ital.  creta  and  Fr.  craie). 

egrets,  m.,  'circle,  orbit,  sphere/  from 
MidHG.  krei$,  m.,  *  circumference,  circuit, 
division  of  a  country  district ' ;  OHG„ 
chrei$,  pointing  to  Goth.  *kraits,  and  D. 
krijt  to.  Goth.  *kreits.  Comp.  MidHG. 
kriyn  (MidG.),  'to  make  a  circle.'  The 
won!  cannot  be  traced  beyond  G. ;  it  is  not 
allied  to  jfrunj  and  Jlring.     Comp.  frifceln. 

ftretfdjcn,  vb.,  'to  shriek,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kr ischen,  l to  screech,  shriek';  OHG. 
*c/iriskan  and  Goth.  *kreiskan  are  wanting. 
MidHG. krtyn,  'to shriek' (Goth* kreitan), 
points  to  the  fact  that  a  dental  (Goth,  t) 
has  been  lost  before  the  suffix  sk  of  fveifcr/ctt, 
just  as  a  guttural  has  been  dropped  in 
ferfdjcn,  OHG.  forslctin.  Comp.  Du.  kmjschcn, 
'  to  shriek,  yell.'    Comp.  frcifett. 


<Skve\fel,  see  Jtrdufel. 

fereifcn,  fcrd&en,  vb.,  'to  be  in  labour,' 
from  MidHG.  kri%en,  'to  screech,  shriek, 
groan ' ;  comp.  Du.  krijten,  '  to  shriek, 
shout.'  For  further  cognates  see  freifdjcn  ; 
akin  also  to  MidHG.  krtsten,  earlier  Mod 
HG.  freijlen,  'to  groan.' 

Slteppel,  see  drawer. 

^treffe  (1.),  f.,  'cress,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kresse,  OHG.  chresso,  m.,  chressa, 
f. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  hers,  kors,  f.,  AS. 
cwrse,.  f.,  E.  cress.  This  word,  which  is 
probably  peculiar  to  West  Teut.,  found 
its  way  to  the  North — Dan.  karse,  Swed. 
krasse,  Lett,  kresse  ;  it  was  also  adopted  by 
the  Rom.  languages — Fr.  cresson,  Ital.  cres- 
cione.  The  assumption  that  the  Rom. 
words  contain  the  orig.  form  is  opposed 
by  the  early  appearance  of  the  term  in  the 
old  "West  Teut.  languages.  It  is  true  that 
no  plausible  explanation  of  OHG.  chresso 
(Goth.  *krasja  1)  has  been  put  forward ; 
OHG.  chresan,  MidHG.  kr'esen,  krisen,  'to 
crawl,'  seems  unrelated. 

£\,ve  flfe  (2.),  f.,  'gudgeon,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kresse,  OHG.  chresso,  m.  Different 
from  .fireffe  (1).  The  fish  is  thus  named 
only  in  G.,  and  hence  the  term  is  not 
diiFused  in  West  Teut.  like  the  preceding 
word. 

$ivetfd)vm,  &vetfd)atn,  m.,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  kretschem,  kretscheme,  ni., 
L  village  tavern,'  a  Slav,  loan-word ;  Bohem. 
krtma,  Wend,  korcma,  Pol.  karczma,  'tavern.' 

£kvetx&,  n.,  'cross,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kriuz,  kriuze,  n.,  OHG.  chrdzi,  n.;  from 
Lat.  cruci-  (dat.  cruci,  ace.  crucem),  with 
change  of  vowel  quantity  in  the  stem  as  in 
?etev,8iitf,and8tfce,andalsoofgender(comp. 
9lbt,Drben,  and  ^ed>).  The  change  of  medial 
c  in  the  Lat  word  to  HG.  tz,  though  in 
another  group  of  (older)  loan-words  Lat.  c, 
even  before  open  vowels,  appears  as  k  inHG. 
and  Tent,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  words  like 
Jteftcr  and  Jtaifer  were  introduced  into  Ger- 
many at  a  far  earlier  period  than  J?rcuj, 
which  was  adopted  with  Christianity  in  the 
8th  and  9th  cents.  The  Goths  used  Teut 
©atgett  (Goth,  galga),  the  English  of  the 
earliest  period,  rood(comp.  9hitc).  The  loan- 
word is  now  found  in  all  the  Mod.  Teut. 
languages — Ic.  kross,  Swed.  and  Dan.  kors, 
Du.  kruis,  E.  cross. 

$iveit$ev,  m.,  'kreutzer'  (about  $d.), 
from  MidHG.  kriuzer,  kriuzcere,  m.,  a 
small  coin,  orig.  marked  with  a  cross  (Mid 
HG.  kriuze), '  kreutzer.' 

N 


Kri 


(    i94    > 


Kri 


hribbeln,  vb.,  'to  crawl,  tickle,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  MidHG.  kribeln  (MidG.),  'to 
tickle';  a  recent  formation;  comp.  Mod 
Du.  kribeln,  'to  itch,  prick,'  hibbelen,  'to 
grumble,  wrangle.' 

^mbshrabs,  <$mbbelnrabbel.  in., 
ModHG.,  an  onomatopoetic  term  for  '  utter 
confusion';  comp.  ModDu.  kribbelen,  'to 
scrawl '  1. 

<£tricd)C,  f.,  'early  sloe,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.,  f.,  '  early  sloe-tree,'  OHG.  chrieh- 
boum ;  comp.  Du.  kriek,  f.,  '  wild  cherry.' 
Phonetically  it  might  be  derived  from 
OHG.  Chriah,  MidHG.  Kriech,  '  a  Greek,' 
if  *grceca  could  be  found  in  Mid  Lat.  de- 
noting the  tree  and  the  fruit.  The  word 
must  have  been  introduced  from  Italy,  on 
account  of  the  Lat.  term  (comp.  Jttrfdje), 
for  it  is  inconceivable  that  the  Germans,  of 
their  own  accord,  and  without  foreign  prece- 
dent, should  have  termed  the  fruit '  Greek ' 
because  it  was  imported,  as  we  assume  for 
the  moment,  from  Greece.  At  all  events, 
the  name  has  not  yet  been  explained  (comp. 
further  the  Fr.  loan-word  creque). 

lmccb,en,  vb., '  to  crawl,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kriechen,  OHG.  chriohhan,  str. 
vb.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  kriupan,  Du. 
h-uipen,  AS.  creopan,  E.  to  creep,  OIc. 
krjdpa.  The  relation  of  the  HG.  form 
with  ch  from  k  to  the  remaining  Teut. 
languages  with  p  has  well-authenticated 
analogies  ;  see  Jlufe  (1),  tocrfeu,  and  <2trunf. 
The  guttural  appears  again  in  MidE. 
crdchen,  E.  to  crouch.  .Rraufeit,  '  to  crawl,' 
is  the  MidHG.  (MidG.)  krufen. 

<5imed)ettte,  see  ^rteffiire. 

^tricg,  m., '  war,'  from  MidHG.  kriec(g), 
m.,  'exertion,  endeavour  to  obtain  some- 
thing,' then  also  'opposition,  resistance, 
argument,  discord,  combat.'  The  pre- 
dominant meaning  in  ModHG.  is  the 
latest  and  ' counteT-effort '  the  earliest; 
comp.  MidHG.  einkriege,  adj.,  'self- willed.' 
For  a  similar  evolution  of  meaning  comp. 
OHG.  fli$,  'exertion,  zeal,  quarrel';  see 
gleijj.  The  word  is  almost  entirely  un- 
known to  OHG.  ;  it  occurs  once  as  chrig, 
'  pertinacia,'  with  which  w'darkrigi,  'con- 
troversia,1 '  widarkriegelin,  'obstinatus'  (with 
obscure  i,  ia,  ie),  are  connected.  This 
word,  obscure  in  origin,  is  shared  only  by 
Du.  (Jcrijg)  with  G. ;  in  all  the  other  Teut. 
languages  it  is  wanting,  Dan.  and  Swed. 
krig  being  borrowed  from  G.  Comp.  the 
following  word. 

Rriegen,  vb.,  'to  get,'  from  MidHG. brie- 


gen  (in  MidG.  krtgen  is  str.,  so  too  the  cor- 
responding vb.  in  LG.  and  Du.),  '  to  exert 
oneself,  strive,  aim  at,  oppose,  struggle,' 
then  also  '  to  defend,  maintain  an  opinion,' 
MidG.  also  '  to  obtain,  receive' ;  the  latter 
meaning  is  LG.  and  Du.  (krijgen,  '  to  ob- 
tain, receive ').  With  regard  to  the  nume- 
rous meanings  comp.  OHG.  winnan,  'to 
exert  oneself,  struggle,'  giwinnan,  '  to  win.' 
Hence  the  various  senses  of  the  vb.  are  the 
outcome  <»f  a  prim,  meaning  '  to  make  an 
effort  against,  just  as  in  the  case  of  the 
noun  -ftrieg,  on  which  it  is  based. 

^trieftente,  f.,  '  teal,'  a  LG.  form  for 
HG.  Stdt&i'Mwit ;  wanting  in  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  ;  it  is  based  on  Lat.  anas  crecca, 
hence  also  Swed.  krdcka.  Fr.  sarcelle, 
'  teal,'  like  Ital.  cerceta,  is  traced  to  Lat. 
anas  querquedula  ;  thus  it  has  no  etymolo- 
gical connection  with  ^riecb^nte ;  the  same 
may  be  said  of  E.  crake,  corncrake. 

Jtrittg,  m.,  '  circular  pad  for  the  head,' 
from  MidHG.  krinc{g),  m.,  'circle,  ring, 
district,'  with  the  MidG.  variant  krancig) ; 
LG.  has  a  variant  brink  with  final  k,  since 
in  the  whole  of  the  corresponding  class  k 
and  g  at  the  end  of  the  stem  interchange 
(comp.  franf).  Scand.  bring,  kringum,  adv., 
1  round  about,'  kringja,  '  to  encircle,'  kring- 
I6ttr,  adj., ' round.' — E. crank,  MidE.  cranke; 
E.  to  crankle,  'to  run  in  a  winding  course,' 
crinkle,  '  wrinkle,  bend.'  ModHG.  Ottit^ 
and  its  cognates  differ  etymological  ly  from 
JUutcj.  In  the  allied  Aryan  languages 
some  connect  Lith.  greziu,  grezti,  *  to  twist, 
turn,'  with  the  Aryan  root  grengh,  authen- 
ticated by  Jirtitg.  Gr.  /fy^xos,  '  noose,  cord,' 
is  scarcely  akin. 

<#ringel,  <$treitflel,  m.,  'cracknel,' 
dimin.  of  jftiitij,  or  rather  ^rang ;  used  even 
in  MidHG.  as  a  term  in  pastry. 

grippe,  f.,  '  crib,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  brippe,  OHG.  chrippa,  f.,  for  chrippja 
(Goth.  *kribjd ;  for  HG.  pp.  from  Goth,  bj, 
comp.  further  Sttippe,  Suppf,  and  uppui);  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  kribbia,  k  ibba,  AS. 
cribb,  E.  crib.  In  HG.  occurs  a  variant 
with  pf,  which  is  phonetically  obscure, 
OHG.  chripfa,  MidHG.  and  ModHG. 
kripfe;  there  are  also  dial,  forms  with  u 
in  the  stem,  Swiss  kriipfli,  LG.  kriibbe, 
AS.  crybb,  Scand.  brubba,  '  crib.'  This 
word,  in  Goth.  uzSta, '  the  thing  from  which 
one  feeds,'  is  connected  with  MidHG. 
krebe,  'basket' ;  hence '  resembling  a  basket, 
woven,'  was  perhaps  the  prim,  meaning  of 
grippe.    The  West  Teut.  word  passed  into 


Kri 


(     195     ) 


Kru 


Rom. — Ital.  greppia,  Prov.  crupia  (the 
latter  connected  with  the  Teut.  forms  in  u 
mentioned  above),  ModFr.  cr&che,  (whence 
E.  cratch,  'a  grated  crib,'  MidE.  crache). 

kvitteln,  vb.,  '  to  find  fault,  carp,'  Mod 
HG.  simply  from  a  popular  term,  grittelti, 
'  to  wrangle '  (wanting  in  MidHG.  and 
OHG.),  with  an  allusion  to  ^ritif,  &c. 

ferttijcln,  vb.,  'to  scribble,'  diniin.  of 
MidHG.  kritzen, '  to  scrawl,'  OHG.  chrizz6n, 
'  to  scratch  or  cut  into.'  It  is  probably 
connected  with  ftafcen,  OHG.  chrazzSn,  as 
well  as  with  OTc.  krota, '  to  engrave,  stamp.' 
If  this  is  not  approved,  it  may  be  allied 
to  Stve\&  (root  krlt);  kritjSn  (whence  chrizzdn) 
would  then  mean  '  to  draw  lines.' 

frolic,  f..  'curl'  (Rhen.),  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  krolle,  hrol{-les),  m.  ;  comp. 
Du.  krvJ,  f.,  '  curl.'  MidHG.  krol,  adj., 
Du.  krullig,  MidE.  crul,  adj.,  'curly' ;  Du. 
krullen,  MidE.  crullen,  'to  frizzle.'  For 
the  connection  between  MidHG.  krolle,  f. 
(Goth.  *krikl6),  and  ModHG.  fwu$,  Mid 
HG.  krds,  see  under  ftau3. 

^ronc,  f'.,  '  crown,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  krdne,  krdnj  in  OHG.  cordna  (with 
the  foreign  accent  preserved),  from  Lat. 
cdrdna  (the  unaccented  0  disappeared  in 
MidHG.)  ;  comp.  MidE.  corAne,  croune,  E. 
crown;  in  MidDu.  the  double  form  crdne, 
krUne,  existed,  Du.  kroan,  kruin.  Scand. 
kriina,  f.  In  AS.  the  term  cyne-helm,  lit. 
'  king's  helmet,'  was  substituted  for  Lat. 
corona  of  the  Biblical  texts  (just  as  scep- 
trum  was  rendered  by  cynegerd,  lit.  'king's 
staff')  ;  in  OSax.  and'  OHG.  h6b~idband, 
houbitbant,  '  crown.'  These  words  show 
that  the  Teutons  had  their  own  distinctive 
terms  for  the  royal  insignia.  With  the 
Lat.  name  they  also  borrowed  a  new  idea 
— ferdncn, '  to  crown,'  from  MidHG.  krcenen 
and  a  denominative  from  Jtrotte ;  thus  it  is 
not  Lat.  coronare,  to  which  OHG.  chrdntin 
more  accurately  corresponds. 

gkvopf,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OfiG.  kropf,  m.,  'goitre,  crop, craw' ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  krop,  m.,  '  crop,  bosom, 
bow  of  a  ship,'  E.  crop  (of  birds,  top,  har- 
vest), AS.  cropp,  which  has  the  special 
meanings  '  crop,  summit,  top  (of  trees),  ear 
(of  corn),  cluster  of  grapes' ;  OIc.  kroppr, 
*  trunk,  body '  (also  '  hump '),  is  still  more 
remarkable.  To  these  numerous  senses,  a 
primary  meaning,  'a  round  mass  in  the 
shape  of  a  ball,  a  projecting  spherical  body,' 
has  been  assigned  ;  with  this  the  Rom. 
loan-words  such  as   Fr,  groupe,  '  group, 


cluster,  knot,'  coincide.  Goth.  *kruppa- 
might  be  related  to  Gr.  ypvir6s,  '  curved,' 
if '  crop,  excrescence,'  represented  the  prim, 
meaning  of  the  group. 

d^tropijeug,  n.,  'rogues,'  a  LG.  word, 
formed  from  LG.  krSp  (comp.  fried)en), 
'  crawling  creature,  small  cattle,'  but  this 
is  not  quite  certain.  Others  connect  it 
with  the  preceding  word  .Rropf,  which  also 
signifies  in  Suab.  and  Bav. '  small,  crippled 
creature,  little  man.' 

<5itr8fe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
krote,  krbte,  krete,  f.  (even  now  dial.  Jtrote, 
Jlvette),  OHG.  chrota,  chreta,  f., '  toad.'  The 
forms  with  e  and  o  are  related  by  grada- 
tion ;  comp.  S3rett  and  33orb.  The  word  is 
peculiar  to  G. ;  in  OIc.  padda,  Du.  padde, 
AS.  tddie,  E.  toad.  Etymologically  all 
three  are  equally  obscure. 

£%ri\(ke,  f.,  'crutch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kriicke,  krucke,  OHG.  chruccha  (for 
*krukj6),  f. ;  comp.  Du.  kruk,  AS.  cryiS,  f., 
E.  crutch.  Certainly  a  genuine  Tent,  word 
('  staff  with  a  curved  handle ')  ;  it  is  most 
closely  connected  with  Scand.  krdkr, '  hook, 
curve' ;  it  may  al>o  be  related  to  frtetfycii. 
In  the  MidHG.  period  it  was  confused  with 
a  Rom.  term  based  upon  Lat.  crvcea,  and 
meaning  '  crosier.'  On  the  other  hand,  the 
Teut.  word  was  submerged  in  many  of  the 
Rom.  languages  in  the  old  inherited  term  ; 
Ital.  croccia,  '  crutch,'  crocco,  '  hook,'  Fr.- 
crosse, '  crook,'  croc, '  hook ' ;  MidLat.  croca, 
'  baculus  episcopalis,'  crocea,  *  baculus  pas- 
toralis,'  and  '  baculus  incurvus,'  croceus, 
croccia,  crucia,  crucca, '  crutch.'  Jtriitfe  can 
scarcely  be  explained  from  MidLat.  crucea, 
'cross-bar'  (of  a  window),  because  this 
must  have  become  chruzza  (ce  changed  to 
tz) ;  comp.  Jtreuj. 

jitntg  (1.),  m.,  'jug,  pitcher,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  kruoc  (g),  OHG.  chrxiog, 
m. ;  corresponding  to  AS.  crSg,  cr6h,  '  pit- 
cher,' also  '  bottle.'  Besides  these  terms, 
based  upon  a  common  form  krSga-,  there 
are  several  words  allied  in  sound  and  mean- 
ing ;  comp.  OSax.  kr&ka,  Du.  kruik,  f., 
AS.  cr&ce,  MidE.  cronke;  MidHG.  kr&che, 
f.,  ModHG.  (dial.)  .Rraucfyf.  AS.  crocea  (and 
crohh),  MidE.  crokke,  'pitcher,'  Ic.  kriikka, 
'  pot.  Since  it  is  not  improbable  that  all 
these  terms  were  borrowed,  we  may  per- 
haps connect  them  further  with  Jtrauff. 
Their  source,  however,  cannot  be  assigned, 
since  the  corresponding  words  in  the  allied 
languages  may  also  have  been  borrowed, 
and  are  insufficient  phonetically  to  account 


Kru 


(    196    ) 


Kuc 


fur  the  numerous  Teut.  terms.  Some  ety- 
mologists derive  then*  from  Kelt,  words 
such  as  W.  cricc,  '  pail,'  from  which  Fr. 
cruche,  '  pitcher,'  may  be  derived,  if  it  is 
not  of  G.  origin.  The  Goth,  term  for  'pit- 
cher' is  afirkeis  (borrowed  from  Lat.  urceus). 
Comp.  Jtrng  (2). 

/trurt  (2.),  m.,  'alehouse,'  comp.  Du. 
kroeg ;  it  passed  into  HG.  and  Du.  from 
LG.,  where  it  is  recorded  since  the  13th 
cent.  The  quondam  assumption  that  the 
word  is  identical  with  Jltug  (1),  "because 
formerly  an  actual  or  a  carved  pitcher  was 
hung  in  front  of  a  tavern,"  is  demolished 
by  the  fact  that  Jtrug, '  urceus,'  is  entirely 
unknown  to  LG.  (and  Du.)  ;  the  OSax. 
term  krAka  was  used.  On  the  other  hand, 
.f  rug, '  alehouse,'  was  orig.  wanting  in  HG., 
in  which  ^vug,  '  pitcher,'  was  current  at 
the  earliest  period. 

<£tru6e,  see  Jfrug  (1). 

(^rittttC,  f.,  'crumb,'  a  LG.  loan-word, 
wanting  in  MidHG.  ;  comp.  LG.  hUrne, 
Du.  kruim,  AS.  cr&me,  E,  crumb,  crura. 
The  root  kru  appears  also  in  haiun,  OHG. 
chromatin,  'to  scratch,  operate  with  the 
nails.'  Allied  to  Gr.  ypvfUa,  'rubbish' 
(Aiyan  root  gr#)  ?. 

ftrttmm,  adj.,  'crooked,'  from  MidHG. 
krump(b),  OHG.  chrumb,  'crooked,  curved, 
twisted,  perverted '  (comp.  frauS)  ;  rare 
variants  OHG.  and  MidHG.  krumpf,  OHG. 
chrampf,  as  well  as  MidHG.  krimpf,  in 
the  same  sense.  Comp.  OSax.  crumb,  AS. 
crumb;  E.  crump,  'crooked,'  is  abnormal 
(with  this  E.  to  crumple,  MidE.  crumpeln, 
and  also  E.  crimple,  '  wrinkle,  fold,'  are 
connected).  Under  Jtrantfcf  it  is  shown  how 
the  graded  and  permutated  forms  are  widely 
ramified ;  the  Teut.  root  signified  '  spas- 
modically contracted,  curved.'  Besides  the 
cognates  of  West  Teut.  krumba-,  from  pre- 
Teut.  grUmpd-,  quoted  under  J?ram£f,  comp. 
the  uunasalised  Gr.  ypvvds, '  curved,  bent '  ?. 
Olr.  cromm,  W.  criem,  seem  to  have  been 
borrowed  from  AS. 

«£truppe,  f.,  'crupper,'  ModHG.  only, 
borrowed  from  Fr.  croupey  whence  E.  croup. 
The  Fr.  word  has  been  derived  from  Scand. 
kryppa,  f.,  'hump,  excrescence'  (allied  to 
kr.oppr, '  hump ').    See  the  following  word. 

/{ritppcf,  m., '  cripple,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kriippel,  kriipel,  m. ;  it  passed  in 
the  MidHG.  period  from  LG.  into  HG.  ; 
Du.  kreupel,  E.  cripple,  MidE.  and  AS. 
cryppel,  Scand.  kryppell,  kryplingr.  The  p 
of  these  forms  is  HG.  pf  (Alsat  Jtvfipfrf), 


hence  we  must  assume  that  HG.  Jlruvvrf 
was  borrowed  from  LG.  and  MidG.  Allied 
in  the  UpG.  dials,  to  Swiss  chriift,  chrupfe, 
Suab.  kropf,  kruft,  kriiftle,  Bav.  krapf,  kropf, 
'  deformed  person,'  and  the  cognate  Bav. 
kriipfen,  '  to  become  crooked,'  akin  to  OIc. 
kroppr,  kryppa,  '  hump,'  and  the  cognates 
discussed  under  Jtropf.  Besides  Gr.  ypw&s, 
'  curved,'  we  may  also  refer  to  OSlov.  grtibu, 
'  back,'  ModSlov.  grbanec,  '  wrinkle,'  Serv. 
grba,  '  hump '  (grbati  se,  '  to  stoop '). 

<£tru(le,  f.,  '  crust,'  from  the  rare  Mid 
HG.  kruste,  OHG.  crusta,  f.,  'crust';  a 
learned  term  which  has  been  first  natural- 
ised in  ModHG.  Derived  from  Lat.  crusta, 
whence  also  Du.  kortt,  E.  crust,  as  well  as 
Rom.  words  like  Fr.  croute. 

^reff  alt,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kristdl,  kristdlle,  m.  OHG.  krystdlla,  f., 
'  crystal.'  The  retention  of  the  Lat.  accent 
(crystdllus,  m.  and  f.)  preserved  the  foreign 
aspect  of  this  merely  learned  term,  which 
was  borrowed  at  a  very  early  period. 

<£tftbel,  m., 'tub, bucket,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kiibel,  OHG.  *chubil,  m. ;  comp. 
OHG.  miluh-chubill,  -chubilln,  n.,  'milk- 
pail  ' ;  allied  to  AS.  ct)f  (from  kubi-),  Mid 
E.  ktve,  '  cask.'  The  stem  is  genuinely 
Teut. ;  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  is  con- 
nected with  the  cognates  ('  narrow  6pace ') 
discussed  under  Jtobcn.  Its  Rom.  origin 
at  all  events  must  be  rejected. — ModLat 
cupella,  cupellus,  'mensura  frumentaria' 
and  '  vas  potorium,'  do  not  coincide  in 
meaning ;  Du.  kuip,  '  vat,  cask,'  is  alone 
connected  with  Lat.  cupa,  '  cask.'  Some 
Rom.  words,  such  as  Prov.  cubel, '  tub,'  are 
derived  from  the  Teut. cognates,  from  which 
Slav,  and  Lett,  words  are  borrowed  ;  Lith. 
kubilas,  '  tub,'  OSlov.  kubttu,  '  vessel,'  as  a 
corn  measure.   Comp.  Jtofccn,  J?c}>f,  and  ^ufe. 

<^ud)e,  f.,  'kitchen,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kiiche,  kitchen,  kuchtn  (UpG.  with- 
out mutation  kuche,  kuchi),  OHG.  chuhhlna, 
f.  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  cycene,  f.,  E.  kit- 
chen, Du.  keuken.  An  old  West  Teut  word, 
probably  not  derived  immediately  from  late 
Lat.  coqutna,  '  kitchen,'  but  rather  from  a 
common  Rom.  and  MidLat  cucina  (kuktna ; 
comp.  Ital.  cucina,  Fr.  cuisine).  The  HG. 
ch  (OHG.  Mi)  for  c,  k,  in  consequence  of  the 
HG.  permutation  points  to  the  adoption  of 
the  term  about  the  6th  cent,  at  which 
period  the  South  Europ.  arts  of  cookery 
and  horticulture  were  introduced  into  Ger- 
many ;  comp.  Stei),  Stutyn,  Stoiji,  Stummtl, 
and  ^Pfejfcr. 


Kuc 


(    i97    ) 


Kuh 


$t\id)en,  m.,  'cake,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kuoche,  OHG.  chuohho,  m.  ;  comp. 
MiclLG.  kdke,  Du.  koek.  Besides  these 
forms  with  old  6  in  the  stem  (comp.  AS. 
c&cil,  MidE.  kkhel,  'little  cake,'  E.  dial. 
keech)  there  occurs  in  the  Scand.  and  E. 
languages  an  apparently  graded  form  with 
a — E.  cake,  and  the  equiv.  Scand.  kaka,  f. 
This  gradation  seems  to  point  to  a  Teut. 
origin  of  the  cognates,  yet  their  relation 
to  the  Rom.  class  (Catal.  cocou,  Rheto-Rom. 
coccct,  Picard.  couque,  'cake'),  connected 
with  Lat.  coquus,  coquere  (AS.  cdc,  OIIG. 
chohhSn),  is  not  clear.  Moreover,  on  the 
assumption  that  the  word  was  horrowed, 
6  in  OHG.  chuohho  would  correspond  ex- 
actly to  the  6  in  AS.  c6c,  '  cook.' 

Jtfid)enfd)elte,  f.,  'pasque  flower,' 
ModHG.  only,  interpreted  from  one  of  the 
variants  Ruty,  JtuljfdjefU  as  .ftiifidjenfcfjelle ; 
its  relation  to  the  equiv.  Fr.  coquelourde  is 
obscure  ;  the  ModHG.  form  is  certainly  a 
corruption. 

<§ii\d)lein,  n.,  'chicken,'  ModHG.  only ; 
a  MidG.  and  LG.  word  introduced  by 
Luther  into  HG.  (in  UpG.  dial,  huenli, 
West  MidG.  hiinkel,  Suab.  luggele).  To 
the  MidG.  and  LG.  kiichen,  kiUcen,  corre- 
spond AS.  60en  (plur.  fycnu\  MidE. 
chU-en,  E.  chick,  chicken,  Scand.  kjtiklingr, 
Du.  kieken,  keuken.  The  Goth,  dimin. 
termination  -ina-  (*kiukein)  frequently 
occurs  in  the  names  of  animals,  Goth. 
gait-ein,  AS.  tichn  (Goth.  Hilckeiri),  AS. 
hSSen  (Goth.  *Ji6kein),  n.  'kid' ;  see  jjiiflen, 
©eifj,  @djtt>etn,  3trftein,  and  SWabcbett.  The 
substan.  on  which  the  word  is  based  is 
AS.  cocc,  E.  cock,  Scand.  kokkr  (to  which 
Goth.  *kiukein,n.,  is  related  by  gradation). 
There  is  no  reason  for  thinking  that  the 
Teut.  word  was  borrowed  from  Rom. — 
Fr.  coq,  like  AS.  cocc  (UpG.  gockel,  giicket), 
is  a  recent  onomatopoetic  term  also,  for 
W.  and  Com.  cog,  'cuckoo,'  points  also  to 
the  base  cued  (so  too  Olr.  etiach,  '  cuckoo,' 
from  coucd).    Comp.  Jtucfucf. 

huchem,  see  gurfen. 

/t u dutch,  m.,  ' cuckoo,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  kuckuk  (rare),  m. ;  the  usual 
term  in  MidHG.  is  gouch,  which  was  in- 
troduced in  the  15th  cent,  from  Du.  (koe- 
koek,  early  MidDu.  cuccuc).  An  onomato- 
poetic term  widely  diffused,  but  it  is  not 
necessary  to  assume  that  it  was  borrowed 
in  most  of  the  languages,  E.  cuckoo,  Fr. 
cnucou,  Lat.  cuculus,  W.  and  Corn,  cog, 
Olr.  ciiach.    See  also  JcucMctn. 


^tltfe  (1.),  f.,  'runner  of  a  sledge' ;  Mid 
HG.  *kuofe  and  *kuoche  are  wanting  with 
this  meaning,  so  too  OHG.  *chuofa;  OHG. 
chuohha  is  found,  however,  in  slito-cttdha, 
'  runner  of  a  sledge '  (see  examples  of  the 
interchange  of  k-ch  and  p-f  under  friec^en)  ; 
comp.  MidLG.  kdke,  '  runner  of  a  sledge.' 
Perhaps  Lith.  zdgr'e,  f.,  '  forked  piece  of 
wood  on  a  plough,'  is  allied,  and  also  its 
cognates  zaginys,  m.,  'stake,  post,'  zdgaras, 
m.,  '  dry  twig.'  From  these  the  evolution 
of  meaning  in  Jcufe  may  be  inferred. 

<^ltfc  (2.),  f.,  '  coop,  vat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kuofe,  OHG.  chuofa,  f.  The  prim, 
form  of  the  word  previous  to  the  HG.  per- 
mutation of  consonants  is  represented  by 
OSax.  cSpa,  f.,  and  the  equiv.  E.  coop. 
From  Mid  Lat.  c6pa,  a  variant  of  cApa, 
'cask,'  whence  Du.  kuip,  'coop';  comp. 
also  Jliifcef.  The  word  must  have  been 
borrowed  before  the  7th  cent.,  since  it  has 
undergone  permutation  in  HG. ;  perhaps 
it  was  introduced  with  the  culture  of  the 
vine. 

Jtftfcr,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
kiiefer,  m.,  '  cooper ' ;  comp.  Du.  kuiper,  E. 
cooper. 

Jtltgel,  f.,  'ball,  bullet,  globe,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  kugel,  kugele,  f. :  comp. 
MidLG.  and  Du.  kogel.  The  word  is  not 
recorded  in  the  other  languages.  It  is 
allied  to  ModHG.  fiauh,  from  Ml,  kugl, 
and  also  to  ModHG.  Jlettte,  with  which  E. 
cudgel  and  AS.  cudgel  is  closely  connected  ; 
Settle  is  a  'pole  with  a  ball-shaped  end.' 
Jtinjd  and  Jteijet  cannot  possibly  be  related 
by  gradation. 

Jtul),  f.,  '  cow,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OUG.  kuo,  f. ;  comp.  MidLG.  kd,  Du. 
koe,  E.  coxo,  AS.  cA,  OIc.  kyr,  f.  (Goth.  *kt>s) ; 
Teut.  type  kd-,  f.,  '  cow.'  This  worth  like 
the  names  of  other  domestic  animals,  is 
found  in  the  non-Teut.  languages,  and  in 
the  form  of  gdvo  (g6)  it  is  common  to  the 
Aryan  group  ;  comp.  Ind.  gdus  (ace.  gdm), 
f.,  Gr.  /3otfs  (stem  pot),  Lat.  bos  (stem  bov-). 
These  terms  are  both  mas.  and  fern.,  hence 
Sans,  gdus,  m.,  'bull,  cattle,'  f.,  'cow' ;  Gr. 
/3oi/s, 4 cattle,  ox,  cow ' ;  Lat.  bos,  '  ox,  cow ' ; 
Lett,  g&ws,  'cow.'  This  term,  like  other 
primit.  Aryan  words  (comp.  $fert>,  <Sd)af, 
Jj?unb,  £)d)ff,  &c),  proves  that  the  Aryans, 
before  the  division  into  the  later  tribes, 
were  already  acquainted  with  domestic 
animals. 

hill) I,  adj.,  'cool,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kiiel,  ktiele,  adj.,  also  a  regularly  non- 


Kuh 


f    198    ) 


Kun 


mutated  form  kuol-  in  compounds  such  as 
kuolhUs,  n.,  'cooling-house,'  and  in  the 
adv.  kuole  (comp.  fdjon,  fpdt,  fafl) ;  OHG. 
chuoli,  adj.,  'cool'  (*chuolo,  adv.).  It  cor- 
responds to  MidLG.  k6l,  Du.  koel,  AS.  c6l, 
E.  cool.  In  the  form  of  kSli-  (orig.  kdlu-) 
the  adj.  is  common  to  West  Teut.;  the  adj. 
fait  is  the  old  partic  form  from  the  stem 
of  fuljl,  from  which  in  Scand.  (kala)  and 
AS.  (calan)  str.  vhs.  are  formed ;  the  further 
cognates  E.  chill,  AS.  tele,  Syle,  '  cold,'  are 
based  on  a  Goth.  *kali-  (n.  sing.  *kals). 
Comp.  fait. 

fri'ibn,  adj.,  'bold,  daring,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kiien,  kiiene,  OHG.  chuoni, '  bold,  eager 
for  combat,  strong';  comp.  the  non-mutated 
variant  in  the  MidHG.  and  OHG.  deriva- 
tive kuonheit,  'boldness,'  and  in  the  OHG. 
adv.  chuono.  It  corresponds  to  MidLG. 
koene,  Du.  koen,  AS.  cine,  'bold,'  E.  keen 
(the  adj.  is  obsolete  in  Suab.  and  Bav.) ; 
Scand.  kcenn,  'wise,  experienced.'  The 
latter  must  at  one  time  have  been  the  pre- 
valent sense  in  West  Teut.  also,  as  is  proved 
by  the  ModHG.  proper  name  Jfontab  ;  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  Kuonrdt  (without  mutation, 
like  OHG.  and  MidHG.  kuonheit),  AS. 
CenrSd  (Goth.  *K6niriJ}s),  may  have  meant 
'  giving  wise  advice.'  Teut.  k&n-i-  (lit. '  one 
that  can  understand,  sensible')  is  orig.  a 
verbal  adj.  from  the  vb.  fennen,  fonnen, 
hence  the  West  Teut  sense  '  bold,'  com- 
pared with  the  OIc.  meaning,  must  be 
regarded  as  derivative.  All  intellectual 
and  moral  conceptions  of  the  OTeut.  period 
are  related  more  or  less  to  war  and  con* 
flict  (comp.  Balb,  fdjnefl,  and  Jtrieo,). 

eftitfcen,  LG.,  see  jtiidjlein. 

pummel,  m.,  'cummin,  caraway  seeds,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  kiimel,  OHG. 
chumil,  m.,  with  the  variants  MidHG. 
kiimin,  OHG.  chumtn;  comp.  AS.  cymen, 
Du.  komijn,  MidLG.  kdmen;  from  Lat. 
and  Rom.  cumtnum.  The  change  of  n 
into  I  is  the  same  as  in  3gct  (in  UpG.  still 
kiimi,  kumich).  With  regard  to  the  period 
of  the  adoption  of  Lat.  words  relating  to 
horticulture  and  the  art  of  cookerv,  comp. 
Jlafe,  JMdje,  2Hinjf,  ^Jfcffcr,  &c. 

Rummer,  m.,  'grief,  sorrow,  distress,' 
from  MidHG.  kumber,  m., '  rubbish,  refuse 
(thus  still  dial.),  encumbering,  oppression, 
distress,  grief ;  ModHG.  mm,  from  Mid 
HG.  mb,  as  in  3immer,  Saturn,  and  Jtamm. 
The  word  is  wanting  in  all  the  OTeut. 
dials.  ;  coin  p.  ModDu.  kommer,  m.,  'grief, 
affliction;  hare's  dung';  MidE.  cornbren, 


'  to  encumber,  molest,'  E.  to  cumber.  The 
cognates  are  very  similar  in  sound  to  a 
Rom.  class — Fr.  de'combres, '  rubbish,'  Port. 
com->ro,  cornbro,  '  mound  of  earth,  hillock,' 
Ital.  ingombro,  'hindrance,'  Fr.  encombrer, 
'to  obstruct  (with  rubbish),  block  up'  ; 
MidLat.  combrus,  'mound  of  earth,  barrier 
of  felled  trees,  obstructing  pile.'  The  Teut. 
cognates  seem  to  have  passed  into  Rom.  ; 
for,  besides  the  more  recent  form  with  r, 
we  find  in  AS.  and  Scand.  a  variant  with 
I,  OIc.  kumhl,  '  tumulus,  barrow.' 

/utmmct.  n.,  '  horse-collar,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  komat,  n.  ;  borrowed  in  the 
MidHG.  period  from  Slav.  (comp.  OSlov. 
chomatu,  PoL  chomat)  ;  hence  not  diffused 
beyond  the  HG.  group.  The  Slav,  cog- 
nates of  OSlov.  chomptu  are  derived  from 
OTeut.  ;  comp.  MidE.  and  ModE.  hame, 
Du.  haam,  Westphal.  ham,  Rhine  Pro  v. 
hamen,  hammen,  'horse-collar.' 

Altmpttn,  m.,  'companion,  mate,' from 
MidHG.  kumpdn,  kompdn,  m.,  '  comrade, 
associate ' ;  the  latter  is  derived  from  OFr. 
Prov.  compaing,  'companion,  partner.' 
MidLat.  companio,  lit.  '  one  who  shares 
the  same  food,'  is  based  on  OTeut.  expres- 
sions such  as  Goth,  gahlaiba,  OHG.  gileibo, 
m.,  '  associate,  comrade,'  and  the  equiv. 
OHG.  gimafto,  from  ma?,,  n.,  '  food ' ;  see 
Saifc. 

^mmpefl,  <Slomp6fl,  m.,  'preserves, 
heap  of  rubbish  or  dung,'  from  MidHG. 
kumpost,  also  kumpCst,  in.,  '  preserves,' 
espec.  '  pickled  cabbage,'  from  Rom.  (Ital. 
compdsto). 

Jtumpf,  m.,  '  basin,  bowl,'  from  Mid 
HG.  kumpf,  m., '  vessel ' ;  comp.  LG.  kump. 
A  MidLat.  cumpus  as  the  source  of  the  G. 
word  does  not  exist ;  MidLat.  cumba,  cum- 
bus,  have  too  no  such  meaning  as  .Rumpf, 
hence  they  cannot  be  adduced  to  explain 
the  dial.  ModHG.  Jtiimme,  '  deep  bowl.' 
Jtuntnte  and  Jfrimpf  are  more  probably 
genuine  Teut  words,  and  allied  to  AS. 
cumb  and  the  equiv.  E.  coomb. 

,&find)cl,  see  JtaninAen. 

futtto,  adj.,  'known,  manifest,'  from 
MidHG.  kunt(d),  OHG.  chund,  adj.,  •  be- 
come acquainted,  noted,  known.'  It  cor- 
responds to  Goth,  kunfrs,  '  noted,'  OSax. 
cuth,  AS.  cHf>,  '  noted,'  E.  couth  (now  only 
in  the  compound  uncouth).  A  common 
Teut.  adj.  in  the  form  kun}>a-,  from  the 
non-permutated  gn-to-,  which  is  prop,  a 
partic.  in  to-  from  the  verbal  stem  of  the 
root  <7<5«,  grid,  discussed  under  fonntn,  femun, 


Kun 


(    i99    ) 


Kur 


and  HSfL  For  other  parties,  formed  into 
adjs.  see  under  laut. 

t^tunff ,  f.,  '  arrival,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  Jcuvft,  kumft,  f.,  'coming,  arrival'; 
comp.  Goth,  gaqumps,  f.,  'meeting,  assem- 
bly,' the  corresponding  verbal  abstract  to 
Goth,  qiman,  HG.  femmen,  with  the  suffix 
pi-,  from  -ti-  (comp.  <£d)u(t>,  3)urft,  and 
@tft).  The  insertion  of  an  /  in  the  com- 
bination mp  (mfp  becoming  mft;  comp. 
further  SBernunft,  3unft,  €ftantft)  corresponds 
to  the  addition  of  an  s  to  np  (nsp  becoming 
nrt),  mentioned  under  J?unjt. — feunfftft, 
adj.,  'to  come,  future,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  kiimftec,  OHG.  kumftig. 

^Uttfeef,  f.,  'distaff/  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kunkel,  f.,  OHG.  chunchala,  f. ; 
a  Suab.,  Alem.,  and  Rhen.  word,  for  which 
Otocfen  occurs  in  other  dials.  (Bav.  and  also 
MidG.).  It  is  wanting  in  the  remaining 
OTeut.  dials.,  and  its  diffusion  supports 
the  assumption  that  it  has  been  borrowed 
from  Rom.,  especially  since  the  earlier 
OHG.  form  chonachla  closely  resembles 
the  equiv.  Rom.  words  in  sound  ;  Mid  La  t. 
conucla (for colucula ?,  diinin. of  colus,  'dis- 
taff'?), equiv.  to  Ital.  conocchia,  Fr.  que- 
nouille,  'distaff,'  whence  also  the  equiv. 
Olr.  cuicel.  Others  refer  the  word  to  the 
cognates  discussed  under  Jtaufer,  with  the 
prim,  meaning  '  to  spin.' 

/tun ft ,  t.,  '  skill,  art,  address,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  kunst,  f.,  'knowledge, 
wisdom,  skill,  art';  comp.  OSax.  cunsti, 
plur.,  '  knowledge,  wisdom,'  Du.  kunst ; 
wanting  in  E.  and  Goth.  A  verbal  abstract 
from  fennett,  like  Jlmtft  from  fomtnen  ;  s  is  a 
euphonicinsertion  before  the  dental ;  comp. 
SBrunjl  from  fermnen,  ©unit  from  gomten. 

feuntcrbunf ,  adj., '  higgledy-piggledy, 
ModHG.  only  ;  in  MidHG.,  however,  kun- 
tervSch,  adj.,  which  means  'variegated, 
strange  as  a  Jtunter,' i.e.  'monster'?.  But 
while  MidHG.  kunter,  '  monster,'  and 
OHG.  chuntar,  '  herd,  drove  of  cattle ' 
(cognate  with  OSlov.  ienq,  Lith.  gentL,  '  I 
drive  cattle  '  ?),  are  UpG,  f unterbtmt  is  prop. 
LG.  Both  MidHG.  kuntervich  and  Mod 
HG.  fnntfrfeunt  are  imitations  of  MidHG. 
kunterfeit,  lit. '  contrafactus,  not  genuine ' ; 
from  this  in  MidHG.  (MidG.)  a  word 
kunter,  '  what  is  false,  deceptive,'  was  de- 
duced. 

<$kupfev,  n.,  '  copper '  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  kupfer,  OHG.  chupfar,  n. ;  an  old 
loan-word  from  which  *kuppor  must  have 
been  the  earliest  form  ;  the  word  was  bor- 


rowed before  the  7th  cent. ;  comp.  Du. 
and  MidLG.  koper,  AS.  copor,  E.  copper, 
Scand.  kopar.  These  are  probably  based 
on  MidLat.  cuper  (gen.  -eris).  Late  Lat. 
cuprum,  or  rather  ces  cyprium,  or  simply 
cyprium  (whence  Fr.  cuivre),  is  an  Italian 
(not  a  Greek)  term  ;  the  Teuts.  probably 
owe  to  the  Italians  their  earliest  know- 
ledge of  copper.  The  island  of  Cyprus 
was  called  Jltpper  by  the  Germans  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  following  the  Byzant.  and 
ModGr.  pronunciation  of  Kfapos ;  hence 
MidHG.  kippor  or  kipperwin,  'Cyprian 
wine.' 

<^tuppe,  f.,  '  peak,  summit,'  adopted  by 
the  written  language  in  the  last  century 
from  MidHG.  ;  in  HG.  the  form  would 
have  pf.  Mcvpt  and  Jhippe,  as  well  as  Jtaupe 
('  crest  of  birds,'  also  termed  .Rcppf,  comp. 
OSax.  coppod,  '  cristatus '  of  snakes,  under 
Mfyf),  are  allied  words,  with  the  prim, 
meaning  'point,  extreme  end,'  which  be- 
longed orig.  to  the  strictly  HG.  permutated 
form  Jtopf.  The  further  history  of  all  these 
terms  is  obscure  ;  under  jfopf  it  is  assumed 
that  they  are  of  genuine  Teut.  origin, 
though  the  possibility  of  their  being 
blended  with  MidLat.  and  Rom.  cupa, 
*  beaker,'  is  granted.  In  MidHG.  kuppe, 
f.,  OHG.  chuppa,  f.,  means  '  covering  for 
the  head  '  (espec.  under  the  helmet) ;  see 
Stopf. 

(^tuppel,  f.,  '  cupola,  dome,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Ital.  cupola  (Fr.  coupole). 

feuppeln,  vb., '  to  couple,  fence  (a  field),' 
from  MidHG.  kuppeln,  koppeln,  'to  leash, 
bind,  fetter,  unite' ;  MidHG.  kuppelspil, 
'  coupling,'  kuppelcere,  '  match-maker,  pro- 
curer,' and  kuppelcerinne,  the  fem.  form  ;  a 
deriv.  of  jteppel,  Lat.  copulare. 

<#wr,  §f>nr,  f.,  'election,'  in  ^urffirft 
connected  with  erf crcn,  erf iefen ;  MidHG.  kur, 
kiire,  f.  (MidG.  kur,  kure,  without  modifica- 
tion),'consideration,  selection,' espec. 'elec- 
tion of  a  king'  (MidHG.  kiir-,  kurm'irst<', 
MidG.  korvilrste,  *  Elector ') ;  OHG.  churi, 
f.,  is  preserved  in  HG.  ffiiflfiir  in  the  regu- 
larly mutated  form.  AS.  eyre,  m., '  choice ' ; 
Scand.  k</>r,  keyr,  n.,  '  choice.'    See  fitftn. 

Jturbe,  ^Itrbcl,  f.,  'crank,  winch,' 
from  MidHG.  kurbe,  OHG.  churba,f.,  'wind- 
lass over  a  well' ;  generally  traced  to  Fr. 
courbe,  and  further  to  Lat.  *curva,  '  bent 
piece  of  wood,'  from  curvus. 

dtftrbis,  m.,  'gourd,  pumpkin,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  kurbe$,  kiirbi^,  OHG. 
churbi$,  m.  (rarely  f.) ;  borrowed  previous 


Kur 


(    200    ) 


Kux 


to  the  HG.  permutation  (of  t  to  33)  from 
Lat.  cucfirbita,  whence  also  AS.  cyrfet. 
Whether  the  reduplicated  form  of  the  Lat. 
word  was  influenced  by  Teut.  itself  cannot 
be  determined.  From  Lat.  cucurbita  are  also 
derived  Ital.  cucuzza,  Fr.  gourde,  whence  E. 
gourd,  Du.  kauwoerde. 

Uiircn,  vb., '  to  choose,  select,'  ModHG. 
only,  derived  from  an  older  kur,  f., '  choice,' 
e<iuiv.  to  J?iir. 

$urfd)rier,  m.,'  furrier,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHQ.  kursenwre,  111.  (sch  from  s,  as  in 
Slrfd),  btrfdjett,  and  Jpirfc^),  a  derivative  of 
MidHG.  kiirsen,  f.,  '  fur  coat,'  OHG.  chur- 
sinna,  chrusina,  AS.  cr&sne,  '  fur  coat '  ; 
MidLat.  crusna,  crusina,  crusinna.  Cog- 
nate terms  also  occur  in  Slav.  (OSlov. 
kruzno,  Russ.  korzno),  in  which,  however, 
the  word  did  not  originate  any  more  than 
it  did  in  G.,  yet  it  may  have  been  intro- 
duced into  G.  through  a  Slav,  medium, 
perhaps  from  some  Northern  language.  The 
prim,  kinship  of  OHG.  chursina  with  Gr. 
/Sypffo,  '  hide,  skin,'  is  scarcely  conceivable. 

lau'v  adj..  'short,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  kurz;  a  very  curious  loan- 
word from  Lat.  curtus.  What  may  have 
led  to  its  adoption  i3  even  more  obscure 
than  in  the  case  of  fid)er  (from  Lat.  securus). 
The  assumption  of  its  being  borrowed  is 
supported  only  by  the  form  hurt  (without 
the  change  of  t  to  z),  which  appears  also  in 
strictly  UpG.  records  ;  comp.  OHG.  porta, 
pforta,  and  pforza,  from  Lat.  porla.  The 
form  curt  ia  OSax.  and  OFris.  ;  comp.  also 
Du.  kort  and  Ic.  Icortr.  The  Lat.  loan-word 
passed  by  degrees  into  all  the  Teut.  dialects 
except  E.,  which  preserved  an  OTeut.  word 
for  '  short '  with  which  the  Lat.  word,  from 
its  close  resemblance  in  sound,  has  been 
confused — AS.  sceort,  E.  short  (comp.  OHG. 
skurz,  '  short ') ;  these  cannot,  on  account  of 
their  want  of  permutation,  be  primit.  allied 
to  Lat.  curtus.  For  the  cognates  of  E.  short 
see  @d)urje. 

eFtltjj),  m.,  'kiss,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  kus  (gen.  kusses) ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  kus,  OSax.  cus,  cos  (gen. 
-sses),  AS.  coss,  OIc.  koss,  m. ;  a  common 
Teut.  word  for '  kiss,'  wanting  only  in  Goth. 
(*knmis,  comp.  Goth,  kukjan,  East  Fris. 
kiikken,  '  to  kiss ').  A  pre-Teut.  root  gut, 
gud, '  to  kiss,'  does  not  occur.  Indubitable 
cognates  are  not  found  in  the  non-Teut. 


languages  unless  Ir.  bus,  ' lif>,'  and  Gael. 
bus,  'mouth  with  thick  lips,'  are  allied. — 
ftuffen,  vb.,  'to  kiss,'  from  MidHQ.  and 
MidLG.  kiissen,  OHG.  chussen  ;  AS.  r 
E.  to  kiss,  OIc.  ki/ssa. 

^i'tlTctt,  see  it  ii7m. 

(^tufie,  f.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the  equiv. 
Du.  kuste,  kust,  'coast,'  which,  like  E.  coast, 
MidE.  coste,  is  of  Rom.  origin,  OFr.  code, 
c6te,  MidLat.  costa,  '  coast.' 

^lifter,  ui., '  sacristan,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  kustor,  kuster,  m. 
Adopted  on  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity. While  Jlreuj,  from  OHG.  chr&zi, 
is  based  upon  the  Lat.  stem  cruci-,  ace. 
sins,  crucem  (and  not  the  nomin.  crux), 
Jtiifter,  on  the  other  hand,  is  not  derived 
from  Lat.  custodem  (stem  custodi-),  or  even 
from  the  nom.  sing,  custos,  since  in  the 
OHG.  period  the  change  of  s  into  r  no 
longer  occurs.  We  have  rather  to  proceed 
from  an  actually  recorded  MidLat.  custor, 
custorem,  a  rare  variant  of  the  more  preva- 
lent form  custod-,  which  appears  also  in 
Fr.  coutre,  OFr.  enstre,  *  sacristan.'  Mid 
Lat.  custos  (scil.  ecclesiae),  '  warden,  guar- 
dian of  the  church  jewels,  holy  vessels,  &c, 
presbyter  s.  clericus  cui  ecclesiae  et  templi 
cura  incumbit.'  With  the  same  sense  Mid 
Lat.  costurarius,  whence  OSax.  costardri,  as 
well  as  ModHG.  dial  ©itflercr. 

c^iuf  fcf)C,  f.,  'coach,'  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.  from  Hungar.  koszi,  'a  carriage 
from  Koszi'  (near  Raab) ;  a  characteristic 
modern  term  common  to  the  Europ.  lan- 
guages ;  comp.  Fr.  and  Span,  cache  (E. 
coach),  Ital.  cuccio,  Du.  koets. 

^uffc,  f.,  'cowl,'  from  MidHG.  hltU, 
f.,  'monk's  habit';  comp.  MidLat.  cotta, 
cottus, '  tunica  clericis  propria,'  which,  how- 
ever, with  the  corresponding  Rom.  wonls 
(Fr.  cotte,  '  petticoat,'  Ital.  cotta),  may  be 
traced  back  to  Teut.  kotta-,  appearing  in 
OHG  chozzo,  MidHG.  kotze, '  coarse  woollen 
stuff,  cover.'     Comp.  Jtojjc. 

<5iutffcln,  f.,  'chitterlings,  tripe,'  from 
MidHG.  kutel,  L,  '  gut,  tripe ' ;  as  a  genuine 
UpG.  word  it  is  probahly  not  cognate  with 
LG.  kiit,  '  entrails,'  but  connected  rather 
with  Goth.  qif>us,  '  belly.' 

SlUX,  m., '  share  in  a  mine,'  earlier  Mod 
HG.  and  dial,  jhtcfud  ;  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG., perhaps  introduced  from  the  Slav. 
frontier  mountains. 


Lab 


(    201    ) 


Lad 


L. 


<$.ab,  n,,  rennet,'  from  MidHG.  lap(b), 
n.,  'rennet,'  also  'acid  fluid,'  OHG.  lab, 
'broth';  it  is  not  improbable,  since  the 
latter  is  the  prim,  meaning,  that  the  word 
is  further  cognate  with  OTeut.  terms  for 
'  medicine.'  Goth,  lubja,  f.,  '  poison,'  AS. 
lyb,  '  poison,'  OIc.  lyf,  '  medicine,'  OHG. 
luppi,  n.,  'deadly  juice.'  Note  specially 
MidHG.  kmeluppe,  f.,  OHG.  chdsiluppa, 
AS.  c^s-h/b,  equiv.  to  MidHG.  ktese-lap. 
The  way  in  which  Sab  is  related  by  grada- 
tion to  lubja  corresponds  perhaps  to  that  of 
HG.  91aje  to  AS.  nosu,  E/nose.  The  prim, 
meaning  of  the  stem  seems  to  be  *  strong, 
sharp  perfume;  plant  juice';  OIc.  lyf, 
'medicine,'  and  Goth,  lubja,  'poison,'  are 
differentiations  of  the  same  orig.  sense. 

efiabberfcart,  m.,  'codfish,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  ;  to  this  are  allied,  with 
remarkable  divergences,  Du.  labberdaan, 
earlier  abberdaan  and  slabberdaan,  and  E. 
haberdine,  with  the  same  sense.  The  word 
is  based  not  on  the  name  of  the  Scotch 
town  Aberdeen,  but  on  tractus  Laburdanus, 
a  part  of  the  Basque  cotintry  (Bayonne  used 
to  be  called  Laburdum,  Fr.  Labourd).  It 
must  have  been  introduced  into  the  Nether- 
lands through  a  Fr.  medium  ;  the  form  ab- 
berdaen  is  due  to  the  error  of  regarding  the 
initial  I  as  the  article.     Comp.  also  JtaHtau. 

Ittben,  vb.,  '  to  refresh,'  from  MidHG. 
laben,  OHG.  labtin  (comp.  AS.  gelafian), 
'  to  wash,  quicken,  refresh.'  If  we  take 
into  consideration  Tacitus'  account  of  the 
fondness  of  the  Teutons  for  bathing,  we 
can  readily  conceive  how  the  meaning  '  to 
refresh'  was  evolved  from  'to  wash' ;  the 
reverse  course  is  also  possible,  as  is  shown 
perhaps  by  ModHG.  ftd)  erfrifdjen,  fid)  fhtvfcit, 
in  the  sense  of  '  to  drink.'  The  former  is 
the  more  probable,  on  account  of  MidHG. 
lap  (6),  'bilge  water';  there  is,  however, 
no  connection  with  Lat.  lavare,  Gr.  \o6eiv. 
— <£ttbe,  f.,  'refreshment,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  labe,  OHG.  laba,  f. 

.iodic,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
lache,  OHG.  lahha,  f.,  'puddle,  pool,  water 
in  an  excavation.'  The  OHG.  word  can- 
not be  derived  from  Lat.  l&cus,  '  lake,' 
which  may,  however,  be  the  origin  of  Mid 
E.  and  E.  lake,  while  AS.  lagu,  'lake,' 
shows  what  form  the  Tent  word  cognate 
with  the  Lat.  term  would  nssume.     The 


attempt  to  connect  'Sadje  (Bav.  lacke)  and 
lacus  is  also  opposed  by  the  difference  in 
meaning  ;  Ital.  lacca,  '  low  ground,'  and 
OSlov.  loky  areG.  loan-words.  The  origin 
of  Sacfye  remains  obscure ;  it  is  scarcely 
allied  to  tecf  and  its  cognates. 

Ictcfjcn,  vb.,  'to  laugh,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  lachen,  OHG,  lahhfoi,  laJihan,  ear- 
lier hlahhan;  the  hh  of  the  HG.  is  due, 
according  to  Goth,  hlahjan  (pret.  hldh),  '  to 
laugh,'  to  an  older  hj,  AS.  hlyhhan,  E.  to 
laugh,  and  the  equiv.  Du.  lachen.  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages  the  stem  hlah,  pre- 
Teut.  klak  (probably  onomatopoetic,  like 
the  cognates  of  Hingen  or  Lith.  klegeti, '  to 
be  noisy,  laugh  loudly'),  is  not  posi- 
tively auihenticated. — Derivative  <£acf)C, 
f,,  '  laugh,'  from  MidHG.  lache,  f.,  '  laugh- 
ing,' comp.  E.  laughter,  AS.  hleahtor,  Mid 
HG.  lahter,  'laughter.'  <£ad)cltt,  vb.  'to 
smile,'  from  MidHG.  lecheln,  is  a  frequenta- 
tive of  lad)m. 

,£acf)G,  m.,  'salmon,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  lahs  (plur.  lehse),  OHG.  lahs ; 
corresponding  to  AS.  leax,  OIc.  lax,  Scotch 
lax;  a  common  and  prim.  Teut.  term  for 
'salmon';  in  Goth,  perhaps  *lahs.  The 
Slav,  and  Lith.  words  are  cognate  ;  Lith. 
lasziszd,  Lett,  lasis,  Russ.  lososii,  '  salmon 
trout,' Pol.  Ias6$,  'salmon.'  Hence  the  s  in 
OHG.  lahs  is  a  suffix  (comp.  Sud^),  and 
not  a  part  of  the  root. 

<i!ad)f CV,  n.  and  f.,  '  fathom,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Idhter,  lafter  (MidG.)  ;  its 
early  history  is  obscure ;  the  stem  is  not 
the  same  as  in  Jltaftcr. 

,-£aoc,  f.,  '  chest,  box,  press,'  from  Mid 
HG.  lade  (OHG.  *lada,  *hlada  1),  f., '  recep- 
tacle, chest';  gate  is  prop,  an  'arrange- 
ment for  loading '  ;  the  corresponding  OIc. 
hla}>a  means  '  barn,  storehouse,'  so  too 
MidE.  laf>e,  whence  E.  lathe.  For  further 
references  comp.  the  vb.  laben.  It  is  also  pro- 
bable that  Sabe  is  connectedwith  the  follow- 
ing subst.  fiaben  ;  in  that  case  the  prim, 
meaning  would  be  '  trunk  made  of  boards.' 

ilciben,  m.,  'shop,  shutter,'  from  Mid 
HG.  laden,  lade,  m.,  'board,  plank,  shutter, 
shop.'  The  meaning  of  MidHG.  lade, 
'  board,'  is  the  orig.  one,  hence  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  word  from  the  vb.  laben  must 
be  rejected  in  favour  of  its  connection  with 
ModHG.  8atte ;  since  the  latter  in  Goth. 


Lad 


(    202    ) 


Lak 


would  be  represented  by  *laf>}?6,  and  Sate 
by  *lapa,  we  might  assume  a  root  laj>,  pre- 
Teut.  lat,  meaning  '  board' ;  comp.  Eatte. 

laben  (1.),  vb.,  '  to  load,  charge,  burden,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  laden,  OliG.  ladan 
(earlier  hladan)  ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
hladan,  AS.  hladan,  E.  to  lade.  The  d  of 
the  AS.  word  compared  with  the  J>  of  the 
Goth,  and  d  of  the  HG.  is  abnormal ;  the 
irregularity  is  probably  an  the  side  of  the 
Goth,  and  OHG.,  which  produced  a  gram- 
matical change  as  though  the  Aryan  dental 
were  t.  In  fact,  however,  it  is  dk  (hladan, 
hlSd,  hlddum,  hladans,  not  hlapan,  hl6}>, 
hlSdum,  hladans) ;  comp.  OSlov.  kladq 
(klasti),  '  to  lay,'  which,  with  E.  to  lade, 
proves  the  existence  of  an  Aryan  root  kiadh. 
Comp.  Saft  and  Sabe. 

laben  (2.),  vb.,  '  to  summon,  invite,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  laden,  OHG. 
laddn;  distinguished  from  (abeit  (1)  by  the 
initial  sound  ;  laben,  *  onerare,'  had  orig. 
initial  hi,  while  laben,  '  invitare,'  has  al- 
ways had  a  simple  I  only  ;  Goth.  laj>6n,  *  to 
summon,'  AS.  lafnan  (obsolete  in  E.\  The 
Teut.  root  is  lap,  the  meaning  of  which  is 
indicated  by  Goth.  la)>6ns,  f„  '  calling,  con- 
solation, redemption,'  the  adv.  lapaleiko, 
'  very  willingly,  and  ModHG.  Suber.  Some 
such  idea  as  '  to  treat  affectionately,  beg,' 
must  be  regarded  as  the  orig.  sense  ;  a  root 
lat  with  this  meaning  hasnot  yet  been  found 
in  the  other  Aryan  languages.  Further, 
the  word  cannot  possibly  be  connected 
with  Gr.  KaXeiv,  k\t)-t6s,  &c,  to  which  Mod 
HG.  fyolen  more  probably  belong?. 

Sctffc,  m.,  '  puppy,  dandy,'  from  Mid 
HG.  lave,  lappe,  m.,  '  simpleton,  dandy.' 
The  relation  of  ModHG.  Sump  to  Suntven 
makes  the  existence  of  MidHG.  lappe, 
'  dandy,'  as  well  as  *lappe,  '  rags,'  conceiv- 
able ;  yet  the  ModHG.  form  has  ff  com- 
pared with  the  MidHG.  pp ;  comp.  (appid). 
Others  refer  gaffe  to  Du.  and  LG.  laf, '  stale, 
insipid.' 

<£age,  .,  'situation,'  from  MidHG.  Idge, 
OHG.  Idga,  f.,  •  putting,  arranging,  situa- 
tion '  ;  from  liejen.  So  too  ModHG.  £aacr, 
n.  (prop.  8ea,et),  from  MidHG.  leger,  OHG. 
legar,  m.,  '  camp ' ;  comp.  E.  lair. 

;£#  gel,  see  fiegel. 

laiftn,  adj.,  '  lame,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  lam  (gen.  lames), '  weak  in  the  limbs, 
lame.'  The  more  general  meaning, '  weak 
in  the  limbs,'  is  the  orig.  one,  since  an 
adj.  with  a  different  gradation  belong- 
ing to  the  same  stem — OHG.  luomi,  Mid 


HG.  liieme — signifies  '  wearied,  relaxed,' 
and  even  'gentle.'  Yet  OIc.  lame,  AS. 
lama,  E.  lame,  OSax.  lamo,  and  Dn.  lam, 
'  lame,'  show  that  the  prevalent  ModHG. 
meaning  is  primitive  (in  Goth,  halts,  AS. 
halt,  equiv.  to  Lat.  claudus,  Sans,  khoda). 
An  old  lama-, '  weak,  infirm'  (from  which 
Prov.  lam  is  Ixtrrowed),  suggests  OSlov. 
lomlja  (lomiti),  '  to  break '  (root  lam) ; 
Russ.  lomOta,  '  rheumatic  pains.'  Comp. 
also  Scand.  lemja,  '  to  lame,  disable.' 

c£rthn,  m., '  tinsel,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
F.  lame,  f.,  '  thin  metal  plate,  wire.' 

gaib,  m.,  'loaf,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  leip(b),  m.  (early  OHG.  hleib),  ■  bread.' 
It  is  the  earlier  Teut.  term  for  the  modern 
93rot,  which  is  unknown  to  Goth.,  and 
almost  so  to  AS.  Comp.  Goth,  hlaifs  (gen. 
hlaibis),  AS.  hldf,  E.  loaf;  to  these  Goth. 
gahlaiba and  OHG.  gileiba,  m., '  companion,' 
are  allied  ;  comp.  jtumpan.  E.  lord,  from 
AS.  hldford  (Qoth.  *hlaibwards),  '  lord,'  lit. 
'  bread  guardian,'  as  well  as  E.  lidy,  from 
AS.  hl<efdige,  'domina'  (lit.  'bread  distri- 
butor'), contains  HG.  8atb  in  t  he  compound ; 
comp.  E.  Lammas  (Aug.  1),  from  AS.  hldf- 
mozsse,  'bread-feast  as  a  sort  ot  harvest 
thanksgiving  festival.'  These  primit.  com- 
pounds prove  the  great  antiquity  of  fiaib  and 
the  more  recent  origin  of  93rct.  Slav,  bor- 
rowed its  chlebu,  'bread'  (whence  Lith, 
kl'epas,  Lett,  klaipas,  <  bread '),  from  an  OTeu  r. 
dialect  (the  OTeut.  word  being  also  found 
in  Finn  and  Esthon. — Finn,  leipd,  Esthon. 
leip,  '  bread ').     See  8ebfud)en. 

(Xaicf),  m.  and  n.,  '  spawn,'  doubtlessly 
a  prim,  word,  though  first  recorded  in  late 
MidHG.  ;  corresponding  to  MidLG.  ISk, 
Swed.  lek,  Dan.  leeg.  The  Goth,  form  is 
perhaps  *laik,  and  thus  the  connection  of 
Said)  with  Teut.-Goth.  laikav,  '  to  leap,'  is 
conceivable.  Dialectically  Said;  signifies 
'  lusus  venereus '  (comp.  £eid)). 

<£aie,  m.,  'layman,  novice,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  leie,  leige,  OHG.  leigo,  leijo, 
m.,  '  laicus.'  (It  is  based  on  a  Romanised 
Lat.  laicus,  whence  also  AS.  lanced,  '  lay- 
man,' E.  leicd).  The  word  was  probably 
borrowed  at  a  later  period  than  the  other 
ecclesiastical  terms  5J3riejler  and  *J3rcbfr. 

-£anen,  m.  and  n.,  'sheet,  shroud,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  LG.  (OLG.  lakan) ;  in  HG. 
prop.  ?ad?en,  MidHG.  lachen,  OHG.  lahhan. 
Westphalia  sent  a  great  deal  of  linen  (comp. 
Stnnen)  to  South  Germany,  hence  the  LG. 
mavhave  supplanted  the  11 G.  form.  Allied 
to  MidE.  lake  and  ModHG.  ?etlad\ 


Lak 


(    203    ) 


Lar 


£<xhvitfte,  f..  'licorice,'  from  the  equiv. 
lateMidHG.  lakeritze;  from  Mid Lat.  liqui- 
ritia  (the  a  in  the  first  syllable  of  the  G. 
word  is  due  to  the  unaccented  i),  equiv.  to 
Gr.  yXvictppifa  (with  the  modern  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  vowels).  Words  originally  Gr. 
and  used  by  medical  science  in  the  Middle 
Ages  are  preserved  in  2lr$fr,  33ud)fe,  $jlajler, 
Satwerge,  &c. 

laliett,  vb., '  to  stammer,'  from  MidHG. 
'  to  speak  indistinctly,  stammer ' ;  the  cor- 
responding OIc.  latla,  '  to  totter  like  a 
child  walking,'  shows  a  curious  figurative 
application  of  the  word.  Gr.  \a\eiv,  Lat. 
lalldre,  and  HG.  laden  are  scarcely  cog- 
nate ;  they  are  rather  independent  imitative 
words  separately  coined  in  each  language. 

gambevtznufji,  f.,  'filbert,'  instinc- 
tively connected  by  Germans  with  St.  Lam- 
bert, but  the  historic  term  is  lombarbifcfye 
9Zufj, '  Lombard  nut' ;  MidHG.  Lambard'k, 
Lombardie,  and  Ldmpart,1  Lombardy,  Italy.' 
Comp.  SDatnufj. 

lamm,  n.,  '  Iamb,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lamp  (plur.  lember),  OHG.  lamb  (plur. 
lembir),  n.  It  corresponds  to  Goth,  lamb, 
AS.  lomb,  E.  lamb,  Du.  lam, '  lamb' ;  a  prim. 
Teut.  term  which  passed  also  into  Finn. 
(lammas,  gen.  lampaan).  Cognates  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages  have  not  yet  been 
found. 

irtuipe,  f.,  '  lamp,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lampe,  {.,  which  is  formed  from  Fr. 
lampe  (Gr.  Xa/iirds),  whence  also  E.  lamp. 
Comp.  Slntpel. — JLampe,  m.,  'hare,'  is  pro- 
bably a  pet  term  for  Sampredjt,  Santbrccfjt, 
Satttbert ;  its  relation  to  Fr.  lapin,  Du. 
lamprei,  '  rabbit,'  is  obscure. 

cSamprete,  f., '  lamprey,'  from  MidHG, 
lamprSte,  also  corrupted  into  lemfride,  lant- 
fride,  &c.  OHG.  lamprSta,  formed  from 
Lat.  lamprida  (whence  Fr.  lamproie,  E. 
lamprey),  with  the  variant  lampetra,  lit. 
'  stone-licker.' 

.iu iii>.  n.,  'land,  country,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  lant  (d),  OHG.  lant  (t),  n. ; 
a  common  Teut.  word  ;  comp.  Goth,  land, 
'district,  estate,  native  country,' OIc,  AS., 
E.,  Du..  uud  OSax.  land,  '  country,  land.' 
To  these  are  prim,  allied  Ir.  land,  lann,  W. 
Wan, Corn  Ian  (from  the  primit.  form  *land- 
hd),  'open  space, area, small  enclosure, yard,' 
Lret.  Ian,  'heath,' us  well  as OSlov.  ledina, 
'heath,  uncultivated  land'  (Russ.  Ijada, 
Ijadina),  with  which  Swed.  dial,  linda,  'fal- 
low field,'  agrees  in  the  vowel  sounds. 
Hence  8anb   is  native  to   the   North  of 


Europe,  while  Slcfcr  has  a  far  wider  ditfu- 
sion.  The  Rom.  cognates,  ItaL  landa  and 
Fr.  lande,  '  heath,  plain,'  are  derived  from 
Kelt,  rather  than  from  Teut. 

Icing,  adj.,  'long,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lane  (g),  OHG.  (and  OSax.)  lung;  it 
corresponds  to  AS.  and  E.  long,  Goth. 
laggs,  OIc.  langr,  Du.  and  LG.  lang.  A 
common  Teut.  adj.  primit.  allied  to  Lat. 
longus;  it  also  cognates,  perliaps,  with 
OPers,  drdnga,  so  that  in  Lat.  and  Teut.  a 
dental  (d  or  dh)  may  have  been  lost ;  Gr. 
5o\tx<5s,  OSlov.  dlugu,  San?,  dtrghds,  'lonj;,' 
are  certainly  not  allied. — ModHG.  Ictmv 
fctm,  adj.,  'slow,'  is  one  of  the  earliest  forms 
ending  in  mm  (in  Goth,  only  lustusams, 
'  delightful,  longed  for ') ;  AS.  longsum, 
'tedious,  continuous,'  OSax.  langsam.  In 
OHG.,  besides  langsam,  '  lasting  a  long 
time,' there  exists  a  form  langseimi,  'lin- 
gering,' and  in  MidHG.  lancsam,  adj.  and 
adv.,  'slow,'  as  well  as  lancscime,  'linger- 
ing, slow';  in  ModHG.  laiigfetm  became 
obsolete,  and  its  meaning  has  been  trans- 
ferred to  langfam. 

,SL<xti$c,  f.,  '  lance,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lanze,  f.,  which  was  formed  from 
OFr.  lance  (Lat.  lancea,  comp.  Ital.  lancia). 

i&appaixe,  f.,  '  trifle,  bauble,  nonsense,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  ModHG.  Sappe,  with 
a  Lat.  termination  and  accent ;  comp. 
©dbmieralten. 

fiappen,  ^appc,  m.,  'rag,  patch,'  from 
MidHG.  lappe,  f.  and  m.  ;  OHG.  lappa, 
f.,  '  piece  of  stuff  hanging  loose,  rag '  ; 
comp.  AS.  Iceppa, '  hem,  lappet,'  E.  lap,  and 
Du.  lap.  The  irregular  correspondence  of 
AS.  pp  to  HG.  pp  is  obscure  (AS.  pp  ought 
to  be  pf  in  HG.).  We  may  compare  Gr. 
Xo/36y,  '  lobe,'  or  preferably  Lith.  I6pas, 
'  patch,  rag,'  I6pyti,  '  to  patch.' 

Icippt  fd),  adj.,  'silly,  foolish,'  ModHG. 
only,  allied  to  MidHG.  lappe,  'dandy,  sim- 
pleton,' which  is  preserved  in  earlier  HG., 
and  still  in  the  dial.  Sappe ;  comp.  Saffe. 

£iird)C,  f.,  '  larch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  lerche,  larche;  OHG.  *larihha  is 
by  chance  not  recorded,  but  Lat.  larix 
(ace.  laricem,  comp.  JMd)  from  Lat.  calicem) 
necessarily  leads  to  OHG.  *larik,  and  then 
by  permutation  and  mutation  to  Herihha. 
The  permutation  of  k  to  ch,  and  the  fact 
that  the  word  is  based  on  a  Lat.  term  pro- 
nounced larikem  (E.  larch),  point  to  a  very 
early  adoption  ;  comp.  JWdj. 

&&tm,  m.,  'alarm,  noise,'  ModHG. 
only ;  like  E.  larum,  it  originated  in  Fr. 


ijar 


(    204    ) 


Lat 


alarme  (iron)  Ital.  allarnv)  by  dropping 
the  unaccented  initial  vowel  ;  prop,  a 
military  term  identical  with  Sllarin. 

<£art>C,  f.,  'spectre  mask,  larva,  grub,' 
Mod  11Q.  only,  from  Lat.  larva,  with  the 
v  pronounced  as  /,  as  in  HG.  23rief,  -Rafuj, 
and  $}cx&. 

Ictfd),  adj.,  'slack,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  *lasc;  comp.  OIc.  Ipkr  (Gotli. 
*lasq.i),  adj.,  '  slack,  weary ' ;  formed  witli 
a  sutlix  sk  from  the  root  lafj,  laffen  (Goth. 
*lasqa-  would  represent  *latsqa-).  Yet  it 
is  not  improbable,  since  lafcfj  is  first  re- 
corded in  ModHG.,  that  the  root  was  bor- 
rowed from  a  Rom.  class  similar  in  sound 
(comp.  Fr.  Idche,  Ital.  lasco,  '  idle '). 

<£afd)e,  f.,  'flap,  lappet,'  from  MidHG. 
lasche,  f.,  'shred,  rag';  it  is  conceivable 
that  the  word  is  related  to  iappt,  whose 
labial  may  have  been  lost  before  sch;  hence 
OHG.  *lasha  for  *lafska  ?. 

c£afc,  f.,  '  pitcher,  can,'  a  MidHG.  word, 
not  recorded  in  OHO.  and  MidHG. ;  pro- 
bably connected  with  laffen. 

IctflVm,  vb.,  '  to  let,  leave,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ld$en,  OHG.  Id^an,  str. 
vb. ;  comp.  AS.  ketan,  E.  to  let,  l)u.  laten, 
OIc.  lata,  Goth,  letan;  the  pre-Teut.  form 
of  the  common  Teut.  root  Ut,  '  to  leave,'  is 
led  (with  lad  as  a  weaker  gradation,  comp. 
lajj).  The  only  certain  cognate  in  the  other 
Aryan  languages  is  the  Lat.  word  lassus, 
'faint,  languid,' quoted  under  laf  ;  hence 
'to  relax,  release,'  is  probably  the  prim, 
meaning  of  the  verbal  stem.  From  this, 
MidHG.  Idyn,  both  simply  and  in  com- 
pounds, evolved  the  meanings  '  to  set  free, 
omit,  leave  behind,'  &c,  as  in  ModHG. 

-£aff ,  f.  (UpG.  masc),  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  last,  f.  and  m., 
'burden,'  OHG.  last  (earlier  Mast);  allied 
to  laten  Goth.  hlaj>an) ;  the  st  is  a  suffix 
before  which  the  final  dental  of  the  verbal 
stem  hlaf>  necessarily  disappeared,  AS. 
lilast,  n.,  E.  last.  In  Scand.  an  old  to-  partic. 
assumed  the  meaning  '  waggon-load,'  Mass, 
n.  (for  *MaJ>to-).  The  G.  word  passed  into 
Rom.  (Fr.  lest,  m.,  '  ballast,'  laste,  m.,  Ital. 
lasto/lo&d  of  shipping ').  For  further  refer- 
ences comp.  laben. 

goffer,  n.,  '  vice,  crime,'  from  MidHG. 
and  MidLG.  laster,  n.,  'abuse,  disgrace, 
mistake,'  OHG.  lastar,  n.  It  is  connected 
with  a  str.  vb.  lahan  (for  the  loss  of  h 
before  «  comp.  2Rift)  preserved  in  OHG., 
equiv.  to  AS.  ledn,  '  to  blame.'  Pre-Teut. 
lalistra-  is  formed  from  the  verbal  stem 


la/i  with  the  suffix  stra-,  which  represent- 
the  earlier  form  tra  .seen  in  AS.  leahtor,  n., 
'  reproach,  sin '  (obsolete  in  E.).  Another 
derivative  from  the  same  stem  is  Been  in 
Scand.  Igstr  (Goth.  *lahstus),  MidE.  last, 
'mistake,  defect'  In  the  non-Teut  lan- 
guages the  word  may  be  compared  with 
Olr.  locht  (from  lohto-),  '  mistake.' 

Itt|jj,  adj.,  'inactive,  idle,'  from  MidHG. 
'°3  (35)>  'faint,  idle,  tardy'  (see  Icfcen) ;  it 
corresponds  to  Goth,  lats,  OIc.  latr,  AS. 
last,  MidLG.  lat,  adj.,  'sluggish,  idle,  lazy.' 
A  pre-Teut.  adj.  formed  by  gradation  from 
the  stem  of  laffen,  lit,  of  which  lat-  is  the 
weak  form  (see  fd?taff,  OHG.  sldf,  from  the 
root  slip).  The  close  correspondence  with 
Lat  lassus  may  be  accounted  for  histo- 
rically ;  lassus  is  an  old  partic.  for  *ladtus ; 
lad  is  the  pre-Teut  root  on  which  Mod 
HG.  la§  is  based ;  comp.  lafd),  laffen,  and 
lejjt.  The  assumption,  however,  that  HG. 
lag  was  borrowed  from  the  Rom.  cognates 
(Ital.  lasso,  Fr.  las,  Lat.  lassus)  is  incon- 
ceivable. 

lafeinifcfj,  adj.,  'Latin,'  with  the  foreign 
accent,  in  contrast  to  the  E.  term.  The 
diphthong  of  the  second  syllable  proves 
that  the  adj.  was  naturalised  previous  to 
Mod  HG.  MidHG.  lattnisch,  OHG.  lattnisc, 
which  was  adopted  in  the  OHG.  period, 
as  is  proved  by  the  non-permutation  of  t 
(lattnus)  to  HG.  33,  was  used  chiefly  in 
the  monastic  schools,  in  which  Latin  was 
cultivated  as  the  language  of  the  Church. 

cfiaf erne,  f.,  '  lautern,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  Interne  (lanterne),  f.  ;  borrowed 
with  the  retention  of  the  foreign  accent 
from  Lat.  laterna  (Fr.  lanterne,  E.  lantern). 

<£atfc,  f.,  'lath,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  late,  latte,  OHG.  latta,  f .  ;  it  corre- 
sponds to  Du.  lat,  AS.  latta  (lappa  ?),  Mid 
E.  lappe,  E.  lath;  a  difficult  word  both 
grammatically  and  etymologically.  The 
correspondence  of  tt  in  AS.  latta  and  OHG. 
latta  is  abnormal  (AS.  tt  ought  to  be  HG. 
tz,  only  AS.  }>J>  corresponds  to  a  HG.  tt). 
Unfortunately  a  corresponding  word  is 
wanting  both  in  Scand.  and  Goth.  Yet 
there  is  no  need  to  regard  the  cognates  as 
foreign ;  since  ModHG.  2aten  is  cognate, 
the  Tent  origin  of  the  word  is  established. 
Hence  from  HG.  8atte  an  allied  Rom.  class 
has  been  rightly  derived — Fr.  latte,  Ital. 
latta,  '  flat  wooden  pole.'  To  the  Teut. 
cognates  Ir.  slath  (Bret,  laz),  'rod,  pole,' 
from  the  base  slattd,  is  primit  akin. 

fictf Itch,  m.,  '  lettuce,'  from  the  equiv. 


Lat 


(    205    ) 


Lau 


MidHG.  lat  tech,  latec/i,  lateche,  OHG.  lattuh 
(latoliha),  borrowed  in  the  OHG.  period 
from  Lat.  lactUca  through  the  intermediate 
forms  lattUca,  lattuca;  comp.  AS.  leahtric, 
'lactuca'  (comp.  Slttid)  from  Lat.  acte). — 
In  $uflaf  fid),  '  colt's  foot,'  SatHcf)  repre- 
sents Lat.  lapatium  (MidHG.  huofleteche, 
OHG.  huofletihha),  or  more  correctly  Mid 
Lat.  lapatica  (intermediate  forms  lapatica, 
Idptica,  lattica). 

gatwevQe,  f.,  'electuary,  confection,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  latwerge,  latwerje, 
latwdrje,  f.  ;  the  t  as  in  Sattidj  represents  ct 
(assimilated  tt)  ;  lactu&rium  has  a  in  the 
unaccented  first  syllable  for  e,  as  in  Safrtjje. 
This  foreign  term  is  based  on  the  equiv. 
MidLat.  electuarium,  which  sometimes  in 
MidHG.  preserves  its  prim,  form,  electudrje, 
lectquerje.  The  MidLat.  word,  which  origi- 
nated in  Gr.  ii<\eiKT6i>,  gK\eiy/j.a,  'medicine 
that  dissolves  in  the  mouth,'  belongs  to  the 
medical  art  of  the  Middle  Ages,  which  was 
learned  from  the  Greeks  (comp.  also  fiafrifce, 
93ucf)fe,  Slrjr,  &c),  and  was  introduced  into 
G.  through  a  Rom.  medium — Ital.  lattovaro, 
Fr.  eleciuaire  (whence  E.  electuary). 

<£rt{,5,  m., 'stomacher,  bodice,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.  from  Rom.  (Fr.  lacet,  m., 
'lace,  stay-lace,'  whence  E.  lace ;  Ital.  laccio, 
'cord';  the  prim,  word  is  Lat.  laqueus, 
'noose,  snare'). 

lau,  adj.,  'lukewarm,  tepid,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Id  (inflected  Idwer),  OHG. 
Ido  (inflected  Idwer) ;  probably  for  an  ear- 
lier *hldo  (Goth.  *hlhos) ;  comp.  OIc.  hlyr, 
hlter,  'warm,  mild,'  Du.  lauw.  In  the  non- 
Teut.  languages  indubitable  cognates  are 
wanting,  yet  the  Rom.  cognates  of  flan  (Fr. 
jlou)  are  derived  from  OG. 

Saxi b,  n.,  '  foliage,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  loup  (b),  OHG.  hub,  m.  and  11.;  a 
primitive  and  common  Teut.  term  ;  comp. 
Goth,  laufs  (plur.  Iaub6s),  m.,  AS.  leaf,  n., 
E.  leaf,  Du.  loof.  Some  connect  the  word 
with  Lith.  Idpas,  '  leaf,'  which,  however, 
compared  with  the  diphthong  of  the  Teut 
word  has  an  abnormal  a  (comp.  -£>aupt  with 
Lat.  caput) ;  Gr.  X^ttoj,  'scale,  rind,'  is  even 
less  akin. 

e£aubc,  f.,  '  arbour,  bower,'  from  Mid 
IK  J.  loube  (loube),  f.,  'porch,  market,  court 
of  justice,  gallery  round  the  upper  storey 
of  a  house,'  OHG.  louba  (louppea),  f., '  pent- 
house, hall,  front  building'  (the  mutated 
liiube  is  met  with  in  MidG.  dials.  ;  comp. 
LG.  love).  The  OIc.  lopt,  '  upper  storey, 
balcony'  (whence  E.  loft),  is  probably  con- 


nected with  this  word.  The  ModHG. 
meaning,  'arbour,'  wanting  in  MidHG. 
and  OHG.,  is  due  to  the  term  being  popu- 
larly connected  with  2aufe.  The  OHG. 
word  passed  in  the  form  of  MidLat  laubia 
into  Rom.  (Ital.  loggia>  Fr.  loge, '  hut,  tent, 
tier  of  boxes '). 

e£aud),  m.,  'leek, garlic,' from,  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  louch,  OHG.  louh  (hh),  m. ;  comp. 
the  corresponding  OIc.  laulcr,  Du.  look,  AS. 
ledc,  E.  leek,  with  which  lie  in  garlic  is 
connected  ;  a  primitive  and  common  Teut. 
word,  which  was  adopted  in  Finn,  as  laukka 
and  in  OSlov.  as  luku..  Like  most  of  the 
old  names  of  plants  and  animals,,  it  is  of 
obscure  origin.  Gr.  \fryos,  la  pliant  rod  or 
twig  for  wicker-work,  willow-like  tree,' 
cannot  be  allied  on  account  of  its  mean- 
ing. Perhaps  Olr.  luss,  'herb,  plant'  (from 
*luksu-),  is  a  cognate. 

efiauer,  m.,  '  tart  wine.'  "  It  is  derived 
from  Lat.  Idra,  which  denotes  the  tart  wine 
that  is  made  from  the  skins  and  stones  of 
grapes  by  pouring  water  on  them"  (Less- 
ing).  Even  in  OHG.  lilra,  MidHG.  Hire,  f. 
(OHG.  Idrra,  MidHG.  liure,  from  the  prim. 
form  H6rear  appears  in  the  equiv.  Suab. 
lexer ;  to  this  Swiss  glbri  from  OHG.  glurra 
is  allied  ?)..  As  to  the  period  of  the  intro- 
duction of  Italian  vine-culture  into  Ger- 
many, comp.  SBein,  Sinjfr,  jfelkr,  jfrtdj,  and 
SWojt.  Lat.  l&rea  is  also  indicated  by  Ital. 
loja,  '  dirt' 

Ittttcm,  vb.,  '  to  lie  in  wait,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  Idren,  wk.  vb. ;  it  cor- 
responds to  Scand.  Idra,  '  to  slumber,'  Mid 
E.  luren,  E,  to  lower,  lour.  Comp.  further 
MidE.  lurken  (for  Mr  ken),  E.  to  lurk,  which 
seems  the  prim.,  meaning  of  the  G.  and 
Scand.  word.  "  To  the  G.  term  is  traced 
Fr.  lorgner, '  to  leer,  ogle,'  from  which  the 
foreign  words  Fr.  lorgnon,  lorgnette,  were 
introduced  into  G." 

<£ciufcl,  «£auff,  'shell'  (espec.  nut- 
shell), a  Hess,  and  Franc,  word,  corre- 
sponding to  OHG.  louft, '  nutshell,  bark  of 
trees.'  Prim,  cognate  with  Lith.  lupinai, 
'  peel,  skins  of  fruit'  (lilpti, '  to  skin,  peel '), 
Pol.  lupina,  'husk.' 

lo u fen,  vb.,  '  to  run,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  loufen,  OHG.  louffan,  str.  vb.  ; 
from  an  earlier  hlauffan,  equiv.  to  Goth. 
hlaupan,  '  to  run.'  It  corresponds  to  AS. 
hledpan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  run,  leap,  dance.'  \\. 
to  leap,  Du.  loopen,  OIc.  hlaupa;  a  specifi- 
cally Teut  word  common  to  all  the  diah ets. 
For  the  prim,  meaning  we  have  absolutely 


Lau 


(    206    ) 


Lau 


no  clue  (Gr.  Kp<uv»6t,  '  swift,'  is  not  allied 
to  Goth,  hlaupan,  which  may  1m;  preferably 
compared  with  Lith.  klupti,  '  to  stumble '). 
The  Teut.  root  hlaup  has  a  collateral  form 
hh"tp,  by  gradation  hldp  (MidHG.  and  Mod 
HG.  dial,  geloffen,  panic),  of  which  a 
variant  hlaubt  appears  in  Swiss  Idpen,  j  to 
run '  (comp.  ftuvfett,  Bav.  hoppen).  ModHG. 
Sauft,  plur.  Sauftf,  m:,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  louft,  m., '  course  (of  time),' 
(MidHG.  plur.  l&ufte,  'conjunctures'). 

<£<tuge,  f., '  lye,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
louge,  OHG.  louga,  f.  ;  corresponding  to 
MidLG.  I6ge,  Du.  loog,  AS.  ledh,  and  the 
equiv.  E.  lye.  In  OIc  laug,  f.,  means 
'  warm  bath '  (preserved  in  Modlc.  in 
numerous  proper  names,  and  signifying 
'hot  spring').  Perhaps  this  Teut.  word 
for  '  warm  bath '  is  connected  with  the 
Aryan  root,  loxo,  lit, '  to  bathe'  (comp.  Lat. 
lavdre),  like  the  equiv.  Swed.  lut,  of  which 
an  extended  Aryan  luk,  equiv.  to  Teut. 
luh, '  to  wash,'  may  appear  in  OHG.  luhhen, 
'  to  wash,'  Suab.  lichen,  North  Franc,  and 
Henneberg  Mien,  'to  rinse  washed  linen.' 
The  HG.  word  occurs  in  the  Slav,  lan- 
guages as  lug,  '  lye.' 

laugncrt,  vb.,  'to  contradict,  deny,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  lougenen,  lougenen, 
lougen,  OHG.  louginen,  lougnen,  wk.  vb. ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  ISgnian,  AS.  Uhnan, 
Ipgnan,  Goth,  laugnjan,  wk.  vb., '  to  deny ' ; 
01c.  leyna,  'to  conceal'  (Goth,  galaugnjan, 
'  to  be  concealed '),  with  the  loss  of  a  g  be- 
fore the  n.  A  common  Teut.  wk.  vb.  with 
the  meaning  '  to  deny ' ;  it  is  a  derivative 
of  an  OHG.  noun  lougna,  f., '  denial '  (OIc. 
laun),  which  is  formed  by  gradation  from 
the  stem  of  lugen  (root  lug).     Comp.  lu^en. 

eEaunc,  f.,  'humour,  freak,'  from  Mid 
HG.  l&ne,  f.,  'humour,  mood';  the  Mod 
HG.  word  also  signifies  '  phase  of  the  moon, 
quarter  of  the  moon,  change  of  fortune.' 
This  series  of  meanings  shows  that  the 
word  is  based  on  Lat.  lUna,  and  that  the 
astrology  of  the  Middle  Ages  in  its  attempt 
to  read  the  fortunes  of  men  by  the  stars 
determined  the  different  significations. 
Ital.  luna,  Ft.  Its  lunes,  E.  lunatic,  lunacy, 
lune,  all  referring  to  mental  states,  give 
evidence  of  the  belief  that  the  moon  influ- 
enced the  moods  of  men. 

<£aus,  f.,  'louse,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.,  MidLG.,  and  OHG.  10s,  f. ;  cor- 
responding to  AS.  lib,  E.  louse,  Scand.  lus 
(plur.  li/ss),  Du.  luis,  '  louse.'  The  word 
is  common  to  Teut,  occurring  eveiy where 


in  the  same  sense.  The  usual  derivation 
of  2au8  from  the  stem  of  Drrlifwn,  8o4sf*t, 
lc\t,  toff  (root  lus),  although  supported  by 
the  analogy  of  Gr.  <pOttp,  '  louse,'  from 
(pddpw,  is  dubious,  since  MidHG.  verliesen 
(prop.  '  to  lose ')  does  not  occur  at  an  early 
period  in  the  sense  of  '  to  spoil.'  Neither 
is  the  derivation  from  the  Teut.  root  lilt, 
'  to  hide  oneself  (OHG.  Idtffn,  see  taufcfyftt), 
certain. 

laufcfjcn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(rare)  and  MidLG.  lUsc/ien,  wk.  vb.,  'to 
listen,  lurk ' ;  the  meaning  points  to  the 
oft-recurring  OTeut.  stem  hl'Os,  '  to  hear,' 
so  that  *hluskan  for  *hltis-skai-,  with  a 
derivative  sk-,  may  be  assumed.  Comp. 
OHG.  hlosin,  MidHG.  losen,  'to  listen  to, 
hearken,'  OIc.  hlus-t,  '  ear.'  Eng.  has  pre- 
served the  cognates  in  AS.  hlyst,  f.,  '  hear- 
ing,' Alystan,  'to  listen  or  hearken  to,'  E. 
to  list,  listen;  OHG.  lUs-trin,  MidHG.  lUs- 
tren,  Suab.  and  Bav.  lauftern,  '  to  hearken,' 
MidHG.  lusimen,  liisenen,  'to  hearken.' 
The  OTeut  verbal  stem  hlus,  authenticated 
by  this  group,  from  pre-Teut  klus,  lias 
cognate  terms  in  Ind.  and  Slav. ;  Ind.  cruS- 
tis,  f., '  hearing,  obedience ' ;  OSlov.  slySati, 
'  to  hear,'  sluchu,  m., '  hearing,'  Lith.  klausa, 
f.,  '  obedience,'  paklusti,  '  to  obey,'  klausyti, 
'  to  hear.'  To  this  root  klus,  '  to  hear,'  a 
shortened  form  klu  is  allied  ;  comp.  laut 
and  Semnunb.  ModHG.  laufdjen  also  seems 
to  be  connected  in  a  subsidiary  manner 
with  MidHG.  Uschen,  OHG.  I6sdn,  '  to  be 
hidden,  concealed.'  Comp.  MidDu.  luus- 
chen,  'to  be  concealed,'  allied  to  the  equiv. 
OHG.  Itiyptn  (Bav.  laujjen,  '  to  lie  in  am- 
bush,' 8til  1  exists). 

Icutf .  adj.,  '  loud,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  Ut  (for  an  earlier  hlut, 
Goth.  *hlHda-) ;  a  common  Teut.  adj. 
(comp.  Du.  litid,  AS.  hldd,  E.  loud),  which, 
like  fait,  alt,  tot,  geroijj,  traut,  jart,  ;fyaft,  funb, 
fatt,  tounb,  was  orig.  an  old  partic.  in  to 
(Lat  tus,  Gr.  tos,  Ind.  tas).  The  meaning 
of  *klA-dd-s,  pre-Teut  kl4-t6-s,  from  the 
root  klu,  '  to  hear,'  is  lit  '  audible,  heard.' 
Another  shade  of  meaning  was  assumed  by 
the  Aryan  partic.  in  the  cognate  languages 
— Sans,  crutds,  Gr.  k\vt6s,  Lat.  inclutus, 
'  famous.'  In  Teut.  also  there  are  traces 
of  the  short  vowel  Qiluda-),  especially  in 
proper  names,  Subwuj,  2otf>ar,  2ubolf,  (£t)lo- 
t^ilbf,  &c.  Moreover,  the  root  klU  (Gr.  kKvu, 
'  I  hear,'  Kki<n, '  fame ' ;  Ind.  crdvas,  'fame ' ; 
OSlov.  sluti,  '  to  be  called,'  slovo  for  *slevo, 
'word';  Lat.  cluo,  clueo,  'to  hear  oneself 


Lau 


(    207    ) 


Lee 


called')  is  also  widely  diffused  in  OTeut. ; 
Goth,  hliuma,  '  hearing,  ear,'  01c.  hlj6mr, 
AS.  hle6f>or, '  tone,  voice,  melody.'  Coinp. 
laufdjen  and  gettmuitb. 

Xaut,  m., '  sound,'  from  MidHG.  lilt,  m., 
'  sound,  tone,  voice,  cry.' — Ittltf,  prep,  with 
gen.,  is  a  form  of  the  subst.  ;  lit.  '  accord- 
ing to  the  sound  of,'  &c. ;  MidHG.  ndch  lilt, 
e.g.  der  briefe,  'according  to  the  letters,' 
ndch  Idt  des  artikels,  '  according  to  the 
article,'  then  also  simply  libt  des  artikels. 
Orig.  used  only  of  the  contents  of  docu- 
ments read  out. 

r£auf e,  f-,  '  lute,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  Idte,  f.,  which  is  derived  from  Fr. 
luth  ;  coinp.  OFr.  leftt,  Ital.  lifilo,  the  origiu 
of  wliich  from  Arab.  aUtid, '  musical  instru- 
ment,' i3  accepted  ;  hence  the  connection 
between  Saute  and  Saut  or  8ieb  must  be  re- 
jected. 

l&txietx,  vb.,  '  to  ring,  chime,'  MidHG. 
liuten,  wk.  vb.,  'to  utter  a  sound,  cause  to 
resound,  ring,'  OHG.  lUbtten,  '  to  make 
audible.'  Comp.  AS.  hltfdan,  '  to  be  audi- 
ble, make  a  loud  noise,  shout,  sound.' 

laufer,  adj., '  pure,  mere,'  from  MidHG. 
lUter,  adj., '  bright,  pure, clear,' OHG.  lilttar, 
hltittar.  Since  Goth,  and  LG.  tr  is  not  per- 
mutated  in  HG.  (comp.  jitteni,  9Biuter,  Qriter, 
Dtter,  and  bitter),  Goth,  hldtrs,  '  pure,'  AS. 
hldttor,  'pure,  clear'  (wanting  in  E.),  and 
Du.  louter  are  corresponding  forms.  A 
prim.  Teut.  adj.  perhaps  orig.  signifying 
'washed'  (like  Lat.  lautus,  lit.  'washed,' 
then  '  splendid,  magnificent').  This  prim, 
meaning  may  be  assumed  since  the  Teut. 
root  hldt,  preserved  only  in  the  adj.  tauter, 
is  cognate  with  Gr.  kXvS  and  *Xitfw,  '  to 
rinse  out,  wash,  cleanse,' and  k\Muv,  'beat- 
ing of  the  waves.' 

tSLavctlbel,  in.  and  f.,  'lavender,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  lavendel,  f.  and  m. ; 
MidLat.  lavendula  (Ital.  lavendola). 

lavieten,  vb.,  '  to  veer,  tack,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Du.  laveeren,  whence  also  Fr. 
louvoyer. 

<ilawine,f.,'avalanche,'ModHG.8imply; 
from  Swiss,  in  which  Saunnn,  pronounced 
with  a  G.  accent,  was  current  at  an  earlier 
period.  The  word  passed  in  the  18th  cent, 
into  the  written  language,  orig.  with 
the  variants  gainuiiie,  Canine,  2due,  goeuun. 
Although  we  might  regard  the  word  as  a 
derivative  of  Lat.  labina  on  account  of 
gofyn,  which  is  undoubtedly  of  Lat.  origin, 
yet  it  probably  comes  from  a  genuine  Teut. 
source ;  for  the  medial  Lat.  b  would  be 


represented  only  by  b  orf(v)  in  G.  (MidHG. 
*levene).  Moreover,  the  numerous  dial, 
variants  point  to  a  G.  root,  and,  indeed,  to 
kinship  with  lau  ;  thus  with  Bav.  lauen, 
launen,  '  to  be  softened  by  a  mild  tempera- 
ture, thaw,'  is  connected  Bav.  lauen,  laun, 
'  thaw,  mass  of  hab'-melted  snow,  avalanche,' 
and  Swiss  laue,  Idui  (pliir.  Iduine),  '  aval- 
anche,' with  lau,  '  warm  enough  to  thaw.' 
Even  in  OHG.  an  allied  word  levrina,  '  cas- 
cade/ occurs. 

lebetl,  vb.,  'to  live,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  Uben,  OHG.  lebSn;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  liban  (pret.  libaida),  AS.  libban, 
E.  to  lite,  Du.  leven ;  Scand.  Ufa,  '  to  live,' 
and  also  '  to  be  remaining.'  This  proves 
the  identity  of  the  stem  lib,  '  to  live,'  with 
that  of  bleiben  (Goth,  bileiban)  ;  hence  the 
connection  with  Gr.  \tirapaeii>,  '  to  persist,' 
to  which  XiirapTjs, '  persistent,  industrious,' 
is  allied,  probably  also  Lith.  lipti,  'to  ad- 
here.'    Comp.  bleibett  and  2eib. 

«ilcber,  f.|  '  liver,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  leber,  lebere,  OHG.  lebara,  f. ;  the  e  of 
the  stem  is  an  old  i  (comp.  beben  and  leben) ; 
corresponds  to  Du.  and  MidLG.  lever,  AS. 
lifer,  E.  liver,  Olc.  lifr,  f.  Some  have 
attempted  to  connect  with  this  common 
Teut.  word  equiv.  terms  in  the  non-Teut. 
languages — Gr.  Ijirap,  ha.t.jecur,  Sans,  yakrt, 
and  have  assumed  two  stems,  lik  and  IjSk 
(j<ilc)  ;  in  that  case  the  medial  labial  in 
£ebet  would  represent  an  orig.  guttural  as 
in  Bter,  funf,  eilf,  2Botf,  &c.  Equally  uncer- 
tain is  the  explanation  from  the  Gr.  Xfira, 
'fat,'  \11rap6s,  'sticky,  greasy' ;  nor  does  it 
seem  probable  that  Gr.  \airdpas  f.,  'loins, 
flanks,'  is  allied,  because  the  OTeut.  word 
has  an  old  i. 

<£cbftud)en,  m.,  'gingerbread,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Ubekuoche,  m.,  allied  to  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  lebezelte.  The  derivation  of 
leb-,  from  Slav,  lipa, '  lime-time,'  Pol.  lipiec, 
'  finest  honey  (lime-tree  honey),'  is  impro- 
bable ;  Lat.  Itbum,  too,  hardly  suffices  to 
explain  the  HG.  word.  MidHG.  lebe-  is 
more  probably  a  graded  form  of  MidHG. 
leip  (see  Saib),  '  bread.'  Or  is  it  connected 
with  ModSlov.  lepenj,  '  a  sort  of  cake'  ? 

tedften,  vb., '  to  be  parched  with  thirst,' 
from  MidHG.  lechzen,  lechezen,  prop,  'to 
dry,'  then '  to  be  parched  with  thirst'  (comp. 
2)urft).  It  is  connected  with  the  earlier 
ModHG.  adj.  lech,  'leaky,'  for  which  the 
LG.  form  is  used  (comp.  led),  MidHG. 
lechen,  '  to  dry  up,  crack  and  leak  through 
dryness';   in  Goth,  probably   a  str.   vb. 


Lee 


(    208    ) 


Leg 


*likun;  comp.  01c.  Itka,  'to  drip,  leak' ; 
E.  to  leak,  AS.  leccan, '  to  water.'  1  lie  Goth, 
stem  is  probably  lik,  by  gradation  lak  (or 
rather  hlak).  Olr.  legaim,  '  to  melt  away, 
dissolve,'  is  closely  related  in  sound  and 
meaning.     Comp.  also  the  following  word. 

lecfe,  adj.,  'leaky;  ModHG.  only,  a  LG. 
form  lor  an  earlier  and  strictly  HG.  led}, 
for,  according  to  the  words  quoted  under 
led)$cn,  the  Goth,  root  is  UkQilik  ?),  and  this 
adj.  corresponds  to  the  OIc.  adj  Je&r, '  leaky,' 
whose  k  would  be  represented  in  HG.  by 
ch.  The  borrowing  of  the  ModHG.  word 
from  LG.  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  a 
great  number  of  nautical  expressions  in 
ModHG.  are  of  LG.  origin  ;  the  HG.  form 
led)  is  also  found  in  the  dials.  MidHG. 
Ifcken,  vb.,  'to  moisten '  {lecke,  f., '  moisten- 
in?  '),  has  ck  for  earlier  kj,  as  is  shown  by  AS. 
letcean,  '  to  moisten '  (from  lakjan).  Both 
vbs.  prove  that '  to  be  watery '  is  the  prim, 
meaning  of  the  Teut.  stem  lek  (by  grada- 
tion lak).  ModHG.  lecfen,  '  to  leak,'  is  no 
more  connected  with  MidHG.  lecken,  *  to 
moisten,'  than  it  is  with  ModHG.  lecfen, '  to 
lick '  ;  it  is  a  derivative  of  the  adj.  led,  and 
hence  has  the  variant  ledjen. 

lechen  (1.),  vb., '  to  lick,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  lecken,  OHG.  lecchdn  (for  G<»th. 
Hikkon).  It  corresponds  to  Du.  likken,  AS. 
liccian,  E.  to  lick.  The  vb.  likkdn,  Ho  lick,' 
common  to  E.  and  G.,  is  related  to  Goth. 
laigdn,  apart  from  the  gradation,  as  HG. 
3iecje  (Goth.  *ticj6)  is  to  3icflein  (Goth.  *tik- 
kein),  or  as  £ut  (Goth.  *h6da-)  is  to  AS. 
hmtt  (Goth.  *hattu-).  Goth.  Hikkdn,  'to 
lick,'  is  also  authenticated  by  the  equiv. 
Rom.  cognates  borrowed  from  it,  Ital. 
leccare,  Fr.  lecher.  A  Teut.  root  slikk  seems 
to  be  preserved  in  ModHG.  fdjleden,  OIc. 
sleikja, '  to  lick.'  Goth.  *laig6n  is  based  on 
an  Aryan  root  llgh,  leigh,  loighj  Gr.  Xe*xw, 
'  to  lick,'  \ix"evij),  '  to  lick,  taste  by  stealth,' 
"Xlxvot,  '  glutton,  dainty '  ;  Sans,  rih,  lih, 
'to  lick';  OSlov.  liza  (lizati),  and  Lith. 
leziti  (I'ezti),  'to  lick' ;  Lat  lingo,  'to  lick,' 
and  allied  to  this  perhaps  Lat.  lingua 
(Lith.  lezuvis),  '  tongue ' ;  Olr.  ligim,  '  to 
lick.' 

Iccfecn  (2.),  locfccm,  vb.,  'to  kick,  hop,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  lecken,  wk.  vb., 
in  Goth,  perhaps  *lakjan,  which  may  be 
connected  with  Gr.  Ad£,  adv.  "K&y-Snv,  '  with 
the  foot'  Its  kinship  with  Goth,  laikan, 
'  to  spring,  hop,'  is  improbable. 

<£eber,  n.,  'leather,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  leder,  OHG.  ledar,  n.  ;  a  common 


Teut.  word  pointing  to  Goth.  *UJ>ra-,  n.  ; 
comp.  AS.  lejxr,  E.  leather,  Du.  leder,  OIc. 
lejrr,  n.,  'leather.'  The  pre-Teut  form 
is  iktro-m,  to  which  Ir.  lethar,  W.  lledr, 
1  leather,'  are  traced. 

lebtfl,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ledic,  ledec  (</),  '  unoccupied,  free,  untram- 
melled '  ;  the  modern  UpG.  dials,  point  to 
MidHG.  ledic.  OHG.  *ledag,  l&lig,  as  well 
as  Goth.  Hipags  are  wanting  ;  the  follow- 
ing, however,  are  recorded  :  OIc.  lifiugr, 
'free,  untrammelled,'  MidE.  lejji,  adj , 
*■  unoccupied,  empty,'  MidDu.  ledech,  Mid 
LG.  leddich,  ledich,  '  at  leisure,  unem- 
ployed.' The  prim,  word  is  MidE.  U,the, 
'  leisure,,  spare  time '  (AS.  UoJju  ?),  to  which 
is  allied  Uthen  (lejrin),  '  to  set  free '  (AS. 
-At-,  a4eoJ>ian  ?),  as  well  as  MidDu.  onliJe, 
'  want  of  leisure,  grief.'  On  account  of  the 
absence  of  the  word  in  the  OTent.  dials, 
it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  evolution  in 
meaning.  Must  we  connect  it  with  Goth. 
unlids,  AS.  unhMe,  'poor,  unhappv,'  or 
with  Lat  liber  (for  Uthero  ?), '  free '  ?  " 

tS.ce,  n.,  '  lee,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG. 
lee,  '  place  where  a  calm  prevails' ;  comp, 
Ic.  hU,  E.  lee  (from  AS.  hleo,  '  protection '). 

leer,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  Idkre, 
OHG.  and  OSax.  Idri,  '  empty,  void'; 
comp.  AS.  Icere,  gelcere,  MidE.  Here,  E.  dial. 
leer,  '  empty,  with  an  empty  stomach, 
hungry.'  It  can  hardly  be  determined 
whether  the  r  represents  by  rhotacism  an 
earlier  s^  Perhaps  Goth,  lasiws,  '  power- 
less, weak,'  AS.  leswe,  '  weak '  (MidHG. 
erlesxcen,  '  to  grow  weak '),  as  well  as  OIc. 
lasenn,  '  demolished/  are  the  nearest  cog- 
nates of  leer. 

<£cf3e,  f.,  'lip,'  from  the  equiv.. MidHG. 
Ufs,  lefse,  f.  and  m.,  OHG.  left,  m.,  an  UpG. 
term  (in  Suab.  lengthened  to  liifzg)  for  the 
properly  LG.  Sippe.  Both  terms  are  primit. 
allied  ;  Sippe  may  come  from  Teut.  HipjC, 
f.,  and  Sefje  (with  the  OHG.  variant  leffur, 
OSax.  li'pur),  from  primit  Teut.  lepas,  gen. 
lepazi*,  or  lefs,  gen.  lefds  (with  fs  for  ps)  ; 
comp.  Goth,  alis,  gen.  ahsis, '  ear  (of  corn),' 
with  OHG.  aliir,  AS.  ear  (from  *eahor),  E. 
ear.  For  the  further  cognates  comp..under 
2iWK.  Goth,  and  Scand.  have  a  totally 
different  term  for  '  lip ' ;  Goth.  wairilO 
(AS.  tceler),  OIc.  vgrr,  f. 

«£ecjel,  m.,  '  keg,  cruse,'  from  MidHG. 
kegel,  Idgel,  latgde,  f.,  'small  cask,'  OHG. 
Idgila,  Idgella,  f.,  which  is  derived  from 
Mid  Lat.  Utgeiia, '  a  measure  for  liquids  and 
for  dry  goods '  (Lat.  lagdna,  lagoena, '  flask.' 


Leg 


(    209    ) 


Leh 


from  Gr.  Xdyqvos,  \dyvvos  ij, '  ilagon ')  ;  with 
respect  to  I  for  Lat.  n  in  words  borrowed 
from  Lat.  comp.  Pummel  (also  Jpimmel, 
fd)(eunicO.  Moreover,  the  primit.  kinship  of 
the  HG.  cognates  with  OSlov.  lakiUi,  Lith. 
lalcas, '  earthen  pitcher,'  is  perhaps  conceiv- 
able. 

leflett,  vb., '  to  lay,  put,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  legen,  lichen,  wk.  vb.  ; 
prop,  'to  cause  to  lie,'  hence  a  factitive 
of  liecjen.  It  corresponds  to  OSax.  tyggvin, 
Du.  leggen,  AS.  l$&fant  E.  to  lay,  OIc.  Ugja, 
Goth,  lagjan,  wk.  vb.,  '  to-  lay.'  Comp. 
liegen. 

(SieQenbe,  f.,  'legend,'  from  MidHG. 
hgende,  f.,  'story  of  a  saint' ;  from  MidLat. 
legenda,  neu.  plur.  (sic  dicta,  quia  certis 
diebus  legenda  in  eccLesia  et  in  sacris  syn- 
axibus  designabatur  a  moderatore  chori). 

<£.ef)be,  <&ebe,  f.,  '  waste  land,'  simply 
ModHG.,  from  earlier  Da.  leeghde,  ModDu. 
laagte, '  low  ground,  valley,'  through  a  LG. 
medium.  Allied  to  the  ModDu.  adj.  laag, 
'  low,'  to  which  E..  low  and  the  equiv.  OIc. 
I6.gr  correspond  ;  in  miners'  language  the 
adj.  appears  also  in  G.  ;  lag^ 'sloping,  awrv,' 
from  MidHG.  Ivkge, '  flat,  low.'  The  whole 
class  belongs  to  the  stem  of  (tecjen. 

gcfycn,  n.,  'fief,'  from  MidHG.  IShen, 
n.,  'feudal  estate,  fief,'  OHG,  lehan,  n.  ; 
corresponding  to  OIc.  Idn,  n.,  'loan,  fief 
(whence  E.  loan),  AS.  Icen ;  in  Goth,  pro- 
bably *laihion>s,  n.,  to  which  Sans,  reknas, 
11.,  'estate,  wealth,' prop,  'inheritance,.'  cor- 
responds in  construction  and  derivation. 
For  further  cognates  comp.  letfyen. 

<£el)m,  m.,  'loam,  clay,'  with  a  LG.  and 
MidG.  form  {&  for  HG.  ex)  ;  the  strictly 
HG.  form  Seinicn  has  a  restricted  sphere. 
Comp.  MidHG.  leim,  leimerm.r'  loam,'  from 
OHG.  leimo,  m.  It  corresponds  to  AS. 
Idm,  E.  loam  (Goth.  *laima).  The  root  lai 
appears  with  a  derivative  s  in  OIc.  leir,  n.,. 
from  *laiz,  which  may  have  been  contracted 
from  laj-is,  like  Goth,  ais,  'brass,'  from 
djii,  Sans.  &>/as*  Allied  to  Lat.  Itmns,  m., 
'slime,  dirt.'  The  form  of  the  gradation 
between  Teut.  laima  and  Lat.  Itmus  is  ai 
to  I.     Comp.  Setm. 

(SLctyxc  (L.),  f.,  'back  or  arm  (of  a  chair), 
balustrade,  railing,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lene,  line,  f.,  OHG  Una,  f.,  'reclina- 
torium'  for  *hlina,  which  was  probably 
the  form  in  Goth.  also.  Comp.  Gr.  kKivti, 
'couch,  mattress'  (these  meanings  also  be- 
long to  Sefytte  in  earlier  ModHG),  and  for 
further  cognates  see  lefniett  and  Setter. 


<£ef)tte  (2.),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
liene,  with  the  remarkable  variant  lielie, 
f,  'wild  sow' ;  its  further  connections  are 
difficult  to  determine  ;  the  similarity  in 
sound  with  the  equiv.  Fr.  late  and  MidLat. 
Ufa  (for  Ithal)  must  not  be  overlooked. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  8el)ne  is  of  Teut. 
origin. 

Jfefjne  (3.),  f.,  'linch-pin' ;  comp.  Suitfe. 

<£d)tte  (4.),  ^ctttte,  f.,  'Norwegian 
maple' ;  MidHG.  and  OHG.  lin-,  limboum, 
hence  also  earlier  ModHG.  Seinbaum  ;  the 
ModHG.  form  is  borrowed  from  a  Northern 
dial. ;  Dan.  Ion,  Swed.  lonn.  Moreover 
the  term  was  orig.  common  to  Teut.  ;  it 
was  applied  to  the  '  maple '  in  all  the  older 
dials,  except  Goth.  ;  OIc.  hlynr,  AS.  hlyn 
(hlynn  or  hlin  ?),  and  with  these  in  the  non- 
Teut.  languages  Slav,  klenu,  and  Lith. 
kUvas,  '  maple,'  are  primit.  allied. 

lefynen  (1.),  vb.,  'to  lean,  recline';  it 
combines  MidHG.  lenen,  linen,  intr.,  'to 
rest  (on),'  and  (through  the  medium  of 
MidG.)  MidHG.  leinen,  trans.,  'to  lean,' 
OHG.  linin,  earlier  IdinSn,  intr.,  and  leinen, 
hleinen,  trans.  ;  corresponds  to  AS.  hlinian, 
hleonian,  intr.^and  Hainan,  trans., '  to  lean.' 
The  real  stem  is  hli,  the  n  is  a  verbal  suffix 
(in  Seljne,  however,  corresponding  to  Gr. 
K\i-vv,  a  nominal  suffix).  The  graded  form 
of  /ilt,  hlai,  has  been  preserved  in  Setter  ;  it 
also  existed  in  an  OTeut.  *hlahcaz,  *hlai- 
v>iz,  n.,  'hill ' (Goth. hlaiiv,  AS.  hkew,  OHG. 
ISo  for  hlio),  as  well  as  in  Goth.  Mains, 
m.,  '  hill,'  OIc.  hlein,  f.,  'projecting  rock.' 
The  root  Mi,  unpermutated  kit,  appears  in 
the  non-Teut.  languages  with  numerous 
cognates;  Gr.  K\tvu,  'to  lean,'  icXi-fiaf,  f., 
'ladder,  stairs' (comp.  Setter),  ic\i-vy, '  couch,' 
K\i-ala,  '  couch,  easy-chair,  tent '  (comn. 
Goth.  Mei-J>ra,  f.,  'tent'),  <cXt-Tt5s,  '  hilL' 
/cXt-TOj,,  k\Itos,  n.,  'hill'  (comp.  ModHG. 
Seite,  f.,  OIc.  MiJ>,  f.,  AS.  hlty,  n.,  'hill') ; 
Lat.  clinare,  '  to  incline,'  clivus,  m.,  '  hill,' 
with  which  are  allied  Lith.  szlyti,  'to  incline 
to  one  side,'  sztiti,  *to  lean  against,'  szlaitas, 
'slope.'  Hence,  according  to  these  allied 
meanings,  the  idea  is  '  to  rise  gradually, 
assume  a  wry  form  or  a  slanting  position.' 

Ic^rtCtt  (-2.),  vb., '  to  lend,'  from  MidHG. 
lehenen,  OHG.  Wiantin, '  to  bestow  as  a  fief, 
lend ' ;  comp.  Sebett,  and  further  also  leiljen  ; 
allied  to  AS.  Uiman  (pret.  IcPiule),  E.  to 
lend. 

lcf)tcn,  vb.,  'to  teach,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  leren, '  to  instruct,  teach,  make 
one  acquainted  with,'  sometimes  also  '  ta 

0 


Lei 


(      2IO      ) 


Lei 


learn';  corresponding  to  Du.  leeren,  AS. 
Ideran  (whence  01c.  Idra  is  borrowed), 
Goth,  liisjan,  'to  teach.'  A  common  Teut. 
vb.  witli  the  primit.  meaning  '  to  cause  to 
know' ;  laisjun  is  the  factitive  of  a  pret. 
pres.  lais,  '  I  know,'  preserved  in  Goth. 
only.  In  G.  and  E.  only  a  partic.  deriva- 
tive was  retained,  which  was  probably  re- 
presented in  Goth,  by  *lisnan  or  *liznan; 
comp.  tcrncn.  Allied  also  to  Goth,  leis, 
'knowing,'  leisei, 'knowledge,'  in  luhja-ltis, 
-leisei, '  skilled  in  poisons,  witchcraft.'  We 
have  data  for  assuming  that  Goth,  lais,  '  I 
know,'  is  based  on  a  prim,  meaning  '  I 
have  experienced,'  for  the  stem  lis  of  lefymi 
and  tenren  appears  also  in  ©teife  and  teijten 
in  the  old  sense  of '  to  go,'  with  which  Lat. 
lira,  '  furrow,'  and  its  derivative  delhare 
(lit.  '  to  slip  away  from ')  are  connected,  as 
well  as  OSlov.  techa,  'ridge  (of  a  furrow),' 
mentioned  under  ©leife ;  comp.  leiuen. — 
<£er)re,  f.,'  teaching,dcctrine,'from  MidHG. 
lere,  OHG.  Ura,  f. ;  comp.  AS.  Idr,  f ,  whence 
E./wm—flcIer)rf,geta^rt,  part., 'learned,' 
even  in  MidHG.  gelirt  and  yeldrt,  with  the 
ModHG.  sense,  prop,  however,  '  one  who 
is  instructed' ;  comp.  MidE.  Haired)  Scand. 
Ubrbr  (conip.  doctus  from  docere). 

-\e\,  suffix,  ModHG.  simply  ;  from  Mid 
HG.  hie,  f., '  manner,  method/  In  MidHG. 
there  was  no  compound  corresponding  to 
ModHG.  tttancfycrlft,  the  expression  maneger 
le:'e  being  used  as  a  gen.,  e.g.  maneger  leie 
liute,  '  various  sorts  of  people,'  equiv.  to 
ModHG.  mandjerlet  Seute.  MidHG.  leie,  lei, 
is  generally  considered  to  be  a  Rom.  word 
borrowed  from  OFr.  and  Pro  v.  ley,  'method' 
(Span,  and  Port,  laya,  '  manner,'  is  said  to 
be  of  Basque  origin). 

<£ct,  <£eie,  m.  and  f.,'  rock,  stone'  (in 
proper  names  like  geretei),  from  MidHG. 
lei,  leie,  f.,  '  rock,  stone,'  also  '  paved  way, 
schist,'  corresponding  to  OSax.  leia,  f., 
'  rock.'  Further  cognates,  whether  in  the 
Teut.  or  non-Teut.  languages,  are  uncer- 
tain (allied  perhaps  to  Gr.  XSas,  'stone'?). 
It  has  been  assumed  that  Ital.  lavagna, 
'slate,'  was  borrowed  from  the  G.  cognates. 
<£cib,  m.,  'body,  waist,'  from  MidHG. 
Up  (6),  m.,  'life,  body,  substance';  the. 
meaning  '  life'  has  been  preserved  in  Mod 
HG.  only  in  compounds  such  as  Seifyttcfrt, 
'sustenance,' Seibrente, 'life-annuity.'  OHG. 
llb,m.  and  n.,  'life,'  AS.  llf,  E.  life;  Goth. 
*leif  (b)  is  wanting  (' life '  is  rendered  by 
falrhvnis) ;  Scand.  lif,  n.,  '  body,  life.'  The 
phonetic  kinship  with  Seben  may  be  repre- 


sented in  Gr.  by  X<>,  Xlx  ;  just  as  Ubtu,  fol- 
lowing Gr.  XiirapetK,  means  lit.  '  to  persist,' 
so  too  OTeut.  liba-  is  lit. '  persistence,  con- 
tinuance ' ;  the  meaning  '  body,  substance,' 
is  simply  G.  Gr.  X«(tw  cannot  on  account 
of  Lat.  linquo  be  connected  with  \ncapiw  ; 
it  is  allied  to  Teut.  lei()eir,  while  Xtirap/w 
with  8eib  and  fiebeu  are  based  on  an  Aryan 
root  lip  in  Meiben. 

,£cid).  m.,  '  lay,'  a  term  borrowed  anew 
from  MidHG.  leich,  m.,  'song  consisting  of 
unequal  strophes,'  orig.  in  a  general  sense 
'  instrumental  melody '  (whence  OFr.  lai 
was  borrowed).  It  corresponds  to  Goth. 
laiks,  '  dance,'  from  laikan,  '  to  dance,'  AS. 
Idc,  n.,  'play,  tilting,'  from  lacan,  'to  leap, 
dance.'  Since  ModHG.  8eid)  is  only  a  loan- 
word,no  further  remarks  are  necessary  con- 
cerning the  specifically  OTeut.  root  laik 
and  its  wide  ramifications. 

<£etcr)e,  f.,  '  corpse,'  from  MidHG.  lich, 
Itch'',  f., '  body,  substance,'  also  '  dead  body, 
corpse' ;  in  ModHG.  the  specialised  mean- 
ing, which  in  the  earlier  Teut.  dials,  was 
subordinate  to  the  more  general  sense 
'body'  as  substance,  has  now  become  the 
prevalent  one.  OHG.  llh  (hh),  f.  and  n., 
'  body,  flesh,'  AS.  lie,  n.,  '  body,  "substance, 
corpse'  (for  E.  like  comp.  gieicfy);  Goth. 
leik,  n.,  '  flesh,  body,  corpse.'  In  a  posses- 
sive compound  lik  assumed  even  in  the 
OTeut. period  the  definite  meaning  'body,' 
but  was  modified  afterwards  in  numerous 
dials,  to  a  suffix  equiv.  to  HG.  4id)  (which 
see).  The  signification  'body'  has  been 
retained  in  ModHG.  Settybcrn,  '  corn,'  lit. 
'thorn  in  the  body'  (Ic.  likfrorn). — ^ctd)- 
nctm,  m.,  'dead  body,  corpse,'  from  Mid 
HG.  lichname,  OHG.  Wihinamo,  m., '  body, 
substance,  corpse';  OHG.  lihhinamo  for 
Hihhin-hamo  is  based  on  a  wk.  form  *ltkan-, 
*likin-  (comp.  Goth,  manleika,  'image'); 
at  all  events,  OHG.  llhhin-amo  is  not  a  cor- 
ruption of  OTeut.  likhamo,  in.,  'body'; 
OHG.  ithhamo  (by  syncope  Ithmo),  MidHG. 
lichame,  in.,  AS.  Uc-hgma,  OIc.  likamr 
(likame),  in.,  'body.'  The  second  com- 
ponent is  an  obsolete  noun  (ham,  ha?no), 
meaning  '  form,  covering ' ;  comp.  OIc. 
harm,  '  skin,  shape,'  AS.  homa, '  covering '  ; 
Goth,  anahamdn,  galiamtin,  *  to  put  on 
(clothes),  dress'  (comp.  Harnett,  ftdmtfd),  and 
Jpemb).  Therefore  gcicfynam  probably  sig- 
nified orig.  'body,'  lit.  'covering  or  form 
of  flesh,'  i.e.  '  body  of  flesh,  in  so  far  as  it 
is  endowed  with  life.'  The  compound  has 
a  rather  poetical  air  about  it,  and  in  fact 


Lei 


(    211    ) 


Lei 


Scand.  and  AS.  poetry  coined  many  simi- 
lar circumlocutions  for  '  body.'  In  AS. 
poetry  comp.  Jkesc-homa,  'flesh-covering,' 
also  bdn-fcet,  lit  '  bone-vessel,'  bdnhUs,  lit. 
*  bone-house,'  bdnloca,  lit  *  bone-cage,'  bdn- 
cofa,  lit.  '  bone-dwelling,'  as  synonyms  of 
AS.  Itc-homa,  '  body.'  Hence  it  is  quite 
possible  that  OTeut  lik-hamo  was  adopted 
from  poetry  in  ordinary  prose. 

leid)f ,  adj.,  *  light,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  Wit.  Ithte,  OHG.  Ithti;  corresponding 
to  Du.  ligt,  AS.  Wit,  le6ht,  E.  light,  OIc. 
tettr,  Goth,  leihts, '  light'  The  further  cog- 
nates of  the  word  are  uncertain,  since  there 
are  too  many  adjs.  in  the  allied  languages 
closely  resembling  teidjt  both  in  sense  and 
sound.  Some  etymologists  derive  Lat  Uvis, 
'light,'  from  Uvis,  lenhvis,  in  order  to  con- 
nect it  with  the  common  Teut  adj.  as  well 
as  with  Gr.  £\axfc,  *  petty,  small,'  Lith. 
lenguiis,  Ungwas,  'light';  in  that  case  Itht 
would  represent  Unfit,  lenht.  If  leictyt  be 
connected  with  ModHG.  gelingen.  it  might 
be  compared  with  Gr.  £\a<f>p6s,  'light, 
nimble '  (see  lungeru).  No  explanation  has 
been  hitherto  quite  satisfactory,  since  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages  there  is  no  adj.  corre- 
sponding in  form  to  G.  letcfyt. — In  E.  lights 
(see  gunge)  is  also  connected  with  the  adj. 
light. 

,SLeib,  n.,  '  harm,  hurt,  sorrow,'  from 
MidHG.  hit  (d),  n., 'affliction,  pain,  evil' 
(as  adj.  'afflicting'),  OHG.  kid,  n.,  'that 
which  causes  affliction  ;  harm,  pain '  (leid, 
adj.,  'afflicting, repugnant,  hateful').  Comp. 
AS.  ldj>,  'offence,  wrong,  hostile,  hateful, 
inimical';  E.  loath,  adj.,  to  loathe,  OIc. 
leijyr,  'hostile,  hateful.'  Probably  the 
abstr.  subst.  is  orig.  nothing  more  than 
the  neut.  of  the  adj.,  which  passed  into 
Kom.  at  a  very  early  period  (comp.  Ital. 
laido,  '  ugly,'  Fr.  laid).  See  further  under 
leiben  and  Utter. 

leiben,  vb.,  'to  suffer,  endure,  bear,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ltden,  OHG.  ltdan, 
str.  vb.  It  is  ordinarily  identified  with  an 
OTeut.  str.  vb.  Itfxin,  'to  go'  (comp.  teitfn); 
comp.  OHG.  ltdan,  'to  go,  proceed,'  AS. 
Itpan,  Goth,  leijjan,  '  to  go.'  It  is  assumed 
that  lljjan,  from  the  meaning  'travelling 
to  a  foreign  land  {alilandi,  whence  Mod 
HG.  elenb)  and  across  the  sea'  (llfran  is 
frequently  used  of  a  voyage),  has  acquired 
the  sense  of  'indisposition,  enduring,  and 
suffering.'  This  explanation  is  too  artifi- 
cial, and  when  it  i3  urged  in  its  favour  that 
the  latter  meaning  does  not  occur  in  Goth., 


OSax.,  and  AS.,  the  fact  is  overlooked  that 
it  is  assumed  as  primit  by  the  common 
Teut.  adj.  laipa-,  '  painful,  repugnant,  hos- 
tile,' which  is  wanting  only  in  Goth.  (comp. 
ficib).  It  might  be  conceivable  if  a  com- 
pound of  lipan,  '  to  go,'  formed  by  prefix- 
ing a  verbal  particle,  had  assumed  within 
the  historic  period  the  meaning  'to  suffer,' 
but  that  the  simple  verb  evolved  such  a 
sense  immediately  from  '  to  go'  in  primit. 
Teut.  times  is  scarcely  credible.  Tim  proof 
of  this  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  deriva- 
tive laifia-,  from  the  s'.em  of  Upon,  is 
more  widely  diffused,  and  is  recorded 
at  an  earlier  period.  Thus  we  are  led 
to  the  orig.  meaning  '  to  put  up  with 
what  is  repugnant,'  and  the  early  ex- 
istence of  the  adj.  and  subst  discussed 
under  geib  causes  no  surprise.  For  the 
further  history  of  the  word  the  OHG.  in- 
terject. Uwes,  Us,  '  oh  !  alas  1 '  appears  to  be 
valuable  ;  in  form  it  is  the  gen.  of  a  noun, 
and  presumes  Goth,  laiwis,  from  a  stem 
lai-wa-.  Since  it  is  used  in  a  way  similar 
to  HG.  teiber,  they  are  probably  cognate. 
Thus  the  root  would  be  lai,  by  gradation 
It ;  the  dental  of  ltdan,  leibeit,  was  probably 
therefore  a  part  of  the  present  stem  origi- 
nally.    See  the  following  word. 

leibet,  interj.,  'alas!'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  leider,  OHG.  leiddr;  prop,  a  com- 
parat.  of  the  OTeut.  adj.  mentioned  under 
8eib.  With  regard  to  the  possibility  of 
its  being  allied  to  OHG.  Urns,  Us,  '  alas  ! ' 
comp.  leibeit. 

,£cter,  f.,  'lyre,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lire,  OHG.  lira,  f.;  from  Lat  and  Gj. 
lyra,  with  the  Byzantine  pronunciation  of 
the  y  current  in  the  Middle  Ages,  but  with 
an  abnormal  change  of  quantity  (as  in 
Amu,  <2duite,  and  gilie).  The  lyre  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  except  when  imported,  was 
essentially  different  from  the  antique  lyre ; 
it  was  an  instrument  of  the  same  sort  as  a 
guitar,  and  was  played  by  a  wheel  turned 
by  a  winch  ;  hence  it  was  something  very 
like  a  barrel-organ  (hurdy-gurdy).  Through 
the  influence  of  classical  studies,  the  term 
geier  is  now  applied  again  to  the  antique 
instrument  without  entirely  supplanting 
the  earlier  meaning  (comp.  geietfaften). 
Comp.  also  Ital.  lira,  Fr.  lyre,  E.  lyre,  and 
Du.  tier. 

leihcn,  vb.,  'to  lend,  borrow,'  from  Mid 
HG.  Ithen,  OHG.  Ithan,  str.  vb.,  'to  take 
on  credit,'  rarely  '  to  give  on  credit ' ;  so  too 
Goth,  leihwan,  AS.  Ie6n  (contracted  from 


Lei 


(      212      ) 


Lei 


Uhan),  of  which  only  the  allied  forms  loan 
anil  to  lend  have  been  preserved  in  E. 
(corap.  £ef)eu  and  lelnien).  These  deri- 
vatives, which  appear  in  several  dialects, 
are  based  on  the  common  Teut.  meaning 
'  to  lend.'  The  correspondences  in  the 
cognate  languages  prove  that  this  is  only 
a  specialisation  of  a  general  sense,  *  to 
leave.'  The  Aryan  root  lik  occurs  with 
the  meanings  '  to  leave  behind,  forsake, 
set  free,  relinquish ' ;  Sans,  ric  (for  lik), 
pres.  rindcmi,  'to  abandon  a  thing,  give 
up,  set  free,  empty,  clear,  give  way  for  a 
certain  sum' ;  to  this  are  allied  rikthdm, 
n.,  '  bequest,  inheritance,'  reknas,  n.,  '  pro- 
perty left  behind,  wealth '  (see  Celjen), 
riktds,  adj.,  and  reku-s,  adj.,  'empty';  also 
Lat.  linquo,  relinquo,  reliquus ;  Gr.  XeiVw, 
with  very  numerous  meanings,  '  to  forsake, 
leave  over  or  behind,  omit';  Xotirfo,  adj., 
'  remaining ' ;  OIc.  leHcim  (prim,  form  leiqo), 
'I  lea  ve^  relinquish ' ;  Litb.  leku,  likli,  'to 
leave  behind,'  pdlaikas,  '  remnant,'  OSlov. 
otu-leku,  'remnant,  relic' 

Jici tarfjcn,  <£ettad)>  n.,  ' sheet,'  from 
MidHG.  Ulachen,  Ulach,  n.,  '  bed-linen, 
sheet'  The  ModHG.  and  MidHG.  word 
originated  in  lin-lachen,  which  form  is  often 
recorded  in  MidHG.  (&int.acljcn  in  earlier 
ModHG.),  and  appears  in  OHG.  as  Un- 
lalthan ;  linl-  was  assimilated  in  MidHG. 
to  Ull-  and  11  simplified  after  a  long  voweL 
A  similar  course  was  followed  by  the  OIc. 
cognate  U-rept  for  *linrept,  Hinript,  'linen.' 
The  derivation  of  8eilad)fii  from  MidHG. 
IVtlaclien,  OHG.  Uh-lahhan,  'body-linen' 
(comp.  Seidje,  for  OHG.  lih),  is  less  pro- 
bable, because  an  assimilation  of  chl  to  11, 
I,  is  scarcely  credible. 

eJEeittt,  m.^  'glue,  birdlime,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.,  MidLG.,  and  OHG.  Urn, 
m. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  lijm,  AS.  Urn, 
E.  lime;  Scand.  lin\  n.,  'glue,  lime'; 
Goth.  Heima  is  wanting.  The  common 
Teut.  lima-  is  related  by  gradation  to  the 
common  Teut  laima-,  mentioned  under 
2et>m ;  the  prim,  meaning,  'earthy,  adhe- 
sive substance,'  is  deduced  from  the  E. 
and  Scand.  signification  '  glue,  lime.'  Lat. 
Umus,  'slime,'  is  more  closely  connected 
with  HG.  Scfjm  in  meaning,  but  with  HG. 
getm  in  its  graded  form  f.  The  root  lai, 
by  gradation  It,  is  authenticated  by  OIc. 
leir,  n.  (see  8efjm),  and  Lat.  li-no,  'to  rub 
over.'  Its  relation  to  Gr.  \tifubv,  '  marsh,' 
and  7X0161,  '  sticky,  clammy  stuff,'  i3  less 
certain. 


Schx,  m.,  '  flax,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  lin,  m.  and  n. ;  comp. 
Seises. 

<£eine,  f.,  'line,'  from  MidHG.  and  Mid 
LG.  line,  f.,  late  OHG.  Una,  f., '  rope,  cable, 
line,'  espec.  'towline.'  The  derivation 
from  Lat.  llnea  is  doubtful,  because  the 
latter  does  not  signify  'cable'  even  in  Mid 
Lat.,  but  specially '  plumb-line,'  and  in  Mid 
Lat.  '  measure  of  length.'  As  far  as  the 
sense  is  concerned,  the  word  is  more  closely 
connected  with  Lat.  llnum,  '  thread,  cable, 
rope ' ;  hence  OHG.  Una  is  the  plur.  of  the 
Lat  word.  In  Rom.  and  Mid  Lat,  however, 
linum  does  not  occur  in  this  sense.  Perhaps 
Seine,  as  an  independent  Teut  derivative 
of  lin,  'linen,'  corresponds  to  Gr.  \ivata, 
\ivia,  'rope,  cord'  ?.  In  that  case  AS.  line,  E. 
line,  and  OIc.  Una  (Goth.  *ltinj6,  lit.  '  what 
is  prepared  from  flax'),  are  also  formed 
according  to  the  genuinely  Teut.  principle 
(suffix,  jon). 

Seincn,  n.,  '  linen,'  prop,  a  neut  adj. 
used  as  a  subst,  MidHG.  linen,  linin,  '(of) 
linen.'  It  is  based  on  MidHG.  lin,  in., 
'flax,  linen,  linen  garment,'  OHG.  and 
OSax.  Un,  n.,  Goth,  lein,  n.,  'linen.'  In 
this  case,  as  in  that  of  -£>anf,  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  term  (common  Teut  Una-)  is 
cognate  with  or  borrowed  from  the  simi- 
larly sounding  words  in  Lat.  and  Gr.  If 
the  Teut  word  is  really  borrowed,  the  rela- 
tion of  the  consonants  proves  that  J&anf  was 
known  to  the  Teutons  previous  to  the  per- 
mutation of  consonants,  i.e.,  long  before 
our  era ;  the  same  may  be  said  of  Una-, 
'  flax,'  since  Pliny  and  Tacitii3  testify  that 
linen  was  used  among  the  Teutons  when 
they  wrote.  Perhaps  we  may  regard  Scy- 
thian as  the  source  of  the  cognates,  as  is 
indicated  by  the  absence  of  the  word  among 
the  Eastern  Aryans.  Comp.  Lat.  linum, 
Gr.  tdvo-v,  OSlov.  llnii,  Lith.  linal,  '  flax ' ; 
XI-  was  retained  in  the  dat.  \l-rl,  plur.  Xt-ra, 
hence  the  root  of  linum,  \lvov,  is  If-  and  no, 
the  suffix.  Comp.  getlacben  and  Seine. — 
^etrmmttb,  f.,  is  a  ModHG.  corruption 
of  MidHG.  linwdt,  f.,  'linen,'  connecting 
it  with  HG.  ©etoanb.  The  old  wdt  (OHG. 
and  MidHG.)  has  become  obsolete  in  Mod 
HG.  ;  like  AS.  weed, '  garment,'  it  is  allied 
to  a  lost  Aryan  root,  vx,  '  to  weave.' 

,£cts,  m., '  canticle,' borrowed  from  Mid 
HG.  and  early  ModHG.  his,  leise,  in., 
'spiritual  song,'  shortened  from  klrteise. 
Kyrie  eleison  was  the  refrain  of  hymns. 

Icife,  adj.,  'low,  soft,  gentle,'  from  Mid 


Lei 


(    213    ) 


Len 


HG.  lise,  OHG.  *lisi  (adv.  liso),  '  low,'  also 
1  slow.'  Under  lefyrcn,  Sift,  and  letnen,  a 
Teut.  root,  orig.  meaning  '  to  go,'  is  dis- 
cussed, with  which  Goth,  lets,  'familiar,' 
seems  to  be  connected.  The  HG.  word  can, 
however,  scarcely  be  directly  allied  to  this 
adj.,  since  the  difference  in  meaning  is  too 
great.  It  is  also  questionable  whether 
leife  belongs  at  all  to  the  root  lis.  Perhaps 
it  is  connected  with  Gr.  Xeuw,  \1ap6s,  '  soft, 
gentle,  mild' ;  both,  however,  are  better 
referred  to  Lat.  Uvis,  '  smooth.'  The  nasal 
in  Suab.  tins  (Icens),  '  low,'  presents  a  diffi- 
culty. 

r£ci He  (1.),  f., '  list,  border,  selvage,' from 
MidHG.  liste,  OHG.  lista,  f.,  'long  strip, 
edge,  lace,  list' ;  comp.  AS.  list,  f.,  E.  list; 
Ic.  lista  (lista  ?),  f.,  '  border,  strip ' ;  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages  there  are  no  cognates. 
Note,  however,  the  words  borrowed  in 
Rom.,  Ital.  lista,  Fr.  liste,  'strip,  lace.' 

<£et(?e  (2.),  f.,  'groin,'  ModHG.  only, 
probably  not  connected  with  the  preceding 
word,  but  with  Goth.  *laistd,  f.  The  latter 
is  indicated  also  by  E.  last  (dial.),  'groin.' 
Theequiv.  AS.  ledsca,  MidE.  leske,  ModDu. 
liesche,  OSwed.  liuske,  Dan.  Iflslce,  diverge 
too  widely  in  sound  from  the  HG.  form  ; 
the  attempt  to  connect  it  with  MidLat. 
laisius,  '  lap '  (Lex  Salica),  is  also  dubious. 

geiflen,  iteifte,  m.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  hist,  m.,  '  last' ;  OHG.  leist  (n.  ?), 
'  forma.'  Corresponding  to  AS.  Idst,  Iwst, 
m., ' footprint,  track,  forma,'  E.  last.  Goth. 
laists,  m.,  '  track,  goal,'  with  the  facts  men- 
tioned under  Icijten,  indicate  that  *  foot- 
print' is  the  orig.  meaning  of  the  HG.  and 
E.  words ;  this  is  probably  an  important 
fact  in  the  history  of  the  word.  It  is  true 
that  OIc.  leistr,  m.,  signifies  'foot,'  and 
'  short  stocking,  sock.' 

letffen,  vb.,  'to  perform,  accomplish,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  leisten,  *  to  adhere 
to  and  execute  an  order,  fulfil  one's  promise 
or  duty';  corresponds  to  Goth,  laistjav, 
*  to  pursue,  yield.'  On  account  of  its  kin- 
ship with  ©teife  and  Seiftcn,  m.,  the  mean- 
ing of  the  HG.  word  (as  well  as  the  equiv. 
OSax.  Ihtari)  must  be  based  on  the  Goth, 
vb.  AS.  Idistan,  '  to  perform,  accomplish, 
hold,  sustain,  endure,'  whence  E.  to  last. 
The  common  Teut.  wk.  vb.  laisfjan,  lit.  '  to 
pursue'  (whence  Span,  and  Port,  lastar,  'to 
pay  on  behalf  of  another,'  was  borrowed), 
is  derived  from  Goth,  laists,  m.,  AS.  Idst, 
m.,  'footprint'  (see  under  Scijtcn),  which 
are  again  derived  from  a  root  lis,  '  to  go.' 


This  root  has  a  constant  tendency  to  pass 
from  the  sensuous  meaning  '  to  go,  follow,' 
into  an  intellectual  notion  (see  8el;te,  lemen, 
and  Sift) ;  comp.  also  leife. 

(Sieite,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  lite, 
f.,  'mountain,  slope,  declivity,'  OHG.  Itta, 
from  an  earlier  *hlUa,  f.  (Goth.  *hleida,  f.). 
The  Teut.  root  kit  is  discussed  more  fully 
under  letjnen,  where  also  the  allied  terms 
signifying  'hill'  may  be  compared. 

leiien,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  '  to  lead,  guide ' ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  ledan,  Du.  leiden,  AS.  Icedan,  E. 
to  lead,  OIc.  letiSa.  All  point  to  a  non- 
recorded  Goth.  *laidjan,  which  (as  factitive 
of  the  OTeut.  lij>an, '  to  go,'  discussed  under 
(eiben)  signifies  lit.  'to  cause  to  go' ;  comp. 
fenbeit,  which  also  had  orig.  this  same  mean- 
ing. With  the  factitive  *laidjan  is  con- 
nected a  Teut.  laidd-,  f.,  •  leading,'  whence 
AS.  Idd,  'road,  journey,'  in  E.  current  only 
in  loadstar,  loadstone,  and  loadsman  (AS. 
IdJmann),  equiv.  to  ModHG.  Sotff.  ModHG. 
Seitjlern,  MidHG.  leitsterne,  m_  'the  polar 
star  that  guides  the  marimrs,  loadstar.' 

heifer,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
leiter,  leitere,  OHG.  leitara  (earlier  *hlcitir), 
f.,  'ladder.'  It  corresponds  to  Du.  ladder, 
leer,  AS.  klcehler,  klceJer,  f.,  E.  ladder ; 
the  Goth,  term  *hlai-dri  (gen.  -drjds),  f., 
'ladder,'  with  a  fern,  suffix  identical  with 
Gr.  -rpia,  is  wanting  ;  *hlai-dri  is  based 
on  the  kit  (pre-Teut.  kit)  discussed  under 
lelnten,  and  in  Gr.  K\l-M.a£  this  root  has  a 
meaning  corresponding  to  that  of  the 
West  Teut.  word  ;  Setter  is  as  it  were  *  that 
which  slants  or  leans.'  Scand.  kletiSr,  'tent,' 
may  be  connected  with  the  equiv.  Goth. 
kleijyra,  f.,  and  Gr.  Kkiaia.  Comp.  Sfl;ttf, 
tefynett,  and  Seitf. 

tSLenbe,  f.,  '  loin?,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  Ipnde,  OHG.  lentin,  f. ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  lende,  AS.  lenden,  f.  (in  the  plur. 
tyndenu,  m.)  ;  OIc.  lend,  Dan.  lynd,  'loins' 
(allied  to  Ic.  luvdir,  'sirloin,  saddle  of 
mutton'?);  in  Goth,  perhaps  *lavdini, 
f.  In  case  the  b  of  Lat.  lumfais,  'loins,' 
represented  Aryan  dh,  or  rather  dkw  (for 
Lat.  barba,  representing  bkardhd,  see  SSart, 
and  Lat.  ruber,  representing  Aryan  rudhros, 
ipvBpbt,  see  rot),  HG.  Senbe  might  be  com- 
pared with  it.  The  prim,  form  Indhwt- 
is  also  indicated  by  OSlov.  ledvija,  f., 
'  loins,  kidney.' 

Icnhcn,  vb.,  'to  guide,  direct,'  from 
MidHG.  lenken,  'to  bend,  turn,  direct' ;  a 
denominative  of   MidHG.   lanke,   OHG. 


I»en 


(    214    ) 


Let 


lanca,  hlanca,  'hip,  loins.'  For  further 
details  see  under  glanfe  and  ©elenf ;  it  is 
also  perhaps  allied  to  link,  lit  'oblique' ; 
hence  lenfm  orig.  means  'to  direct  ob- 
liquely or  sideways'  (comp.  linf).  It  is 
also  thought  to  be  connected  with  Lith. 
linkti,  'to  bend.' 

<£cit3,  m.  (Bav.  langess,  langsing,  Swiss 
langsi),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  lenze,  in. 
and  f.,  'spring'  (from  the  variants  lange$, 
lange^e) ;  OHG.  lenzo,  lenzxn,  langiy,  m.  ; 
the  loss  of  the  g  is  normal,  as  in  33lt$  and 
Oimtjet.  Comp.  Du.  lente,  AS.  linden,  m., 
'spring,'  E.  Lent.  This  West  Teut.  word 
was  probably  the  term  for  spring,  and 
Tacitus  in  the  Germania  seems  to  have  a 
dim  idea  that  it  was  used  by  the  Teutons 
(OIc.  vdr,  MidE.  and  Scotch  wSr,  North 
Fris.  Ars,  wos,  represent  the  North  Teut. 
term  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  ver,  Gr.  tap, 
Sans,  vasar)  ;  for  the  other  observations  of 
Tacitus  on  the  OTeut.  divisions  of  time, 
comp.  §erbjl  (also  5rwl}tina,  which  has  sup- 
planted the  old  word  8en$  in  most  of  the 
modern  dials,  of  Upper  Germany  ;  see  an 
old  Aryan  term  for  genj  under  3afyr).  The 
word  is  peculiar  to  Teut. ;  it  has  nut  been 
authenticated  in  the  non-Teut.  languages  ; 
its  prim,  meaning  is  therefore  dubious. 
Some  etymologists,  misled  simply  by  the 
similarity  of  sound,  have  connected  £en$ 
with  lang  (Goth,  laggs),  and  opined  that  it 
was  so  named  from  the  lengthening  of  the 
days ;  such  a  derivatiou  is  at  all  events 
uncertain. 

c£erdje,  f.,  'lark,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  ISrche,  from  lereche,  Uwreche,  OHG. 
lerahha,  f. ;  it  is  shown  by  the  equiv.  Du. 
leeuwerik,  AS.  Idwrice,  l&werce,  Idwerce,  E. 
lark,  Scotch  lavrock,  OSwed.  leerikia,  as 
well  as  the  MidHG.  variants  Uwerich, 
lenerech,  lewerch,  that  a  fuller  form  would 
have  been  *lewarahha  in  OHG.  The  Goth, 
form  cannot  be  deti  rmined  with  any  cer- 
tainty, nor  can  we  say  definitely  whether 
the  OHG.  and  AS.  words  are  compounds 
or  simply  unusual  derivatives. 

levnen,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG, 
Pxnen,  '  to  learn '  (more  rarely  '  to  teach '), 
OHG.  limen,  lernSn,  '  to  learn ' ;  comp. 
AS.  leornian,  E.  to  learn,  OSax.  Itnon  for 
Goth.  *liznan  (pret.  *lizn6da) ;  an  OTeut. 
derivative  of  the  partic.  of  the  Goth.  str. 
vb.  lais,  'I  know,'  discussed  under  ieijtt 
and  leliren  ;  hence  fernen  means  'to  become 
experienced,  informed.'  The  cognates  of 
the  stem  lis  fall  into  two  classes ;  to  one 


belongs  the  sensuous  notion  'to go'  (comp. 
Seijhit,  geijle,  ©Uiff,  and  leife),  the  other 
comprises  the  words  Seine,  Icfjtcn,  and  Goth. 
leis,  'knowing.' 

Icfen,  vb.,  'to  gather,  glean,  read,'  from 
MidHG.  lesen,  OHG.  lesan,  'to  pick  out, 
pick  up,  read,'  also  '  to  narrate,  relate.' 
Goth,  lisan,  galisan,  and  AS.  lesan,  simply 
mean  'to  gather,  collect' ;  from  the  latter 
E.  to  lease  is  derived.  So  too  in  earlier 
OIc.  lesa  merely  signifies'  to  collect,  glean.' 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  was  the 

Erim.  meaning  of  HG.  lefett ;  hence  it  is  pro- 
able  that  the  common  Teut.  lesan,  '  to 
gather  up,'  is  connected  with  Lith.  lesu 
(lesti),  '  to  peck,  pick  up  grains  of  corn.' 
There  is  no  relation  between  Goth,  lisan, 
'  to  gather,'  and  lais,  '  I  know,'  lai.yan,  '  to 
teach '  (see  tefyrett,  and  lemen).  The  develop- 
ment of  the  meaning  '  to  read '  from  '  to 
gather'  is  indeed  analogous  to  that  of  Lat. 
lego  and  Gr.  X<?7«,  which  the  HG.  significa- 
tions combine.  Yet  the  state  of  OTeut. 
culture  affords  a  finer  and  wider  expla- 
nation of  tefett,  'legere';  since  the  mo- 
dern term  33ud)jiabe,  '  letter,'  is  inherited 
from  OTeut.  times,  when  runic  signs  were 
scratched  on  separate  twigs,  the  gathering 
of  these  twigs,  which  were  strewn  for  pur- 
poses of  divination,  was  equiv.  to  'reading 
(tefett)  the  runes.'  Hence  OTeut.  lesan 
expressed  the  action  described  by  Tacitus 
(Germ.  10)  as  "surculos  ter  singulos  toll  it ; " 
in  pre-hist.  G.  it  also  signified  "sublatos 
secundum  impressam  ante  notam  interpre- 
tatur."  It  is  worthy  of  remark  too  that 
the  OTeut.  dials,  have  no  common  term 
for  '  to  read,'  and  this  proves  that  the  art 
was  not  learnt  until  the  Teutons  had  sepa- 
rated into  the  different  tribes.  It  is  also 
certain  that  runic  writing  was  of  foreign, 
probably  of  Italian  origin.  The  Goth  used 
the  expressions  siggican,  ussiggican,  '  to 
read,'  the  Englishman  AS.  rtiedan,  E.  to 
read;  the  former  probably  signified  orig. 
'  loud  delivery,'  the  latter  '  to  guess  the 
runic  characters.' 

,£cf  i en.  m.  '  (potter's)  clay,'  from  Mid 
HG.  lette,  OHG.  letto,  m.,  '  loam'  (e  is  due 
to  the  Bav.  and  Alem.  dials.) ;  to  this  is 
probably  allied  the  Ic.  graded  form  lefrja, 
1.,  '  loam,  dirt.'  It  is  connected  by  some 
etymologists  with  Lat.  lutum,  n.,  'mud, 
dirt,'  and  by  others,  less  probably,  with 
OPruss.  laydis,  '  loam,'  whose  diphthong, 
compared  with  the  a  of  the  Teut.  word, 
presents  a  difficulty. 


Let 


(    215    ) 


Lie 


Icf.^Ctt,  vb.,  '  to  injure,'  from  lelzen, 
OHG.  lezzen,  '  to  check,  stop,  hinder, 
damage,  hurt';  corresponding  to  Gotb. 
latjan,  galaljan, '  to  stop,  check,'  AS.  lettan, 
E.  to  let;  a  common  Teut.  denominative 
from  the  adj.  lata- ;  comp.  ta$  and  lafiett. — 
pd)  Icf^Clt,  'to  indulge  oneself,'  from  Mid 
HG.  letzen, '  to  liberate,  do  one  a  kindness, 
take  one's  leave,  regale  oneself.'  See  also 
the  following  word. 

Icf ,}f ,  super,  adj.,  '  last,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  lest,  l^ist,  super,  of  la$,  adj., 
'  faint ' ;  the  ModHG.  form  seems  to  be  due 
to  LG.,  which  must  have  produced  Igtist 
and  lezt  (for  tytst).  These  forms  actually 
occur  in  the  Heliand.  In  OHG.  leftist, 
la^Sst,  AS.  Icetma  and  Icetmed  (pointing 
to  a  Goth.  *latuma,  'latest');  also  AS. 
latost,  E.  last.  The  posit,  of  these  OTeut. 
superlats,  is  the  OTeut.  adject  stem  lata- 
(see  (a$),  lit.  'lazy,  inactive,  dilatory'; 
letter  orig.  means  'most  dilatory,  latest' 
(comp.  AS.  and  E.  late).  In  the  phrase 
gu  guter  £c£t,  'for  the  last  time, finally,'  the 
noun  is  a  corruption  of  Scjj,  which  is  con- 
nected with  MidHG.  letien,  '  to  end,  take 
one's  leave,  take  refreshment,'  mentioned 
under  tcjjett,  hence  the  expression  meant 
orig.  '  as  a  choice  farewell-banquet.' 

rieucvjfc,  f.,  'rail-tie,'  a  Bav.  and  Suab. 
word,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  liuhse;  pro- 
bably cognate  with  the  equiv.  Czech  luSnS, 
Pol.  lusnia,  Russ.  IjuSnja,  if  these  are  not 
connected  rather  with  fiiinff. 

<£eu<t)ie,  f.,  'light,  lamp,'  from  MidHG. 
liuhte,  f.,  'light,  apparatus  for  giving  light,' 
also  'brightness,  lustre';  a  derivative  of 
Sid)t. — lcud)icn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  liu'iten,  'to  shine,  give 
light,'  co:r  sponding  to  Golh.  liuhtjan,  '  to 
shine,  give  light' ;  an  OTetit  denominative 
from  the  adj.  liuhta-, '  light' ;  (ciicfyten  meant 
lit.  '  to  be  light,  bright.'    Comp.  lid)t. 

ioumuiu*!.  m.,  'reputation,  character,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  liumunt,  m.,  're- 
putation, fame,  report.'  In  ModHG.  it  is 
perhaps  instinctively  interpreted  as  finite 
2J?unb,  'mouth  of  the  people';  but  the 
word  is  not  a  compound.  In  Goth,  pro- 
bably *hliumunds,  m.,  wliich  must  be  re- 
ferred to  hliuma,  '  hearing,  ear' ;  -munda- 
is  perhaps  an  affix  corresponding  to  Gr. 
•liar-  and  Lat.  -mento-  (in  co-gn6-menlum). 
The  root  hliu-  has  numerous  derivatives, 
both  in  the  Teut.  and  non-Teut.  languages 
(comp.  lau',  Iduten,  Gr.  k\4os,  Sans,  grdvas, 
'  fame ')  ;  Sans.  cr&mata-m,,  n.,  '  hearing,' 


corresponds  most  nearly  in  form  to  HG. 
Seumunb.  Lat.  crimen  has  absolutely  no. 
thing  to  do  with  these  last  two  terms. — 
SBerfeutnben,  '  to  calumniate/  is  not  based 
directly  on  gfuntunc,  but  on  a  MidHG. 
liumde,  normally  abbreviated  from  it. 

<£cufe,  plur  only, 'people,'  from  Mid 
HG.  liute,  m.  and  n.  plur.,  '  people,  per- 
sons,' with  the  sing.  Hut,  m.  and  n.,  '  na- 
tion ' ;  OHG.  liuti,  m.  and  n.  plur., '  people,' 
also  Hut,  m.  and  n.,  'nation' ;  correspond- 
ing to  AS.  Ie6de,  plur., '  people.'  It  is  un- 
certain whether  we  have  to  assume  *liudus, 
'  nation,'  in  Goth.  The  word  is  common 
to  Teut.  and  Slav. ;  OSlov.  ljudii,  m.,  '  na- 
tion,' plur.,  Ijudije,  '  people,'  Lett,  laudis, 
m.  plur.,  '  people,  nation.'  They  are  con- 
nected with  an  Aryan  root  ludf>, '  to  grow,' 
which  retained  its  meaning  in  Goth,  liudan, 
OSax.  liodan,  AS.  leodan,  OHG.  liotan; 
comp.  the  Sans,  root  ruh,  ■  to  grow.'  The 
following  Teut.  words  are  also  connected 
with  the  same  stem,  Goth.  lauf>s  (gen. 
laudis)  in  swalau}>s,  'so  great,'  sair.alaups, 
'  equally  great,  equal,' juggalaufis,  'youth,' 
MidHG.  I6te,  'constituted';  Goth,  ludju-, 
f.,  '  face' ;  AS.  Ie6d,  m.,  'king.' 

slid),  adj.  suffix,  from  MidHG.  -lich, 
-lich  (the  short  vowel  on  account  of  its  posi- 
tion in  an  unaccented  syllable),  OHG.  -lich; 
corresponding  to  Goth,  -leiks,  AS.  -lie,  E. 
4y.  Orig.  identical  with  the  OTeut  Itka-, 
'  body,'  discussed  under  fieidntam  and  gleid) ; 
Goth,  wairaleilcs, '  male,'  lit.  'having  a  male 
body.'  In  this  manner  -Itka  is  used  in  all 
the  dials,  as  an  adj.  suffix.  In  some  pro- 
nominal forms  (fetcber  and  ivdd)cr)  the  old 
-lik  represents  a  suffix  corresponding  to 
Gr.  -Xfoos  in  tt)\Ikos,  iri/Xkos.  See  gleid)  and 
manntglicb. 

Iicr)t,  adj.,  'lifih^  luminous,'  from  Mid 
HG.  lieht,  OHG.  lioht,  adj., ' blight,  radiant, 
shining';  corresponding  to  AS.  ItCiht,  E. 
light,  adj.  ;  Goth.  *liuhts,  'bright,'  may  be 
inferred  from  its  derivative  liiditan,  '  to 
give  light '  (see  Ifudjten).  It  is  questionable 
whether  the  dental  lid)t  is  of  particip. origin, 
as  in  alt.  fall.  lain.  &c 

(£id)t,  n., '  light,  luminarv,  candle,'  from 
MidHG.  licht,  OHG.  lioht,  n'., '  light,  lustre, 
1  Tightness'  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  lioht, 
Do.  li'h',  AS.  Ie6ht,  n.,  K.  light.  The  dental 
of  the  word  is  a  suffix,  as  is  shown  by  Goth. 
liuh-a/)  (gen.  -adis),  n., '  light,  sheen.'  OIc. 
Ij6s,  n.,  '  light,'  formed  with  a  different 
suffix  would  be  in  Goth.  *liu/is  (gen.  -sis)  ; 
they  are  based  on  Aryan  Uukot-,  leukt-,  and 


Lie 


(    216    ) 


Lie 


leidos-,  leulcs-,  as  a  double  stem  ;  comp. 
Bans,  rods,  n.,  Zend  raocanh  (for  *r6cas), 
'lustre,  light.'  The  Aryan  root  luk,  by 
gradation  leuk,  lias  numerous  derivatives, 
Sans,  rue  (r/icdmi), '  to  give  light,'  ruknid-s, 
adj.,  'glittering,'  subst  'jewels,' rdkd-s, in., 
r6c  end,  n., '  light ' ;  Gr.  Xew6$,  adj., '  white,' 
ilKpCKiiicti, '  morning  twilight ' ;  Lat.  lucerna, 
Idceo,  lux,  lucidus,  Mna,  lUmen,  diluculum; 
Olr.  loche  (t),  '  lightning,'  I6n,  '  lustre  '  ; 
OSlov.  luia,  'ray,'  luna,  f.,  'moon.'  In 
Teut.  there  are  also  other  derivatives  of 
the  Aryan  root  luk ;  coin  p.  Seucfyte,  lid)t,  adj., 
Sofje  and  2ud)S,  as  well  as  Goth,  lauhmuni, 
f.,  'lightning,'  lauhatjan,  'to  give  light'; 
OIc.  Ijome,  AS.  Ie6ma,  OSax.  Homo,  mn 
'lustre';  AS.  legetu,  MidE.  hit,  'light- 
ning,' and  OHG.  Idhazzen,  'to  lighten'; 
comp.  also  £ud)<J.  With  Sans.  ruHd,  Zend 
raokhia,  aiij.,  'bright,'  Pruss.  lauksnos,  f., 
plur.,  'stars,'  and  OIc  (;6s,  'light,'  are 
also  connected  OHG.  liehsen,  adj., '  bright,' 
and  AS.  lixan,  '  to  give  light.' 

Itd)tcn,  vb.,'to  lighten,  weigh  (anchor),' 
ModHG.  only ;  MidHG.  liiften,  '  to  raise 
aloft,  lift  up,  air,'  as  well  as  E.  to  lift,  are 
unconnected  with  this  word.  Sicfctett,  as  a 
nautical  term,  is  borrowed  from  LG.  listen, 
lit.  '  to  make  light,'  then  '  to  lift  up.' 

gib,  in  Sliujenlic,  n.,  from  MidHG.,  lit(t), 
n.,  'lid'  (espec.  of  a  vessel),  OHG.  lit, 
earlier  hlit,  n.  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  hlid, 
n.,  'lid,  door,'  E.  lid;  OIc.  hlij>,  n.,  'gate.' 
'Eyelid 'in  Ic.  is  augnalok,  n.,  lit.  'eye- 
lock'  ;  in  MidE.  also  eielid,  E.  eyelid  (Mid 
HG.  ougelit),  and  hence  the  term,  like 
9luoapfe(,  is  common  both  to  G.  and  E.  hlid, 
'lock-up,  lid,'  is  connected  with  an  old 
verbal  stem,  OSax.  and  AS.  Milan,  'to 
cover,  lock  up.' 

Hcb,  adj.,  'dear,  esteemed,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Hep  (inflected  lieber),  OHG. 
liob  (inflected  UobSr).  It  corresponds  to 
Goth,  liufs  (b),  AS.  leof,  E.  lief,  adj.,  Du. 
Hef,  OIc.  ljufr;  a  common  Teut.  adj.  with 
the  general  meaning  'dear' ;  it  is  regularly 
derived  from  pre-Teut  *liubho-,  which  is 
accurately  represented  by  OSlov.  Ijuhil 
(Aryan  root  leubh,  by  gradation  lubh).  An 
OAryan  adj.  for  'dear'  (Sans,  priyd-s)  was 
changed  in  meaning  at  an  early  period 
in  Teut.  (see  frci)  and  supplanted  by  lieb  ; 
ModHG.  and  MidHG.  lieben,  OYLG.liub6n, 
'to  love'  ;  to  this  is  allied  AS.  lufian,  E. 
to  love,  with  a  weaker  vowel  stage  of  the 
root  (AS.  lufu,  equiv.  to  E.  love).  Since 
HG.  gcb,  gelcben,  ettauben,  glaubeit  belong  to 


the  same  Teut.  root  lub,  by  gradation  leub 
(pre-Teut.  lubh,  leubh),  we  must  assign  to 
the  latter  a  wider  meaning,  something  like 
'pleasure'  and  'approbation'  ;  Sans,  lubh, 
'  to  demand  violently,'  Lat.  lubens,  libens, 
'  with  pleasure,  willingly,'  lubet,  'it  pleases, 
is  agreeable,'  lubido,  libido, 'pleasure,  long- 
ing, desire.'  With  these  perhaps  the  com- 
mon Teut.  word  lustus,  equiv.  to  Suft,  is  also 
connected. 

tfitebftddtel,  n.  and  m.,  'lovage,'  even 
in  MidHG.  liebstuckel,  usually,  however, 
liihestecke,  m.,  which  is  based  on  Lat.  ligus- 
ticum  (whence  the  equiv.  Ital.  levislico,  Fr. 
livkhe).  Th«  unintelligible  Lat.  form  was 
corrupted  in  the  Middle  Ages  in  the  most 
varied  ways  ;  AS.  lufestice  is  also  based  on 
AS.  lufu,  'love.'  OHG.  lubistechal,  MidHG. 
lubestecke  seem  to  be  formed  in  allusion 
to  OHG.  luppi,  MidHG.  liippe,  'juice  of  a 
plant  producing  strong  effects '  (see  Sab). 

Xteb,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  liet(d), 
OHG.  liod,  n.,  '  song'  (Goth.  *liu}>,  n.,  may 
be  inferred  from  liufcareis,  m.,  '  singer,'  and 
liuj>dn,  '  to  sing  praises')  ;  comp.  Da.  lied, 
AS.  lebjj,  n.,  '  song.'  The  Teut  term  for 
poetical  productions,  such  as  existed  far 
earlier  than  the  time  of  Tacitus  (comp. 
"  carmina  antiqua,"  Germania,  2).  Poetry 
flourished  long  before  the  adoption  of  the 
letters  of  the  runic  alphabet,  which  was 
derived  from  the  Lat. 

Iteberlid), adj., 'dissolute,' from  MidHG. 
liederlich,  adj., '  light,  pretty,  trifling,  frivo- 
lous '  (not  recorded  in  OHG.).  AS.  Iflfcre, 
adj.,  '  miserable,  bad,'  points  to  *liuj>rs. 
To  this  is  doubtlessly  allied  letter*  in  com- 

Eounds  pointing  to  a  Goth.  *ludrs.  Pro- 
ably  Gr.  iXefflepos,  'free,'  like  the  Teut 
words,  may  be  traced  to  a  root  leuth.  Surer; 
lid)  for  liebertid)  is  a  recent  form  of  the  adj. 
connecting  it  with  Subet  (MidHG.  luoder). 
Itefcrit,  vb.,  'to  deliver,  furnish,  sup? 
ply,'  first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  formed 
from  MidLat.  liberate, '  dare,  praebere'(Fr. 
livrer). 

liCQCXX,  vb.,  '  to  lie,  be  situated,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  ligen,  licken,  OHG. 
lichen,  ligen,  str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  Du. 
liggen,  AS.  li&Jan,  E.  to  li<:  (ligjan,  lag, 
legans,  was  the  orig.  gradation,  but  Goth. 
ligan  in  the  pres.) ;  the  common  Teut.  vb. 
for  liegeii,  which  has  numerous  cognates 
in  Aryan  (root  legh).  Comp.  Gr.  XiKrpov, 
X^xoj,  n!,  'bed,'  &\oxos,  'bed-fellow,  wife,' 
also  X«xu>. '  woman  in  childbed,'  Xox^w,  'to 
give  birth  to';  X6x°*>  'lying  in  wait,  am- 


Lil 


(    217    ) 


Lip 


bush,' also 'lying-in,  childbirth.'  In  Gr. 
epic  poets  aorist  forms  of  a  verb  formed 
from  a  root  legh,  Xe*,  have  been  preserved, 
XiKTo,  X^aro,  &c,  with  the  meaning  '  to  lie 
down,  encamp.'  The  vb.  is  also  wanting 
in  Lat.,  where,  however,  lectus, '  bed,'  a  deri- 
vative of  the  root  legh,  is  retained.  OSlov. 
legq,  (le&i),  'to  lie  down,'  le%$  (Mati),  *  to 
^  lie.'     In  East  Aryan  the  root  is  unknown. 

Com  p.  legen,  fiagcr,  and  (efcr/en. 

,£ilic,  f., '  lily,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
lilje,  OHG.  lilja,  f. ;  borrowed  in  OHG. 
from  Lat.  lllia,  plur..;  the  brevity  of  the  i 
of  the  accented  syllable  in  the  G.  word  and 
also  in  E.  (AS.  Ulie,  E.  lily)  is  the  same  as 
in  Sime  and  gifce,  from  Lat.  lluea  and  itcium. 
Comp.  -JRofe. 

Itnb,  gcltttbc,  adj.,  'gentle,'  from  Mid 
HG.  linde,  OHG.  lindi,  adj.,  'soft,  gentle, 
tender,  mild'  (Goth.  *lin}>s  is  wanting); 
corresponding  to  OSax.  llthi,  AS.  Itpe, 
'  mild,  friendly,  soft,'  E.  lithe.  In  Scand, 
an  exact  correspondence  is  not  found  ;  the 
term  used  is  linr,  'friendly,  mild,  soft' 
(whence  Lapp,  lines  is  borrowed),  which 
with  Bav.  len,  'soft,'  Du.  lenig,  *  pliant,' 
points  to  the  fact  that  the  dental  of  the 
G.  and  E.  words  is  a  suffix.  Hence  lin-  is 
the  root  from  which  are  formed  in  OTeut, 
Goth,  af-linnan,  '  to  go  away,  yield,'  OIc. 
linna,  '  to  cease,'  AS.  linnan,  '  to  cease, 
part  from,  lose,'  OHG.  bilinnan,  '  to  relax, 
leave  off.'  Therefore  the  Teut.  root  meant 
orig.  'yielding disposition.'  Comp.  OSlov. 
Ibiu,  '  lazy,'  Lat.  Un-i-s, '  gentle,  mild,'  and 
lentus,  'flexible,  pliant.' 

(£inbc,  f.,  '  linden,  lime-tree,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  linde,  OHG.  linta,  f.  ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  linde,  AS.  lind,  f.  E.  lind, 
linden,  linden-tree  (E.  lime-tree  =  l  linden' 
is  obscure);  OIc.  lind,  f.,  'lime-tree';  a 
common  Teut.  term  for  '  linden.'  also,  as 
an  OTeut.  warlike  term,  'shield,  lit.  '  lin- 
ilcn  shield.'  lis  earlier  history  is  obscure  ; 
ModHG.  dial.  8int>, '  l>ast,'  and  Scand.  linde, 
'girdle,' derivatives  of  fiinte,  give  no  clue 
to  the  prim,  meaning  of  the  word.  If  we 
consider  the  change  in  meaning  to  which 
names  of  trees  have  been  subject  (see 
under  ©ltd)?,  (5id)e,  and  itamic),  we  might 
assume  that  giiibe  is  related  to  Gr.  t\a.Trj 
(from  lentil), '  pine  tree,  white  pine ' ;  it  can 
scarcely  be  connected  with  Lat.  lentus, 
'  flexible'  (comp.  link),  as  if  the  inner  bark 
of  the  linden  were  used  at  an  early  period 
for  cords. 

e£in6tuurut,  m.,  '  winged  serpent  or 


dragon,'  borrowed,  with  the  revival  of  Mid 
HG.  literature  in  the  last  century,  from 
MidHG.  lintvmrm,  OHG.  lindwurm,  m., 
'dragon'  (comp.  also  2i>urm).  The  first 
component  is  identical  in  meaning  with 
the  second,  which  is  only  an  explanation 
of  the  obscure  term  2int>,  which  was  no 
longer  understood  ;  comp.  OHG.  lind,  lint, 
'  serpent' ;  OIc.  linnr,  < serpent'  (tor  Hinpr). 
2Binfc()Uiib  is  a  similar  compound. 

kiltie,  f,,  '  line,  lineage,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  linie,  f.,  from  Lat.  linea,  f.,  with 
a  change  of  quantitj'.  It  occurs  even  in 
OHG. 

tilth,  adj.,  'left,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  line,  adj.,  with  the  variant  l$nc  (gen. 
-kes) ;  the  form  with  si  is  probably  quite 
as  old  as  that  with  initial  I  (comp.  fcrcfffln, 
©tier,  £ocfeit,  and  (ctfeu).  In  OHG.  only 
le.ncha,  f.,  '  left  hand,'  is  recorded  ;  the  adj. 
is  rendered  by  winistar,  MidHG.  winster, 
in  Bav.  lerz,  lerc,  and  ttnk,  Lower  Rhen. 
slinc  (this  is  doubtless  a  primitive  variant 
of  link,  as  is  shown  by  the  analogies  under 
broffeln,  ©tier,  Jpcdfen,  and  Ucfeu) ;  in  E.  left 
<AS.  Hyftel  Du.  lucht).  In  the  OTeut 
dials,  there  are  no  other  correspondences 
of  linf ;  perhaps  ModHG.  lenfen  is  allied  to 
this  word  with  the  prim,  meaning  '  oblique, 
awry';  lenfen  signifies  lit.  'to  direct  ob- 
liquely.'    @<$limm  may  also  be  a  cognate. 

<£innett,  n.,  a  LG.  form  for  Seiiien, 
'  linen,'  which  was  introduced  in  the  last 
century  into  Upper  Germany  through  the 
Westplialian  linen  trade.  OSax.  linin  is 
still  used  as  an  adj.,  '  flaxen,  linen.' 

r£infc,  f.,  'lentil,  lens,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  linse,  OHG.  linsi,  f.,  with  the 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  variant  linstn.  It  is 
not  certain  whether  the  word  comes  from 
Lat.  lens,  f.,  because  other  borrowed  terms 
are  based  not  on  the  nomin.  of  the  Lat. 
word  (comp.  Jtrenj,  .Refer-,  yet  also  fabji), 
but  on  the  stem  appearing  in  the  oblique 
cases  ;  hence  Lat  lent-  (as  is  shown  by  AS. 
lens)  ought  to  have  appeared  as  *linz-  in 
HG.  An  analogous  case  of  an  apparent 
permutation  of  nt  to  ns  is  furnished  by  E. 
jlint,  equiv.  to  OHG.  flins,  MidHG.  rlins 
(see  8n»tte) ;  these  difficulties  are  not  yet 
solved.  (Srbfr,  however,  testifies  that  we 
are  not  compelled  to  assume  that  giiiiY  was 
borrowed  from  Lat.  Comp.  also  OSlov. 
leSta  (from  *lentja),  Lith.  linszis,  '  lentil.' 

ftppc,  f.,  '  lip,'  unknown  to  MidHG. 
OHG. ;  it  has  appeared  in  the  written 
language  since  Luther.     It  is  the  LG.  and 


Lis 


(    218    ) 


Loc 


MidG.  word  for  UpG.  Scfje ;  comp.  OSax. 
*lippa,  Du.  lip,  AS.  lippa,  E.  lip;  in  Goth, 
we  nave  perhaps  to  assume  *lipj6,  f.  Ac- 
cording to  OSax.  lepur  the  Teut.  root  is 
Up,  and  this,  following  the  permutation  of 
consonants,  is  based  on  leo.  The  corre- 
spondence with  Lat.  labium  is  generally 
accepted  ;  but  when  this  is  connected  with 
lambere,  '  to  lick,'  difficulties  are  presented, 
especially  by  the  meaning.  To  represent 
the  lip  as  '  that  which  licks '  is  not  satis- 
factory. In  Teut.  a  vb.  (OHG.  hffan,  pret. 
luof)  corresponding  to  Lat.  fambere  has  been 
retained,  and  the  rules  of  gradation  show 
that  HG.  gippe  cannot  be  allied  to  this  ; 
Stppe  is  connected  rather  with  a  Goth.  vb. 
Hipan,  not  *lapan  (OHG.  laffan).  Lat. 
labium  was  derived  perhaps  from  *lebium 
(Goth.  *lipj6)  and  connected  with  lambere; 
to  this  ModPers.  lab,  'lip,'  is  allied.  The 
LG.  word  passed  through  Du.  into  Fr.  lippe, 
{.,  '  blobber  lip.' 

Itfpeltt,  vb.,  'to  lisp,'  with  a  diminu- 
tive or  Irequentative  suffix  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  lispen,  vb.,  '  to  stammer' ;  never 
'  to  speak  through  the  lips '  as  a  derivative 
of  ficfje  (see  Sippe) ;  it  rather  represents 
wlispen  (thus  in  Lower  Ehen.  in  the  15th 
cent.,  also  by  transposition,  ivilspen  ?). 
Comp.  AS.  wlisp,  wlips,  OHG.  lisp,  'stam- 
mering '  ;  E.  to  lisp,  Du.  lispen. 

Jtff,  f.,  'craft,  cunning,  deceit,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  list,  m.  (f.  in  MidG. 
and  OHG.),  'wisdom,  prudence,  slyness, 
sly  purpose,  cunning,  art.'  Goth,  lists  is 
by  chance  recorded  with  the  ModHG. 
sense  only.  The  meaning  'prudence'  is 
the  orig.  one  ;  AS.  list,  f.,  '.irt,  propriety, 
cunning,'  E.  list;  OIc.  list,  f.,  'prudence, 
skill  in  an  art,  propriety.'  Thus  the  sig- 
nification of  the  word  fluctuates  in  several 
dials,  between  the  prim,  meaning  '  pru- 
dence '  and  '  cunning.'  The  subst.,  as  an 
old  abstract  in  it  (Goth,  listi-ns,  ace.  plur.), 
belongs  by  its  structure  to  the  Goth.  pret. 

fires,  lais,  '  I  know ' ;  the  verbal  stem 
is,  with  the  orig.  sense  '  to  know,'  is  still 
widely  diffused  in  HG.,  comp.  tefyven  and 
lertttit.  Moreover,  on  the  common  Teut. 
listi-  are  based  the  Slav,  cognates  of  OSlov. 
llsti  and  the  Rom.  class  comprising  Fr. 
leste  and  Ital.  lesto,  'skilful,  nimble.' 

c£ifle,  f.,  *  list,  roll,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  liste,  Ital.  lista,  which  are  again  de- 
rived from  HG.  geifte  (MidHG.  Itste). 

-fif^e,  f.,  'twisted  lace,  bobbin,'  from 
MidHG.  litze,  f.,  '  twisted  lace,  cord  as  a 


barrier';  from  Lat.  Itcium,  n.,  'thread.' 
The  change  made  in  the  quantity  when 
the  word  was  borrowed  in  MidHG.  as 
litze  is  analogous  to  that  in  ?i(ie  and  Sinw. 
From  the  Lat.  licium  (whence  Fr.  lice, 
'  lists,  arena  ')  are  also  derived  3uu((tdj  and 
$)rii(idj,  which  see. 

<£ob,  n.,  'praise,'  from  MidHG.  lop(b), 
OHG.  lob,  n.  and  m.,  'praise,  reward,  glori- 
fication ' ;  corresponding  to  Du.  lof,  AS. 
lof,  m.,  < praise,  fame' ;  OIc.  lof,  n.,  'fame, 
reward,  praise,  laudatory  poem,'  also  'per- 
mission/ points  to  the  similarity  of  the 
roots  of  lo&ett  and  erfauben  (comp.  MidHG. 
urloup  and  urlop,  'permission').  The  old 
gradation  lub-liub-laub  comprises  ModHG. 
V!cb,  Ueb,  gfauben,  and  ertauben  ;  in  AS.,  lufu 
(equiv.  to  E.  love)  is  the  weakest  form  of 
the  root  with  the  meaning  corresponding 
to  HG.  lieb  (Goth,  linfs).  Under  lifb  the 
prim,  sense  of  the  Aryan  root  leubh  (Sans. 
lubh,  Lat.  lubet,  lubido)  is  assumed  to  be 
'inclination';  in  meaning,  Lith.  haups?, 
'hymn,'  laupsinti,  'to  extol,'  are  the  most 
closely  allied.  With  regard  to  the  grada* 
tion,  it  is  also  noteworthy  that  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  loben,  OHG.  lobdn,  loUn,  vb., 
AS.  lofian,  vb.,  '  to  praise,'  are  represented 
in  OIc.  by  lofa,  vb.,  '  to  praise,  commend, 
permit,'  and  that  OIc.  leyfa  (from  *laubjan) 
lias  also  the  same  double  sense. — ModHG. 
and  MidHG.  lobesam,  adj.,  'laudable,'  OHG, 
lobosam,  AS.  lof  sum;  Goth,  galufs,  galaufs, 
'precious,'  lit  'having  praise,'  so  too  OHG, 
gilob,  'precious.' 

Jod),  n.,  'hole,  dungeon,  haunt,'  from 
MidHG.  loch,  11.,  OHG.  loh,  gen.  lohhes, 
n.,  'enclosed  place,  prison,  lurking-place, 
cave,  hole,  opening.'  Comp.  AS.  loc,  n., 
'enclosed  place,  lock'  ;  loca,  m.,  'enclosed 
place,  prison' ;  from  the  former  E.{  ock  is 
derived.  The  various  meanings  all  origi- 
nate in  'enclosed  place';  comp.  Goth. 
usluha-,  'opening.'  The  subst.  is  formed 
by  gradation  from  an  old  Teut.  vb.  (obso- 
lete in  ModHG.),  MidHG.  Uchen,  OHG. 
Ifthhan,  Goth.  Iftkan,  AS.  lucan,  '  to  lock,' 
which  may  be  compared  (since  the  pre- 
Teut.  root  is  lilg)  with  Lith.i  uztu  (IfiMi), 
'  to  be  broken,'  as  well  as  with  Sans,  ruj, 
'  to  break.' 

JodlC,  f.,  'lock,  curl,  tress,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  loc  (plur.  locke),  OHG.  loc 
(plur.  locchd\  m. ;  comp.  AS.  locc,  E.  lock, 
OIc.  lokkr,  Du.  lok,  'lock.'  A  common 
Teut.  word  for  '  lock '  (Goth.  Hukks  is  by 
chance  not  recorded),  and  peculiar  to  the 


Loc 


(    219    ) 


Los 


Teutons,  who  from  the  earliest  times  laid 
special  stress  on  the  mode  of  wearing  the 
hair  ;  the  freeman  was  distinguished  by 
his  long  streaming  locks,  while  the  bond- 
man wore  his  hair  short.  The  Southerners 
(see  fafylj  were  specially  struck  with  the 
golden  curly  hair  of  the  Teutons  when 
they  first  came  into  contact  with  them. 
It  is  true  that  curls  were  considered  effe- 
minate by  the  earlier  Northmen,  though 
in  Germany  they  were  fondly  cherished. 
Comp.  also  Jjjaar,  ©djcpf,  §ebe,  and  other 
words  for  'hair'  peculiar  to  Teut.  The 
primit.  history  of  the  word  is  obscure  ; 
Socfe  (as  'that  which  is  bent')  is  most 
probably  connected  with  an  Aryan  root, 
lug,  '  to  draw,  bend,  curve ' ;  comp.  Gr. 
Airy-  in  \vy6oj,  Atry/fw,  'I  bend,  tie,'  also 
Xtfyoj, '  young,  pliant  twig '  (Lith.  palugnas, 
adj.,  'pleasing '  ?).  In  Teut.  the  following  are 
also  probably  allied  to  these — Goth.  Wean, 
'  to  draw'  (usMkan,  'to  unsheathe  a  sword'), 
North.  Eng.  to  look,  'to  weed,'  Bav.  liechen, 
'  to  pluck '  (e.g.  the  flax  out  of  the  ground). 

loCKClt,  vb.,  'to  curl,  entice,'  from  Mid 
HG.  loclcen,  OHG.  locchdn,  'to  entice,  al- 
lure, decoy,'  with  the  equiv.  variant  Mid 
HG.  liicken,  OHG.  lucchen.  OIc.  only  has 
a  corresponding  lokka, '  to  entice.'  To  these 
Lith.  Iwjsti,  'to beg,'  is  primit.  allied.  Comp. 
Suber,  allied  to  (aben. 

locuer,  adj.,  '  loose,  spongy,  dissolute,' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.  with  the 
MidHG.  variant  loger ;  in  UpG.  luclce, 
liicke  (now  litcf ) ;  from  the  same  root  as  Surfe 
(Teut.  root  lag). 

lobertt,  vb.,  'to  blaze,  flare,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.  ;  lit.  perhaps  '  to  spring 
up  (of  plants) ' ;  a  LG.  word.  Comp.  West- 
phal.  lodern, '  to  grow  luxuriantly,'  to  which 
OHG.  lota,  'young  shoot,'  is  allied ;  for  the 
root  hid  see  under  geute. 
•  (£8ffel,  m.,  '  spoon,  ladle,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Jeffel,  OHG.  leffil  (lepfil), 
m. ;  corresponding  to  LG.  and  Du.  lepel 
(whence  Ic.  lepill,  'spoon').  Derived  from 
a  Teut.  root  lap,  '  to  drink,  lick,'  which  is 
assumed  by  OHG.  laffan,  'to  lick,'  AS. 
lapian,  'to  drink,  lap';  further  by  Lat. 
lambere,  'to  lick' ;  hence  Soffct  means  lit. 
'  a  utensil  for  sipping  liquids '  (see  Scfje  and 
Sippe).  The  Scand.  term  is  spdnn,  which 
was  adopted  in  E.  as  spoon  (in  AS.  cucelSre, 
equiv.  to  Lat.  cochlear) ;  see  under  ©pan. 

lot),  adj.  (espec.  in  lid)tcilclj,  '  in  full 
blaze'),  'blazing,  flaring,'  ModHG.  only; 
allied  to  the  following  word. 


(£of>e  (l.),f.,  'blaze,'  from  MidHG.  lohe, 
m.  (MidG.  also  f.), '  flame,  lurid  ray,'  OHG. 
*loho  (Goth.  *laiiha) ;  the  t<rm  used  in 
OHG.  was  low],  MidHG.  hue  (AS.  Ug,  lig). 
These,  like  OIc.  loge,  m., 'flame,'  are  de- 
rived from  the  Teut.  root  luh,  '  to  give 
light,'  which  still  exists  in  HG.  8id)t,  and 
which  as  Arvan  luh  appears  in  Lat.  lucere, 
lux,  OSlov.  laca,  '  ray,'  and  the  Sans,  rue, 
'  to  shine,'  rocis,  '  light.' 

<£ol)e  (2.),  f.,  'tanning  bark,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.,  MidLG.,  and  OHG.  16  (gen. 
l&wes),  n. ;  comp.  Du.  loot.  Distinct  from 
8ofje  (1),  since  it  presumes  a  Goth.  *lawa- ; 
origin  obscure. 

lohcn,  vb.,  'to  flare,  blaze,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  lohen,  OHG.  lohin  ;  allied 
to  So^e  (1). 

etohn,  m.,  'reward,  watres,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  Mn,  m.  and  n.  ; 
a  word  common  to  OTeut.  ;  comp.  the 
equiv.  Goth,  laun,  OIc.  laun,  AS.  lean, 
Du.  loon,  OSax.  I6n.  Since  na-  is  the  suffix, 
we  may  connect  the  root  lau-  with  OSlov. 
lovii,  'bootjr,  chase,'  Lat.  lu-crum,  'gain,' 
Gr.  dn-oXai/w,  '  to  partake  of ' ;  others  make 
it  cognate  with  Olr.  lOag,  '  reward.' 

cEold),  m.,  '  darnel,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  lulch,  lullich,  lulche,  m.  ;  the  OHG. 
word  is  wanting,  therefore  it  is  difficult  to 
determine  when  the  term  was  borrowed 
from  the  equiv.  Lat.  lollum.  It  is  also 
conceivable  that  the  G.  word  is  independent 
of  the  Lat.,  especially  as  the  former  is 
lengthened  by  a  guttural. 

<£005,  see  2o3. 

<£orbeer,  m.,  'laurel,'  from  MidHG. 
l&rber,  OHG.  I6rb$ri,  11.  and  f. ;  lit.  'the 
berry  of  the  lorboum*  (OHG.  and  MidHG.); 
I6r-  in  l6r-boum,  I6r-beri,  is  Lat.  laurug, 
'laurel  tree,'  which  was  probably  known 
in  Germany  even  before  the  7th  cent, 
(comp.  Ital.  lauro,  Fr.  laurier). 

<£os,  ,£005,  n.,  '  lot,  fate,  chance,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  Ife  m.  and  n.,  '  lot, 
casting  lots,  drawing  a  lot,  disposal  by  lot- 
tery, division  of  an  inheritance';  comp. 
Goih.  hlauts,  '  lot,  inheritance,'  OIc.  hlaut 
(hlutr),  'lot,  portion,  sacrifice,'  AS.  hl$t 
and  hlot,  E.  lot.  To  these  are  allied  the 
str.  vbs.— OIc.  hlj6ta,  AS.  hle6tan,  OSax. 
hliotan,  OHG.  lio$an,  MidHG.  lie$en,  '  to 
obtain  by  lot,  acquire.'  This  verbal  stem 
in  heathen  times  was  probably  a  sacrificial 
term  (comp.  MidHG.  liexen,  'to  predict,' 
OIc.  hlaut,  '  sacrifice ' ;  also  Tacitus,  Ger- 
mania,  10).     Old  derivatives  of  this  root 


Los 


(    220    ) 


Lud 


Idut,  which  is  peculiar  to  Tent.,  passed  also 
into  Rom.  ;  comp.  Ital.  lotto, '  lottery  urn,' 
Fr.  lot,  'share,'  OFr.  lotir,  'to  cast  lots, 
predict,'  Fr.  loterie,  '  lottery.' 

Ios,  adj., 'loose,  released,' from  MidHG. 
Ids,  'free,  unimpeded,  bare,  plundered,  re- 
leased, wanton,  not  solid,  frivolous ' ;  cor- 
responding to  Goth,  laus,  'empty,  invalid, 
vain,'  OIc.  'loose,  free,  unimpeded,'  AS. 
leds,  'loose,  false,  deceitful'  (to  this  is 
allied  E.  leas,  'lie,'  and  E.  -less,  only  as 
the  second  part  of  a  coin  pound  ;  E.  loose 
is  borrowed  from  Scand.),  Du.  Ios,  OSax. 
16s ;  the  adj.  form  lausa-,  common  to  Teut., 
is  from  the  root  lus, '  to  be  loose,'  discussed 
under  verltcren.  From  the  Teut.  adj.  is 
derived  Span,  lozano,  *  merry,  cheerful.' 
See  (cfett. 

I6fd)en  (1.),  vb.,  'to  extinguish,  go  out' ; 
in  the  ModHG.  vb.  two  MidHG.  vbs.  are 
comprised,  MidHG.  Z&cAen(most  frequently 
erleschen),  str.  vb.,  'to  cease  to  burn,  go  out,' 
and  the  corresponding  factitive  lesclien,  '  to 
extinguish ' ;  comp.  OHG.  leskan,  irleskan, 
intrans.,  and  Usken,  trans. ;  this  verbal  stem 
is  unknown  to  the  other  Teut.  languages. 
The  sk  of  OHG.  leskan  is  really  a  suffix  of 
the  pres.  stem  (see  brefdjen  and  tr>afd)ett),  as 
may  be  inferred  from  the  connection  with 
the  Teut.  root  leg  (see  Uegen) ;  erlofcfyett  is 
lit.  '  to  lie  down.' 

I8fd)en  (2.),  vb.,  'to  discharge  a  ship,' 
borrowed  from  the  equiv.  LG.,  Du.  lossen  ; 
comp.  Dan.  losse,  Swed.  lossay  the  origin 
and  early  history  of  the  cognates  are  un- 
known (comp.  ©pet,  93otb,  and  9ial)e). 

18 felt,  vb.,  'to  loosen,  free,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  lossen,  OHG.  I6sen  (*l6sjan) ; 
a  derivative  of  the  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
adj.  16s  (see  Ud) ;  comp.  Goth,  lausjan,  '  to 
loosen,'  from  lauS,  '  loose.' 

,£ofun$,  f.,  'war-cry, watchword,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  losunge,  Id^uuge, 
the  first  appearance  of  which  in  the  15th 
cent,  makes  it  impossible  to  determine  the 
correct  MidHG.  form  and  its  derivation 
(from  2e3 1  or  from  lofen,  '  to  hear '  ?  see 
laufdjen). 

<£of,  n.,  'lead  (or  soft  metal),  half  an 
ounce,'  from  MidHG.  I6t  (in  OHG.  by 
chance  not  recorded),  n., '  lead,  weight  cast 
fiom  lead';  corresponding  to  Du.  lood, 
'  lead,  kind  of  weight,'  AS.  ledd,  E.  lead. 
The  old  West  Teut.  *lauda-,  n.,  '  lead,'  is 
connected  with  the  equiv.  Olr.  ludv/e. — 
Idten,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  Iceten, 
'  to  solder,'  is  a  derivative  of  get. — 161  tfl. 


'of  due  alloy,'  corresponds  in  compounds 
to  MidHG.  Icetec,  'of  full  weight,  contain- 
ing the  due  proportion  of  a  noble  metal.' 

cfioffe,  m.,  'pilot,'  like  l<?fd)m  (2)  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  borrowed  from  LG.  and  Du. 
loots,  hods,  '  pilot.'  Perhaps  the  word  ori- 
ginated in  E.,  in  which  loadsman,  '  steers- 
man,' occurs  as  an  old  compound  of  load, 
AS.  lad,  'street,  way'  (see  teitett).  With 
regard  to  the  0  in  gctfe,  see  33cet. 

<£otfcr;,  in  compounds  like  Sottcrbttbf, 
'  vagrant,  knave,'  from  MidHG.  loter, 
'  slack,  light  -  minded,  frivolous,  knave, 
ne'er-do-well,  buffoon,'  OHG.  lotar,  'empty, 
vain';  comp.  AS.  lodd&e,  'villain.'  Al- 
lied to  tiebetl  id). 

<£3nJC,  no.,  'lion,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lewe,  lewe  (louwe,  louwe),  OHG.  lewo, 
lewo  (louico),  m.  ;  comp.  OSax.  and  AS.  leo, 
Du.  leeuw  ;  undoubted ly  a  loan-word,  since 
there  is  no  common  Teut.  and  no  old  Aryan 
term  for '  lion.'  Lat.  leo,  however,  does  not 
suffice  to  explain  all  the  G.  forms  of  Middle 
Europe.  OHG  louwo  and  MidHG.  louwe, 
'lion,' are  specially  abnormal  (E.  lion  is 
derived  from  Fr.  lion).  These  late  occur- 
ring OHG.  forms  with  ou  are  preserved  in 
ModHG.  names  of  places  and  streets,  such 
as  Sauenburcf,  Saue ngafiV.  The  MidHG.  fern. 
lunze  (also  lewinne),  '  lioness,'  still  remains 
obscure. 

,£uci)S,  m.,  'lynx,' from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  luhs,  m.  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  loz,  Du.  losch,  AS.  lox,  m.  The  *  of 
this  OTeut  stem  is  a  suffix,  as  in  gtid)iJ ; 
hence  Swed.  16  (Goth.  *lauko),  and  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages  Lith.  lUszis,  Gr.  "Kvjk; 
'  lynx.'  It  is  probably  related  to  the  root 
luh  in  2id)t  (OIc.  Ij6s,  '  light,'  AS.  Uxtm, 
'  to  give  light'),  since  the  sharp,  gleaming 
eyes  of  the  lynx  may  have  given  rise  to 
the  name. 

eludic,  f.,  'gap,  chasm,'  from  MidHG. 
liicke,  lucke,  OHG.  lucka,  from  *lufigja,  f., 
'  hole,  gap,'  closely  allied  to  Icrfcr  (MidHG. 
loger,  .UpG.  luck).  The  UpG.  dials,  con- 
tain a  prim,  form  Huggia  (Swiss  lugg,  not 
lukx),  hence  OHG.  luccha,  '  gap,'  is  abnor- 
mal. For  this  reason  too  the  phonetic 
relation  of  the  word  to  Sod)  is  obscure. 

<£uber,  n., '  lure,  decoy,  bait,'  from  Mid 
HG.  luoder,  n.,  'bait,  gluttony,  dissolute 
life,  loose  woman '  (from  an  OTeut.  I6pra- 
is  derived  Fr.  leurre,  'lure,  bait').  Its 
connection  with  ModHG.  laben  is  probable, 
since '  bait '  is  the  orig.  sense. — gixbevlid) , 
see  liebetltd). 


Luf 


(      221      ) 


Lus 


(£uff,  f.  (UpG.  niasc),  'air,  breeze,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  luft,  in.  and 
f,  ;  a  common  Teut.  term  ;  comp.  Goth. 
luftus,  OIc.  lopt,  AS.  lyft  (E.  lift,  dial,  only), 
OSax.  luft,  Du.  lucht,  '  air.'  Whether  Olc. 
lopt,  '  loft '  (comp.  Saube),  is  a  derivative  of 
the  same  word  remains  dubious  ;  nor  is  it 
of  any  help  in  determining  the  primit.  sense 
of  the  specifically  Teut.  luftu-,  especially 
as  indubitable  cognates  in  the  non-Teut. 
languages  are  wanting. 

S-XXQ,  m.,  Otitic,  f.,  'lie,  falsehood,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  luc  (g),  liige  (lii- 
gene),  OHG.  lugin,  f. ;  an  abstract  of  liigen 
(dial.  Itegen),  MidHG.  liegen,  OHG.  liogan, 
str.  vb.  '  to  lie.'  Comp.  OSax.  lugina, '  lie,' 
from  liogan,  Dn.  leugen,  logen,  from  liegen, 
AS.  lyge  (E.  lie),  from  leogan,  Goth,  liugn, 
'lie,'  from  liugan,  str.  vb.  'to  lie.' — jilug- 
Iter,  m.,'  liar,'  from  MidHG.  liigen cere, OHG. 
lugindri.  To  this  common  Teut.  root  lug 
(Aryan  lugh),  '  to  lie,'  Goth,  liugan  (pret. 
liu/aida),  '  to  marry,'  has  no  relation  ;  the 
latter,  like  OFris.  logia,  '  to  marry,'  is  con- 
nected rather  with  Olr.  luige, 'oath'  (primit. 
form  lughio-).  ModHG.  lugen  is  more  pro- 
bably allied  to  OSlov.  luka  (lugati),  '  to  lie,' 
luza, '  lie.'  From  Teut.,  Ital.  (dial.)  luchina, 
'  false  story,'  is  derived. 

fagen,  vb.,  '  to  look  out,  spy,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  luogen,  OHG.  luogen;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  locdn,  AS.  ICcian,  E. 
to  look,  with  an  abnormal  k  for  g.  From 
these  Norman  luquer  is  borrowed.  The 
early  history  of  this  "West  Teut.  stem  ICkai, 
Ucjai-,  is  obscure. 

efiunc,  f., '  dormer  window,  hole,  hatch- 
way,' prop,  a  LG.  word  meaning '  opening '  \. 
allied  to  £cd). 

fallen,  vb.,  'to  lull,'  ModHG.  only;  a 
recent  onomatopoetic  term. 

(iU'unmcI,  m.,  '  lubber,  scoundrel,'  first 
occurs  jn  ModHG.  ;  probably  derived  from 
the  antiquated  adj.  lumm,  '  relaxed,  loose,' 
which  is  based  on  MidHG.  lueme,  OHG. 
luomi,  '  mild,  languid '  (MidHG.  luemen, 
*  to  slacken,  relax,  be  wearied  '),  and  con- 
nected with  lafjttt. 

,-£itmp,  in.,  'scamp,  ragamuffin,'  Mod 
HG.  only ;  prop,  identical  with  Summon, 
m.,  'rag,  tatter,'  which  in  late  MidHG. 
appears  as  lumpe  with  the  same  sense. 
It  was  probably  introduced  from  LG.  ; 
comp.  Du.  lomp,  'rag,  tatter,  patch,'  lom- 
perrf,  '  lout '  (to  this  OIc.  leppr,  'shield,'  is 
allied  ?);  comp.  Sap^nandSaJrc— lumpen, 
vb.,  lit. '  to  treat  or  regard  as  a  ragamuffin.' 


J^unge,  f.,  '  lung,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  lunge,  OHG.  lungun  (plur.  lungunnd), 
f.  ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Goth. 
*lugg6,  OIc.  lunga,  AS.  lungeny  E.  lungs. 
(prop.  plur.  on  account  of  the  two  lobes), 
Du.  long.  Some  etymologists  connect  these 
cognates  with  the  OTeut.  root  ling,  '  to  be 
light,'  which  appears  in  leicfyt  and  gclingen. 
Comp.  Port,  leve,  '  lung,'  from  Lat.  levis, 
'  light,'  E.  lights  from  light>  Russ.  legkoe 
from  legkij. 

fangent,  vb.,. '  to  seek  prey^yearn^'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  a  derivative  of  the  West  Teut. 
adj.,  MidHG.  lunger,  OHG.  lungary  'speedy, 
quick,'  AS.  lungor,  '  quick,.'  which,  with 
Gr.  i\a<pp6s,  ^quick,'  is  connected  with  tlie 
Aryan  root  lengh,  discussed  under  the  pre- 
ceding word  (see  Ietd)t). 

tuning,  m.,  '  sparrow '  (LG.),  from  the 
equiv.  OSax.  hliuning.     Origin  obscure. 

(iftnfe,  f.,  'linch-pin,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  luns,  lunse ;  comp.  OSax. 
lunisa,  Du.  luns,  lens.  In  OHG.  lun,  lunat 
MidHG.  lun,  lune,  f.r  also  OHG.  luning, 
MidHG.  limine,  liiner, '  lungs' ;  comp.  AS. 
lynes,  m.,  E.  linch-pin  (Goth.  *lunisi  is 
wanting) ;  it  may  have  been  formed  like 
Goth,  aqizi,  jukuzi.  Some  etymologists  con- 
nect these  cognates  with  the  Aryan  root  lut 
'  to  loosen,'  discussed  under  wrltereit,  so  that 
Sunfe  is  lit.  'peg  for  loosening  the  wheel.' 
Comp.  further  AS.  dli/nnan,  '  to  release.' 

<£unf  C,  f., '  lunt,  match,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  lonte,  E.  lunt,  Dan. 
lunte.  In  earlier  ModHG.  and  in  modern 
dials,  it  signifies  'wick  of  a  lamp'  (prop, 
'tow'?),  allied  to  MidHG.  liinden,  'to 
burn '  (OHG.  Iwnda,  '  tallow '  ?).  Further 
cognates  are  uncertain. — ^unfc,  '  brush 
of  a  fox,'  is  a  figurative  sense  of  Suntc, 
tlunt'  (i.e.,  from  its  fiery  colour). 

tt'tpfen,  '  to  set  free  and  then  raise  aloft,' 
an  UpG.  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
liipfen,  lupfen.  Since  the  word  is  not 
found  in  other  languages  (Goth.  *luppjan  1% 
its  origin  cannot  be  discovered  ;  perhaps 
it  is  connected  with  the  cognates  of  Saufel. 
In  ModHG.  a  modern  vb.,  luftrn  (allied  to 
Suft),  'to  lift,'  has  supplanted  the  cognate 
phonetic  form  lupfon. 

^LUfl,  f.,  'pleasure,  delight,  fancy,  lust,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  lust,  m.  and  f., 
OHG.  hist,  f. ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
lust  us,  OIc.  lyst,  AS.  lyst,  lust,  E.  list,  lust, 
Du.  and  OSax.  lust;  a  common  Teut.  ab- 
stract, the  origin  of  which  is  still  dubious. 
Its  relation  to  liebm  (Teut.  root  lub,  'to 


Lut 


(      222      ) 


Mag 


desire'),  as  well  as  to  the  root  lus  (see 
oerli(tfn)  is  improbable  ;  it  is  rather  con- 
nected with  a  root  las,  '  to  desire,'  to  which 
is  allied  Gr.  \i\alofj.ai}  Sans,  root  laS  (for 


lils),  'to  desire,'  and  also  with  the  Sans, 
root  lod,  lud,  *  to  move.' 

lutfcrjcrt,  vb.,  'to  suck,' Mod HG.  only, 
a  recent  onomatopoetic  term. 


M. 


tttcid)en,  vb., '  to  make,  produce,  cause, 
perform,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  machen, 
OHG.  mahhdn ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
OSax.  mak&n,  Du.  maken,  AS.  macian,  E. 
to  make ;  a  common  Teut.  vb.  for  *  to  make,' 
but  existing  also  as  a  borrowed  terra  in 
the  Northern  dials.  The  OHG.  vb.  further 
signifies  '  to  combine,  join.'  As  allied  to 
Goth.  *makdn,  comp.  the  adjs. — Olc.*makr, 
only  in  the  compar.  makara,  '  more  suit- 
able or  convenient,'  AS.  gemcec,  'suitable, 
fit,'  OHG.  gimah,  '  combined  with,  belong- 
ing to,  corresponding,  convenient,'  MidHG. 
gemach,  ModHG.  gemad) ;  OHG.  gimah, 
neut.  of  the  adj.,  '  combination,  conveni- 
ence, agreeableness,'  MidHG.  gemach,  m. 
and  n., '  comfort,  agreeableness,  place  where 
one  rests, dwelling,  room,'  ModHG.  ©emad) ; 
further,  AS.  gemceSca,  '  husband,  wife/ 
E.  make,  'companion,  spouse,'  E.  match, 
OHG.  gimahho,  'companion,'  gimahha, 
'wife,'  OHG.  gimahhidi,  MidHG.  gem$- 
chede,  n.,  '  spouse.'  Hence  results  a  Teut. 
root  mak,  'to  join  or  belong  to  in  a  suit- 
able manner'  (equiv.  in  meaning  to  the 
root  gad  in  ©atte).  A  non-Teut.  root  mag, 
with  this  sense,  has  not  yet  been  found. 

2vxIacf)f ,  f.,  'might,  force,'  from  the  equiv. 
MMHG.  and  OHG.  maht,  f., '  might,  power, 
ability ' ;  comp.  OSax.  maht,  Du.  magt,  AS. 
meaht,  mild,  E.  might,  OIc.  mdttr,  m.,  Goth. 
mahts,  f.,  'might,  power,  capacity.'  The 
common  Teut.  *mahti-,  f.,  which  may  ba 
deduced  from  these  words,  is  an  old  verbal 
abstract  of  Goth,  magan.  See  tnogett  and 
©emacfcr. 

j}flciod)en,  n.,  'maiden,  girl,  servant,' 
ModHG.  ouly,  a  derivative  of  9Wagb,  with 
the  dimin.  suffix  sd)en  (in  UpG.  SWaiMe, 
2Rdbet,  &c,  with  dimin.  I. 

IXlttoc,  £, '  maggot,'  from  MidHG.  made, 
m.,  '  worm,  maggot,'  OHG.  mado ;  corre- 
ponding  to  Du.  made,  AS.  ma}>a,  Goth. 
mapa,  'maggot,  worm.'  Hence  the  equiv. 
Olcmapkr,  m.(with  a  suffix),  from  which  is 
derived  MidE.  ma}>ek,  E.  mawk,  ' maggot' ; 
Goth.  *maf>aks  (E.  maggot  is  probably 
not  allied).     The  orig.  sense  of  the  OTeut. 


*maj>an-,  'maggot,'  is  perhaps  'gnawer' ; 
it  has  been  connected  with  the  root  mi, 
'to  mow';  «Kotte  (MidHG.  and  ModHG. 
variant  matte)  may  also  be  akin. 

jKTaflb,  f.,  '  maid,  servant,'  from  Mid 
HG.  maget  (plur.  m$gde),  meit,  'maiden, 
virgin,'  also  '  bond  girl,  servant,'  OHG. 
magad  (plur.  magidi,  mqgidi),  f., '  maiden ' ; 
corresponding  to  Goth,  magajjs  (wanting 
in  OIc),  AS.  mrngfr,  OSax.  mugath,  f.  ;  the 
common  OTeut.  word  (unknown  only  in 
Scand.)  for  '  maiden,'  in  OSax.  and  Mid 
HG.  also  with  the  ModHG.  sense  '  maid, 
servant.'  From  these  are  derived  the 
diminutives  (see  Jtudjfetn  and  <Ed?»ein), 
Goth.  *magadein,  n.,  OHG.  magatin,  Mid 
HG.  magettn,  n.,  'girl,'  AS.  matgden,  E. 
maid,  maiden  (AS.  mcegp,  f.,  '  maiden,'  be- 
came obsolete  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mid 
E.  period),  Goth,  magaps,  'maiden,'  and 
its  cognates  in  the  other  languages  are  old 
femin.  derivatives  from  an  arcliaic  term, 
magus,  '  boy,  youth ' ;  comp.  Goth,  magus, 
'  boy,  servant,'  OIc.  mggr,  '  son,'  AS.  mago, 
'  son,  youth,  man,  servant.'  To  this  is 
allied  another  femin.  derivative,  Goth. 
mawi,  OIc.  mchr'yioi  *magwt,  with  the  loss 
of  a  g,  see  9Here) ;  comp.  further  AS.  me6wle, 
'girl.'  Teut.  magus,  'son,  boy,  servant,' is 
equiv.  to  Olr.wiacc,  'boy,  youth,  son'  (comp. 
the  Ir.  proper  names  MacCarthy,  &c). 

jJJTage,  m.,  formed  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  mdc  (gr),  m.,  OHG.  m&g,  m.,  '  kins- 
man ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  m&g,  AS. 
mwg,  m.,  'kinsman.'  The  allied  terms  in 
the  East  Teut.  languages  denote  special 
degrees  of  relationship  ;  comp.  Goth,  migs, 
'  daughter's  husband,'  OIc.  magr, 4  brother- 
in-law,  son-in-law,  father-in-law.'  Pro- 
bably mdg  signified  orig.  '  one  who  is 
related  by  marriage.'  HG.  distinguishes 
between  <Sdn»trt;  and  8pillmagm,  just  as 
MidHG.  does  between  swtrtmdge,  'rela- 
tives on  the  male  side,'  and  spinnelmdge, 
'  relatives  on  the  female  side' ;  similarly  in 
AS.  spermagas  and  spinelmdgas. 

jJ8agert,m.,fromthcequiv.  MidHG.  and 
MidLG.  mage,  OHG.  mago,  m.,  'stomach' ; 


Mag 


(    223    ) 


Mah 


comp.  Du.  maag,  AS.  maga,  MidE.  mawe, 
E.  maw,  OIc.  mage,  Dan.  mave,  'stomach'; 
Goth.  *ma;/a  (gen.  *magins)  is  wanting. 
From  Tent,  is  derived  Ital.  (dial.)  magone, 
'crop  (of  birds),'  or  rather  magun,  also 
magon,  'vexation,'  to  which  Rhuito-Rom. 
magtin, '  stomach,'  is  allied.'  For  the  early 
history  of*  the  word  we  have  no  definite 
clue ;  to  derive  SWaom  from  ntogen,  root 
mag,  '  to  be  able,  have  strength'  (as  if  the 
stomach  were  the  'nourishing,  strength 
giving  part'),  is  not  to  be  commended. 
The  names  of  parts  of  the  body  need  not, 
however,  be  traced  back  to  a  verbal  root ; 
comp.  #crj,  9iiere,  and  geber. 

mager,  adj.,  '  lean,  lank>  meagre,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  mager,  OHG.  magar, 
adj.;  corresponding  to  MidLG.  and  i)u. 
mager,  AS.  mazger,  OIc.  magr,  adj.,  '  lean' ; 
a  common  Teut.  word,  wanting  only  in 
Goth.  Considering  the  wide  and  early 
diffusion  of  the  term,  its  similarity  to  Lat. 
macer  (Ital.  magro,  Fr.  maigre)  is  remark- 
able. While  MidE.  m"egre,  E.  meagre,  are 
certainly  of  Rom.  origin  (comp.  Fr.  maigre), 
Teut.  mager,  like  Lat.  macer,  '  lean,'  and 
Gr.  jj.a.Kedi>6s,  'tall,'  fiaicpjs,  'long^may  be 
derived  from  an  Aryan  root  male,  'long, 
tliin';  Lith.  mdzus,  'little,'  may,  like 
OHG.  magar,  point  to  a  common  root, 
magh.  Yet  the  supposition  that  the  Teut. 
cognates  are  derived  from  Low  Lat.  and 
Ital.  magro  is  more  probable  ;  note  fuvj, 
from  La<\  curtus. 

"pRlciffb,  f.,  'mowing,  swath,'  from  Mid 
II G.  mat  (gen.  mddes),  n.  (also  f.),  'mow- 
ing, what  has  been  mown,  hay,  meadow,' 
OHG.  mdd,  n.;  hence  OHG.  mdddri,  Mid 
HG.  mddcere,  mceder,  ModHG.  2Wal)bfr, 
'mower';  AS.  mdejy,  n.,  'mowing,  what 
has  been  mown,  hay,'  E.  math  in  aftermath 
and  lattermath.  HG.  2J?af)t),  and  E.  math, 
Goth.  *W/>  (gen.  *m$J)is),  are  properly 
verbal  abstracts  of  the  root  mi,  '  to  mow,' 
just  as  the  cognate  Gr.  Atiyros,  '  harvest,'  is 
deriyed  from  dfidu,  'I  mow'  ;  comp.  also 
a/j.r}T6s,  'crop,  the  field  when  reaped.'  See 
©vummet,  Wlattt,  and  Dmct. — mafcett,  vb., 
'  to  mow,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  mcejen, 
OHG.  mden;  corresponding  to  Du.maaijen, 
AS.  mdwan  (pret.  me6w),  E.  to  mow.  A 
common  West  Teut.  root  mi,  'to  mow,' 
has  already  been  deduced  from  the  pre- 
vious word ;  it  appears  in  Gr.  witn  a 
vowel  prefixed  in  A-jmj-tos,  '  harvest,'  and 
&fi&u>, '  to  mow ' ;  the  t  in  the  Lat.  root  mit, 
'to  mow,  harvest,'  which  orig.  belonged 


to  the  pies,  stem  only,  may  have  been 
regarded  as  a  part  of  the  root ;  to  this  is 
allied  Olr.  meitliel,  '  a  party  of  reapers.' 

"2ilaf)l  (1.),  n.,  obsolete  except  in  com- 
pounds;  "3{ia[)lfd>af^,  m.,  'dowry,'  from 
MidHG.  mahelschaz,  m, '  dowry,'  and  espec. 
'engagement  ring';  jKTaljlllaff,  'place 
of  public  assembly  or  of  execution,'  Mid 
HG.  mahelstat,  f.,  '  court  of  justice,  place 
of  execution,'  OHG.  mahalstat,  f.,  '  courc 
of  justice.'    See  ©etnafyl. 

:XTar}l  (2,),  n.,  'meal,  repast,'  from  Mid 
HG.  mat,  11,,  '  banquet,  meal-time ' ;  OHG. 
*mdl,  n.,  not  recorded  in  this  sense  ;  allied 
to  MidE.  miH,  E.  meal  (wanting  in  AS.). 
Probably  identical  in  orig.  with  the  cog- 
nates discussed  under  mal(2),  so  that '  meal- 
time,' as  '  time'  par  excellence,  may  have 
led  to  the  meanings  'banquet,  repast.' 
OIc.  mdl,  n.,  also  signifies,  among  other 
things,  'meal-time.' 

maf)len,  vb., '  to  grind,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  main,  OHG.  maktn;  in  the  latter 
form  the  common  Teut.  word  for  '  to 
grind '  (but  wanting  in  E.  even  in  AS.) ; 
comp.  OSax.  malan,  Du.  malen,  OIc.  mala, 
Goth,  malan,  'to  grind.'  The  root  mal 
(?nol,  ml),  'to  grind,'  is  common  to  the 
West  Atyan  languages,  and  this  fact  indi- 
cates the  very  early  existence  of  grinding  ; 
comp.  Lat.  molo,  Gr.  /xtfXXw  (to  which  /utfXi;, 
fiv\os,  /ivXirai  are  allied),  OSlov.  melja- 
mliti),  Lith.  md\H  (mdlti),  Olr.  melim,  'I 
grind.'  This  community  of  terms  in  the 
West  Aryan  languages  does  not  neces- 
sarily point  to  a  primit.  period  when  the 
tribes  speaking  the  languages  mentioned 
formed  one  body.  It  is  more  probable  that 
the  use  of  mills  was  learnt  by  one  tribe 
from  another.  The  influence  of  a  foreign 
civilisation  (comp.  $anf)  is  also  quite  con- 
ceivable. Comp.  malntot,  SRaltcr,  Ihmtatttf, 
9flef)(,  a»uf)U,  and  aflufler. 

mi*  f)  I  id),  adv.,  see  allmdfylicf'. 
i&Tdrme,  f.,  '  mane,'  earlier  ModHG. 
also  italic  (the  mutation,  which  also  occurs 
in  Suab.  and  Bav.,  seems  to  be  due  to  the 
plur.),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ma?»e, 
man,  f.  and  m.,  OHG.  mana,  f. ;  comp. 
Du.  moan,  AS.  mantt,  E.  mane,  OIc.  mgn, 
f.,  'mane'  (to  this  is  allied  the  derivative 
OIc.  makke,  Swed.  and  Dan.  manke, '  upper 
part  of  the  neck  of  a  horse').  The  com- 
mon Teut.  mand,  f.,  'mane'  (Goth. *mana, 
f.,  is  by  chance  not  recorded),  shows  a 
later  development  of  meaning,  for  the 
earlier  sense  of  the  word  was  certainly 


Mah 


(    224    ) 


Mai 


'neck'  merely;  in  OTeut.  occurs  a  deri- 
vative signifying  'necklace';  comp.  01c. 
men,  AS.  mene,  OSax.  meni,  OHG.  menni, 
11.,  'necklace.'  To  these  are  allied,  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages,  Lat.  monile,  '  neck- 
lace, collar,'  Dor.  fidwos,  fuivo^,  fj.6wos, 
'necklace,'  Kelt,  navi&icns,  equiv.  to  Olr. 
uiuince,  'necklace,'  Sans,  mani,  m.,.' string 
of  pearls.'  An  OInd.  *mand,  f^  'neck,'  is 
wanting,  though  manyd,  f.,  '  nape,'  occurs. 
Further,  Olr.  muin,  muinel,  'nape,'  mong, 
'hair,  inane,'  with  which  Swed.  and  Dan. 
manke,  mentioned  above,  is  closely  con- 
nected. 

mahncrt,  vb.,  'to  warn,  admonish,'  from 
MidHG.  manen,  OHG.  man&n,  manSn,  'to. 
remind,  warn,  challenge ' ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  mandn,  AS.  manian,  '  to  warn ' ; 
a  derivative  of  the  Aryan  root  mony  me»y 
widely  diffused  in  OTeut.,  to  which  are 
allied  the  Goth.  pret.  pres.  munan,  '  to  be 
of  opinion,'  Lat.  memini,  reminiscory  mens 
(men-te-m),  Gr.  ja^w,  /ufim^ffKu,  and  the 
Sans,  root  man,  'to  think'  (see  Sftamt, 
nuinett,  and  2Rimie).  To  OHG.  manSn 
(with  the  variant  monSn),  Lat.  monere,  'to 
warn,'  with  d-  equiv.  to  Teut.  a  (as  in  Lat. 
molere,  Goth,  and  OHG.  malan),  which  is 
likewise  formed  from  the  root  men,  is 
most  closely  allied  in  sound  and  mean- 
ing. 

jKTaf)r,  m»,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  mar, 
mare,m.  and  f.,  'incubus, nightmare,'  OHG. 
mara,  f.;  comp.  AS.  mara,  m.,  K  mare  in 
nightmare,  Olc.  mara,  f.,  'incubus.'  The 
derivation  from  Goth,  marzjan,  'to  vex,' 
OHG.  marren,  merren,  'to  hinder, disturb,' 
is  scarcely  possible.  Some  etymologists 
connect  the  word  with  Slav.-Russ.  kiki- 
mora,  'ghost,'  Pol.  mora,  Bohem.  muro, 
'nightmare.'  From  9Raf)r,  Fr.  cauchemar, 
'  nightmare,'  has  also  been  derived  (cauchery 
from  ItaL  calcare,  'to  tread,. press'). 

j}ftaf)re,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
merhe,  OHG.  meriha,  marha,  f.,  '  mare ' ; 
fem.  of  the  OHG.  marah,  marh,  'horse,' 
discussed  under  SWarfdjaU ;  comp.  AS. 
my  re,  E.  mare,  Du.  marie,  Olc.  merr,  point- 
ing to  a  Goth.  *marhi  (gen.  *marhj6s).  In 
G.  the  fem.  form  has  been  preserved  longer 
than  the  masc,  on  which  it  is  based  (comp. 
Srait,  SJJacjb,  and  Sdjuueijer). 

Uilat,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  meie, 
OHG.  meio,  m.,  '  May.'  Borrowed  from 
Lat.  Mdjus  (comp.  ItaL  maggio,  Fr.  mai), 
'  May,'  at  the  same  period  as  Slugujl,  SWdvj, 
and  3annn:  (old  form  for  3anuar). 


"^iloib,  f.,  'maid,  servant,'  from  MidHG. 
mett.     See  9)ia^t>. 

jiilaie,  DEL,  'green  boughs  for  adorn- 
ment,' from  late  MidHG.  meie,  m.,  '  birch 
tree,'  whence  Ital.  majo,  Fr.  mai,  '  green 
boughs,  maypole' ;  identical  with  9Rai. 

j&Tais,  n.,  *  maize,'  ModHG.  only,  a  re- 
cent word  in  the  ModEurop.  languages,  of 
American  origin  (mahis  in  Hayti) ;  comp. 
Fr.  mais,  E.  maize,  and  Span.  maiz.  Col- 
umbus is  said  to  have  imported  the  corn 
and  its  name. 

jJiTcttfdK,  see  SWeifdje. 

jjflajorarr,  m.y  'marjoram,'  in  MidHG. 
meigramme,  m.,  and  also  meiron,  meieron, 
'marjoram.'  From  Mid  Lat.  majorana; 
the  MidHG.  words  seem,  to  be  based  in 
sound  on  meie,  '  May.'  Comp.  Ital.  majo- 
rana, Fr.  marjolaine,  E.  marjoram;  the 
last  two  have  also  been  corrupted  ?.  The 
ultimate  source  of  the  word  isGr.  indpaicw, 
whence  Lat.  amaracus  and  majoracus  (based 
on  major). 

^lahcl,  m.,  'stain,  bloty'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  mdkel,  m.y  which  was  borrowed  from 
Lat.  macula,  '  spot.' 

tttttfeeht,  maheln,  vb.,  'to  transact 
business  as  a  broker,'  ModHG.  only  ;  from 
the  equiv.  LG  makeln,  Du.  makelen,  which 
are  allied  to  maken,  '  to  make '  (tjattfcetn  also 
combines  the  meanings  'to  make'  and  '  to 
traffic ').  Fr.  maguereau  (whence  E.  mac- 
kerel), 'pimp,'  is  said  to  be  derived  from 
these  cognates  on  account  of  OHG.  huor- 
mahhdri,  'pimp.' 

^JTafcrele,  f.,  '  mackerel,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  makrele,  f. ;  borrowed  from  the  equiv. 
Du.  makreel  (comp.  E.  mackerel),  which  is 
of  Rom.  origin  ;  MidLat.  macarelluf,  ma- 
querelluSy  OFr.  maquerel,  ModFr.  miqne- 
reau. 

jJJTal  (1.),  n.,  tmark,.spot,'  from  MidHG. 
mdl,  n.,  '  spot,'  OHG.  *mdl  in  the  com- 
pound anamdli,  'spot,  scar'  y  identical 
with  MidHG.  and  OHG.  mdl,  'period, 
point';  see  mai  (2).  Its  primit.  kinship 
with  Goth,  mail,  n.,  'spot,' is  uncertain, 
yet  9Ka(  has  at  all  events  assumed  the 
meaning  of  Goth,  mail,  which  is  normally 
represented  by  OHG.  and  MidHG.  meil, 
n.  ;  to  this  corresponds  AS»  mdl,  whence 
E.  mole.  Goth,  mil,  '  time,'  points  to  the 
Aryan  not  me,  'to  measure'  (Gr.  idrpor, 
Lat.  mvlhi). 

stnal  (2.),  suffix  of  the  multiplicatives 
and  temporal  advs.  (also  a  noun) ;  it  is 
based  on  MidHG.  and  OHG.  mdl,  *  period ' 


Mai 


(    225    ) 


Man 


(Got.h.  mil,  see  the  preceding  word).  Even 
in  OHG.  tlie  expressions  2'  einemo  male, 
'  once,'  ze  drin  rndlen,  *  thrice,'  manigen 
mdlen, '  many  a  time,'  were  formed  ;  hence 
lit. '  at  one  period,  at  two,  at  many  periods ' ; 
so  too  a'  andermo  mdle,  '  at  another  time ' ; 
hence  MidHG.  tines  indies,  '  once,'  lit.  '  at 
one  period.'  For  the  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
dat.  plurs.  mdlum,  mdlen  (ze  drin  mdlen, 
'  thrice '),  the  apocopated  form  ntal  hrst 
appears  in  early  ModHG. 

walcbeien,  vcvmalcbcien,  vb.,  from 
the  eqtiiv.  MidHG.  vermaledlen,  later  also 
maledten,  *  to  curse' ;  from  Lat.  maledicere, 
whence  also  Fr.  maudire,  Ital.  maledire. 

malett,  vb.,  'to  paint,'  from  MidHG. 
mdlen,  lit. '  to  furnish  with  a  mark  or  sign,' 
then  '  to  colour,  paint,  write,'  OHG.  mdlon, 
mdlin,  '  to  paint,  draw ' ;  allied  to  OHG. 
mdl,-  '  point,'  signifying  also  '  period '  ac- 
cording to  mat  (2),  mentioned  under  SWal 
(1).  Akin  also  to  Goth,  mela,  neu.  plur., 
'  writing,  documents,'  nvSljan,  '  to  write, 
record.' 

malmexx,  gcrmalmcn,  vb.,  'to  crush 
to  pieces,  grind,'  ModHG.  only,  but  ap- 
parently, on  account  of  the  infrequency  of 
the  ra-suffix,  far  older.  The  non-occur- 
rence of  OHG.  *mdlm6n  and  MidHG.  *mal- 
men  is  probably  only  an  accident ;  in  Mid 
HG.  zermaln  and  zermiiln,  'to  grind,'  are 
used.  The  suffix  m  is  seen  in  the  nouns, 
Goth,  malma,  m.,  'sand,'  and  OSax.,  OHG., 
and  MidHG.  melm,.  m.,  'dust';  to  these 
are  allied  tylhii  and  Oemud,  MidHG.  ge- 
miille,  OHG.  gimulli,  '  dust,  mould.'  For 
the  root  mal  see  under  ntafylen. 

^Jflalf Cf,  m.  and  n., '  measure '  (in  Pruse-. 
formerly  about  18  bush.),  from  MidHG. 
mailer,  malder,  n.,  'corn  measure' ;  cornp. 
OHG.  maitar,  OSax.  maldar,x\., '  measure.' 
Formed  by  means  of  the  Teut  suffix  -Jrra-, 
-dra-  (G'r.  rpo-,  Lat.  tro-,  comp.  Slltcr),  from 
the  root  mal;  see  ntaljten.  SMtcr  means 
lit.  '  grinding,'  then  '  the  quantity  given  to 
be  ground  at  one  time.' 

"jJJflaluc,  f.,  '  mallow,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Lat.  (Ital.)  malva  ;  if  it  were  borrowed 
at  an  early  period,  Iv  in  Lat.  ought  to  have 
changed  into  lb  in  ModHG.  In  England 
the  Lat.  term  was  adopted  in  very  early 
times  ;  hence  AS.  mealwe,  E.  mallow  (Du. 
maluwe).     Comp.  also  Fr.  mauve. 

jKTcttj,  n.,  'malt,'  from  the  eqniv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  malz,  n.  ;  comp.  OSax.  and 
OIc.  malt,  n.,  AS.  mealt,  E.  malt  (Goth. 
*malt,   n.) ;    a  common  Teut.   word   for 


'  malt,'  which  passed  into  Slav,  and  Finn, 
(comp.  OSlov.  mlato,  Finn,  mallas),  and 
also  into  Fr.  as  malt.  Teut.  *maltas  be- 
longs to  a  Teut.  root  melt,  in  AS.  meltan, 
'  to  dissolve,  liquefy,  melt,'  to  which  is  al- 
lied an  OIc.  adj.  maltr,  'rotten,'  similar  to 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  malz,  '  melting  away, 
soft,  relaxed.'  Perhaps  the  subst.  SKalj 
(Goth.  *malt,  n.)  is  only  the  neu.  of  this 
adj.,  meaning  '  that  which  is  soft.'  See 
further  fcr/mcljen. 

ntampfen,  vb.,  'to  stutter,'  ModHG. 
only,  of  obscure  origin. 

matt,  pron.,  'one,  they,  people,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  man;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  and  AS.  man,  Du.  men;  prop, 
nom.  sing,  of  the  ModHG.  subst.  3)2auii, 
'homo';  so  too  Lat.  homo  appears  as  a 
pron.  in  Fr.  on  (as  well  as  Iiomme).  In 
the  early  periods  (MidHG.,  OHG.,  and  AS.) 
man  was  again  represented  by  the  3rd  pers. 
pron.  sing.  (MidHG.  and  OHG.  er,  AS.  hf)  ; 
hence  man  is  lit.  'any  man';  in  Goth. 
manna  is  found  only  with  a  negation  (hi 
manna,  '  nobody ') ;  see  jemcmb.  The  sing, 
may  have  here  a  collective  meaning,  just 
as  Sans,  mdnus  (comp.  2Waiui),  and  jrArUs 
in  the  sing,  signify  '  person,  people,  man- 
kind.' 

mcmd),  adj.,.  'many  a,'  from  MidHG. 
manec  (g),  OHG.  manag,  adj., '  much,  many 
a.'  The  g  has  been  preserved  in  ModHG. 
matuug;fviU  ;  the  change  of  g  to  ch  in  this 
word,  which  is  first  found  in  ModHG., 
is  due  to  LG.  influence.  ModHG.  manec, 
OHG.  manag,  'much';  akin  to  Goth. 
manags,  'much,'  so  too  AS.  monig,  E. 
many,  OSax.  maneg,  Du.  menig.  From  the 
Teut.  standpoint,  the  adj.  may  be  derived 
from  Goth,  and  OHG.  mana-,  '  man,  per- 
son,' which  orig.  always  occurred  in  com- 
pounds ;  comp.  Goth,  ga-man,  n.,  '  fellow- 
man,'  mana-sSfis,  '  mankind,'  OHG.  mana- 
heit,  *  valour,'  manal'Mw,  'likeness,'  &c. 
In  that  case,  since  the  suffix  ga-,  equiv. 
to  Gr.  /co-,  Lat.  0,  denotes  '  providing  with 
something,'  the  prim,  meaning  of  Goth. 
manags  may  have  been  '  to  provide  with 
people.'  Yet  Olr.  menice,  '  frequent,'  and 
OSlov.  mdnogii,  'much,'  point  to  a  prim, 
word  probably  unconnected  with  Goth,  and 
OHG.  mana-,  'person.' 

Silonbel  (1.),  'fifteen,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
the  other  meaning,  which  appears  in  earlier 
ModHG,  'shock  of  corn  (of  15  sheave.-),' 
may  be  the  older.  Tlie  G.  word  cannot  l>e 
etymologically  explained   (Mid Lat   man- 


Man 


(     226    ) 


Man 


dal<t,  '  15  articles,'  is  met  with  even  in  the 
13th  cent.) ;  its  relation  to  Du.  mand,  E. 
maund,  '  basket,'  is  obscure. 

ptfcmoct  (2.),  f.,  'almond,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  mandel,  OHG.  mandala, 
f. ;  from  Ital.  mandola ;  corresponding  to 
MidLat.  and  Prov.  amandola,  Fr.  amande 
(hence  Du.  amandel,  E.  almond).  Gr. 
djtirySdX';  is  usually  regarded  as  the  ulti- 
mate source  of  these  cognates. 

flange,  flange!,  f.,  '  mangle,'  from 
MidHG.  mange,  f.,  'machine  for  rolling 
woven  stuffs,  catapult' ;  com  p.  Du.  mangel, 
equiv.  to  E.  mangle.  The  origin  of  the 
word  is  sometimes  ascribed,  on  account  of 
the  dial,  forms  SKaitte,  SDJantcf,  to  the  Sans, 
root  manth,  'to  turn,'  which  appears  in 
OIc.  mgndull,  'handle'  (espec.  of  a  hand- 
mill).  Allied  terms  in  Rom.  show,  how- 
ever, that  g  in  the  word  2Jianael  must  be 
very  old  ;  Ital.  mango-no,  '  sling,'  OFr. 
mangoneau,  'sling,'  whence  MidE.  man- 
gonel. There  is  no  Teut.  type  of  the  whole 
class  ;  its  source  is  said  to  be  Gr.  n&yyavov, 
'  warlike  machine ' ;  perhaps  an  instrument 
of  this  kind  famished  the  model  for  the 
mangle. 

mcmgeltt,  vb..  'to  want,  lack,  be  lack- 
ing,' from  MidHG.  mangeln,  OHG.  mango- 
I6n, '  to  dispense  with,  miss,  be  in  want  of  ; 
SHangrt,  from  MidHG.  mangel,  m.,  'want, 
defect.'  To  this  is  allied  MidHG.  mane, 
'  want,  defect,'  also  OHG.  mangdn,  mengen, 
'to  be  deficient';  Du.  mangelen,  'to  dis- 
pense with.'  A  Teut.  root  mang,  mangw, 
does  not  occur  elsewhere  ;  it  may  be  pri- 
mit.  allied  to  Lat.  mancus,  '  mutilated, 
powerless,  deficient,'  from  which  early  de- 
rivatives were  formed  in  E.,  AS.  gemancian, 
'  to  mutilate ' ;  to  this  Du.  manic, '  limping, 
deficient,'  and  E.  to  mangle  are  also  akin. 

^ilangolo,  m.,  'beet,'  from  MidHG. 
mango/t,  m.  ;  its  connection  with  @clc 
does  not  seem  to  be  orig.  If  it  is  to  be 
connected,  as  is  usually  done,  with  the 
proper  name  Mamigolt,  the  prim,  meaning 
is  'powerful  ruler'  (manag  and  waltan ; 
comp.  IloXyjcpdn/s),  but  scarcely  '  verv  gra- 
cious' (93 tefeljolb).  See  a»atMf.  By' what 
means  the  plant  acquired  this  name  can 
no  longer  be  discovered.  Others  regard 
SDianoclD  as  §al$g,clb,  'gold-neck'  (comp. 
2J?d6ne) ;  but  mane-,  '  neck,'  is  not  found 
elsewhere  in  Teut. 

jJilanier,  f.,  '  manner,  fashion,  manner- 
ism,' from  MidHG.  manure,  f.,  '  manner,' 
from  Fr.  maniere. 


mo  nig,  see  mand). 

"Mann,  m.,  'man,  husband,'  from  Mid 
HG.  man  (nn),  OHG.  man  (nn),  m.,  'person, 
man.'  The  general  meaning  'person'  still 
appears  in  ModHG.  jemanb,  nirmanb,  as  well 
as  in  the  pron.  discussed  under  man.  In 
AS.,  man,  mgn  (n  equiv.  to  nn),  might  be 
used  equally  of  a  male  or  female,  although 
the  former  sense  preponderated  ;  AS.  man, 
'  person,  man,  woman,'  E.  man,  OIc.  maoV, 
Goth,  manna,  'person,  man.'  The  word 
followed  the  declension  of  the  two  stems 
inann-  and  mannan-  (thus  in  Goth.,  AS., 
OHG.,  and  MidHG.)  ;  from  the  latter  the 
modern  plur.  SWannen  has  been  obtained. 
Goth,  and  Teut.  mann-  for  manw-  is  based 
on  an  older  manu-  (like  .Runt  on  kenic-, 
genu-',  see  also  biinn).  This  Aryan  mdnu-, 
'person,'  appears  also  in  Ind.,  but  it  was 
used  also  as  Manu,  '  the  father  of  man- 
kind.' To  this  corresponds  the  Teut.  Mem- 
nus  in  Tacitus, '  the  progenitor  of  the  West 
Teutons ' ;  comp.  further  Sans,  manus, 
ill.,  and  manusa,  '  person,'  perhaps  also 
OSlov.  mqzi,  'man.'  The  Ind.  manu-  is 
usually  connected  with  the  root  man,  '  to 
think'  (comp.  ntamten) ;  in  that  case  the 
orig.  sense;  is  '  thinking  being.'  This  can- 
not, however,  be  definitely  regarded  as  the 
primit.  source  of  the  word.  It  is  scarcely 
probable  that  the  primit.  Aryans  considered 
'  thinking'  to  be  the  essential  characteristic 
of  a  man.  We  should  rather  assume  from 
the  earliest  Aryan  literature,  the  OInd. 
Vedas,  that  the  primit.  Aryan  felt  he  was 
closely  allied  to  the  brutes,  since  the  Vcdic 
Indian  actually  calls  himself  pacu,  'beast.' 
The  literal  meaning  of  Aryan  manu-,  'per- 
son,' can  hardly  be  ascertained  now.  See 
SRenfdj. 

ntemttig,  see  matufy. 

mamtig(td),  pron.  'everybody,'  from 
MidHG.  manne-geltch,  menneclich,  'every'; 
lit.  manne  gelicli,  OHG.  manno  gillh,  'each 
of  men,'  whence  OHG.  manniclieh  and 
mannollch,  'every,  each.'  Similarly  tdojid) 
is  based  on  OHG.  tagogilth,  '  every  day.' 
OHG.  gillh,  'every,'  is  identical  with  o,Wid». 

Wtcmfcrjen,  vb.,  for  earlier  mantf<$en, 
'to  splash,  dabble,'  from  MidHG.  *ma>i- 
gezen,  OHG.  *mangazzen  ;  allied  to  ntengtit. 

^ilanfcl,  m.,  'cloak,  mantle,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  mantel,  mandel,  OHG. 
mantal,  mandal,  m. ;  on  account  of  the 
non-permutation  of  t  to  2  the  word  cannot 
be  cognate  with  MidE.  mantel,  E.  mantle, 
OIc.  mgttull,  m.,  '  cloak,'  and  hence  it  is  not 


Mar 


(    227    ) 


Mar 


<lerived  from  the  same  root  as  Gr.  navduas, 
1  upper  garment.'  The  Teut.  cognates  are 
more  probably  based  on  Lat.  mantellum, 
from  which  Ital.  mantello  and  Fr.  manteau 
are  derived. 

j3iTctrd)en,  n.,  '  fairy  story,  tale,'  dimin. 
of  >DJdre,  f.,  from  MidHG.  mare,  n.  and  f., 

*  tale,  fiction,  report,  information,'  whence 
in  MidHG.  the  dimin.  mcereltn,  n.,  '  short 
story,  fairy  story.'  Comp.  OHG.  mdrt,  f., 
mdri,  n.,  'rumour,  information';  an  ab- 
stract from  OHG.  mdri  (MidHG.  mozre), 
Goth,  mfas,  'known,  famed,'  which  is  re- 
corded by  old  historians  in  many  OTeut. 
proper  names  in  the  form  mirus,  mSris; 
akin  to  Slav,  merii  in  VladimSru,  'Vladi- 
mir, Waldemar,'  Gr.  -uupos  in  eyxevfawpos, 
'famed  for  wielding  the  spear,'  Olr.  mar, 
mor,  '  great,  of  repute ' ;  for  the  compar.  of 
this  primitive  adject,  stem  mi-ro-,  see  under 
meftr. 

^Tctrbctr,  m.,  'marten,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  marder  (and  mader),  in.,  OHG. 
viardar,  m. ;  allied  to  OIc.  mprtSr,  'mar- 
ten,' and  AS.  mearj?  (also meard),  'marten, 
weasel'  (without  the  suffix  r,  like  MidHG. 
mart,  'marten').  Whether  we  are  to  as- 
sume Goth.  *marJ?U8  or  *mar}>uza  remains 
uncertain.  Yet  the  cognates  are  probably 
of  genuine  Teut.  origin  (from  pre-Teut. 
martu-),  to  which  MidLat.  martus  (Ital. 
martes),  with  the  corresponding  Rom.  cla^s 
also  point — Ital.  martora,  Fr.  martre,  f. 
(whence  E.  marten). 

"§JT(*rft  (1.),  f.,  'marches,  frontier,'  from 
MidHG.  marc,  'mark,  token,'  OHG.  marcha, 
f.,  'frontier,  marches' ;  comp.  OSax.  marca, 
'territory,'  AS.  me.arc,  f.,  'frontier,  terri- 
tory' (E.  march  is  not  based  on  the  AS. 
form,  the  c  of  which  would  not  have 
changed  to  ch,  but  on  OFr.  marche,  'fron- 
tier,' which  is  of  Tent,  origin).  To  Goth. 
marka,  f., '  frontier,'  corresponds  OIc.  mgrk, 

*  wood,'  with  a  remarkable  change  of  mean- 
ing ;  woods  in  Teut.  times  were  often  the 
natural  boundaries  between  nations.  The 
orig.  meaning  of  the  cognates  of 'frontier'  is 
supported  by  their  primit.  kinship  with 
Lat  margo, '  border,'  as  well  as  by  Olr.  brU 
(from  the  prim,  form  *mrog),  'border,'  Ir. 
bruig,  W.  and  Corn,  bro,  '  district,  country, 
region,'  ModPers.  marz,  'frontier,  marches.' 
From  Teut.  are  derived  Ital.  marca,  Fr. 
marche,  '  frontier.'  See  SWarf  (2)  and 
SNarfe. 

3Har&  (2.),  f.,  'mark'  (coinX  from  Mid 
HG.  marc,  viarke,  f.,  '  mark,  half  a  pound 


of  silver  or  gold' ;  OHG.  *marhi  (whence 
MidLat.  marca,  whicli  first  appears  in  docu- 
ments in  the  latter  half  of  the  9th  cent), 
AS.  and  MidE.  marc,  OIc.  mgrk,  f.,  'mark, 
half  a  pound  of  silver.'  Its  origin  is  ob- 
scure ;  the  assumption  that  SWarfe,  '  desig- 
nation, sign '  (with  reference  to  the  stamp), 
is  a  cognate,  is  not  proved,  since  2J?arf 
orig.  denoted  a  definite  weight,  and  not  a 
particular  coin. 

"gftarfe  (3.),  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
marc  (gen.  marges),  n.,  'marrow,  pith'; 
the  MidHG.  g  has  been  preserved  in 
uurgeln  ;  OHG.  marg,  mara-f,  n.,  OSax. 
marg,  n.,  Uu.  merg,  n.,  AS.  mearg,  n., 
E.  marrow,  OIc.  mergr,  m.,  '  marrow ' ; 
in  this  word  r  is  due  to  Goth,  z,  according 
to  the  law  of  rhotacism  ;  Goth.  *mazga-  is 
wanting.  The  latter  points  to  pre-Teut 
*mazgho-,  to  which  OSlov.  mozgu,  m.,  Zend 
mazga,  Sans,  majjan,  '  marrow,'  all  with  a 
normal  loss  of  the  aspirate,  correspond. 
The  root  is  Sans,  majj,  'to  immerse,'  to 
which  Lat.  mergere  is  allied. 

"gJTarfce,  f.,  'mark,  token';  from  Mid 
HG.  marc  (gen.  markes),  n.,  'sign' ;  comp. 
Du.  marke,  '  mark,  characteristic ' ;  AS. 
mearc,  n.,  E.  mark,  OIc.  mark,  n.,  'sign' ; 
Goth.  *mark  is  wanting.  Whether  these 
cognates  are  connected  with  those  of  Wmxt 
(1),  'frontier,  marches,'  lit  'border,'  is 
uncertain;  the  meaning  'frontier,' which 
was  proved  by  the  allied  languages  to  be 
primitive,  can  scarcely  be  the  starting- 
point  for  'si^n' ;  the  contrary  is  the  more 
probable.  It  has  with  greater  reason  been 
compared  with  Lith.  mdrgax,  '  variegated.' 
Comp.  nterfen.  From  Teut.  a  Rom.  class 
is  derived;  comp.  Fr. marque,remarquir,&c. 

jjilarfcolf,  in.,  'jay,'  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG. ;  it  has  passed  from  the  fables  of 
animals  into  general  use  ;  liter.  3J?arf-tr-elf, 
'  boundary  wolf,'  used  in  the  OHG.  period 
as  a  proper  name  (Marcolf).  Similarly 
in  Reineke  Vos,  Marquart  is  the  name  of 
the  jay,  formed  from  the  OHG.  proper 
name  Marcwart,  lit.  '  frontier  guardian.' 

IJJTcwhf,  m.,  'market,  market-place,' 
from  MidHG.  markt,  market,  m.,  'fair, 
market,  market-place,'  OHG.  markdt,  m'er- 
kdt,  merchdt,  m. ;  borrowed  in  01 IG.  from 
the  equiv.  Lat.  mercdtus  with  a  G.  accent; 
from  the  same  source  come  Du.  viarkt 
and  E.  market.  ModHG.  mark  tort,  vb., 
'  to  buy,  bargain,'  from  MidHG.  marketen, 
'to  be  at  the  market,  to  bargain.'  The  e 
of  the  Lat  original  has  been  preserved  in 


Mar 


(    228    ) 


Mas 


Sual>.  and  Alem.  SKdrft ;  the  variant  villi 
a  points  to  the  Fr.  a.  Comp.  in  Rom., 
Ital.  mercato,  Fr.  marchd  (whence  MidE. 
and  E.  market). 

pffarmel,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
marmel,  OHG.  marmul,  m.,  'marble';  from 
the  Lat.  word  by  differentiating  r-r  to  r-l. 

|3ftarfd),  f.,  'marsh,  moor,'  ModllG. 
only,  a  LG.  word.  LG.  marsch,  MidDu. 
maersche,  '  pasture  ground,'  AS.  mersc,  m., 
and  the  equiv.  E.  marsh,  Dan.  marsk, '  bog.' 
Goth.  *marisles  may  be  assumed  as  a  deri- 
vative of  Goth,  marei,  'ocean'  (see  2J2eer) ; 
similarly  ModHG.  9tu  is  a  derivative  of 
Goth,  ahwa, '  water.'  Comp.  MidLat.  ma- 
riscus,  '  marsh,'  and  some  of  the  Rom. 
words  connected  with  it,  such  as  OFr. 
maresc,  ModFr.  marais,  Ital.  marese,  which 
may,  however,  be  partly  derivatives  of  Lat. 
mare. 

5Jlarfd}aII,.  m.,  '  marshal,'  derived, 
partly  under  the  influence  of  Fr.  mare'chal, 
from  MidHG.  marschale,  m.,  which  lit.  and 
orig.  signified  'horse-servant,'  then  'over- 
seer of  the  train  of  servants  on  journeys 
and  expeditions,  as  a  municipal  or  court 
official ;  marshal.'  OHG.  marahscak  is  a 
compound  of  @d)a(f,  '  servant,'  and  marah, 
'  horse ' ;  even  the  Lex  Salica  and  the  Leg. 
Alem.  record  the  term  mariscalus,  besides 
which,  in  MidLat.  marscallus  occurs. 
From  Teut.  are  derived  the  Rom.  cognates 
— Ital.  mariscalco,  Fr.  marshal,  'farrier, 
marshal,'  as  well  as  the  MidLat.  version, 
comes  stabuli,  Fr.  conne'table.  OHG.  marah, 
n.,  MidHG.  marc,  n.,  'steed,  horse,'  AS. 
mearh,  Scand.  marr,  n..;  Goth.  *marh  is 
wanting.  It  originated,  in  exact  accord- 
ance with  the  permutation  of  consonants, 
from  pre-Teut.  marka-,  in  which  form  it  is 
recorded  as  OKelt.  by  Pausanias  ;  comp. 
with  this  Olr.  marc  and  TV.  march,  '  horse.' 
There  is,  however,  no  linguistic  necessity 
for  deriving  Teut.  marha-  trom  Kelt.  The 
word  marh,  the  fein.  of  which,  SDidfyte,  has 
been  preserved,  was  supplanted  at  a  later 
period  by  9?efj  and  then  <pferb.  To  this 
word  SWarjlall  is  akin. 

jKlarffall,  m.,  'royal  or  public  stable,' 
from  MidHG.  marstal  (gen.  -stalles),  m., 
'  stable  for  horses.'  For  the  orig.  marhstal, 
like  MidHG  marschale,  for  marh-schalc, 
see  @ta(( ;  and  with  regard  to  marh-,  comp. 
the  preceding  word. 

"^Icirfcr,  f.,  '  torture,  rack,'  from  Mid 
HG.  marter,  martere,  f.,  orig.  '  martyrdom,' 
espec.   'the   Passion,'  then  'torture,  tor- 


ment, persecution,  rack,'  OHG.  martira, 
martura,  f.  (also  with  I,  OHG.  martela, 
MidHG.  martel) ;  formed  from  Gr.  and 
Lat.  martyrium.  The  derivative  SWartflrer 
is  from  MidHG.  merterer,  marterer,  OHG. 
martirdri,  'martyr,'  for  which  the  forms 
martir,  martyr,  equiv.  to  Lat.-Gr.  martyr, 
'  martyr  for  the  truth  of  Christianity,' 
rarely  occur.  The  Eccles.  Lat.  meaning 
'  torture,'  which  is  foreign  to  Gr.,  is  found 
also  in  the  Rom.  cognates  of  martyrium. 
Comp.  Ital.  martirio,  Fr.  martyre. 

^itiirj,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
me,rzc,  m.,  OHG.  merzo,  marzeo,  m., '  March,' 
from  Lat.  (mensem)  Martium.  The  corre- 
sponding TVestphal.  marte,  MidLG.  merte, 
as  well  as  Du.  maart,  make  it  probable 
that  9Kdij  was  borrowed  previous  to  the 
OHG.  permutation  of  consonants  about  the 
era  of  the  Merovings,  and  in  fact  contem- 
poraneously with  Sluouil,  3dnncr,  and  IVai. 
E.  March,  MidE.  marche,  was  borrowed  at 
a  some  what  later  period  from  Olr.  march 
(ModFr.  mars). 

gJIafcf)e,  f., '  mesh,  stitch,' from  MidHG. 
mdsche,  OHG.  and  OLG.  masca,  f., '  mesh, 
snare'  ;  comp.  AS.  m<iisce,  E.  mesh,  OIc. 
mgskve,  m.  ;  Goth.  *m$sqa,  *masqa,  are  by 
chance  not  recorded.  According  to  the 
permutation  of  consonants,  the  latter  is 
based  on  pre-Teut.  mezga-  (mosga-) ;  comp. 
Lith.  mdzgas,  'threads  interlaced,  knot,' 
which  is  connected  with  a  vb.  mezgii (?»''</- 
sti), '  to  tie  knot*,  knit  (nets).'  Thus  SWante 
may  be  traced  to  a  Teut.  root  mesq  (pre- 
Teut.  and  Aryan  mezg\  '  to  plait.' 

fjftafcr,  f.,  '  vein  (in  wood),  speck,  spot,' 
from  MidHG.  maser,  m.,  OHG.  masar,  n., 
'  vein,  knotty  excrescence  on  the  maple 
and  other  trees'  (MidHG.  also  'goblet  of 
speckled  wood ')  ;  comp.  AS.  maser,  '  knot 
in  wood,'  E.  measles;  OIc.  mgsurr,  m., 
'  maple '  (mpsur-bolle,  'maple  bowl ').  Al- 
lied to  OHG.  masa,  f.,  '  wound,  scar.'  The 
Teut.  class  is  the  source  of  Rom.  deriva- 
tives. Comp.  Fr.  madre",  'speckled,'  Mid 
Lat.  scyphi  maserini,  '  drinking  vessels.' 

^Tasfic,  f.,  '  mask,  disguise,  masque- 
rader,'  from  Fr.  masque;  the  equiv.  Suab. 
and  Bav.  maskere  is  more  closely  connected 
with  Ital.  maschcra  as  well  as  Span,  mas- 
cara, 'division';  comp.  also  Du.  and  E. 
master.  Perhaps  the  origin  of  the  entire 
class  is  to  be  sought  for  in  Rom. 

sSIaffc,  f.,  'mass,  bulk,  heap,'  from  Mid 
HG.  masse,  f.,  '  misshapen  stuff,  mass,' 
espec.  '  lumps  of  metal'     Borrowed  in  the 


Mas 


(    229    ) 


Mat 


]ate  OHG.  period  (by  Notker),  as  massa, 
f.,  from  Lat.  massa. 

f^Taff  (1.),  m.  (probably  quite  unknown 
to  Suab.  and  Bav.),  '  mast,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  mast,  m.,  '  pole,  flagstaff,  spear- 
shaft,'  espec.  'ship's  mast,  tree  fit  for  a 
mast' ;  comp.  LG.  and  Du.  mast,  AS.  ma:st, 
m.  E.  mast,  OIc.  mastr,  *  mast.'  Goth. 
*masta-,  m.,  'mast,  pole,'  is  wanting.  Ac- 
cording to  the  permutation  of  consonants, 
the  latter  is  based  on  pre-Teut.  mazdo- 
(comp.  91  jr,  ©crflc,  and  9teft)  ;  did  Lat.  mdius 
for  *mddus  originate  in  this  ?  (also  Ir. 
matan,  ' club,'  maite,  'stick'?).  Similarly 
5i|"d)  (piscis)  and  SUJccr  (mare)  are  primit. 
allied. 

~2iiafi  (2.),  ' mast  (for  fattening),'  from 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  mast,  m.,  f.,  and  n., 
'food,  acorns,  fattening,'  OHG.  mast;  comp. 
AS.  mozst,  f.,  E.  mast.  Goth.  *masta  is  de- 
rived, according  to  the  permutation  of  con- 
sonants, froma  primit.  form  mazdo-,  to  which 
Sans.  meJas,  n.,  '  fat,'  middy,  '  to  fatten,' 
also  points.  The  ModHG.  verbal  noun 
m&ftett  comes  from  MidHG.  and  OHO. 
meslen ;  Du.  mesten,  AS.  mozstan,  '  to  fat- 
ten' ;  to  this  is  allied  the  ModHG.  adj. 
partic.  majl,  OHG.  mast,  AS.  gemwst,  '  fat, 
fattened.'     In  MidHG.  gemast,  gemestet. 

^{Tafj,  n.,  'measure,  standard,  propor- 
tion,' from  MidHG.  md$,  n.,  'measure, 
manner';  usually  in  MidHG.  md$e,  f., 
'measure,  definite  extent  of  time,  space, 
weight,  strength  ;  moderation,  temperance,' 
OHG.  md^a,  f. ;  comp.  Du.  maat,  OIc.  mute, 
m.,  'method.'  With  the  Teur.  root  mSt 
(in  mefirn),  from  pre-Teut.  m<5d,  Lat.  mddus, 
'  manner,'  is  also  connected. 

^KctfjC,  f.,  '  measure,'  allied  to  MidHG. 
md^ey  see  under  2Ra{j,  n. 

mafoctl,  conj.,  '  whereas,'  from  the  dat. 
plur.  mdyn  (of  MidHG.  mdy),  '  in  the 
method  ' ;  orig.  used  only  as  an  adv.,  but 
in  ModHG.  as  a  conj.  al&o  ;  allied  to  9)?a§. 

7$f{af)f)Olbcv,  m., '  maple,'  from  Mid I1G. 
ma$alter,  ma$olter,  m.,  OHG.  ma^allra, 
ma^oltra,  f.,  'maple';  the  ModHG.  form 
is  due  to  its  connection  with  •§cluufcfr 
(older  variant  §c(ber).  The  OHG.  ma$- 
$ollra  is  like  affollra,  'apple  tree,'  from 
apfol,  a  derivative  of  a  primary  Goth. 
*math.  AS.  mapuldr,  E.  maple  tree,  with 
the  recorded  base  mapol,  E.  maple,  has, 
instead  of  the  HG.  dental,  an  abnormal 
labial,  presupposing  Goth.  *mapls ;  so  too 
OIc.  mgpurr,  m.,  'maple.'  On  account  of 
OHG.  ma^altra  (53  for  Goth,  t),  9flaf  filter 


cannot  be  connected  with  SDJafcr  (s  equiv. 
'  to  Goth,  s) ;  nor  does  it  belong  to  OHG. 
ma$,  n.,  'food,'  ?lr/ont  as  'food  tree'  being 
improbable,  although  maple-juice  is  used 
as  a  medicinal  draught.  Goth.  *matla-, 
or  rather  *mapla-,  is  ef  obscure  origin. 
Comp.  also  9l(jont,  where  an  earlier  term 
is  given.  The  ModHG.  form  2Majje((cr  is, 
like  QJJafjfjdbct,  a  corruption  of  the  MidHG. 
word.  With  regard  to  the  OHG.  suffix 
-Ira,  comp.  -Slvfcl,  2Bad)o(ter,  and  £oluitt>fr. 

mafjicr,  adj.,  'moderate,'  from  MidHG. 
mce^ec, OHG.  md^lg,  adj.,  'moderate,  tem- 
peiate  ;  of  moderate  size' ;  a  derivative  of 
3JJafj,  aWajje.   Comp.  Vu.matig,  'moderate.' 

^tlafclicb,  n., '  daisy,  Easter  daisy,'  Mod 
IlG.  only,  formed  from  MidDu.  matelief, 
ModDu.  madelief,  f.,  '  daisy ' ;  of  obscure 
origin  ;  perhaps  allied  to  9)iattc?. 

■gflcifrafac  f.,  'mattress,' from  Mid IIC. 
matra^,  materaz,  111.  and  n.,  '  couch  stuffed 
with  wool,  divan' ;  comp.  Du.  malras,  E. 
mattress.  The  HG.  form  with  tz  is  formed 
from  MidLat.  matratium,  which,  with  its 
corresponding  Rom.  cognate,  Fr.  matelas, 
is  usually  derived  from  an  Arab  source  ; 
Arab,  matrah,  'pillow,'  lit.  'place  where 
something  is  thrown.' 

jJJTafrofe,  rn.,  'sailor,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Du.  matroos;  Dan.  and 
Svved.  matros.  They  are  based  on  Fr. 
matelot  (OFr.  matenot), '  sailor,'  which  again 
is  derived  through  a  Norman  medium  from 
Scand.  motuuautr,  'messmate'  (the  crew 
was  divided  into  companies,  who  took 
their  meals  together). 

matt,  adj.,  'checkmated  ;  faint,  lan- 
guid, insipid,'  from  MidHG.  mat  (gen. 
mattes),  adj.,  'checkmated'  (also  figura- 
tively), which  was  adopted  from  Rom.  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  12th  cent.  ;  comp.  Fr. 
maL  Ital.  matto,  MidLat.  malttis,  whence 
also  Du.  mat,  E.  mate.  This  characteristic 
term,  which  was  introduced  with  chess,  is 
formed  from  Arab,  and  Pers.  schdh  mdt, 
'  the  king  is  dead.'    See  <£d)acfy. 

jJJTattc  (I.),  f.  (an  Alem.  word  unknown 
to  Suab.  and  Bav.),  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  mate,  matte,  f.,  'mead,  meadow'; 
OHG.  *matta,  f .,  is  wanting  (but  OHG. 
mato-screc/t,  'grasshopper,'  is  preserved). 
(loth.  *»)(»/>ira,  *mfawa,  is  not  recorded  j 
comp.  E.  meadow,  mead,  from  AS.  nu&J 
(gen.  mutidwc\  'meadow,'  MidLG.  mdde, 
OLG.  mdtha,  mada,  OFris.  mfth.  They 
seem  to  be  based  on  a  Teut  root  md]>,  med, 
which   is  connected  with   Lat.  mSto,  '  to 


Mat 


(     230 


Man 


mow,  reap,'  and  which  has  a  shorter  form, 
mi,  in  ModHG.  mar/en. 

^Hatfe  (2.),  f.,  'mat,'  from  MidHG. 
matte  (late  MidHG.  also  maize),  OHG. 
matta,  f., '  covering  woven  of  straw,  rushe  ■, 
&c,  mat ' ;  Du.  mat,  AS.  meatte,  f.,  E.  mat. 
The  correspondence  of  the  HG.  and  LG.- 
Eng.  dental  indicates  that  the  word  was 
borrowed,  and  as  a  fact  it  was  introduced 
during  the  OHG.  period.  It  is  based  on 
Lat.  matta,  '  mat  made  of  rushes.' 

iJJlttf  .v  m., '  Mat ;  simpleton  ;  pet  name 
for  tame  birds ' ;  ModHG.  only  ;  probably 
a  pet  name  for  2Watfiia$,  '  Matthias,'  and 
SMattfiduS,  'Matthew';  the  intermediate 
form  is  9)2attr& 

Btfat^en,  m.,  'passover  bread,'  early 
ModHG.  ;  from  Jewish  mazzo,  Hebr.  maz- 
z6th,  '  unleavened  bread,'  whence  also  late 
MidHG.,  or  rather  early  ModHG.  SRafanjc, 
'  passover  bread.' 

nnutcn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mdwen,  'to  mew  like  a  cat' ;  an  imitative 
word  ;  comp.  SDtic^e. 

flatter,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mUre,  mUr,  f., '  wall,'  OHG.  miira,  f,  (mHii, 
f.),  '  wall,'  from  Lat.  mdrus,  with  an  abnor- 
mal change  of  gender,  which  is  probably 
caused  by  an  OTeut.  word  for '  wall' ;  comp. 
Goth,  icaddjus,  f.  At  the  same  period,  be- 
fore the  HG.  permutation,  OSax.  mur,  AS. 
mUr,  in.  (Olr.  miir),  were  also  borrowed 
from  the  Lat.,  like  other  words  relating  to 
stone  buildings ;  comp.  &iuy\,  geujler,  *JJfcrte, 
<£pctd)cr,  &c. 

TJiutithc.  f.,  with  a  LG.  guttural,  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  mtiche,  f.,  '  malanders,' 
hence  the  strictly  HG.  form  SWaudje  (Bav.). 
Of  obscure  origin  ;  perhaps  allied  to  Goth. 
mUks,  'soft,  tender'  ?. 

^Tctul  (1.),  n.,  'mouth  (of  beasts), 
muzzle'  (in  UpG.  fDcaul  is  also  used  for 
9Jhmb,  'mouth  of  men'),  from  MidHG. 
mill,  miLls,  n.,  miile,  f.  (MidG.),  '  mouth,' 
OHG.  mUla,  f.,  'mouth,'  also  '  beak'  ;  Du. 
muil,  OIc.  mule,  m., '  mouth,  snout ' ;  Goth. 
*mHl6,  11.,  'mouth,'  is  wanting,  but  is 
authenticated  by  the  derivative  faurmdl- 
jitn,  '  to  muzzle.'  This  word  is  an  I  deri- 
vative from  the  root  mH,  from  which  HG. 
SDiunfe,  with  a  particip.  suffix.  nj>,  is  also 
formed  ;  see  SJiunb. 

"3ilcutl  (2.),  n.,  '  mule,'  in  2Raulticr,  n., 
SKauleffi,  m.,  from  MidHG.  mAltier,  n., 
mUlesel,  m.,  yet  ordinarily  simply  mill,  m. 
and  n.,  miile,  m.,  '  mule,'  OHG.  mill,  m.  ; 
boiTowed   from   Lat.    m&lus.      From    the 


same  source  Du.  muil,  m«ilezel,  AS.  m&t, 
E.  mule,  as  well  as  Olr.  mid,  are  derived. 

"jXlaulbeero,  f.,from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
viUlber,  n.  and  f.,  'mulberry,  which  origi- 
nated, by  differentiating  r  to  I,  from  OHG. 
wAr-beri,  m&r-beri,  n.  The  fluctuation  from 
6  to  H  in  OHG.  indicates  that  the  word 
was  borrowed  from  Lat.  m&rum,1 mulberry,' 
m6rus,  '  mulberry  tree,'  whence  also  Du. 
moerbes,  AS.  and  MidE.  mdrberie  and  mur- 
berie,  MidE.  also  mulberie,  E.  mulberry. 

jJitauInmrf,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  mSltwerf,  moltwerfe,  in.,  '  mole,'  lit. 
'  the  animal  that  throws  up  the  soil '  (Mid 
HG.  molte,  f.).  The  ModHG.  form  is  a 
corruption  of  the  MidHG.  word,  which  is 
recorded  even  in  the  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
periods  in  various  forms  (MidHG.  mibw'erf, 
mUlwerf,  m&lwelf,  mUrwerf).  Other  Mod 
HG.  corrupt  forms  are  the  dial.  *Kcltn>urm, 
2Raitltt>urm,  and  aJJaulirctf.  OHG.  moltwerf, 
multicurf,  m.,  •  mole,'  are  connected  with 
MidHG.  molte,  {.,  molt,  m,,  '  dust,  mould, 
soil,'  OHG.  molta,  f.,  molt,  m.  ;  comp.  Goth. 
mulda,{,,  'dust,mould,' AS.  mo/de,E.  mould; 
prop,  a  fem.  subst.  from  the  partic.  formed 
with  da-  from  the  root  mal,  '  to  crush,  pul- 
verise,' hence  mul-da;  comp.  fait,  alt,  lauf, 
and  jart.  In  MidE.  also  moMwerp,  '  mole ' 
occurs  ;  of  this  MidE.  mole,  Du.,  Westph., 
and  Fris.  mol  are  shortened  forms  ?.  These, 
however,  are  probably  independent  forms 
from  the  root  mal.  Another  name  for 
mole  appears  in  OHG.  scero,  MidHG.  scher, 
Suab.  and  Alem.  @cfydrmau$. 

pilaus  (1,),  'mouse,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  mils,  f. ;  comp.  Du. 
muis,  AS.  mils,  f.,  E.  mouse,  Olc.  mils  (Goth. 
*mHs),  f.,  '  mouse.'  In  the  consonantal 
form  of  the  stem,  mAs-,  it  is  the  common 
Teut.  as  well  as  the  common  Aryan  term 
for  '  mouse.'  The  name  occurs  in  almost 
all  the  Aryan  languages,  a  proof  that  the 
Aryans  in  their  primit.  Asiatic  home  were 
already  acquainted  with  the  tiny  animal, 
chiefly  through  its  thefts,  mils-  being  de- 
rived from  an  OAryan  root,  mils,  *  to  steal,' 
which  exists  in  the  Franc.  chriomosido, 
'  plundering  dead  bodies,'  of  the  Lex  Salica, 
and  signifying  '  thief  (it  is  possible,  how- 
ever, that  the  mUs,  *  to  steal,'  is  deduced 
from  mUs,  'mouse').  Comp.  Sans,  mill, 
'mouse,'  with  the  root  muS,  middy,  'to 
take  away,  rob' ;  also  Gr.  pvs,  OSlov.  my  si,  f. 
Comp.  further  the  following  word. 

jKfattS  (2.),  prop.  '  muscles  on  the  arm 
and  foot,'  now  espec.  '  ball  of  the  thumb,' 


Mau 


(    231    5 


Meh 


from  MidHG.  mils,  f.,  'muscles  especially 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  arm ' ;  OHG.  mils, 
AS.  mils,  Du.  muis,  have  the  same  sense  ; 
prop,  identical  with  Wlaut  (1).  In  other 
cases  too  names  of  animals  are  applied  to 
parts  of  the  body.  Comp.  Gr.  fids, '  muscle,' 
fivdtv,  'cluster  of  muscles,'  Lat.  mus-culus, 
'  muscle,'  lit.  '  little  mouse,'  OSlov.  myilca, 
'arm,'  Sans.  muS-ka,  'testicle,  pudenda 
muliebria,'  lit.  '  little  mouse.' 

maufa)eln,  vb., '  to  act  like  a  cheat,' 
lit.  '  mosaizare ' ;  allied  to  SWaufdje,  equiv. 
to  Hebr.  Mdschdh,  'Moses.' 

TZSLaufe,  "giTaufer,  f., '  moulting,  cast- 
ing the  skin,  moulting  season,'  from  Mid 
HG.  mil^e,{.  (in  compounds  mA^er).  '  mew- 
ing, moulting' ;  OHG.  *mil$$a,  f.,  '  moult- 
ing,' is  not  recorded ;  allied  to  OHG. 
mtifttin,  MidHG.  mA$en,  '  to  exchange  for,' 
MidHG.  also  espec.  '  to  moult,  cast  the 
skin.'  Borrowed  before  the  OHG.  period 
(contemporaneously  with  Jtdjtij,  %]iiu,  and 
$t}>$)  from  Lat.  mUtdre,  hence  the  permu- 
tation of  t  to  3  (MidLat.  m-Ata, '  moulting ') ; 
sz  has  been  preserved  in  Bav.  ntaufjen.  From 
the  same  source  are  derived  AS.  bimAtian, 
'  to  change,  exchange,'  MidE.  moutin,  E. 
to  moult,  as  well  as  Fr.  muer,  '  to  moult,' 
mue,  'moulting.' 

ntctufcn,  vb.,  'to  catch  mice,  pilfer,' 
from  MidHG.  milsen, '  to  creep,  deceive ' ;  a 
derivative  of  MidHG.  mils,  equiv.  to  $Jlau$. 

manful,  adj.,  'pert,  saucy.'  ModHG. 
only  (ftct),  inauftg  matfyen, '  to  bray,  bluster '), 
allied  to  SKaufer,  'moulting,'  lit.  'one  that 
moults,  mews,  dresses  smartly  in  order  to 
make  himself  conspicuous.' 

]JSlauf,  f.,  'toll,  duty,'  a  Bav.  word, 
from  MidHG.  mAte,  f.,  OHG.  mdta,  f., 
'  toll.'  The  current  derivation  from  Mid 
Lat.  mfi-ta  is  not  satisfactory,  since  the 
latter  word  is  not  recorded  until  late  (first 
half  of  the  9th  cent.),  and  that  as  a  G. 
word,  nullum  teloneum  neque  quod  lingua 
theodisca  Muta  vocatur ;  ann.  837.  Goth. 
m6la,  f.,  *  toll,'  is  the  earliest  recorded 
term.  Yet  OHG.  mAla  and  Goth.  m6ta 
(also  OIc.  and  OSwed.  muta, '  fee,  gratuity, 
bribe')  are  not  equiv.,  since  Goth.  m6ta 
(AS.  m6t)  leads  to  OHG.  *muo$a,  and 
OHG.  mUta  to  Goth.  *mAda.  Probably 
the  OBav.  word  was  borrowed  about  the 
8th  cent.,  after  the  HG.  permutation  of 
consonants,  from  a  dial,  closely  allied  to 
the  Goth.  (Goth.  6  tended  towards  4) ;  to 
this  is  also  allied  OSlov.  myto,  '  toll.'  An 
earlier  loan-word  is  also  recorded  in  Mid 


HG.  muo^e,  '  toll,  tax,'  which  points  to 
OHG.  *muo^a,  and  which  has  been  pre- 
served in  Bav.  SDfuejj,  '  miller's  fee.'  Yet 
the  word  may  have  been  primit.  allied  to 
the  Goth.  The  term  3o(l,  which  is  cog- 
nate in  meaning,  is  also  of  obscure  origin. 

mechevn,  vb., '  to  bleat,'  ModHG.  only ; 
MidHG.  has  an  equiv.  word  by  a  different 
derivation  from  the  same  stem,  mechzen, 
'  to  bleat,'  allied  to  MidHG.  mecke,  m., '  he- 
goat,' as  a  nickname  (Goth.  *m>gga,  'he- 
goat,'  is  wanting).  Comp.  the  pre-Teut 
root  male  in  Gr.  nTjK6.ofj.ai,  '  to  bleat.' 

jJJTeer,  n.,  'ocean,  sea,'  from  MidHG. 
mer,  n.,  OHG.  meri,  earlier  mart,  m.  and  n., 
'  ocean ' ;  comp.  OSax.  meri,  f.,  Du.  meer,  n., 
AS.  mere,  m.,  E.  mere  (to  which  merman, 
mermaid,  are  allied),  OIc.  marr,  m.,  Goth. 
marei,L  (and  *mar,\\., preserved  in  the  com- 
pound mari-saivs,  'ocean').  The  common 
Teut.  word  for  '  ocean,'  prim.  Teut.  mari,  n. 
(or  mori,  recorded  by  Pliny  as  a  Cunbruui 
form),  which  is  partly  common  to  the  West 
Aryan  tribes  (so  too  Lat.  lacus,  Olr.  loch, 
equiv.  to  OLG.  lagv,  '  ocean ')  ;  Lat.  mare, 
n.,  OSlov.  morjc,  n.,  'ocean,'  Lith.  mdres, 
'Kurisches  Haff,'  Olr.  muir  (from  mori), 
'ocean';  to  these  are  allied  Gr.  ' A/Mpifw.- 
pos,  'son  of  Poseidon,'  as  well  as  apApa, 
f.,  '  trench,  conduit '  (comp.  OFris.  mar, 
'  trench,  pond ')  ?.  These  cognates  are 
usually  connected  with  the  Aryan  root 
mar,  'to  die'  (comp.  SWotb,  Lat.  morior),  so 
that  the  ocean  was  named  in  "  contrast  to 
the  living  vegetation"  of  the  mainland, 
just  as  in  Ind.  also  marus,  'desert,'  is 
referred  to  the  root  mar,  'to  die';  this, 
however,  is  no  more  probable  than  the 
derivation  of  SWann  from  the  root  men,  '  to 
think.'     Comp.  SRarfd)  and  SRocc 

^ileerrctfio,,  m.,  'horse-radish,'  allied 
to  2Wcer,  like  .£>cr$c<i  to  £ecr,  »itrte  (*)  to 
»ter  (I),  &c.  ;  corresponding  to  MidHG. 
me.rrettich,  OHG.  mcri-ratich,  m.,  'radish 
that  has  come  from  over  the  sea,  trans- 
pontine radish.'  The  E.  term  horse-radish, 
SHeerrcttio,,  is  curious,  and  suggests  the  idea 
that  SWccrs  in  this  case  is  equiv.  to  2Wdf>rc. 
Du.  mierikwortel,  Westph.  mirrek,  Hess. 
>DJcrcI)l)pnt,  seem  to  be  of  the  same  origin. 

jXTcl)t,  "•»  'meal,  Hour,  dust,'  from  Mid 
HG.  mel  (gen.  melaxces),  n.,  OHG.  melo 
(qen.  melawes),  n.;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
mel,  Du.  meet,  AS.  melu  (gen.  mehce*),  n., 
E.  meal,  OIc.  mjgl  (gen.  plur.  mjqlva), 
'  meal ' ;  the  common  Teut.  word  for 
'  meal ' ;  Goth.  *milwa  (gen.  *milwis)  U 


Meh 


(    232    ) 


M<-i 


by  chance  not  recorded.  It  is  a  specifi- 
cally Tent,  derivative  of  the  root  mal,  Ho 
grind,'  of  which  the  form  mel  is  authenti- 
cated by  Slav,  and  Ir.;  see  mafylen.  While 
the  vb.  matyUn  is  common  to  West  Aryan, 
the  form  of  the  word  9)«ef)[,  from  the  root 
mel,  is  peculiar  to  Teut. ;  it  may  also  be 
remarked  that  the  subst.  is  found  in  E., 
though  not  the  corresponding  vb.  There 
is  also  a  derivative  from  the  same  root  in 
Kelt. ;  com  p.  W.  blawd,  Bret  bleud  (from 
mldt). 

■gJSlc^Uau,  m.,  'mildew,  blight,'  cor- 
rupted from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  miltou, 
n.,  OHG.  mili-tou,  n.;  comp.  AS.  melededw 
(milededw),  E.  mildew.  The  opinions  as 
to  the  origin  of  the  first  component  are 
various.  The  most  probable  derivation  is 
that  from  Goth,  milijy,  n.,  'honey'  (comp. 
OIc.  milska,  f.,  'sweet  drink'),  to  which 
in  West  Tout,  a  subst.  mill  (Gr.  ^At,  stem 
fieXiT-,  Lat.  mel)  is  possibly  akin  ;  hence 
9)Je(;ltau, '  honeydew '  1.  It  is  less  probable 
that  the  word  was  borrowed  from  or  was 
primit.  allied  to  the  equiv.  Gr.  filXros,  so 
that  %clu  may  have  been  an  explanatory 
addition  (comp.  ginbtourut  and  SSinbJnutb). 
It  is  also  possible  that  OHG.  mili-,  AS. 
mele-,  mile-,  is  connected  with  2Ref)l,  and  a 
special  formation  from  the  root  mel,  'to 
grind.'  In  that  case  the  ModHG.  change 
of  aJUftau  into  2)M;ttau  is  warranted  by 
etymology ;  3M)(tau  is  defined  as  '  a  grey- 
ish-white, meal-like  coating  on  plants  in 
summer.' 

ntcf)r,  adj.  and  adv.,  'more,'  from  Mid 
HG.  mir ;  compar.  of  met ;  also,  doubly 
compared,  mirer,  metre,  'greater  or  larger' 
(of  space,  number,  and  value) ;  further 
indeclin.  mire,  mir,  mi,  'plus';  OHG. 
mir,  undeclin.  neu.  and  compar.  adv., 
'more,  plus,  magis,  amplius,'  adj.  miro, 
'major,  greater'  (also  with  the  addition 
of  the  compar.  suffix  mir6ro,  meriro, 
'  major').  OHG.  miro  originated  in  maizo, 
Goth,  maiza,  the  -iza-  of  which  is  the 
OTent.  compar.  suffix  (comp.  beffer,  Goth. 
batiza;  \)ei)tx,  Goth,  hauhiza)  ;  comp.  AS. 
md,  adv.  and  neu.  subst.,  '  more,'  adj.  mdra, 
E.  more.  The  corresponding  superb  is 
meijh  Goth,  maiza,  for  *majiza,  belongs, 
with  the  Goth,  superb  maists  (see  meirt), 
to  the  Teut.  adj.  me-rs,  'projecting,'  dis- 
cussed under  SWdvdjen. 

tneiftev,  adj.,  '  greater,  several,'  from 
MidHG.  merer,  compar.  adj.     See  mcttr. 

mci&Ctt,  vb.,  'to  avoid,  shun,  refrain,' 


from  MidHG.  miden,  'to  dispense  with, 
suffer  want,  eschew,  forsake,  refrain  from  '  ; 
OHG.  midan,  'to  hide  oneself  from,  keep 
secret,  eschew,  refrain  from' ;  comp.  OSax. 
mlthan,  AS.  mitSan,  '  to  hide,  conceal,  re- 
frain from.'  The  orig.  sense  of  the  cog- 
nates seems  to  be  'to  hide,  remain  far 
from,'  but  definitely  related  terms  are 
wanting  ;  Lat.  amitto,  Lith.  pa-metu,  '  to 
throw  away,'  are  not  connected.  For  other 
words  similar  in  sound  see  under  mijj  and 
miiTeu. 

jNTctcr,  n.,  '  head-servant  on  an  estate, 
land-steward,  farmer,'  from  MidHG.  meier, 
meiger,  m.,  OHG.  meier,  meier,  m. ;  it  cor- 
responds to  the  early  Mid  Lat.  major  domus, 
which  lit.  denoted  '  the  steward  of  the 
household  servants ' ;  hence  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  meier,  'steward  of  an  estate, 
manager  or  lessee  of  an  estate.'  From 
Lat.  major,  Fr.  maire  is  also  derived. 

"jJileile,  f.  (rare  in  Suab.  and  Bav.), 
'  mile'  (about  five  E.  miles),  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  mile,  OHG.  mlla,  milla  (for  milja), 
f. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  mijL,  AS.  mil,  E. 
mile,  Scand.  mlla,  £.,  '  mile '  ;  from  Lat. 
milia  (passuum),  '  thousand  paces,'  whence 
also  Ital.  miglia,  Fr.  mille.  It  prop,  de- 
notes *a  measure  of  a  thousand  paces  (sing. 
mille  passuum).'  The  more  frequent  plur. 
milia  was  adopted  in  Rom.  and  G.,  chiefly 
as  a  fern,  sing.,  without  the  addition  of 
passuum  (Ital.  formed  the  sing,  miglio, 
'  mile,'  from  the  plur.  miglia).  The  word 
was  borrowed  in  the  first  cent,  contem- 
poraneously with  ©tvajje  (Ital.  lega,  Fr. 
lieue,  '  league,'  a  later  word  of  Kelt,  origin, 
was  never  adopted  in  G.). 

^ilcilcr,  m.,  'charcoal-kiln,'  from  late 
MidHG.  meiler,  miler,  m.,  'stack  of  wood 
for  making  charcoal';  the  $  of  the  Mid 
HG.  prim,  form  is  attested  by  ModHG.  and 
LG.  dials.  The  word  cannot  be  derived 
from  Slav.  (Czech  milif,  Pol.  mielerz,  'char- 
coal kiln,'  are  themselves  of  G.  origin). 
Since  it  may  have  denoted  orig.  a  definite 
number  of  objects  (comp.  Carinth.  meiler, 
'a  definite  number  of  bars  in  a  stack  of 
pig-iron'),  we  might  connect  it  with  Lat. 
miliarium,  '  thousand '  (see  the  similar  case 
of  £>?<$«). 

tncitt,  poss.  pron.,  'my,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  min;  in  the  same  form  it  is  the 
common  Teut.  poss.  pron.  from  the  stem 
me-  of  the  pers.  pron.  (mir,  mid),  thus  even 
in  MidHG.  and  OHG).  This  stem  me- 
(in  Goth,  mi-s,  '  to  me,'  mi-l;  '  me,'  ace.)  is 


Mei 


(    233    ) 


Mel 


according  to  Lat.  meus,  mihi,  Gr.  fit,  Sans. 
ma,  common  to  the  Aryan  division.  Fur- 
ther details  belong  to  grammar. 

jXIehteib,  m., '  false  oath,  perjury,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  meincit,  OHG.  meincid, 
m. ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  me'ne'th,  Du. 
meineed,  AS.  mdndp,  OIc.  meinetiSr,  m., 
'perjury.'  It  is  the  common  Teut.  word 
for  '  false  oath '  ;  only  Goth.  *main-aij>s  in 
wanting.  The  first  component  is  an  adj. 
(or  rather  an  adj.  used  as  a  subst.),  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  mein, '  false,  deceitful,'  as  masc. 
and  neut.  'falsity,  injustice,  outrage.'  In 
MidHG.  ein  meiner  was  also  used  for  ein 
meineit;  comp.  OSax.  mSn,  AS.  man,  m., 
'falsity,  crime,  outrage,'  OIc.  m<in,  n., 
'  damage,  injury,  misfortune '  (allied  to 
meinn,  adj.,  'hurtful').  ModHG.  gemetn 
(Goth,  gamains)  does  not  seem  to  be 
directly  akin,  although  MidHG.  mein,  'out- 
rage,' may  have  been  the  source  of  the  bad 
sense  attached  to  the  modern  word.  They 
are,  however,  finally  connected  with  Slav, 
words  for  £cutfd),  '  exchange '  (comp.  Xaufd) 
and.  tanfcfoen),  Lith.  mainas,  '  exchange,' 
OSlov.  mena,  'change,  alteration'  (Lett. 
ntit,  '  to  exchange ').  In  that  case  Lat. 
communis  and  Goth,  gamains  (see  gemein) 
would  mean  lit.  '  being  on  a  footing  cf 
barter.'  It  is  probably  not  related  to  Lat. 
mentiri. 

memen,  vb,  '  to  think,  opine,  mean,' 
from  MidHG.  meinen,  '  to  direct  one's 
thoughts  to,  have  in  view,  aim  at,  be 
affected  towards  a  person,  love,'  OHG. . 
meinen,  meinan,  '  to  mean,  think,  say,  de- 
clare ' ;  comp.  OSax.  menian,  Du.  metnen, 
AS.  m<enan,  E.  to  mean  (to  this  AS.  m/enan, 
E.  to  moan,  are  supposed  to  be  allied) ; 
Goth.  *mainjan  is  wanting.  The  most 
closely  allied  term  is  OSlov.  menja,  mhriti, 
'  to  mean.'  The  latter,  as  well  as  West, 
Teut.  meinen  (assuming  mainjan  from  m£?i- 
jan)  is  usually  rightly  connected  with  the 
man, '  to  think'  (comp.  mafynen,  SWann,  and 
aWiune).  The  meaning  'to  love'  appears 
only  in  MidHG.,  but  with  the  revival  of 
MidHG.  literature  it  has  been  introduced 
into  ModHG.  poetry.— "gilcmunfl,  f., 
'  opinion, meaning,' from  MidHG.  meinung, 
OHG.  meinunga,  f.,  'thought,  disposition, 
view.' 

;XTeifd),  m.,  ^JTctfcrjc,  f.,  •  mash,'  from 

■  MidHG.'  meisch,   m.,   'grape   mash,'    also 

'  mead,  drink  mixed  with  noney ' ;  allied 

to  E.  mash,  which  by  chance  is  not  recorded 

in  AS.  and  MidE.     It  is  very  likely  related 


by  gradation  to  mifdjen,  if  the  latter,  as  is 
probable,  is  a  genuine  Teut.  word  ;  comp. 
MidE.  mdschien  and  the  equiv.  E.  to  mask. 
With  this  agrees  the  further  assumption 
that  MidHG.  meisch,  '  mead,'  is  ptimit. 
allied  to  OSlov.  mZzga,  '  tree-juice '  (for 
OSlov.  zg,  equiv.  to  Teut  sk,  see  mifdjen 
and  2Waf40. 

jJJleife,  f.,  '  titmouse,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  meise,  OHG.  meisa,  f.  ;  comp.  Du. 
mees,  AS.  mdse  (E.  only  in  titmouse,  a  cor- 
ruption of  tit-moose  ;  AS.  d  is  equiv.  to  E. 
oa) ;  OIc.  meisingr,  m.,  with  a  suffix  '  tit- 
mouse.' A  term  peculiar  to  Teut..  which 
passed  also  into  Fr.  (Fr.  mesange,  'tit- 
mouse,' formed  from  Scand.  meisingr  ?)  ; 
origin  obscure.  Only  a  few  names  of  birds 
can  be  traced  beyond  the  Teut.  group 
(comp.  9lar,  Srcffel,  <Sped)t,  and  ^ranid)). 

ttteift,  adj.  and  adv.,  'most,  mostly,' 
from  MidHG.  meist,  adj.,  '  greatest,  most,' 
adv.,  '  mostly,  at  best,  very  specially '  (a 
superl.  of  the  compar.  mel)r,  MidHG.  mer) ; 
■comp.  OHG.  meist,  Goth,  maists,  from  the 
OHG.  posit.  mihhiL,  Goth,  mikils,  'great.' 
Goth,  ma-irts  has  the  old  superl.  suffix  ist 
like  Goth,  bat-ists,  OHG.  be^-ist;  from 
the  stem  ma-  the  Goth,  compar.  ma-iza 
is  also  formed.  The  forms  of  comparison 
seemed  to  be  based  on  the  Goth,  adject, 
stem  mirs,  OHG.  md-ri,  'projecting.' 
Comp.  also  OSax.  mtet,  Du.  meest,  AS. 
mdist  (mdst),  E.  most. 

^iletfler,  m.,  '  master,  chief,  leader,' 
from  MidHG.  meister,  m.,  'learned  poet, 
meistcr-sanger  (poets  who  were  members 
of  guilds),  mayor,  burgomaster,'  OHG. 
meist ar ,  OSax.  mistar,  Du.  meester,  AS. 
nmgster.  Borrowed  from  Lat.  magister, 
which  in  Mid  Lat.  was  applied  to  nume- 
rous offices.  Comp.  further  Ital.  maestro, 
Fr.  maitre,  E.  master,  mister. 

^Tci&d,  m.,  'chisel,'  from  MidHG. 
mei$el,  OHG.  mei^il,  m.,  '  chisel,  tool  for 
dressing  and  chipping' ;  allied  to  OHG. 
meinan,  MidHG.  meinen,  'to  hew,  cut,' 
Goth,  maitan,  '  to  hew,  hew  off' ;  thus  too 
OIc.  meitell,  m.,  'chisel,'  allied  to  mcita, 
'  to  cut.'  All  these  belong  to  a  Teut.  root 
mait,  '  to  hew,'  which  has  been  connected 
with  the  Teut.  root  mat, '  to  hew,'  in  2Wejje 
(<Steinme|je).    Comp.  also  E.  mattock. 

jXTcloc   (Bav.   molten),   f.,    'orache'  fa 

£lant),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  Mid 
iG.  melde,  and  with  a  different  gradation 
midde,  molte,  f.,  OHG.  mola,  mult/a  (muolhta 
is   incorrectly  written   for  molta),  f. ;  of 


Mel 


(     234     ) 


Mcr 


obscure  origin.  The  derivation  from  the 
root  mal,  '  to  grind,'  to  which  2Ref)t  is 
allied,  does  not  give  a  suitable  sense.  Gr. 
pxirov  (for  *fi\lTov),  '  orache,'  should  rather 
be  compared  with  the  G.  word. 

tnclbcn,  vb.,  'to  mention,  notify,  an- 
nounce,' from  MidHG.  melden,  'to  inform 
against,  betray,  announce,  show,  name'  ; 
comp.  OHG.  meld&n,  OSax.  melddn,  AS. 
meldian,  '  to  inform  against,  betray ' ;  a 
West  Teut.  vb.  simply,  meaning  'to  be- 
tray,' to  which  other  senses  have  been  given 
in  MidHG.  Goth.  *mil/>Sn  points  to  a 
Teur.  root  *melf>,  'to  betray';  an  equiv. 
pre-Teut.  *melt  has  not  yet  been  authenti- 
cated. 

melh,  adj.,  'giving  milk,  milch,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  mele,  melch,  OHG. 
melch  (equiv.  to  AS.  melc),  adj.  ;  comp. 
OIc.  mjolkr,  milkr,  MidE.  milche,  E.  milch, 
adj.  (AS.  *myl6e  is  wanting) ;  a  verbal  adj. 
from  melfen. 

tnei&etl,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
melken,  melchen,  OHG.  melchan, '  to  milk ' ; 
comp.  Du.  melken,  AS.  melcan  (wanting  in 
E.,  in  which  to  milk  is  used)  ;  Ic.  mjalta, 
and  also  mjalter, '  milking,'  mjaltr.  '  milch,' 
but  also  from  mjolk,  ' milk,'  mjolka,  'to 
milk,' and  mjolkr,  'milch' ;  Goth.  *milkan 
is  by  chance  not  recorded.  The  Teut.  root 
melk  is  derived  from  the  Aryan  melg,  which 
occurs  with  the  same  meaning  in  the  West 
Aryan  languages  ;  ci>mp.  Lat.  mulgere,  Gr. 
&/i4\yeiv,  OSlov.  mlisti  (pres.  niluza),  Lith. 
mlUti  (pres.  me%zu).  In  the  East  Aryan 
languages  the  corresponding  root  appears 
with  an  older  signification, '  to  wipe  or  rub 
off'  (comp.  Sans.  mdrj.  mrj,  Zend  marez). 
2Mfett  is  one  of  the  characteristic  words 
which  point  to  a  closer  connection  between 
the  West  Aryans  compared  with  the  East 
Arvans  ;  comp.  Joanf  and  ntafylcn.  See  also 
tWit*,  2Kotfe,  and  melf. 

jJJTemme,  f.,  '  poltroon,'  ModHG.  only. 
A  derivative  of  late  MidHG.  mamme, 
memme,  f.,  'woman's  breast' ;  lit.  'effemi- 
nate being,  effeminate  man.' 

jJJlertfle,  f.,  'crowd,  multitude,  mass,' 
from  MidHG.  menege,  OHG.  m$nigt,  ma- 
nagl,  f,  'multiplicity,  great  number, 
crowd ' ;  an  abstract  from  OHG.  manag, 
'  much '  ;  Goth,  managei,  f.,  AS.  menigo, 
'  multiplicity.'  Originally  it  was  not  con- 
nected with  the  following  word,  but  in 
modern  times  it  may  be  dimly  thought  to 
be  akin  to  it. 

tncngcn,  vb.,  '  to  mingle,  mix,  blend,' 


from  MidHG.  mengen,  'to  mix,  mingle,' 
f.,  introduced  from  MidG.  and  LG. ;  in 
OHG.,  menfian  occurs  once  as  a  Franc,  word 
(in  Isidore)  ;  OSax.  m$ngian,  Du.  men- 
gen, AS.  mengan,  MidE.  mengen,  'to  mix' 
(whence  E.  to  mingle) ;  Goth.  *maggjan  is 
wanting.  Allied  to  OSax.  gimang,  AS. 
gemong,  'mingling,  commixtio,  company, 
troop ' ;  AS.  on  gemgng,  E.  among,  so  too 
OSax.  an  gimange.  From  these  may  be 
deduced  a  West  Teut.  root  mang,  '  to  mix,' 
which,  however,  is  unknown  to  Suab.  and 
B.iv.  It  has  been  connected,  with  hardly 
sufficient  reason,  with  the  root  mik,  'to 
mix' (see  mifc^cn),  which  appears  in  most 
of  the  Aryan  languages  ;  it  is  more  pro- 
bably allied  to  Lith.  mlnkau,  mlnh/ti,  '  to 
knead,'  minklas,  '  dough '  (OSlov.  m^kuJcu, 
'  soft,'  maka,  '  meal ').  In  that  case  mengen 
would  be  traced  to  a  pre-Teut.  root  meng, 
'  to  knead.' 

^ilcnmg,  n.,  *  vermilion,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  minig,  minig,  late  OHG. 
minig,  n. ;  based  on  Lat.  minium,  '  ver- 
milion.' 

^{Icnfdj,  m.  and  n.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  mqnsch,  m^nsche,  m.  and  n., '  man, 
person,  fellow,'  OHG.  mennisco,  mannisca, 
m.  ;  comp.  OSax.  mennisco,  Du.  mensch, 
'  person.'  Simply  a  West  Teut.  form,  prop, 
an  adj.  used  as  a  subst.,  hence  'humanus' 
for  '  homo.'  The  adj.  on  which  it  is  based 
is  derived  with  the  suflix  iska  (HG.  ifd>) 
from  mann-, '  homo'  ;  Goth,  mannisks,  OIc. 
mennskr,  AS.,  OSax.,  and  OHG.  mennisc, 
'humanus,  human'  (comp.  further  AS. 
m^nnesc,  '  humanity ') ;  comp.  manuSya  as 
an  adj.,  'human,'  and  as  masc.  subst. 
'man,'  with  Sans,  mdnu,  mdntis-,  'man' 
(see  further  under  2JIanii). — 2Wenf<f>  in  the 
neut  gender  appears  even  in  MidHG.,  and 
was  used  till  the  17th  cent,  without  any 
contemptuous  meaning  ;  the  neut.  was 
generally  applied  to  female  servants,  but 
that  signification  became  obsolete  in  the 
last  cent.,  and  a  moral  sense  was  attached 
to  the  word. 

"^JlcrflCl,  m.,  'marl,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  mergel,  OHG.  mergil,  m.  ;  from 
MidLat  margila,  with  the  primary  form 
marga,  which  is  recorded  by  Pliny  as  a 
Kelt,  word ;  comp.  Bret,  marg,  W.  marl. 
From  the  same  source  the  equiv.  Rum. 
words  are  derived — Fr.  marne  (from  OFr. 
marie),  Ital.  and  Span,  marga. 

tnerfleltt,  vb.,  'to  emaciate,  enervate,' 
ModHG.    only  ;    derived   with  the  com- 


Mer 


(    235    ) 


Met 


pounds  afo  and  au&mergcln  from  9J?atf  (3), 
MidHG.  marc,  marges. 

tncrkctt,  vb.,  '  to  mark,  note,  observe,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  merlzen,  '  to  give 
heed  to,  perceive,  understand,  note' ;  a  de- 
rivative of  SDJarfe  (Goth.  *markjan) ;  hence 
OFr.  merchier,  '  to  designate.' 

tnefd>ugge,  adj.,  '  crazy,'  from  the 
eqiiiv.  Hebr.  meschuggd. 

jJJleffe,  f.,  'mass,  fair,'  from  MidHG. 
messe,  misse,  f., '  mas.*,  church  festival,  fair ' ; 
OHG.  messn,  missa,  I.  So  too  the  word  on 
which  it  is  based,  MidLat.  missa,  signifies 
not  only  '  incruentum  christianorum  sacri- 
ticium,'  but  also  'feast  of  a  saint'  ("quod 
in  eo  Missa  sollemnis  peragitur  ").  The 
latter  sense  led  to  MidLat.  missa,  MidHG. 
messe,  '  lair,'  because  this  "  was  wont  to  be 
held  on  account  of  the  great  concourse  of 
people "  on  saints'  days  (comp.  Fr.  foire, 
•  fair,'  lit.  '  holiday,'  under  gcier).  MidLat. 
missa,  "as  is  well  known,  originated  in 
missa  est,  scil.  concio,  the  words  spoken  by 
the  deacon  when  dismissing  the  congrega- 
tion which  did  not  partake  of  the  sacra* 
meat"  ;  from  this  the  corresponding  Rom. 
cognates,  Ital.  messa  and  Fr.  messe,  are 
derived.  The  vowel  in  AS.  masse,  f.  (Nor- 
thumbr.  messe),  E.  mass,  is  abnormal  ;  the 
latter  also  signifies  feast  in  Christmas  and 
Lammas  (see  Saib).  Comp.  geicr,  Sftette, 
■Dfotute,  Dpfer,  and  93ffper. 

tneffeiX,  vb.,  'to  measure,  survey,'  from 
MidHG.  me^en,  OHG.  me^an,  'to  mea- 
sure, mete  out,  distribute,  consider,  test'  ; 
comp.  OSax.  metan,  Du.  mden,  '  to  mea- 
sure,' AS.  metan, '  to  measure,  value,  deem,' 
Goth,  mitan,  'to  measure' ;  also  allied  to 
Goth,  mitda,  '  to  ponder,  reflect  on ' ;  OHG. 
me^Sn,  '  to  moderate.'  The  Teut.  stem 
mic,  'to  measure,  estimate,  ponder'  (comp. 
Sttafi),  is  based  on  pre-Teitt.  mid,  and  can- 
not, because  of  the  non-permutation,  be 
connected  with  Lat.  metiri;  comp.  Lat. 
modus,  Gr.  /x^5o/xat,  /xtfoiuu,  '  to  consider, 
estimate, '  fiiduv, '  adviser,'  n48i(ii>os, '  medim- 
nus'  (about  12  galls.),  Lat.  modiu*,  Goth. 
tnitajys,  '  corn  measure.'     See  SWefce  (2). 

5&Tc(Tcr,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
meifier,  '  knife.'  The  word  has  undergone 
strange  transformations  ;  it  is  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  mg33«res,  OHG.  metfiras,  me^iraJis, 
n.,  the  etymology  of  which  had  grown  ob- 
scure ;  the  variants  maysahs,  m^i-sahs, 
show,  however,  that  mffiirahs  is  a  com- 
pound meaning '  food-sword.'  With  regard 
to  Goth,  mats,  n.,  OHG.  WU13, 11.,  AS.  me^le, 


m.,  E.  meat,  comp.  3Ku3  and  SWettwurjr. 
OHG.  8ahs,  AS.  seax,  n.,  'sword,  knife,' 
whence  the  name  Saxons,  is  usually  con- 
nected with  Lat.  8axum,  because  knives 
were  orig.  made  of  stone.  The  OHG.  com- 
pound m^i-rahs  shows  the  change  of 
medial  s  (z)  to  r.  Goth.  *matisahs  is  also 
indicated  by  OSax.  mezas  for  *metsahs,  Du. 
and  LG.  mes,  AS.  mete-seax,  '  food-knife, 
dagger.' 

^ilefftrtg,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
messinc  (gen.  -ges),  m.,  'brass,  latten';  a 
derivative  of  SWafff,  OHG.  massa  (from  Lat. 
massa  ?),  '  sow-metal ' ;  AS.  mastling  (with 
a  suffix),  'brass*  (whence  E.  maslinl),  is 
also  derived  from  the  same  source  ;  see  too 
OIc.  messing,  f.,  '  brass.'  Contrary  to  this 
prevalent  opinion,  we  have  to  observe  that 
the  derivative  is  more  widely  diffused  than 
the  primit.  word,  and  it  is  inconceivable  that 
the  word  was  derived  independently  in  the 
various  languages  ;  hence  these  cognates 
cannot  be  associated  with  Lat.  massa  unless 
a  derived  word  can  be  adduced  as  the  base 
of  the  Teut.  words. 

meffltlQlfd),  adj.,  'hybrid,  composed  of 
HG.  and  LG.  elements  in  the  same  word ' ; 
the  term  was  first  recorded  in  the  last  cent., 
but  it  originated  probably  in  the  16th  or 
17th  cent.,  when  HG.  and  LG.  were  strug- 
gling for  the  mastery. 

"gftesner,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
me.snoere,  messenasre,  m.,  'sexton,  sacristan' 
(the  latter  connected  with  SWcjfe),  from  late 
OHG.  mesinari  (not  messindri),  m.,  based 
on  MidLat.  *masi>iarius  for  mansionarius, 
'  custosetconservatoraedissacrae,aedituus, 
ostarius'  ;  MidLat.  mansionarius  was  al.-o 
an  official  in  the  court  of  the  Frankish 
kings  (MidLat.  mansio,  'house,'  equiv.  to 
Fr.  maison).    Comp.  J?iijifr  and  Gtoi(L 

"gKcf ,  m.,  '  mead,'  from  MidHG.  met, 
mete,  OHG.  m'etu,  mitu,  m., '  mead  ' ;  comp. 
AS.  meodo,  E.  mead,  OIc.  mj^oY;  Goth. 
*miAus,  m.,  '  mead,'  is  by  chance  not  re- 
corded. A  common  Teut.  and  also  com- 
mon Aryan  word  ;  Aryan  *medhu,  Sans. 
mddhu,  n., '  sweetness,  honey,  sweet  drink, 
Gr.  iUBv,  'wine'  (to  which  fitOvu,  'to  be 
drunk,'  and  f-iOtf,  'drunkenness'),  OSlov. 
medii,  '  honey,  wine,'  Lith.  midus,  '  mead,' 
mediti, '  honey,'  Ir.  mid.  To  these  is  allied 
Olnd.  mddhu,  *  sweet,  lovely,'  hence  the 
various  meanings  of  medJiu,  'mead,  honey, 
wine,'  lit.  'that  which  is  sweet,'  perhaps 
(according  to  Gr.  fitdvw,)  '  intoxicating 
liquid.'    Comp.  fujj. 


Met 


(    236    > 


Mie 


pilcUc,  f., 'matins,'  from  MklHG.  mctten, 
meitene,  vietti,  mfttln,  f.,  '  early  mass,'  late 
OHG.  mettlna,  mattina,  f.  ;  from  MidLat. 
mattina  for  inatutina  kora  (hence  also  Olr. 
maten).  From  Lat.  matutinum  are  derived 
Fr.  matin  (m/ttines),  and  Ital.  mattino. 
Comp.  aWcffe,  9lcne,  and  93cfpcr. 

jilTctfttmrfi,  f.,  'pork sausage,' ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  LG.  metwurst,  lit. 
'  food  sausage,'  allied  to  LG.  met, '  minced 
meat,'  OSax.  meti,  Goth,  mats, '  food.'  See 
SMcr. 

^Tcf^e  (1.),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidllG. 
steinmetze,  OHG.  steinmezzo,  m.,  '  stone  cut- 
ter'  ;  also  once  in  OHG.  steinmeizzo,  which 
is  clearly  connected  with  OHG.  mei^an, 
'to  hew,'  mentioned  tinder  SWeifjei.  But 
whether  OHG.  steinmezzo  originated  in 
steinmeizzo,  or  whether  sD?e$e,  Goth.  *matja 
(comp.  Fr.  macon,  '  mason,  bricklayer ')  is 
connected  with  the  root  mat, '  to  hew '  (AS. 
and  E.  mattock),  remains  obscure. 

jKTcfflC  (2.),  £.,  '  corn  measure,  peck,' 
from  MidHG.  mezze,  OHG.  mezzo,  m., 
'small  dry  measure.'  Teut.  e  results  from 
the  Bav.  and  Alem.  pronunciation.  This 
word,  like  Goth,  mitaps,  'measure'  (about 
18  bush.),  is  connected  with  the  Teut.  root 
met,  '  to  measure ' ;  AS.  mitta,  '  corn  mea- 
sure,' is  also  equiv.  to  OHG.  mezzo.  The 
masc.  is  still  the  gender  in  UpG.,  the  fern, 
seems  to  be  of  MidG.  and  LG.  origin.  To 
the  pre-Teut.  root  mod  (med)  belongs  Lat. 
mounts/peck,'  which  (see  $funb  and  3DKut$e) 
before  the  OHG.  period  passed  into  West 
Teut.  ;  comp.  OSax.  muddi,  OHG.  mutti, 
MidHG.  miitte,  '  bushel.' 

jKTefae  (3.),  f.,  'prostitute,'  from  MidHG. 
metze,  f.,  which  is  "  literally  a  pet  name  for 
Mathilda,  then  'a  girl  of  the  lower  class,' 
often  with  the  accessory  notion  of  a  loose 
life."  For  other  abbreviated  forms  with 
the  suffix  tz  or  z  used  as  pet  names,  comp. 
gvifc  and  Jtintj. 

jXSletager,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
me.tzjwre,  mqtzjer,  m.,  'butcher.'  Adopted 
in  the  MidHG.  period  from  MidLat. ;  at 
least  no  better  explanation  can  be  found 
than  the  derivation  from  MidLat.  macel- 
larius,  from  which,  through  the  medium 
of  mazil-,  OHG.  *m$zijdri,  with  a  G.  accent 
and  mutation,  would  be  evolved.  Allied 
to  MidLat.  macellum,  '  shambles,'  macel- 
larias,  'qui  carnem  in  macello  vend  it'; 
yet  the  change  of  11  into  j  is  not  clear, 
therefore  a  MidLat.  *macearius  (OHG. 
*mezzi'jdri)  has  been  assumed.     From  Mid 


Lat.   maccllarius  were    derived    MidHG. 
metzler,  OHG.  mezzil&ri,  '  pork-butcher.' 

1ttead)cU,  derived,  as  the  first  part  of  a 
compound,  from  MidHG.  miuchel-,  'secret.' 
Earlier  ModHG.  3Rcud)(er,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  minchelare,  miiwheler,  late  OHG. 
m&hhildri,  m.,  'plotter,  assassin.'  Allied 
to  MidHG.  miuchelingen, '  insidiously,  like 
an  assassin ' ;  OHG.  miihhilsw'ert, '  assassin's 
sword,  sword  for  assassination';  OHG. 
mfihhari,  mtihho,  mtihheo,  '  brigand,  foot- 
pad ' ;  also  mUhhen,  milhh&n,  '  to  attack 
from  an  ambush ' ;  MidHG.  vermficlien, 
1  to  get  out  of  the  way  secretly,  conceal,' 
and  MidHG.  mocken,  'to  lie  hidden' ;  fur- 
ther E.  dial,  to  mitch  (AS.  *m0an), '  to  he 
hidden,'  MidE.  micher, '  thief.'  The  entire 
class  points  to  a  Teut.  root  milk,  '  to  lurk 
in  ambush  with  weapons' ;  a  pre-Teut.  root 
mtig  appears  in  Kelt.  ;  comp.  Olr.  for mUig- 
the,  formtiichthai,  '  absconditus,'  form&ich- 
detu, '  occultatio.'  Since  these  words  well 
accord  in  meaning  with  the  HG.  cognates, 
Goth.  *muks,  Olc.  mjdkr,  E.  meek  (to  which 
Du.  meuk, '  mellow,  ripe'  is  allied),  cannot 
be  associated  with  them,  since  their  mean- 
ing does  not  correspond  to  that  of  the  class 
under  discussion.     See  ntucfm  and  lnunfcln. 

jJJTcttfc  (1.),  f.,  first  occurs  in  early  Mod 
HG.  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  meule,  f., '  pack  of 
hounds.' 

^Hcuic  (2.),  SMctttem,  f.,  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  rneute, 
'  mutiny,  riot.' 

tttid),  see  lueiu. 

'gJlicScr,  n.,  'bodice,  corset'  (with  Mid 
IIG.  and  UpG.  i  instead  of  ii,  MidHG.  He) ; 
from  MidllG.  miieder,  muoder,  n.,  lit. 'body, 
bodily  form,  skin,  article  of  dress  envelop- 
ing the  upper  part  of  the  body,  stays, 
bodice,  vest,'  OHG.  muodar,  '  alvus,  belly 
of  a  snake';  comp.  OLG.  mMer,  OFris. 
mSther,  '  breast  bandage '  (worn  by  wo- 
men) ;  Goth.,  AS.,  and  Olc.  *mf>J>r  are 
wanting.  The  various  meanings  are  spe- 
cially ascribed  to  the  relation  of  8cib, '  body,' 
to  Setbcfyen,  'stays.'  The  word  has  also 
been  connected  further  with  Gr.  n^rpo., 
'  womb,'  as  well  as  with  Lat.  mdtrix;  this 
lead?  to  its  kinship  with  the  cognates  of 
Gutter. 

■gfltoitc,  f.,  '  mien,  look,  bearing,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Fr.  mine. 

pittCS,  see  3ft  o3. 

5?tf  tef c,  f.,  '  pay,  hire,  rent,'  from  Mid 
HG.  miete,  OHG.  mieta,  miata,  earlier  mtto\ 
f.,  '  payment,  wages ' ;    the  orig.  form  is 


Mie 


(    237    ) 


Min 


preserved  by  Goth,  mizdd,  '  reward,'  the  z 
of  which,  however,  by  the  lengthening  of 
the  #  to  £  has  been  lost  in  Teut ;  OHG. 
mita,  OSax.  mida,  AS.  mid  (once  with  the 
normal  change  of  s  into  r,  meord),  E.  meed. 
Goth,  mizdd,  from  pre-Teut.  mizdhd-,  is 
primit.  allied  to  Gr.  fii<r06s,  '  wages,  hire,' 
OSlov.  mizda,  f.,  '  wages,'  Zend  miMa,  n., 
'  wages,'  OInd.  midhd  (for  miidhd),  '  con- 
test, match,  booty'  (orig.  sense  probably 
'  prize,'  by  inference  from  the  Sans.  adj. 
midhvds,  'distributing  lavishly').  Hence 
the  primit.  Aryan  form  of  the  cognates  is 
mizdho-,  mizdhd-,  orig.  meaning  •  wages, 
prize.' 

jXTicjC,  f.,  '  pussy,'  ModHG.  only  ;  it 
is  either  the  modern  Bav.  pet  name  for 
SWaria,  '  Mary,' just  as  <§inj,  the  pet  name 
for  the  tom-cat,  is  connected  with  $etnri$, 
'  Henry,'  or  it  is  a  recent  onomatopoetic 
form  like  the  phonetically  cognate  Ital. 
micio,  and  the  corresponding  Rom.  class. 
The  ModHG.  miaiien,  tnawtt,  are  also  ono- 
matopoetic  forms. 

"JSffiibc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mitwe,  OHG.  milwa,  miliiva,  f.,  '  mite, 
moth'  ;  Goth.  *milwj6,  or  rather  *mihci, 
f.,  are  wanting.  To  this  Goth,  maU,  f., 
'moth,'  and  OIc.  mglr,  'moth,'  are  allied. 
These  terms  are  derived  from  the  root  mel, 
mat,  'to  grind' ;  30?ilbe,  Goth,  maid,  'the 
grinding  {i.e.,  producing  dust  or  meal) 
insect';  to  the  same  root  OSlov.  molt, 
'  moth,'  also  belongs. 

jXTitd),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
milch,  OHG.  miluh,  f.,  'milk';  the  com- 
mon Teut.  term  for  'milk';  camp.  Goth. 
milnlcs.  f.,  OIc.  mjolkr,  f.,  AS.  meoluc,  mile, 
f.,  E.  milky  Du.  melk,  OSax.  miluk.  The 
direct  connection  of  the  Teut  cognates, 
with  the  root  melk  in  ntctfett  is  indubitable. 
It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  a  common 
Aryan,  or  at  least  a  West  Aryan  term  for 
'  milk'  is  wanting,  although  the  root  melg, 
Teut.  melk, '  to  milk,'  occurs  in  all  the  West 
Aryan  languages.  Or.  7<i\a  (stem  ydXaicr-), 
Lat.  lac  (stem  lad-),  cannot  be  connected 
with  the  root  melg,  and  OSlov.  mleko  (from 
*melko)  with  its  Slav,  cognates  must  have 
been  borrowed  from  the  OTeut  word,  since 
in  a  primit.  allied  word  we  should  have 
expected  a  g  instead  of  the  k. 

mill*,  adj.,  'mild,  meek,  gentle,'  from 
MidHG.  milte,  '  friendly,  kind,  liberal, 
gracious,' OHG.  miii;  comp.  OSax.  mildi, 
AS.  milde,  E.  mild,  Goth,  mildeis  (hardly 
*milds),  adj.,  'loving,  mild';  a  common 


Teut.  adj.  of  disputed  origin.  A  word 
corresponding  exactly  in  sound  does  not 
occur  in  the  cognate  languages.  Lat. 
mollis,  if  it  represents  *molvis,  *moldvis 
(like  sudvis  for  *suddvis ;  comp.  fufj),  might 
with  Teut.  *mildu-,  'mild,'  belong  to  the 
root  mol,  '  to  grind,'  with  which  also  Olr. 
mldith  (prim*  form  mldti-),  ^soft,  gentle,.' 
or  Olr.  meldach,  '■pleasant,'  is  connected. 

l^Ttl?,  f.,  '  milt,  spleen/  from  the  eqtriv. 
MidHG.  milze,  OHG.  milzi,  n.  ;  from  the 
HG.  form  are  derived  the  Rom.  cognates, 
Ital.  milza,  Span,  melsa,  'spleen.'  Corre- 
sponding forms  are  found  in  OIc.  milte,  n., 
AS.  milte,  n.  and  f.  ;  E.  milt  and  Du.  milt 
signify  both  'spleen'  and  'soft  roe.'  The 
cognates  are  probably  connected  with  the 
Teut.  root  melt  (see  3Kalj), '  to  soften,  melt,' 
"  with  respect  to  the  properties  ascribed  to 
the  spleen  of  manufacturing,  decomposing, 
and  liquefying  the  various  humours  of  the 
body."  The  term  2JJi(j  is  found  in  Teut. 
only ;  so  too  £anb,  Singer,  JSaumen,  3er>e, 
Seber,  &c.  The  names  of  other  parts  of  the 
body,,  such  as  #eri,  91tere,  5nfj,  Slrm,  9hW»f, 
have,  however,,  a  history  that  cau  be  traced 
farther  back. 

tttmoer,  compar.  of  gerittg  and  tvenig, 
'  less,  inferior,  lower' ;  from  MidHG.  minre, 
minner,  OHG.  minniro,  compar.  of  luzzil, 
'  little,. small.'  To  this  is  allied  the  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  adv.  MM  (like  00,3  allied  to 
bffiiro).  A  common  Teut.  compar.  formed 
like  Goth,  minniza,.  adv.,  mins,  AS.  min; 
the  corresponding  super!,  is  Goth,  minnists, 
OHG.  minnist,  MidHG.  minnest,  ModHG. 
minbcfi,  with  the  d  of  the  compar.  which 
hau  been  evolved  in  ModHG.  between  the 
n  and  r;  the  positive  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
case  of  ffer,  beffcr,  feit,  &c.  Since  en  in  these 
cognates,  as  in  SWaim,  has  originated  in  nw 
for  mi,  the  word  is  based  on  the  Lat-Gr. 
verbal  stem  minu-,  whence  also  Lat.  minor, 
minimus;  comp.  Lat.  minuere,  Gr.  /xo^w; 
OSlov.  mtnij, '  minor,'  Gr.  idw-vOa, '  a  little 
while.'  The  oldest  form  of  the  root  is 
Aryan  mt  (mi),  with  the  pres.  stems  mtnd- 
and  minu-,  'to  lessen,  shorten,'  of  which 
the  OInd.  would  be  *meymas  (equiv.  to  Gr. 
/j.elui>) ;  comp.  also  Gr.  /itidu,  'to  diminish.' 

jJSUnnc,  f.,  reintroduced  in  the  latter 
half  of  the  18th  cent  on  the  revival  of 
OG. studies, from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  minne, 
{.,  '  love,'  which  became  obsolete  in  the 
transition  from  Mid  HO.  to  ModHG. ; 
OHG.  minna.  {.,  OSax.  minna,  minnia,  f., 
'  love,'  lit.  and  orig. '  recollection,  memory ' ; 


Min 


(    238    ) 


Mis 


comp.  OIc.  minne,  11.,  *  remembrance,  recol- 
lection, toast'  E.  mind,  from  AS.  mynd, 
is  also  connected  with  the  same  root  man, 
men  ;  comp.  Goth,  muns, '  meaning.'  These 
belong  to  the  common  Aryan  and  also 
Teut  root  men,  man,  'to  think';  comp. 
Gr.  /tiros,  'temper,  disposition,'  jtywifa-Kw, 
4  I  remember,'  Lat.  memini,  reminiscor, 
meits,  moneo,  Sans,  root  man,  '  to  opine, 
believe,  think  of,  puq»ose';  comp.  mafynen 
and  9Kaim. 

jJJTmje.  f-»  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mime,  OHG.  minza,  {.,  'mint' ;  comp.  AS. 
minte,  f.,  E.  mint;  borrowed  previous  to 
the  HG.  permutation  of  consonants  from 
the  equiv.  Lat.  mentha,  menta  (Gr.  /xlvda), 
at  the  same  period  as  the  other  terms 
relating  to  horticulture  and  the  art  of 
cookery  ;  see  5>fejfcr.  The  variants,  OHG. 
munza,  MidHG.  miinze,  ModHG.  SWunje, 
have  a  remarkable  form,  and  cannot  be 
explained  by  the  Lat.  word  ;  comp.  *pfeffer- 
muttj. 

mis,  miH,  'mis-,  dis-,  amiss,  wrong,' 
in  compounds;  from  MidHG.  misse-, OHG. 
missa-,  missi-,  which  express  the  perver- 
sity or  failure  of  an  action  ;  comp.  Goth. 
missadGJjs  (OHG.  missitdt,  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  missetdt),  '  sin,'  missataujands, 
'sinner,'  Goth,  missa-,  for  *mij>!6-  (lit. 
'lost'),  is  an  old  fo-partic.  from  the  root 
mif>  (see  tneiben) ;  comp.  Olr.  ml,  'amiss.' 
Hence  the  derivative  mifjen. 

mtfdhcn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  MidLG.  mischen,  OHG.  misken,  'to 
mix' ;  comp.  AS.  miscian,  E.  to  mix.  In 
the  other  OTeut.  languages  a  correspond- 
ing vb.  is  wanting.  The  agreement  with 
Lat.  misceo  (miscere),  '  to  mix,'  is  evident. 
The  only  question  is  whether  the  word 
was  primit.  allied  or  was  borrowed  ;  that 
is  difficult  to  determine,  since,  judging  by 
sound  and  sense,  both  are  possible.  The 
assumption  that  the  word  was  borrowed 
is  supported  by  the  loan-words  relating  to 
the  Ital.  culture  of  the  vine,  which  are 
quoted  under  3Ro(i.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Rom.  languages  have  instead  of  miscere 
a  derivative  misculare  (Fr.  ineler,  equiv.  to 
OHG.  miscuUm,  Suab.  miSle) ;  yet  comp. 
Ital.  mescere.  On  the  supposition  that  the 
word  was  primitively  allied,  which  is  sup- 
ported by  9Heifd),  we  should  have  to  com- 
pare, in  addition  to  the  Lat.  term,  Gr.  vdvyu 
(ay  equiv.  to  Teut.  sk  1\  fdywju,  the  Sans, 
root  mic  in  micrd-s,  '  mixed,'  OSlov.  misiti, 
'  to  mix/  Lith.  misti, '  to  mingle'  (maisz-tas, 


'riot').  Hence  Lat.  misceo,  and,  if  mtftyii 
is  primit.  allied  to  it,  OTeut.  miskja  repre- 
sent a  pre-historic  mik-skejo  (with  sk  as  a 
suffix  of  the  pres.  stem,  like  fotfdjen  for 
pre-historic  *forhsk6n;  comp.  n>af<$tn  and 
rouufdKn).     Comp.  STOeifd). 

j&Ttfpel,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mispel,  with  the  variants  mespel,  nespel,  f., 
OHG.  mespila,  f.,  'medlar,'  with  the  variant 
nespila.  From  Mid  Lat.  mespila,  whence 
also,  with  the  change  of  the  initial  m  into 
n,  the  corresponding  Rom.  cognates  (Ital. 
nespola,  Fr.  nijle).  The  ultimate  source 
is  Gr.  fUffiriXop,  *  medlar.' 

ittijjfen,  vb.,  'to  be  without,  do  with- 
out,' from  MidHG.  and  OHG. mwsen,  'to 
miss' ;  comp.  AS.  missan,  E.  to  miss,  and 
the  equiv.  OIc.  missa;  Goth.  *missjan  is 
wanting.  It  i3  clearly  connected  with 
West  Teut.  mlj>an,  'to  avoid,'  which  is 
related  to  an  old  partic.  missa-  (for  *mt/>/o- 
with  -t6-),  meaning  'avoided,  frustrated'; 
comp.  meifcen  and  mi§. 

jJJItfi,  m.,  'excrement,  dung,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  mist,  m.,  '  mud,  manure, 
dunghill ' ;  it  represents  *mihst,  like  OHG. 
forsk&n,  'to  demand,'  for  */orhsk6n ;  see 
mifdjen.  Goth,  maihstus,  m.,  'excrement,' 
AS.  m'ox  (for  *meoxt  ?),  '  excrement,' 
MidE.  mix,  obsolete  in  E. ;  the  derivative 
AS.,  MidE.,  and  E.  mixen,  'dunghill,'  has 
been  preserved,  and  appears  in  OHG.  as 
mistunnea,  mistina,  f.,  and  also  in  Franc, 
as  misten,  '  dunghill.'  Since  stu  in  Goth. 
maihstus  is  a  suffix,  HG.  STOift  is  connected 
with  Lith.  miz-ti, '  to  dung,'  mizlal, '  excre- 
ment,' or  with  the  Aryan  root  mlgh,  '  to 
make  water,'  which  has  been  retained  in 
LG.  as  migen ;  comp.  AS.  migan,  OIc. 
miga,  '  to  make  water.'  This  latter  verbal 
stem  is  found  in  the  non-Teut.  languages  ; 
comp.  the  Sans,  root  mih,  Lat.  mingere,  Gr. 
6fux*~ty,  with  the  same  sense  ;  L*t.  mijo  and 
Lith.  m\zu, '  iningo,'  also  belong  to  the  same 
Aryan  root  mlgh.  Since  dfdx^Vt  if^x^v, 
OSlov.  mlgla,  Lith.  migld,  '  mist,'  are  also 
allied  to  Gr.  <V"X«",  '  to  make  water,'  the 
following  have  also  been  connected  with 
2Wijr,  AS.  and  E.  mist,  LG.  and  Du.  mist, 
'  mist,'  Ic.  mistr, '  misty  air ' ;  Sans,  mighd, 
'  cloud,'  mih, '  rain,  mist,'  belong  also  to  the 
root  mih,  which  in  OInd.  means  both  '  to 
make  water'  and  'raining,  gushing  forth.' 
jajliff el,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mistel,  OHG.  mistil,  m., '  mistletoe ' :  comp. 
AS.  mistel,  E.  mistle,  OIc.  mistelteinn, 
'  mistletoe.      An  OTeut  word  not  derived 


Mit 


(    239    ) 


Moh 


from  the  equiv.  Lat.  viscus,  and  scarcely 
allied  to  E.  mid  (see  3ft  iji).    Origin  obscure. 

mit,  prep,  and  adv.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  mit,  prep.,  '  with,'  and 
the  MidHG.  adv.  mite,  OHG.  miti ;  cor- 
responding to  Goth,  mi}?,  mid,  adv.  and 
prep.,  'with,' AS.  mid,  obsolete  ill  E.  (except 
in  midwife).  Teut.  mid,  earlier  midi,  repre- 
sents, according  to  the  permutation  of  con- 
sonants, pre-Tent.  miti  or  meti,  and  hence 
is  allied  to  Gr.  turh.,  Zend  mat,  'with.'  It 
might  also  be  connected  with  the  cognates 
discussed  under  mifj,  meaning  '  reciprocal.' 

Btf it t a  1],  in-  '  midday,  noon,  south,' 
from  mitt  and  stag.  Comp.  MidHG.  met- 
tetac,  OHG.  mittitag. 

mitte,  adj.,  obsolete  as  an  independent 
word,  but  preserved  in  derivatives ;  Mid 
HG.  mitte,  OHG.  mitti,  adj.,  '  medius ' ; 
comp.  AS.  midd,  preserved  in  E.  only  in 
midriff,  AS.  mid-hnf  (hrif, l  body,'  Lat.  cor- 
pus), E.  midnight,  mid-Lent,  midland,  mid- 
winter, &c,  and  in  the  derivatives  midst, 
middle,  &c.  ;  Goth,  midjis,  '  medius.'  It 
is  a  common  Teut.  and  Aryan  adj.,  pre- 
historic me'dhyo-s ;  comp.  Sans,  mddhyas, 
Gr.  /ieffoj  for  */x&jos,  Lat.  medius,  OSlov. 
mezda,  f.  (from  medja),  'middle.' — 2ftittag, 
'mid-day,'  2Kittfaften, '  mid-Lent,'  SRttnw>& 
'Wednesday';  SJhtternadjt,  'midnight,'  is 
proj).  a  dat.  sing.,  originating  in  MidHG. 
ze  mitter  naht,  OHG.  zi  mitteru  naht,  its 
frequent  locative  use  (in  this  case  to  de- 
note time  when)  becoming  predominant  as 
it  did  in  names  of  places  (e.g.  93aten,  prop, 
dat.  plur.,  originated  in  MidHG.  ze  Baden, 
'  at  the  baths,'  ©adjfcn,  dat.  plur.,  MidHG. 
ze  Sahsen,  '  in  Saxony,'  lit.  '  among  the 
Saxons').  In  MidHG.,  however,  mitnaht 
was  also  used  for  OHG.  mittinaht. — 
^Titfc,  f'.,  'middle,'  from  MidHG.  mitte, 
OHG.  mitti,  f.,  an  abstract  form  of  the 
adj.     Comp.  the  following  article. 

mit tcl,  adj.,  '  middle,  interior,'  from 
MidHG.  mittel,  OHG.  mittil,  adj.,  '  medius, 
situated  in  the  middle '  ;  AS.  middel,  E. 
middle,  adj.,  a  derivative  of  OTeut.  miSja-t 
'  middle,'  discussed  under  mitte ;  the  orig. 
form  of  this  derivative  was  Goth.  *midala-, 
authenticated  by  OHG.  metal,  adj.,  'mid- 
dle.'— "Diiittel,  n.,  'middle,  means,  re- 
source,' from  MidHG.  mittel,  n.,  'middle, 
centre,  something  intermediate,  means,'  an 
adj.  used  as  a  subst.  ;  comp.  AS.  middel, 
E.  middle.  Preposit.  derivatives  mittcU*, 
ntittrlft.    Comp.  mitte. 

jJHober,  m.,  '  mud,  mould,  decay,'  from 


late  MidHG.  (MidG.)  moder,  in.,  'body 
that  has  been  decomposed,  decay,  bog, 
moor';  comp.  Du.  modder,  'slime,'  E. 
mother,  '  slimy  substance '  (espec.  in  vine- 
gar), Du.  moer,  'yeast,  lee*.'  The  entire 
class  has  become  current  only  in  the 
modern  languages  ;  comp.  the  correspond- 
ing MidG.  mot,  '  moor,  morass,  marsh,' 
MidE.  mudde,  E.  mud.  The  early  history 
of  the  cognat  es  is  obscure  ;  Gr.  fivSAv,  '  fun- 
gous flesh,'  on  account  of  its  permutation 
does  not  belong  to  the  cognates. 

moflCtt,  vb.,  '  to  like,  choose  ;  may,' 
from  MidHG.  mugen,  miigen,  OHG.  mugan, 
earlier  magan,  pret.  pres., '  to  be  able,  have 
power,'  Goth,  magan;  a  common  Teut. 
pret.  pres.  with  the  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
meaning,  '  to  be  able,  have  power,'  as  it 
appears  in  the  ModHG.  abstract  form 
SKacfyt,  and  in  the  compound  »evmogen  ;  AS. 
mceg  (plur.  magon,  pret.  mihte),  whence  E. 
may  (pret.  might).  The  Teut.  stem,  mag 
(mug),  from  pre-Teut.  magh.  is  most  closely 
allied  to  OSlov.  moga,  moSti,  '  to  be  able, 
have  power.' 

■§Jlof)U,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
mdn,  earlier  mdhen,  m.,  '  poppy '  ;  OHG. 
*mdhan  is  wanting,  for  which  OHG.  mdgo, 
MidHG.  mage,  m.,  'poppy,'  with  a  change 
of  h  to  g  (see  fragen  and  3^")'  i3  U8ed 
(comp.  Goth.  Jxthan  with  OHG.  daghi, 
Lat.  tacere) ;  to  this  UpG.  mdgsame  (Alsat. 
mass),  '  poppy,'  is  allied.  It  corresponds 
to  OS  wed.  valmughi,  Swed.  vallmn, '  poppy.' 
The  word  points  to  pre-Teut.  m4kon-,  be- 
sides which  the  form  mdkon-  is  presupposed 
by  Gr.  ixijKuv  ( Dor.  h&kuv),  OSlov.  malcii, 
'  poppy.'  The.se  correspondences,  however, 
do  not  necessarily  imply  that  the  cognates 
are  of  genuine  Aryan  origin  (comp.  £auf). 
For  OHG.  mdgo  a  form  popig  (E.  poppy) 
was  used  in  AS.,  based  on  Lat.  papaver. 

3iToI)r,  m.,  '  Moor,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  mdr,  m. ;  derived  from  Mid  Lit. 
Maunis,  whence  also  Fr.  More,  Ital.  and 
Span.  Moro. 

$M5I)rc,  f.  (not  current  in  Suab.  and 
Bav.),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  mbihe,  also 
more,  morhe,  f.,  OHG.  moraha,  morha,  'car- 
rot ' ;  a  non-mutated  form  occurs  in  Mod 
HG.  9Rcf)rrubt  ;  Goth.  *ma&rhd  may  be 
also  assumed  from  AS.  mom  (for  *morhtt), 
f.,  and  more,  f.,  E.  (dial.)  more,  '  turnip.' 
For  a  derivative  of  these  cognates  see  under 
3Rord)el.  From  OTeut  mor/16-n-,  '  carrot,' 
Slov.  mrkva  and  Russ.  morkovl  (prim. 
Slav.  *mruky)  J>ecm  to  be  derived. 


Mol 


(    240    ) 


Moo 


ptfold),  m.,  'salamander';  the  suffix 
ch  first  appears  in  enrly  ModHG.  (comp. 
J&abid^t) ;  from  MidHG.  mol,  u<,,  molle,  m., 
'lizard,  salamander,'  OHQ.  mol,  with  the 
variants  molm  and  molt.  Du.  mol  and 
MidE.  molle  signify  'mole.'  It  is  not  cer- 
tain whether  the  word  in  both  senses  is 
orig.  the  same.  OHQ.  mol,  '  lizard,'  has 
also  been  connected  with  the  root  mol,  '  to 
grind,  pulverise.' 

^JJTolftC,  f.,  'whey,'  from  MidHG.  molken, 
molchen  (also  with  u-ii  instead  of  0),  n., 
'  whey,'  also  '  milk  and  that  which  is  pre- 
pared from  milk' ;  OHG.  *molchan  is  want- 
ing. AS.  molcen,  n.,  testifies,  however,  to 
the  antiquity  of  MidHG.  molken,  which  is 
a  derivative  of  ntetfen,  Teut.  root  melk ; 
comp.  mclfett  and  SMitcf). 

2tfow»f,  m.  (with  ModHG.  6  from  Mid 
HG.  d  before  a  nasal,  as  in  9Wof)it,  SWonb, 
93rombccrf,,  cfyitf,  &c),  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  mdndt  (d),  OHG.  mdn6d,  m., '  month ' ; 
comp.  Goth.  mendps,  AS..  mdndQ;  E.  month. 
The  common  Teut.  term  mSn6p-,  '  month ' 
(pre-Teut.  mentit-),  seems  identical  with 
33?onb,  OTeut.  mining.  The  computation 
of  time  according  to  the  periods  of  the 
moon  is  perhaps  OAryan,  since  the  terms 
for  month  in  the  Aryan  languages  agree 
approximately.     See  under  9#onfc. 

'jXTond),  m.,  '  monk,  friar,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  miinch,  miinech,  OHG. 
munih  (hh),  m.  From  the  prim,  form 
muniko-,  monico-,  the  equiv.  Fr.  moine  is 
also  derived.  In  the  original  Lat.  word 
monachus  (nomx6s),  '•monk,'  the  ch  was 
probably  pronounced  as  cj  comp.  Ital. 
monaco,  Olr.  manachyAS.  rminuc,  E.  monk; 
so  that  OHG.  ch  is  the  HG.  permutation  of 
k.  In  that  case  SfJlcndt)  was  borrowed  at 
an  earlier  period  than  SHJt  and  *l>ab|t  (see 
StTfuitfier).  OSlov.  munkhw  is  a  G.  loan- 
word. 

£{Tont>,  m., '  moon,'  from  MidHG.  mdne, 
m.,  '  moon,  month '  (MidHG.  rarely  fern.), 
OHG.  mdno,  m., '  moon ' ;  even  in  MidHG. 
occurs  a  form  with  a  final  dental,  mdnt, 
mdnde,  which  is  due  to  confusion  with 
mdnet  (yet  comp.  ©lender  and  memanb), 
Goth.  mSna,  AS.  m6na,  m.,  E.  moon,  Du. 
maan.  In  the  form  meno,  m.,  a  common 
Teut.  term  for  '  moon '  (a  later  fern,  form 
appears  in  MidHG.  mcentn,  OHG.  mdntn) ; 
it  is  based,  like  most  of  the  terms  for 
'  moon'  and  'month'  in  the  cognate  Aryan 
languages,  on  Aryan  m$n,  mindt,  or  m$nes. 
Comp.   Sans,  mds,  m.   (for  mdns,   mens), 


'moon,  month,'  mdsa,  m.,  'month,'  Gr.  fifr 
(for  */m>"0,  '  month,'  Lat.  mensis,  '  month,' 
OSlov.  meseel,  m.,  '  moon,  month,'  Lith. 
minu,  '  moon,'  mSne^is,  '  month  '  Olr.  mi. 
The  exact  relation  of  Teut.  mindp-,  mSnan-, 
to  Lat.-G>.  m4ns-  {*mSnes-)  is  disputed. 
The  derivation  of  the  stems  mSn,  mim, 
from  the  Aryan  root  mS,  'to  measure' 
(Sans,  md,  'to  measure,  mete  out,'  mdtram, 
Gr.  ptrpov, '  measure,'  see  2Ral)t,  me jfen),  may 
accord  with  the  facts  of  the  case  (the  moon 
was  regarded  as  the  measurer  of  time),  yet 
from  the  historical  and  linguistic  stand- 
point it  cannot  be  considered  a  certainty. 
Comp.  5Jlonat  and  9)?ontag. 

■giTottfag,  m.,  'Monday' ;  with  the  m6n 
of  2)?onb  without  the  later  d;  MidHG. 
mdntac  (Suab.  and  Bav.  maniac,  with  muta- 
tion), OHG.  mdnatag  (*mdnintag  1),  in., 
'  Monday' ;  comp.  Du.  maandag,  AS.m/yn- 
andceg, E.  Monday  (*m6n  equiv.  to  'moon'), 
OIc.  rrtdnadagr.  The  common  Teut.  term 
for  Lat.  dies  Lunae  (Fr.  lundi,  Ital.  lunedi). 

jJJToor,  m.  and  n.,  'moor,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  m&r;  comp.  Du.  moer,  OSax.  m6r, 
m,, AS.  mSr,  n.,. 'moor,  swamp,'  E.  moor; 
corresponding  to  OHG.  and  MidHG.  muor, 
n.,  'swamp,'  seldom  'sea';  scarcely  akin 
to  OIc.  mo-r  (gen.  m6-s),  m.,  '  moor,  dry 
heath.'  OHG.  muor,  as  well  as  AS.  m6r 
(Goth.  *m6ra-  is  wanting),  is  ratlier  related 
by  gradation  to  2J?eer,  OHG.  m$ri,  AS.  mere, 
Goth,  marei,  or,  if  r  is  derived  by  rhota- 
cism  from  s,  the  cognates  are  connected 
with  OHG.  and  MidHG.  mos,  '  swamp ' ; 
this,  however,  after  the  remarks  made 
under  SDtoeS,  is  hardly  probable. 

jJJToos,  n.,  'moss,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  mos,  n.,.  'moss,  moor,  swamp' 
(whence  Fr.  mousse,  'moss');  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  mos, '  moss,'  E.  moss,  OIc.  mose, 
m.,.  'moss,  swamp,'  to  which  OIc.  myrr 
(E.  mire),. '  slime,'  is  allied.  To  these  are 
related  by  gradation  AS.  me6s,  OHG.  mios, 
MidHG.  mies,  m.  and  n.,  '  moss,'  whence 
also  ModHG.  SDlicS.  The  senses  'moss, 
swamp,'  may  be  associated  by  the  connect- 
ing link  'mossy  ground,'  hence  the  assump- 
tion of  two  orig.  different  words  is  not 
required,  *mosa-,  '  moss '  (by  gradation 
*miu$a,  '  moss,'  OHG.  mios,  AS.  mc6s, 
'moss'),  and  mosa-,  'swamp'  (by  grada- 
tion *m6sa,  'moor,'  OHGw  muor,  comp. 
STOruS).  Goth.  *musa,  by  gradation  *miusa-, 
'  moss,'  is  connected  with  OSlov.  muchu 
'moss,'  Lith.  musai,  'mould'  (on  liquids), 
and   Lat.  muscus,   '  moss,'   which    has  a 


Mop 


(    241    ) 


Mor 


derivative  c  for  sc ;  and  also  with  Gr.  ftvTa, 
'  horse-fly,'  for  fifoia,  and  fi6a%  (for  nv<ra£), 
1  sea- mussel.'  The  meaning  '  swamp  *  is 
still  current  in  Suab.  and  Bav. ;   comp. 

^JTops,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  LG.  mops,  Du.  mops  and  mop,  '  pug- 
dog.'  Akin  to  a  Teut.  root  mup,  '  to  dis- 
tort the  face,  make  grimaces';  comp.  late 
MidHG.  muff,  mupf,  m.,  'wry  mouth,'  Du. 
mapper, '  to  wear  a  peevish  look,'  E.  to  mop, 
'to  gibber,'  MidE.  moppe,  'fool.'  ModHG* 
9)? op$,  in  the  sense  of  'stupid  fellow,'  may 
be  explained  a^  indicated  by  the  MidE. 
word  without  reference  to  the  name  of  the 
Lat.  author  Mopsus. 

jXTorctft,  m.,  'morass,'  ModHG.  only 
from  LG.  moras;  comp.  Du.  moras,  moeras, 
E.  morass,  MidE.  mareis.  The  cognates, 
as  is  indicated  by  the  non-Teut.  accent, 
are  borrowed  from  Rom. ;  comp.  Ital. 
marese,  Fr.  marais,  MidLat  maragiumt 
'  morass,  swamp.'  The  0  of  the  Teut. 
words  is  due  to  their  being  connected  with 
9Roor.     Unknown  to  Suab.  and  Bav. 

j2JTord)el,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
m'irchel,  morhel,  late  OHG.  morhila,  f., 
'inoril'  (Du.  morille,. '  moril ') ;  the  appa- 
rent derivation  from  OG.  morha-,  'carrot' 
(see  5Ri5f)Vf),.  is  explained  under  2Bnr$e(. 
The  Suab.  and  Bav.  variants  mauracher 
m&ra&x,  mdrox,  present  a  difficulty. 

"gilorb,  m., '  murder,'  from  MidHG.  mort 
(-des),  m.  and  n.,  OHG.  mord,  n. ;  comp. 
OSax.  morth,  Du.  moord,  AS.  and  OIc. 
morfi,  '  murder,1  with  the  common  inean-- 
ing '  intentional,  secret  death-blow.'  Goth. 
*maurj),  n.,  is  wanting  ;  it  is  based  on  pre- 
Teut.  mfto-m,  n.,  and  orig.  meant '  death ' 
simply,  as  the  root  morr  'to  die,'  widely 
diffused  through  all  the  Aryan  languages, 
indicate*  Comp.  the  Sans,  root  mr,  'to 
die,'  mrtd-m,  n.,  'death,'  amrta-m,  'immor- 
tality,'' mrtas,  '  dead,'  mdrta-s,  '  mortal,' 
amrtu-s,  'immortal,'  mrtyfis,  'death' ;  Lat. 
mort,  '  to  die,'  mortuus,  '  dead,'  mors  (Sans, 
mrti-s),  'death';  OSlov.  mr^ti,  *to  die,' 
moru-sumriitX,  'death,'  mrutvu  (Lat.  mor- 
tuits),  'dead';  Lith.  mirli,  'to  die,'  mirll*, 
'  death,'  In  Gr.  as  well  as  in  OTeut.  the 
strong  root  mr  is  wanting,  but  its  deriva- 
tives /9/>ot6s,  'mortal'  (for  */ipo-r6-s),  d/^3po- 
t6s,  '  immortal,.'  have  been  preserved ; 
Olr.  marb,  'dead.'  In  Teut.  the  root  has 
assumed  the  sense  of '  intentional,  secret 
killing,'  the  older  meaning  '  to  die,  death,' 
supplanted  by  jlcrbcn  and  £ob,  having  be- 


come obsolete  ;  MidHG.  mort,  'dead,'  was 
borrowed  from  Fr.  mort.  Comp.  further 
Goth.  maUrjn,  n.  (in  Sans.  *mrtra-m),  AS. 
morfior,  n.,  equiv.  to  E.  murder;  also 
OHG.  murdiren,  Goth,  maurprjan,  'to 
murder' ;  hence  Fr.  meurtre,  MidLat  mor- 
drum,  '  murderous  deed.' 

"jJilorftCIt  (1.),  m.,  '  morning,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  morgen,  OHG.  morgen,  m.; 
comp.  OSax.  morgan,  Du.  morgen,  AS. 
morgen,  mergen^  mi,  E.  morning  (with  the 
suffix  -ing  as  in  evening),  OIc.  morgunn  and 
myrgenn,  Goth,  maurgins,  m.  ;  the  com- 
mon Teut.  term  for  the  first  half  of  the 
day,  commencing  with  the  dawn.  It  does 
not  obtain,  however,  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages, being,  like  3!a^  and  9lbenb  (Goth. 
uudaurns,  fr  midday '),  specifically  Teut 
The  pre-Teut  mrkeno-  or  mrgheno-  is  still 
obscure  ;  some  etymologists  connect  it  with 
Goth,  madrgjan,  '  to  shorten,'  but  this 
gives  no  definite  sense  for  SKcicjch.  With 
greater  probability  may  OSlov.  mriihiati, 
'to  grow  dark,'  mralcu,  ' darkness,'  be  al- 
lied to- the  Teut.  cognates,  so  that  SRcrgen 
might  be  regarded  as  'dawn' ;  comp.  the 
development  of  meaning  in  Sammeriuto,. — 
morften,  in  the  sense  of '  to-morrow,'  is 
from  MidHG.  morgen,  OHG.  mon/axe,  prop. 
a  da t.  sing.,  'in  the  morning,  especially  of 
the  following  day,  (on)  the  next  day'; 
similarly  Fr.  demavn,  lendemain,  from  Lat. 
mane.  This  use  of  mcrcjcti  is  unknown  to 
Goth.  (comp.  gejicrn) ;  Scand.  has  &  morgun, 
E.  to-morrow;  MidE.  t6  morwe,  dat,  from 
morge(n),  Du.  morgen, '  to-morrow.'  JUmtb 
is  similarly  used  of  the  preceding  day  (see 
also  ©onnabctib). — "gJTorgen,  'east,'  is  simi- 
lar to  the  meaning  of  Lat.  mane  in  the 
Rom.  languages.  Comp.  the  origin  of 
Often. 

jJJTorftCn  (2.V  m.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  morgen,  OHG.  morgan,  m.,  '  acre '  (or 
nearly  so) ;  usually  identified  with  SOTorcjeit 
(1), '  morning's  work  for  a  team,  the  space 

{dough ed  by  a  team  in  a  morning' ;  simi- 
arly  MidLat.  dies,  'tantum  terraj  quan- 
tum quis  per  diem  uno  aratro  arare  potest' 
So  too  MidLat  diumalis,  'a  square  mea- 
sure.' 

mor fdj,  adj., '  decaying,  rotten,'  a  MidG. 
and  LG.  word  with  the  variant  uteri' ;  a 
recent  derivative  of  the  root  murs.  See 
aWcrfer. 

jJildrfcr,  m.,  '  mortar  (bowl),'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  morswre,  OHG.  morsdri, 
m.  ;   allied   to   Suab.r  Alem.,  and   Hess. 

Q 


Mor 


(    242    ) 


Muf 


aj?erf<$*l.  '  mortar,'  ami  morfcfy.  The  com- 
bination r$  instead  of  rsch  (see  under  berr- 
(cfrnt,  J&irfcft,  btrft^en,  &c.)  occurs  also  in 
jjjtrfc,  compared  with  the  dial.  ^jirfcfce.  The 
JIG.  form,  OHO.  mors-dri,  is  based  on 
a  verbal  root  murs ;  com]).  MidHO.  zer- 
miirstn  (MidQ.  zermorschen\  'to  crush  to 
pieces,'  Swiss  morxen,  miirsen,  'to  grind, 
pound  small,'  Dn.  morzelen,  '  to  pulverise, 
mangle.'  On  the  other  hand,  the  equiv. 
Lat.  mortarium  (Fr.  mortier)  is  indicated 
by  Du.  mortier,  AS.  mortire,  MidE.  mortir, 
E.  mortar. 

^Sdrfcl,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mortel,  morter,  no.,  'mortar  (cement),' from 
Mid  Lat.  mortarium.  Comp.  Fr.  mortier, 
'  mortar '  (bowl  and  cement),  whence  also 
E.  mortar. 

Ullost,  m.,  '  must,  new  wine,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  most,  m.,  '  fermenting  new 
wine,  wine  must;'  borrowed,  like  other 
words  relating  to  vine-growing  (see  9Bein, 
ffiinjer,  gaiter,  $veffe,  ZcxUl,  and  Jtelcfc) ;  the 
Lat.  origin  is  mustum,  'must,'  whence 
also  AS.,  MidE.,  and  E.  must,  the  equiv. 
Du.  mot,  and  in  the  Rom.  group,  Ital. 
mosto,  Fr.  moid.  Comp.  further  OSlov. 
mustii. 

^JToflcrf,  ^iloffricr),  m.  (the  second 
word  is  a  coiTiiption  of  the  first), '  mustard,' 
MidHG.  mostert,  musthart,  m.,  'mustard 
mixed  with  must';  corresponding  to  the 
Rom.  terms,  Ital.  mostarda,  Fr.  moutarde, 
whence  MidE.  and  E.  mustard,  Du.  mos- 
terd.  A  derivative  of  Lat.  mustum, '  must,' 
mustard  being  mixed  with  must.  Comp. 
€*nf. 

jXToffc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
motte,  f.,  '  moth '  (tt  originated  in  Goth, 
and  OTeut.  />/>,  as  in  gttttd),  Satte,  and 
fydtcn).  Goth.  *mnjj}>6  is  wanting;  comp. 
AS.  mof>}>e,  f.,  MidE.  moj>J>e,  E.  moth,  Du. 
mot  (t  for  tt  from  />/>),  '  moth '  ;  also  the 
curious  variants,  MidHG.  matte,  f.  (Goth. 
*maj}jm),  AS.  mohjte,  f.,  MidE.  moughfre, 
'  moth  '  (OIc.  motte,  m..  '  moth,'  with  the 
same  permutation  of  />/>  to  tt  as  in  Du.). 
Perhaps  the  cognates  discussed  under  9J}ate 
are  akin. 

"jJJTottx;,  f,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  LG.  mew;  Du.  meeuw,  f.,  '  mew, 
seagull.'  The  word  existed  in  OHG.  as 
meh;  Goth.  *maihws  is  wanting;  comp. 
OIc.  md-r,  m.,  'seagull.'  A  variant 
*maiwi  is  indicated  by  AS.  mcew,  E.  mew 
(for  the  interchange  of  hw  and  w  see  9liere), 
as  well  as  by  the  Du.  form  meeuic.     A  pre- 


Teut  *maiko-,  *maiki,  has  not  yet  Wen 
found  with  a  meaning  similar  to  that  of 
the  Tent,  cognates. 

pJlUCUO,  f.,  'whim,  freak,'  a  LG.  form 
for  the  rare  MidHG.  muoche,  'vexatious 
thought ';  yet  the  word  may  be  regarded  as 
the  normal  UpG.  form  for  3JJurff,  so  that 
its  derivation  should  be  similar  to  that  of 
©ride. 

jSHtichc,  f., '  gnat,  midge,'  from  MidHG. 
miieke,  mucke,  f.,  'gnat,  fly'  (hence  still 
ModHG.  dial,  'fly'),  OHG.  mucca,  f. 
Goth.  *mugj6  is  by  chance  not  recorded  ; 
it  is  indicated  by  AS.  mycge,  f.,  E.  midge, 
OSax.  muggia,  Du.  mug.  OIc.  my,  n., 
'  gnat,'  suggests  the  idea  that  the  West 
Teut.  guttural  is  a  suffix,  as  in  93ri"iffe  (see 
also  3ugenb).  The  common  Teut.  form 
of  the  noun  is  muwi,  to  which  also  Gr. 
fxvTa  corresponds. 

mucfcen,  vb.,  'to  grumble,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.,  probably  akin  to  late 
MidHG.  mtigen,  'to  roar,'  which  may  be 
allied  to  fivKdofxai,  'to  roar'  (see  SJiitcfe). 
Perhaps  it  is  also  connected  with  2Wurffft ; 
it  is  based  on  MidHG.  muckzen,  muchzen, 
OHG.  muccazzen,  'to  whisper,  grumble'; 
apparently,  however,  it  is  better  connected 
with  the  Teut.  root  mUk,  '  to  pretend  to 
know  secrets,'  discussed  under  ntmcbfl;. 
To  this  also  belongs  the  simply  ModHG. 
fDhtrfer,  'sulky  person,  grumbler,'  prop, 
'religious  hypocrite,' in  which  sense  the 
word  first  appeared  in  Jena  in  the  early 
part  of  the  18th  cent  to  denote  the  adhe- 
rents of  the  pietist  theologian  Buddeus. 

jKIudter,  see  mitcfftt. 

much  fen.  see  mucfcit. 

mube,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
miiede,  OHG.  mitodi,  adj.,  'tired,  weary'  ; 
comp.  OSax.  m&Si,  Du.  moede,  AS.  mitSe, 
'tired'  (Goth.  *m6-J>eis,  'tired,'  is  want- 
ing) ;  comp.  also  OIc.  mOfir,  'tired.'  The 
dental  is  a  panic,  derivative  of  the  root 
*m6-  (comp.  ntufjen),  of  which  ntiibt  is  a  ver- 
bal adj.  meaning  '  having  wearied  oneself.' 

$luff  (1.),  m.,  'muff,'  ModHG.  only; 
from  LG.  muff,  Du.  mqf,  '  muff,'  E.  muff; 
a  modern  Tent,  word  connected  with  Fr. 
moufle,  '  mitten,'  MidLat.  (even  in  the  9th 
cent.)  muffula.  The  origin  of  the  cognates 
has  not  yet  been  determined  ;  they  are 
generally  connected  with  MidHG.  mouwc, 

'  8ICGVG  ' 

"3Kujff  (2.),  « mould,'  MidHG.  only,  al- 
lied to  Du.  muf,  '  musty,  moist,  mouldy ' ; 
late   MidHG.   miiffeln,  'to  smell  bad  or 


Muh 


(    243    ) 


Mun 


rotten.'  With  these  are  connected  the 
widely-diffused  Rom.  cognates,  which  are 
paid  to  have  originated  in  the  G.  words  : 
Fr.  moufette,  '  firedamp  (in  mines),'  Ital. 
muffo,  '  mouldy.' 

miifyetx,  vb.,  ■  to  low,'  from  late  MidHG. 
miihen,  miiwen,  miigen,  '  to  roar ' ;  perhaps 
allied  to  Gr.  /xu/cdo^at,  but  more  probably  a 
recent  onomatopoetic  form. 

XtliXfyevi,  vb.,  '  to  trouble,  vex,'  from 
MidHG.  miien,  miiejen,  OHG.  muoen,  wk. 
vb.,  '  to  burden,  torment,  vex ' ;  Du.  moei- 
jen,  '  to  molest,  take  pains.'  The  verbal 
adj.  ntube  (Goth.  *m6J>eis)  points,  like  the 
vb.,  to  an  OTeut.  and  Aryan  root  md,  of 
which  there  are  derivatives  in  the  cognate 
languages,  Gr.  /iu-\ot,  'toil,  labour,  espec. 
in  war,'  ijlQ-\vs,  '  exhausted  by  toil,  languid, 
weak/  Lat.  m6-les,  f.,  '  exertion,  toil,  dis- 
tress,' &c,  mdlior,  '  to  exert  oneself.' — 
"jKTurje,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  mtieje, 
OHG.  muol,  L,  '  toil,'  is  a  verbal  abstract 
of  the  vb.  ntuljen. 

jJilttljIe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
mill  (miile),  OHG.  muli,  mulin,  f.,  '  mill' ; 
comp.  AS.  myln,  E.  mill,  OIc.  mylna  (de- 
rived from  E.),  f.,  '  mill.'  Hardly  a  Tent, 
derivative  of  the  root  mal,  discussed  under 
tnafylen ;  it  is  rather  borrowed  from  com- 
mon Rom.  mdlina, '  mill '  (for  classical  Lat. 
mola)  ;  comp.  Ital.  mulino,  Fr.  moulin, 
'  mill'  (Du.  molen,  Olr.  mulen,  and  Slav. 
mulinu\  The  formation  of  an  OTeut. 
*mull)i6  with  a  suffix  -ind  has  no  parallels 
in  Teur.  The  genuine  Teut.  word  for 
'  mill '  is  preserved  in  Goth,  qairnus,  AS. 
cweorn,  OHG.  quirn. 

"jJJlu^me,  f.  (in  UpG.  almost  obsolete), 
'aunt,  female  relative,  nnrse,'  from  Mid 
HG.  muome,  OHG.  muoma,  t., '  mother's 
sister,'  also  '  sister-in-law,  female  relative.' 
That  the  earlier  meaning, '  mother's  sister ' 
(comp.  Safe),  is  the  orig.  one  is  shown  by 
the  connection  of  the  word  with  SKitttev. 
OHG.  muoma  points  to  Goth.  *m6na,  as  is 
indicated  by  LG.  and  MidE.  mdne,  'aunt' 
(for  the  change  of  n  to  m,  see  ^i(o,vim). 
The  word  is  a  pet  form  of  or  child's  term 
for  AS.  mddrie,  LG.  modder  (equiv.  to  W. 
modryb,  'aunt'),  which  have  the  same 
form  as  Gr.  jur/rpwa  (comp.  Softer  with 
Safer) ;  likewise  Du.  moei  from  MidDu. 
moeie,  'aunt.'  An  old  synonym  occurs  in 
AS.  fajm, '  aunt  on  the  father's  side,  father's 
sister,'  allied  to  Safer.  OIc.  m6na,  'mother,' 
and  the  equiv.  LG.  mceme,  Lith.  moma, 
OSlov.  mama,  seem  to  be  pet  terms  for 


'  mother' ;  so  too  Du.  moei,  '  aunt '  (OHG. 
muoia,  Gr.  ficua). 

^JTufjoal,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(rare)  miiesal,  n.,  '  trouble,  affliction '  ; 
formed  by  means  of  the  oft-recurring  suffix 
-sal,  from  the  MidHG.  vb.  *miiejen,  Mod 
HG.  miit)en. 

"gJlltlbe,  f.,  'trough,  tray,  pail,'  from 
MidHG.  mulde,  f.,  'semicircular  hollow 
vessel,  espec.  used  for  cleaning  corn,  fiour- 
bin,  kneading-trough,'  with  the  equiv. 
variants  MidHG.  muolte,  muolter,  multer, 
OHG.  muoltera.  The  w>  before  an  I  and  a 
consonant  points  to  the  fact  that  the  cog- 
nates were  borrowed ;  they  are  usually 
referred  to  Lat.  mulctra,  '  milk-pail.' 

■jJiluUer,  ni.,  'miller,'  from  MidHG. 
miilner,  miilnozre,  n.  {In  is  preserved  in  the 
surname  2Jiullner,  in  other  cases  it  is  repre- 
sented by  11),  OHG.  mdlindri,  m.,  '  miller.' 
A  derivative  of  2JJut)le  (OHG.  mulino),  or 
borrowed  directly  from  M.\dhiit.  molinarius 
(Ital.  mulinaro,  Fr.  meunier), '  miller.'   See 

fBtmt, 

^JTutm,  m.,  'loose,  dry  mould,  dust,' 
first  recorded  in  ModHG.,  but  probably  of 
an  earlier  origin  ;  allied  to  the  root  mal, 
'  to  grind,'  lit.  '  to  pulverise,'  with  which 
Goth,  mulda,  '  dust,  earth,'  and  E.  mould 
are  connected;  see  under  2Raultvurf.  Comp. 
also  ©ranb. 

jj&tttmne  (1.),  f., '  mum  (kind  of  beer),' 
ModHG.  only,  whence  Du.  nom,  E.  mum. 
The  word  is  usually  derived  from  Chris- 
tian Mumme  of  Brunswick,  who  first 
brewed  this  beer  in  the  year  1492. 

^illtmmc  (2.),  f.,  'mask,  ma-ked  per- 
son, disguise,'  first  occurs  in  early  ModHG. ; 
comp.  Du.  mom,  '  mask,  mummery,'  E.  to 
mumm,  to  which  is  allied  OFr.  momer, 
'  to  masquerade,'  ModFr.  momerie,  '  mum- 
mery' ;  they  are  probably  connected  with 
an  old  verbal  stem,  mum,  '  to  buzz,  growl.' 
Comp.  Du.  mommelen,  '  to  mumble,  grum- 
ble,' MidE.  mummen,  '  to  roar,'  E.  to 
mumble,  ModHG.  mununetn. 

mummcdt,  vb., '  to  mumble.'  See  the 
preceding  word. 

^Hltno  (1.),  ni.,  'mouth,'  from  MidHG. 
munt,  OHG.  mund,  m.,  'mouth,  outlet,' 
OSax.  miliS,  m.,  Du.  niond,  '  mouth,'  AS. 
mutt,  m.,  E.  mouth,  OIc.  munnr, w»tto'r,  Goth. 
munj>s,  m.,  '  mouth.'  The  common  Teut 
word  munpa-z,  m.,  may  be  based  on  pre- 
Teut.  mntos  and  connected  with  Lat.  men- 
(nm,  '  chin '  (of  men  and  beasts).  In  the 
non-Teut.  languages  also  evidence  of  the 


Mun 


(    244    ) 


Mus 


kitisbip  of  SWunb  and  SWaut  may  be  found, 
since  the  latter  is  an  old  *mfl-lo-,  while  the 
former  may  represent  *mu-n/>o  (with  a 
partic  sufiix,  see  3afjn).  Comp.  Sans. 
mu-kha,  '  mouth.' 

j^IUttb  (-\)>  f-»  '  protection,' from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  munt,  f., '  protection,  hand' ; 
comp.  AS.  mund,  '  hand,  protection,'  OIc. 
mund,  f.,  'hand' ;  the  Du.  term  still  exists 
in  mond-baar  with  the  variant  momber, 
'  guardian,'  OSax.  mundboro,  AS.  mundbora, 
OHG.  muntboro,  MidHG.  muntbor,  m., 
'  protector,  tutor ' ;  comp.  also  QJcvmimb  and 
SWituM.  SWuttt)  is  certainly  not  connected 
with  Lat.  mtinire  (with  regard  to  ti,  from 
Aryan  ai,  comp.  moenia),  but  is  probably 
derived  from  a  root  cognate  with  that  of 
Lat.  ma»us,  '  hand.' 

jJtlunbel,  m.  and  f.,  'ward,  minor,' 
ModHG.  only ;  in  MidHG.  mundelinc, 
'ward'  and  '■guardian.'  A  derivative  of 
SWitnb  (2). 

rnfinbijj,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
miindec.  adj.,  *  of  age,'  from  SKunb  (2). 

tttun&eitt,  vb.,  'to  whisper  secretly,' 
ModHG.  only ;  from  the  Teut.  root  munk, 
mUk.    See  mtufyeU. 

^iluitflctr,  n.  and  m.,  '  minster,  cathe- 
dral,' from  MidHG.  munster,  OHG.  munu- 
stiri,  munislri,  n.,  prop.  '  monastery,,  con- 
vent '  (OHG.),  then  (MidHG.)  '  monastery 
or  convent  church,  collegiate  church, 
cathedral' ;  comp.  AS.  mynster,  E.  minster. 
Formed  from  Lat.  and  Gr.  monaster •turn, 
'  monastery,'  whence  also  ModFh  moutier, 
'  monastery,  convent '  (comp.  also  Olr. 
munter,  manister,  as  well  as  OSlov.  mona- 
styrX,  'monastery').  Mid  Lat.  monasleria 
were  orig.  celiac  in  quibus  unicus  degit 
monachus,  then  generally  l monastery,' 
finally  '  cathedral,'  quod plerisque  in  ecclesiis 
cathedralibus  monachi,  non  ut  hodie  cano- 
riici,  olim  sacra  munera  obirent  (this  signifi- 
cation is  found  even  towards  the  end  of 
the  11th  cent).  SRctidj  was  borrowed  at 
the  same  period  as  SKunfler ;  comp.  9lbt  and 
$rcbjl. 

muttfer,  adj.,  'cheerful,  lively,  brisk,' 
from  MidHG.  murder,  munder,  OHG. 
muntar,  adj.,  '  fresh,  lively,  zealous,  wake- 
ful';  probably  allied  to  Goth,  mundrei,  f.f 
'  aim,'  and  mund&n,  vb.,  '  to  fix  one's  eyes 
upon,'  so  that  '  striving '  is  the  orig.  mean- 
ing of  the  adj.  It  is  also  primit.  allied  to 
OSlov.  maxlru, '  wise,'  Lith.  mundrAs,  man- 
drils, '  cheerful.'  Moreover,  OHG.  muntar 
may  also  be  connected  with  OHG.  m^nden, 


OSax.  meridian,  '  to  rejoice '  (Teut.  root 
man  J)). 

purine  (1.),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
miiwie,  OHG.  muniya,  f.,  '  coin.'  The 
word  was  adopted  in  West  Teut.  previous 
to  the  II G.  permutation,  probably  even  be- 
fore the  time  of  Tacitus,  from  Lat.  monita, 
'  coin,  money' ;  comp.  AS.  mynet,  E. mint, 
Du.  munt.  Lat.  monSta,  on  its  adoption, 
was  probably  pronounced,  with  a  Teut. 
accent,  m6n£ta;  $  passed  into  t  and  6  into 
ii,  later  it;  mdnita  is  the  initial  stage  of 
OHG.  munty^a.  That  Lat.  words  were 
introduced  with  Lat.  money  (Tacit.  Germ. 
5)  is  antecedently  probable.    Comp.  *Pfnnb. 

j&Ifinae  (2.),  f.,  equiv.  to  SKtttje. 

mixvbe,  adj.,  'tender,'  from  MidHG. 
miirwe,  miir,  OHG.  muruwi,  murm,  adj., 
'  tender,  mellow '  ;  also,  with  the  same 
sense,  OHG.  marawi,  maro,  MidHG.  mar 
(inflect,  marwer),  AS.  mearu.  The  root 
mar  appears  further  in  Gr.  napaLvu,  'to 
cause  to  wither,'  Sans,  mid, '  to  fade ' ;  also 
in  Olr.  meirb,  '  soft.' 

imtrmcltt,  vb., '  to  murmur,'  from  Mid 
HG.  murmeln,  OIIG.  murmulon,  with  the 
parallel  form  murmurdn,  '  to  murmur, 
grumble';  either  from  Lat.  murmurare, 
or  rather  a  native  onomatopoetic  form. 
See  lmirren. 

■jXUtrmcIfter,  n.,  '  marmot,'  corrupted 
in  late  MidHG.  from  MidHG.  miirmendin, 
n.,  OHG.  murmunti,  n., '  marmot'  (OHG. 
variant  muremunto,  m.).  The  ultimate 
source  of  the  word  is  Lat.  murem  mantis 
(mus  montis,  mus  montanus),  whence  also 
the  corresponding  Ital.  marmotta,  Fr. 
marmotte.  The  OHG.  form  murmunti  is 
extended  by  a  diminut.  suffix. 

murrCtt,  vb.,  '  to  grumble,  mutter,'  first 
occurs  in  early  ModHG.  Allied  to  the 
equiv.  Du.  morren,  AS.  murcnian. 

jJilltS,  n.,  '  pap,  porridge,  confection  of 
fruit,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  muos,  n., 
fr cooked  food,  espec.  pap-like  food;  food, 
meal ' ;  OSax.  and  AS.  m6s,  n.,  '  food.' 
The  assumed  Goth.  *m6sa-,  'food,'  may  be 
connected  with  mati-,  'food,' while  *m6sa- 
may  represent  *m6tta-  with  a  dental  suffix  ; 
iii  that  case  the  root  would  be  Teut.  mat, 
pre-Teut  mdd,  *to  cook,  prepare  food' 
(for  Goth,  mats,  'food,'  see  SWejfet  and 
ntajkn).  To  this  is  allied  ©etniiff,  '  vege- 
tables,' from  MidHG.  gemikse  (OHG.  *gi- 
muosi),  n.,  which  as  a  derivative  presumes 
the  more  general  sense  of  OHG.  muos.  See 
9ttt«teft 


Mus 


(    245    ) 


Mut 


^JTufd)eI,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
muschel,  OHG.  musculo,  f.,  '  mussel,  shell- 
fish.' Borrowed  from  the  equiv.  Lat.  mus- 
culus,  m. 

"§itusfeel,  m.,  '  muscle '  (of  the  body), 
ModHG.  only,  borrowed  from  the  equiv. 
Lat.  museulus. 

tttfi  flett,  anom.  vk,  '  to  be  obliged  ; 
must,'  from  Mid  H  G.  miie%en,  OHG.  muozan, 
pret.  pres.,  '  to  like,  be  able,  be  allowed,  be 
obliged '  (see  SDfitjjc)  ;  comp.  OSax.  motdn, 
Du.  moeten,  '  to  be  obliged  ;  ought,'  AS. 
*motan,  '  to  be  allowed,  be  able,  like,  be 
obliged,'  in  E.  only  the  pret.  must  (AS. 
mfiste,  *  was  obliged ')  has  been  preserved 
with  the  meaning  of  the  pres.  ;  Goth. 
gam6tan,  '  to  take  place,  have  room.'  The 
origin  of  these  cognates  is  doubtful  ;  they 
can  scarcely  be  connected  with  ntcjjen. 

^Tusfeif,  m.  and  n.,  allied  to  SKtttS 
(©emiife),  ■  half  the  stock  of  provisions  left 
on  the  death  of  a  husband,  and  what  re- 
mains thirty  days  later  when  an  inventory 
is  made  ;  one  half  belongs  to  the  widow 
and  the  other  to  the  heirs  "  (Lessing)  ;  the 
share  of  the  widow  is  called  3Rit6tci(.  Even 
in  MidHG.  (in  the  MidG.  of  the  Saxon 
Code)  musteile  for  *muosteile  occurs. 

jJilufler,  n.,  'sample,  model,  paragon,' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  from  the 
equiv.  I  tab  mostra;  comp.  Fr.  montre  (E. 
muster,  Du.  monster),  •  sample.'  Allied  to 
Lat.  monstrare. 

"jJiluBe,  f,  '  leisure,  ease,'  from  MidHG. 
muo^e,  OHG.  muo^a,  f., '  leisure,  ease,  inac- 
tivity,' OHG.  also  'possibility,  suitable 
occasion ' ;  allied  to  the  OTeut.  pret.  pres. 
m6tan  (see  tniiJH'n). — imifjiit,  adj.,  '  at 
leisure,'  from  MidHG.  miieyc,  OHG.  muoy 
$tg,  '  at  leisure,  unemployed.' 

SKttfj  m.,  'courage,  mood,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  muot,  m.,  'sense,  mind, 
spirits,  courage,'  OSax.  mb\l,  '  spirits,  inner 
■elf.  heart,  courage,'  Du.  moed,  m., '  cour- 
age,' AS.  m6d,  n.,  'mind,  spirits,  heart, 
courage,  zeal,'  E.  mood,  Goth,  mdds,  in., 
'anger.'  '  Strong  emotion,  violent  excite- 
ment,' is  the  primary  idea  of  the  common 
Teut.  stem  mdda-,  the  origin  of  which 
cannot  be  traced  with  certainty  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages.  The  usual  deri- 
vation from  the  root  md,  Gr.  pnloftai,  '  to 
drsirt','  is  possible.  Comp.  the  Slav,  root 
mZ  in  siimija  (sumlti),  '  to  venture.' — Mod 
HG.  gtmut  in  toefjfijonut,  from  MidHG. 


wol  gemuot,  '  courageous,'  and  the  simple 
gemuot,  '  minded,  disposed.'  —  ModHG. 
©emut,  •  spirits,  disposition,'  from  MidHG. 
gemikte,  OHG.  gimuoti,  n.,  prop,  a  collective 
of  2J?ut,  '  totality  of  thoughts  and  feelings,' 
MidHG.  also  '  mood,  longing,'  OHG.  '  jov.' 

puffer,  f.,  'mother,'  from  MidHG. 
muoter,  OHG.  muotar,  f.  ;  comp.  OSax. 
mCdar,  Du.  moeder,  AS.  m6dd6r,  mddor ;  E 
mother  (with  th  when  followed  by  er,  as 
in  father,  weather) ;  OIc.  mffier.  The  com- 
mon Teut.  word  for '  mother,'  wanting  only 
in  Goth.,  in  which  aijjei  (comp.  (Sibam)  was 
the  current  term,  just  as  atta  was  used  for 
'  father '  instead  of  fadar.  Teut  mddar, 
'mother,'  from  pre-Teut.  mdtir,  is,  like 
many  other  terms  denoting  degrees  of  re- 
lationship, common  also  to  the  Aryan  lan- 
guages ;  comp.  Ind.  mdtf,  Gr.  M^r^p,  fdirrip, 
Lat.  mdter,  OSlov.  mati,  Olr.  muthir  (Lith. 
mSte,  '  married  woman  ').  It  is  allied  to 
SDhtfyme  and  its  cognates,  as  well  as  to  Gr. 
-  fiala,  '  good  mother '  (as  a  kindly  address). 
Whether  these  words  are  based  on  an 
Aryan  root  md,  meaning  'to  mete  out' 
(2Jhttter,  ' apportioner,  distributor'?),  or  in 
its  OInd.  sense,  '  to  form '  (of  the  embryo 
in  the  womb),  is  uncertain. — jJiTttlfcr- 
ferebs,  'female  crayfish,'  prop,  'a  crayfish 
at  the  period  when  it  casts  its  shell,'  had 
orig.  nothing  to  do  with  2f utter;  it  con- 
tains rather  OHG.  muter,  HG.  SKaufer  (L:ir. 
mUtare).    Comp.  tnaufcnt. 

■jJJTufje,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
miitze,  mutze,  f.,  'cap,  bonnet,'  which  is  a 
shortened  form  of  the  equiv.  armuj,  almu$. 
It  is  derived  from  Mid  Lat  almutia,  ar- 
mutia,  almutium,  prop,  'amictusquo  Can- 
onici  caput  hunierosque  tegebant,'  worn 
also  at  a  later  period  by  laymen  ;  the  de- 
velopment of  meaning  is  similar  to  that 
of  ModHG.  Sttypt.  Mid  Lat  almutia,  the 
origin  of  which  is  entirely  obscure  (al  is 
thought  to  be  the  Arab,  article),  appears 
in  Rom.  Comp.  Fr.  aumusse  or  aumuce, 
'amess'  (fur  cap  worn  by  officials  in 
Roman  Catholic  churches). 

muf-JCtt,  vh.,  'to  dress  up,  adorn' ;  in 
the  sense  of  'to  be  out  of  humour,'  from 
mueffcett,  like  53lh)  from  5Mif},  fdhnajjen  from 
[dmtacfejett ;  but  ModHG.  aufmufcen,  '  to 
throw  in  one's  teeth,  blame,' from  Mi<lll< :. 
■Afmiilzcn,  '  to  dress  up,  adorn,'  MidHG. 
mutzen,  miitzen,  *  to  dress,  adorn.'  Slufinufccn 
thus  means  '  to  puff.' 


Na 


(    246    ) 


Nac 


N. 


tta,  particle,  'well  then!  now  I'  Mod 
HG.  only,  unknown  to  MidHG. ;  scarcely 
identical  with  the  interrog.  particle  na, 
which  Notker  (OHG.)  uses  at  the  end  and 
in  the  middle  of  interrog.  sentences  ex- 
pressed negatively. 

"glabe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  nabe, 
OHG.  naba,  f.,  '  nave  (of  a  wheel) ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  naaf,  oaf,  nave  (see  Oidber, 
flatter),  AS.  na/u,  1'.,  E.  nave,  OIc.  nof,  f., 
all  of  which  have  the  same  meaning  ;  Goth. 
*naba,  f.,  is  by  chance  not  recorded.  Both 
the  word  and  tlieidea  are  O Aryan  (primit. 
form  nobhd)  ;  comp.  OInd.  ndbhi,  f.,  and 
ndbhya,  n., '  nave  (of  a  wheel).'  Undoubt- 
edly the  cognates  discussed  under  9kbd 
with  the  meaning  'navel'  are  primit. 
allied,  the  Ind.  word  vdblii  just  quoted 
also  signifying '  navel,'  as  well  as  Lett,  naba, 
f.,  which  is  exactly  equiv.  in  sound  to  OHG. 
naba.  Hence  Lat.  umbo  (for  *onbo,  *nobo), 
'  boss  (of  a  shield),'  may  also  be  connected 
with  umbilicus, '  navel ' ;  comp.  Gr.  6fuf>a\6s, 
'navel,  boss  (of  a  shield).'  With  regard 
to  the  antiquity  of  the  terms  denoting 
parts  of  a  waggon  see  (Rab,  2ld)fe,  Sunfe,  and 
JDtidjffL 

jJlabel,  m.,  '  navel,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  nabel,  OHG.  nabolo,  m.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  navel,  AS.  nafela,  E.  navel, 
OIc.  najfk,  m., '  navel';  Goth.  *nabala\s  by 
chance  not  recorded.  A  common  Aryan 
word  in  the  primit.  forms  nobhelo-,  onbhelo-; 
comp.  Gr.  6fi<f>a\6s,  Lat.  ximbiltcus  (for 
*unbiltcus,  *nobilicus),  Sans,  ndbhtla,  Olr. 
imbliu,  '  navel.'  These  words  are  primit 
/-  derivatives  of  OAryan  n6bhdt  onbfid, 
'  nave,  navel,'  appearing  in  Stabe.  In  other 
cases  the  OAryan  terms  for  parts  of  the 
body  are  mostly  underived  forms  (see  §erj 
and  Df)t). 

tKaber,  IZl&bcr,  m.,  'auger,  gimlet,' 
fr<~'iii  MidflG.  negber,  wtgcber,  m.,  a  strange 
corruption  (probably  by  connection  with 
Wagcl)  of  nebe-ge*r,  nabe-ger,  m.,  'auger' 
(comp.  (Sffia,).  Corresponding  to  OHG. 
naba-gk,  in.,  'anger,'  lit. 'spear,  pointed 
iron  tool  to  bore  naves,'  also  AS.  nafogdr, 
'auger,'  MidE.  nevag$>;  nauger,  E.  auger 
(with  regard  to  the  apparent  loss  of  an 
initial  n  comp.  E.  adder,  equiv.  to  ModHG. 
Ctter  ;  similarly  Du.  avegaar,  'auger,'  as 
well  as  aaf,  ave,  '  nave  '),  equiv.  to  OLG. 


nabugtr,  Scand.  nafarr,  '  auger.'  An 
OTeut.  compound,  whence  Finn,  napa- 
kaira,  'auger.' 

nacf).  prep.,  'after,  behind,  in  accord- 
ance witli,'  from  MidHG.  ndch,  OHG.  ndh, 
prep., '  after,  near  to,  beside '  ;  comp.  Goth. 
7iShw,  nihwa,  prep.,  'near  to' ;  allied  to  the 
adj.  nai)(,  OHG.  ndh,  Goth,  nehws. 

nad)af)mert,  see  afymcn. 

"jZIadjbar,  m.,  '  neighbour,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ndchgebtir,  OHG.  ndhgibdr, 
ndhgibfro,  in.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  na- 
buur,  AS.  nehhebdr,  m.,  E.  neighbour;  a 
common  West  Teut.  compound,  pointing 
to  Goth.  *nehvcagaMr,  m.  ;  it  signifies  'he 
who  lives  near  to  another.'    Comp.  Saner. 

~gl<xd)etl,  m.,  'boat,  skiff,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  nache,  OHG.  nahho,  in.  ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  naco,  Du.  naak, 
aak  (respecting  the  form  without  n  see 
9tdber),  AS.  naca,  m.  (obsolete  in  later  E.) ; 
OIc.  vgkkve,  m.,  '  boat'  ;  Goth.  *naqa,  m., 
is  by  chance  not  recorded  (see  also  Jitaljn). 
Its  origin  is  obscure  ;  perhaps  Lat.  ndv-is, 
Gr.  vav-s,  Sans,  naus,  are  allied,  Lat.  nav- 
being  changed  to  naq.     Comp.  qiicct 

nad)fd)lagen,  see  ©efd}U<fot. 

jHctcpftc,  m.,  the  superl.  of  nafye  used  as 
a  subst,  'neighbour,  fellow-man'  ;  comp. 
OHG.  ndhisto,  m.,  'neighbour';  in  Goth. 
nShvmndja,  m.,  '  neighbour.' 

"2Iad)t.  f.,  'night,'  from  the  equiv.  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  naht,  f.  ;  corresponding  to 
Goth,  nahts,  OIc.  ndtt,  AS.  neaht,  nilit,  E. 
night,  Du.  nacht,  OSax.  naht,  f. ;  a  com- 
mon OTeut.  naht-,  f.,  from  common  Aryan 
nokt-, '  night'  Comp.  Lat.  nox  (stem  nocti-), 
Gr.  vi)%  (vvkt-),  Sans,  ndkta-,  naktan-,  n , 
ndkti-,  f.,  Lith.  naktis,  OSlov.  noitl.  While 
the  word  'night'  is  common  to  all  the 
Aryan  languages,  they  differ  considerably  in 
the  terms  for '  day ' ;  this  is  due  to  the  tact 
that  time  in  the  primit.  Aryan  period  was 
counted  by  nights  and  not  by  days  ;  relics 
of  this  method  are  seen  in  Safinadn, '  Shrove 
Tuesday,'  ©eifuiacfyteit,  '  Christmas,'  and  E. 
fortnight,  sennight  (comp.  DfUrn  and  Djlen). 
Only  a  few  main  divisions  of  time,  such  as 
SWcnat  and  3abr,  are  widely  diffused. 

^lacbjigall,  f.,  'nightingale,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  nahtegal,  OHG.  nahte-gala, 
f. ;  a  term  common  to  the  West  Teut.  lan- 
guages for  '  luscinia/  prop.  '  singer  in  the 


Nac 


(    247    ) 


Nah 


night '  (allied  to  OTeut.  galan,  ■  to  sing ')  ; 
OSax.  nahtigala,  Du.  nachtegaal,  AS.  nih- 
tegale,  E.  nightingale. 

^Todtcn,  m.,  'nape,'  from  MidHG. 
nacke,  nac  (gen.  -ekes),  m.,  '  bind  part  of 
the  head,  nape,'  OHG.  nac  hnac  (cch),  m.  ; 
comp.  Du.  nek,  AS.  hnecca,  m., '  neck,  nape,' 
E.  neck,  OIc.  hnakke,  m.,  '  hind  part  of  the 
head '  (Goth.  *hnahka,  *hnikka,  is  wanting). 
In  Suab.  and  Franc.  9lnfe  or  ©enicf  is  mostly 
used,  and  in  Bav.  ©etuicf  (the  Bav.  mean- 
ing of  nacken, '  bone,'  is  remarkable).  The 
graded  form  with  e  (AS.  hnecca)  parallel 
to  a-o  is  ])re8erved  by  ModHG.  in  ©enicf  ; 
E.  nape  (AS.  Imajia  f)  seems  to  be  a  cor- 
responding form  with  a  medial  labial.  In 
the  non-Tent,  languages  the  word  may 
be  cognate  with  Olr.  cnocc,  OBret.  cnoch, 
'  hill,  elevation '  (stem  cnocco-). 

nacht,  nocheno,  adj.,  'naked,  bare, 
nude,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  nackd, 
nackent,  OHG.  vacchut,  nahhut,  adj. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  naakt,  AS.  nacod,  E. 
naked,  OIc.  ngkkverftr,  Goth,  naqafrs,  with 
the  same  meaning  ;  a  partic.  derivative 
(see  fait)  naqe-do  from  pre-Teut.  nogeto- 
(Olr.  nocht,  '  naked,'  from  the  prim,  form 
nokto-).  In  Ind.  the  form  nagnd  occurs 
with  a  particip.  na  for  ta;  OSlov.  nagu, 
Lith.  nvgas,  '  naked,'  are  funned  without 
a  suffix.  Nothing  further  is  known  con- 
cerning the  Aryan  root  nog  (allied  to  Lat. 
n&dus  for  *novdus,  *nogvidus  i),  which  has 
a  bearing  on  the  history  of  civilisation, 
since  it  implies  the  correlative '  non-naked,' 
i.e.  '  clad,'  and  thus  assumes  that  a  sort  of 
dress  was  worn  in  the  primit.  Aryan  period. 
See  also  bar. 

jJTooel,  f.,  'needle/  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  nddel,  OHG.  nddal,  nddala,  f. ;  cor- 
responding to  Gotli.  nfyla,  OIc.  mil,  AS. 
nitidl,  f.,  E.  needle,  Du.  naald,  OSax.  nddlu. 
A  common  Teut.  form  for  '  needle,'  with 
the  suffix  }>16-  (tld-),  from  the  root  ni  (SRafccl, 
lit.  'an  instrument  for  sewing'), appearing 
in  ModHG.  uafyeii. 

2uutel,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
nagel,  OHG.  nagal,  f.,  'nail' ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  nayaly  Du.  nagel,  AS.  nagel, 
E.  nail,  OIc.  nagl,  'nail';  Goth.  *nagls 
may  be  deduced  from  the  recorded  vb. 
nagljan,  '  to  nail.'  The  West  Teut.  words 
have  mostly  the  double  sense  *  nail  of  the 
finger  or  toe'  and  'wooden,  iron  nail.' 
The  former  meaning,  in  accordance  with 
the  corresponding  words  in  the  other  Aryan 
languages,  is  the  original  one  (in  OIc.  there 


is  a  distinction  between  nagl, '  finger-nail,' 
and  nagle,  '  wooden,  iron  nail ').  Teut. 
naglo-  originated  in  Aryan  noghlo-,  or 
rather  nokhld-;  comp.  OInd.  nakhd,  m.  and 
n.,  '  finger  or  toe  nail,  claw  of  birds,'  Gr. 
6vvx-  (noin.  6t>v£),  'claw,  talon,  hoof,' then 
also  '  hook,'  Lat.  unguis,  '  claw,  talon,' 
OSlov.  nogutl,  'nail,  claw'  (from  OSlov. 
noga,  f., '  loot ') ;  Lith.  ndgas, '  finger-nail,' 
nagd,  '  horse's  hoof.'  The  root  nokh,  nogh, 
is  unknown  ;  it  must  not  be  sought  for  in 
nacjen,  the  root  of  which  was  rather  pre- 
Teut.  glmagh.     See  9lelfe. 

ttCtcjCtt,  vb.,  'to  gnaw,  nibble,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  nagen,  OHG.  nagan,  with 
the  earlier  variant  gnagan;  comp.  OSax. 
and  AS.  gnagan,  E.  to  gnaw,  OIc.  gnaga, '  to 
gnaw.'  There  are  also  forms  with  initial 
k  instead  of  g,  Du.  knagen,  OLG.  cnagan, 
likewise  HG.  chnagan,  'to  gnaw' ;  the  form 
nao,en  originated  in  cutagen.  To  the  Teut. 
root  gnag,  knag,  no  correspondences  have 
been  found  as  yet  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages. 

nctf),  adj.,  'near,  impending,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ndch  (inflect,  ndher),  OHG.  ndh  (in- 
flect, ndher),  adj.,  'near';  corresponding 
to  OSax.  ndh,  LG.  and  Du.  na,  AS.  ncdh, 
E.  nigh,  adj.  (whence  the  comp.  AS.  nedr, 
adv.,  E.  near;  superl.  next,  E.  next);  OIc. 
ndr,  Goth,  nihws,  '  near.'  To  the  Goth, 
stem  nShwa-  (for  further  derivatives  see 
under  SJlacfcrctr  and  nacfo)  we  should  have 
expected  neko-,  neqe-,  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages, but  they  do  not  occur.  Gr.  iyyis, 
'  near,'  is  no  more  equiv.  in  sound  to  jialjt 
than  Sans.  ndhuSa,  'neighbouring.' — no  Ik. 
adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ndhe,  OHG. 
ndho,  adv.,  'near,  nearly.' — "2IoIk.  f., 
'nearness,  proximity,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  nahe,  OHG.  ndhi,  f. ;  an  abstract  of 
the  adj.  ndh. 

nafjen,  vb., 'to  sew,  stitch,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  najen,  OHG.  vdjan;  cor- 
responding only  to  Du.  naaijen ;  Goth. 
*naian  is  wanting,  neither  is  the  word 
found  in  the  other  Teut.  languages.  The 
verbal  stem  ni  contained  in  ndljcn  was  at 
one  time  more  widely  diffused  in  the  Teut. 
group,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  com- 
mon Teut.  91atcl  (nt}>l6-) ;  comp.  farther 
9ial)t.  In  the  non-Teut.  languages  a  root 
nS,  '  to  spin,'  is  found,  which  is  usually 
connected  with  the  root  of  nalun  ;  comp. 
Lat.  neo,  Gr.  »iu,  '  I  spin,'  ^m*.  '  thread,' 
vrjrpov, '  spindle ' ;  to  this  is  allied  a  root  end 
in  Olr.  tn&the,  'thread,'  sndthat,  'needle' 


Nah 


(    248    ) 


Nus 


(comp.  Sdnuu).  The  cognates  were  pro- 
bably borrowed  in  pre-historic  times  by- 
one  tribe  from  another  (comp.  mafitcit),  bo 
that  ndfycu  may  not  be  a  genuine  Tent. 
word. 

naf)r-  in  iialjrtjaft,  from  MidHG.  nar, 
OHG.  nam,,  f.,  'rescue,  maintaining,  sus- 
tenance.' To  this  is  allied  the  derivative 
12Ial)rmt8,  f.,  '  nourishment,  food,'  from 
MidHG.  narunge,  f.,  maintenance,  nour- 
ishment ' ;  allied  to  ndfjrcit. 

ttclfjrcn,  vb.,  '  to  nourish,  support,  fos- 
ter,' from  MidHG.  nei-n,  nerigen,  OHG. 
neren,  verianj  prop,  causative  of  gciufcit, 
hence  '  to  cause  to  recover,  make  healthy, 
heal,  rescue,  keep  alive.'  The  modern 
sense  is  found  as  early  as  MidHG.  The 
word  corresponds  to  OSax.  nerian,  AS. 
nerigan,  Goth,  nasjan,  '  to  rescue.'  The 
change  of  s  (for  z)  to  West  Teut.  and 
Scant  1.  r  at  the  end  of  the  stem  in  causa- 
tive vbs.  is  normal  (comp.  (e(}ren) ;  allied 
to  OIc.  nivm.    See  naljrfyaft  and  gcnefcu. 

"jJTafjf,  f.,  'seam,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  ndt,  f.  ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  trnad.  Allied  to  tidfjen,  root  nS  (Goth. 
*n^f>s),  and  to  OHG.  ndtdri,  ndteri,  Mid 
HG.  ndlwre,  m.,  'sewer,  tailor,'  of  which 
the  fern,  form  is  MidHG.  ndtorrin,  Mod 
HG.  91d(;tcrtn.     See  91abel  and  ndtjcn. 

naiv>,  adj.,  '  naive,  artless,'  borrowed  m 
the  last  cent,  from  Fr.  naif. 

"glante,  m., '  name,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  name,  OHG.  namo,  m.  This  word,  to 
which  there  are  corresponding  terms  in  all 
the  Teut.  and  Aryan  languages,  is  of  the 
greatest  antiquity,  and  is  most  widely  dif- 
fused. Comp.  OSax.  namo,  Du.  naam,  AS. 
ngma,  nama,  m.,  E.  name;  Goth,  nam/),  n. 
OIc.  nafn,  n.  (for  namn),  'name';  equiv. 
to  the  corresponding  Sans,  naman-,  Gr. 
6-voaa,  Lat.  numen,  OSlov.  ime,,  n.  (from 
*tn-men,  *n-men),  Pruss.  emmens,  Olr. 
ainm.  The  Aryan  primit.  form  may  have 
been  nomen-.  Aryan  ndmen  is  indicated 
by  MidHG.  benuomen  and  Du.  noemen,  '  to 
name,'  yet  the  OSlov.  and  Olr.  words  pre- 
sent some  phonetic  difficulties.  Formerly 
Gr.  tvo\ua.  and  Lat.  ndmen  were  derived 
from  the  root  yvu-,  gnS-,  'to  recognise' 
comp.  E.  to  know,  see  fciutra),  so  that 
Aryan  nOmen  would  represent  gn&men, 
and  have  orig.  signified  'means  of  recogni- 
tion' ;  this  view  wants  phonetic  confirma- 
tion. Others  derive  9Jame  from  the  root 
nem  in  netjmcn,  so  that  the  word  would 
mean  '  that  which  is  accepted,'  which  is 


likewise  improbable  ;  see  further  ucuiicit 
and  ndmlicf). 

"glapf,  m.,  '  bowl,  basin,'  from  MidHG. 
naff,  OHG.  naff,  for  an  earlier  hnapf,  in., 
'goblet,  dish';  corresponding  to  MidLG. 
and  Du.  nap,  '  bowl,'  AS.  hnwp  (gen. 
hn&ppes),  '  goblet.'  Of  obscure  origin. 
The  Teut.  cognates  passed  into  Bom.  ; 
comp.  Ital.  nappo,  Fr.  hanap,  'goblet.' 

"^tarbc,  f.  (apparently  hardly  known 
in  UpG.),  'scar,'  from  the  equiv.  MidllG. 
narwe,  late  OHG.  ncurwa,  f.,  lit.  '  narrow- 
ness, contraction ' ;  a  fern,  subst.  from  the 
adj.  narica-  (OSax.  naru,  AS.  nearu,  E. 
narrow), '  narrow '  (comp.  Slcfiruna,).  Comp. 
in  the  non-Teut.  languages,  Litb.  ner-ti, 
'  to  thread  (a  needle),'  narvd,  '  cell  of  the 
queen-bee.' 

jHctrbe,  f.  *  nard,  spikenard,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  narde,  OHG.  narda,  f.  ; 
formed  from  Gr.  and  Lat.  vdpdos,  nardus,  in- 
troduced also  through  the  translation  of 
the  Bible  into  other  languages. 

"glarr,  m.,  'fool,'  from  MidHG.  and 
MidLG.  narre,  m.,  'simpleton,  fool,'  OHG. 
narro,  in.,  'madman ';  a  word  peculiar  to  G., 
the  origin  of  which  is  totally  obscure.  The 
derivation  from  Mid  Lat.  ndrio,  'sneerer, 
scoffer,  subsannans,'  is  not  satisfactory, 
since  the  Lat.  word  would  be  represented 
by  a  different  form  in  G.  ;  moreover,  there 
is  no  reason,  as  far  as  the  meaning  is 
concerned,  to  suppose  that  the  word  was 
borrowed  (see  ©auflev).  Allied  to  OHG. 
snurring,  MidHG.  sniirrine,  'buffoon,  fool '  ?. 

IJlcmtml,  m.,  'sea-unicorn,'  ModHG. 
only,  borrowed  from  Dan.  and  Swed. 
narhval  (equiv.  to  OIc.  nd-hvalr),  whence 
also  E.  nanoal.  The  origin  of  these  cog- 
nates, introduced  from  the  North,  is  obscure. 
See  ©alfiify 

nafcrjcn,  vb^,  'to  pilfer  dainties,'  from 
MidllG.  naschen^  OHG.  nascOn,  'to  par- 
take of  dainties,  pilfer  dainties';  for 
*hnasMn,  allied  to  Goth,  hnasqu*,  '  soft, 
tender,'  AS.  hnesfa,  'soft,  tender,'  E.  nesh  ?. 

jZlafc,  f.,  'nose,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  nasc,  OlIG.  nasa,  f.  ;  corresponding 
terms  occur  in  the  other  Teut.  languages, 
but  Goth.  *)iasa  is  by  chance  not  record  t-d. 
OIc.  ngs,  f.  (for  nasu,  nasd) ;  AS.  (with 
gradation  0,  a)  nosu,  nasu,  E.  nose  (the  form 
with  a  in  the  stem  appears  in  numerous 
AS.  compounds  as  noes-),  Du.  neus.  Like 
other  terms  for  parts  of  the  body,  this  too 
is  common  Aryan  (see  %u§,  §crj,  Dijr,  9ltcrc, 
3af)lt,  &c.) ;    comp.  Olud.   nasd,   nas,   f., 


Nas 


(    249    ) 


Neh 


OSlov.  nosii,  m.,  Litli.  nosis,  Lat.  ndsus, 
ndres.     See  further  Slujlcrn. 

ttctfj,  adj.,  '  wet,  moist,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  na$,  adj.  ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth.  *nata-,  nom.  *nats,  '  wet ' 
(deduced  from  natjan;  see  lichen);  OSax. 
and  Du.  nat.  Teut.  nata-  can  scarcely  be 
connected  with  Sans.  na-Jt,  L,  'river,'  he- 
cause  the  latter  is  derived  from  a  root  nad, 
'  to  rush,  roar.'  Perhaps  Gr.  porepfc,  '  wet' 
(voriw,  'I  am  wet'),  points,  like  the  Teut. 
cognates,  to  a  root  not,  nod  (com p.  -§ajj  with 
Gr.  k6tos).  Sftcfc  likewise  may  be  primit. 
allied  ;  see  9lcfc  and  tirfcen. — ?lrtf},  n., 
*  humidity,'  from  MidHG.  n«5,  n.,  'fluid,  | 
moistness';  the  adj.  itajj  used  as  a  neut. 
subst. — ~%l&ffe,  f.,  'humidity,  moisture,' 
from  MidHG.  n^y,  OHG.  n^t,  f.  ■,  an 
abstract  from  iiafj. 

]JIaffcr,  f.,  'adder,  viper,  asp,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ndter,  ndtere,  OHG.  ndtara, 
f.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  nddra,  Du. 
adder  (for  nadder ;  see  under  9l<ibt,  9tabfi), 
AS.  nevddre,  E.  adder  (likewise,  with  the 
loss  of  the  initial  n,  see  Dtter).  Goth. 
*n$dro  is  wanting,  the  graded  form  nadrs, 
m., '  adder,'  being  used  ;  OIc.  naoV,  naoVa,  ; 
'adder.'  A  specifically  Teut.  word,  the 
early  history  of  which  is  not  quite  clear  ; 
it  can  scarcely  be  connected  with  Lat. 
natrix,  'water-snake,'  which  belongs  to 
nare,  nalare,  '  to  swim.' 

"pittite,  f., '  barque,'  from  MidHG.  ndwe, 
nance,  f.  and  m , '  small  ship,'  espec.  'ferry- 
boat' ;  not  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  ndvis,  but 
ratlier  borrowed  from  it  in  the  MidHG. 
period.  The  Teut.  cognate  of  Lat.  ndvis, 
Gr.  vtjvs,  Sans,  naus,  is  OIc.  n6r,  '  ship,'  of 
which  we  should  have  expected  the  corre- 
sponding MidHG.  form  *nuowe.  It  is  cer- 
tainly remarkable  that  the  Teut.  primit. 
word  corresponding  to  the  Aryan  terms 
adduced  has  been  preserved  only  in  Scand. 

"gicbel,  m.,  'mist,  fog,  haze,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  nebel,  OHG.  nebulj  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  v'ebal,  m.,  Du.  nevel  (in 
E.  mist;  see  SKifl).  Goth.  *nibls  is  want- 
ing ;  allied  to  the  OIc.  compounds  with 
wjl-,  'darkness,'  to  which  njbl,  'night,'  is 
akin  (comp.  AS.  nifol,  'dark').  OHG. 
nebul,  from  pre-Teut.  nebholo-,  corresponds 
to  Gr.  veQfKy,  'cloud,  mist,'  Gr.  t>£<po$,  n., 
1  cloud,  mist,'  Lat.  nibula, '  mist,'  Sans,  vuli- 
has,  11., '  mist,  cloud,  dampness,'  OSlov.  vebo 
(stem  nebes-),  n.,  '  sky,'  Olr.  nel,  '  cloud.' 

XXCbciX,  adv.  and  prepos.,  '  beside,  along 
with,  in  addition  to,  from  MidHG.  neben, 


shortened  form  of  eneben,  OHG.  neben,  iu- 
iben,  'beside'^  as  a  compound  of  in  and 
cbett  it  signifies  lit.  'in  the  same  line  with,' 
similarly  AS.  on  efn,  on  emn,  'alongside.' 
Comp.  the  following  word. 

nebft ,  prep.,  'along  with,  together  with,' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  with  the 
variant  ltefcenjt.  Borrowed  from  Du.,  in 
which  nevens,  'near  to,'  occurs,  which  is 
etyinologically  equiv.  to  neben. 

necnen,  vb.,  4to  tease,  banter,'  from 
MidHG.  (MidG.)  necken, '  to  excite  the  ap- 
petite,' to  which  is  allied  MidHG.  (MidG.) 
nathuft,  'malicious,  crafty,'  nac-heit,  'ma- 
lice, cunning';  not  found  in  OHG.  Of 
obscure  origin.     See  @d)abeutacf. 

jJTcffe,  in.  (with  abnormal  ff),  'nephew,' 
from  MidHG.  neve,  OHG.  nSvo,  m. ;  orig. 
existing  in  all  the  OTeut.  dials,  (now  ob- 
solete in  Suab.  and  Bav.).  The  meaning 
in  the  older  languages  was  not  so  definite  as 
at  present ;  MidHG.  neve,  most  frequently 
means  '  sister's  son,'  also  more  rarely 
'  brother's  son,'  likewise  '  uncle,'  then 
generally  'relative' ;  Du.  neef,  'grandson, 
nephew,  cousin,'  AS.  nefa,  'grandson, 
nephew  '  (E.  nephew  is  based  on  Fr.  neveu), 
OIc.  nefe,  m.,  '  relative.'  Goth.  *nifa,  m., 
is  by  chance  not  recorded.  The  cognates 
are  primitive  and  common  to  the  Aryan 
group  ;  Teut.  *nef6d,  nom.  sing,  (of  which 
there  is  a  fern,  form  niflt;  see  91td)tc),  from 
pre-Teut.  nepSt,  appears  in  Ind.  ndpdt 
(stem  ndptr),  'descendant,  son,  grandson,' 
Lat.  nepos,  'grandson,'  Gr.  dve^tis,  'first 
cousin,'  viiroSes,  '  brood,'  Olr.  nia,  '  sister's 
son.'  With  regard  to  the  fluctuation  of 
meaning  see  93vaut,  Cljcim,  3kttcv,  and 
@d)n>aflcr. 

ncl)incn,  vb.,  '  to  take,  accept,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  ritmen,  OHG.  nemau ; 
a  common  Teut.  str.  vb.  with  the  same 
signification  throughout  the  group  ;  comp. 
Goth.,  OSax.,  and  AS.  niman,  OIc.  nema. 
The  most  nearly  allied  111  sense  to  these 
are  Lat.  emere  and  Olr.  m  (OSlov.  imq.  ?), 
1  to  take,'  with  which  nctjntcti  is  connected 
in  sound  if  its  initial  n  is  the  relic  of  a 
particle.  OTeut.  neman  may,  however,  be 
compared  more  probably  with  Gr.  vtnw, 
'  to  distribute,  pasture'  (trans. \  rfnos  (rd/iot), 
'  pasturage,'  equiv.  to  Lat.  nemus,  '  grove,' 
Gr.  v6/iios,  '  law,'  in  which  case  it  is  especi- 
ally connected  with  the  mid.  vb.  viiitaJ^ai, 
'to  distribute  among  themselves,  possess, 
consider  as,  hold.' 

12Tcf)runrt,  f->  'a  long  narrow  strip  of 


Nei 


(     250    ) 


Nes 


land  separating  a  Haff  from  the  sea,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.,  allied  to  MidHG.  (14ih 
cent.)  Nerge, '  Kurische  Nehrung' :  "since 
Nehrung  is  a  narrow  strip  of  land,  it  may 
be  derived  from  OSax.  nam,  '  narrow.' " 
See  9iarbe. 

"2Icib,  m., ' envy,  grudge,'  from  MidHG. 
nit  (gen.  ntdes),  m.,  'hostile  disposition, 
warlike  fury,  grudge,  jealousy, envy,'  OHG. 
ntd,  m.,  '  hatred,  anger,  envy.'  It  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  nttS,  111.,  'zeal,  hostile  con- 
flict, hatred,'  Du.  nijd,  in.,  '  envy,'  AS.  ntp, 
m.,  '  endeavour,  effort,  hostility  '  (obsolete 
in  E.).  In  East  Teut.  the  corresponding 
word  is  neut.,  Goth.  nei/>,  n.,  'envy,'  OIc. 
ntS,  n.,  'disgrace,  opprobrious  term.'  Teut. 
*nij>a-,  connected  with  Lat.  nltor, '  to  exert 
oneself'?.' — ISTcionaflcl,  see  Ditet. 

XlClQext,  vb., '  to  tilt,  bend,  incline,'  from 
MidHG.  n'igen,  str.  vb.,  'to  bow,'  and 
neigen,  wk.  vb.,  'to  cause  to  bow,  humi- 
liate, lower' ;  OHG.  nigan,  from  hntgan, 
str.  vb.,  '  to  bow,'  and  neigen,  wk.  vb.,  '  to 
incline,  bend.'  It  corresponds  to  OSax. 
hntgan,  hnigian,  AS.  hnigan,  hn&gan,  Goth. 
hneiwan,  vb.,  '  to  bow,  sink,'  hnaiwjan, 
vb.,  '  to  humiliate,  bend '  (for  *hneigwan, 
*hnaigvyan) ;  the  wk.  vb.  is  the  causative 
of  the  str.  vb.  The  Teut.  root  hnigw,  from 
pre-Teut.  kntgh  (or  rather  knlq  ?),  is  un- 
certain in  the  other  Aryan  languages. 
Perhaps  Lat.  co-niveo,  nico,  nicto,  '  to  wink, 
nod,'  are  connected  with  the  Teut.  cog- 
nates. 

ncitt,  adv.,  'no,' from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  nein  (negative  adv.) ;  so  too 
OSax.  nSn  (in  the  Heliand), '  no' ;  derived 
from  the  Gotli.  adv.  of  negation  ni,  OHG. 
ni,  MidHG.  en-ne  (which  also  appears  in 
the  n  of  nid)t,  nie,  and  nirgenb),  and  the 
neut.  of  the  indefinite  article  OHG.,  Mid 
HG.,  and  ModHG.  ein,  equiv.  to  Goth. 
ains ;  neut  is  therefore  'not  one'  (comp. 
nidjtiJ,  meaning  '  not  something ').  The 
approximate  source  of  E.  no  is  the  equiv. 
AS.  nd  (OIc.  nei),  in  Goth,  ni,  'no.'  The 
Goth,  negative  ni,  etymologically  cognate 
with  mts  and  efyne,  belongs  to  the  same 
class  as  Gr.  yy  {e.g.  nj-KepSfy,  '  unprofit- 
able '),  Lat.  ni  (in  ne~fas)  and  nE. '  not,  lest, 
in  order  that  not,'  Sans,  na,  OSIov.  ne, 
'  not,'  Lith.  ne,  '  not.' 

indite,  f.,  '  pink  carnation,'  a  LG.  form 
for  9tdgeld)ett  (LG.  negelkin),  n.  ;  in  Mid 
HG.  negelltn,  n., '  clove.'  Comp.  Ic.  negull, 
111.,  '  clove,'  Du.  nagelbloem,  '  carnation.' 

ncmtert,  vb., '  to  name,'  from  the  equiv. 


MidHG.  and  OHG.  nennen  (also  nemmen)  ; 
originated  in  namnjan  by  the  assimilation 
of  mn ;  a  verbal  noun  from  JRame  (OHG. 
namo).  Comp.  Goth,  namnjan  from  namd, 
AS.  nam  an,  wk.  vb.,  equiv.  to  E.  to  name 
(AS.  also  nemnan,  equiv.  to  OSax. vemnian). 
See  9lame  and  the  remarks  there  on  Du. 
noemen,  '  to  name.' 

nergeln,  norgefn,  vb.,  'to  grumble, 
growl,'  ModHG.  only,  of  obscure  origin  ; 
in  Bav.  the  vb.  signifies  'to  speak  indis- 
tinctly '  (espec.  in  a  guttural  fashion  or 
through  the  nose).  Allied  perhaps  to  Du. 
nurken,  '  to  grumble,  growl '  I. 

jJlert),  m., 'nerve, sinew,' ModHG.  only, 
from  Lat.  nervus. 

"^Icffcl,  f.,  '  nettle,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  «£33«/,  OHG.  netfila,  f. ;  correspond- 
ing to  MidLG.  and  Du.  netel,  AS.  netele,  {., 
E.  nettle j  allied  to  earlier  OHG.  equiv. 
na53a  (tne  same  as  Ic.  ngtrl),  'nettle.' 
Gotii.  *natm,  f.,  and  *natil6,  f.,  '  nettle,' 
are  by  chance  not  recorded.  Since  the 
HG.  word  can  never  have  had  an  initial  h 
before  the  n,  Gr.  Kvt8rj,  '  stinging  nettle,' 
cannot  be  regarded  as  a  cognate.  The 
word  has  more  correctly  been  connected 
with  the  common  Teut.  Diefc  (Goth,  nati), 
on  the  assumption  that  nets  in  early  times 
were  made  of  nettle-threads.  Further  cog- 
nates are  wanting.  The  term  has  also  been 
compared  with  Pruss.  noatis,  Lith.  notere, 
and  Olr.  nenaid. 

'gleft,  n.,  '  nest,  haunt,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  nest,  11.,  '  nest,  resting-place  for 
birds  and  also  for  Backing  animals';  cor- 
responding to  MidLG.,  Du.,  AS.,  and  E. 
nest;  Goth.  *nis(a-  is  wanting.  The  cog- 
nates are  primit. ;  the  OTeut.  form  pre- 
vious to  the  permutation  of  consonants 
was  nizdo-,  which  is  indicated  likewise  by 
Sans,  ntda-s,  '  lair  of  animals,'  also  'dwell- 
ing,' as  well  as  by  Olr.  net,  '  nest,'  Lat. 
nidus,  '  nest,'  for  *nizdus  (Lith.  llzdas  and 
Slav,  gnizdo,  '  nest,'  are  abnormal).  The 
form  nizdo-  is  prop,  a  compound  of  the 
root  sed, '  to  sit,  seat  oneself,'  and  the  verbal 
particle  ni  preserved  in  Sans,  (see  niefcer) ; 
nizdo-,  from  ni-sed6-,  therefore  means  lit. 
'  place  of  settling' ;  comp.  Sans,  ni-sad, '  to 
sit  down,  settle.'  In  Lat.  and  Teut.  nidus 
and  nest  assumed  the  special  meaning 
'  bird's  nest ' ;  similarly  in  Scand.  a  general 
word  for  'couch'  (Gr.  koItv)  was  restricted  to 
a  bear's  haunt  (OIc.  hip  ;  it  belongs,  like 
Gr.  Kolnj,  Ktlfiai,  to  the  Aryan  root  pi,  '  to 
lie').     The  Goth,  term  for  'nest 'is  sitl, 


Nes 


(    251    ) 


Nie 


lit.  '  seat,'  which  therefore  is  of  a  cognate 
root  with  Steft. 

Igeftel,  f.  and  m.,  '  lace,'  from  MidHG. 
nestel,  t,  OHG.  n$stilo,  m.,  nestila,  f., '  knot 
of  ribbons,  bow,  lace  (for  stays,  &c),  ban- 
dage'; allied  to  MidLG.  and  J)u.  nestel, 
' girdle,  lace,'  OIc.  nist,  niste,  n.,  'stitching 
needle,'  and  witli  further  gradation  OHG. 
nusta,  f.,  '  tying  together,'  as  well  as  nuska, 
MidHG.  niische,  'clasp  of  a  cloak.'  If  st 
and  sk  in  these  words  be  regarded  as  a  part 
of  the  derivative,  they  may  be  compared 
with  Lat.  necto,  'to  join'  (and  the  Sans, 
root  nah,  'to  connect'?).  OHG.  nestilo 
(Goth.  *nastila)  has  also  been  connected 
with  Lat.  nddus  (for  *nozdus,  like  nidus 
from  *nizdus;  see  9icfl).  The  form  *nastila 
passed  into  Rom.  ;  comp.  Ital.  nastro,  'silk 
ribbon.' 

neti,  adj., '  neat,  nice,  pretty,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.  ;  from  Du.  and  Fr.  net 
(Lat.  nitidus). 

jJJleffl,  n.,  'net,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
netze,  OHG.  n%zzi,  n.  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  net  (and  nqtti),  n.,  Du.,  AS.,  and  E. 
net,  Goth,  nati,  OIc.  mt,  n.,  'net'  ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  term,  to  which  the  graded Scand. 
not,  '  large  net,'  is  allied.  The  etymology 
is  obscure ;  it  is  scarcely  allied  to  itafj, 
Teut.  *nata-;  it  is  rather  connected  with 
Stefffl,  with  which  it  may  be  based  on  a 
pre-Teut.  root  nad, '  to  sew,  knit.'  Comp. 
also  Lat.  nassa,  '  creel,  net.' 

ttefflCtt,  vb.,  'to  wet,  moisten,'  from 
MidHG. n$tzen,  OHG.n$zzen  (Goth,  naijan), 
*  to  wet' ;  a  verbal  noun  from  na£. 

VtClt,  adj.,  •  new,  fresh,  modern,  novel,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  niuwe,  niu,  OHG. 
niuui.  Corresponding  forms  exist  in  the 
Teut.  and  Aryan  group  ;  Goth,  niujis,  OIc. 
nyr,  AS.  niice,  E.  new,  Du.  nieuw,  OSax. 
niuwi.  Teut.  niuja,  from  pre-Teut.  nev/go-, 
appears  also  in  Sans,  ndvyas  (and  ndvas), 
Lith.  naujas  (OSlov.  novu,  Lat.  novus,  Gr. 
»^o$).  The  prim,  meaning  of  this  primit. 
Aryan  neujo-,  newo,  cannot  be  determined 
with  certainty  ;  it  is  probably  connected 
with  the  O Aryan  panicle  nil,  'now,'  so 
what  was  new  was  regarded  as  '  that  which 
has  just  come  into  being'  (comp.  nun).  Its 
relation  to  the  following  word  is  very 
doubtful. 

noun,  num.,  'nine,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  nian;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  niun,  '  nine,'  OSax.  nigun,  Du. 
negen,  AS.  nigun,  E.  nine,  OIc.  niu  (all 
these  represent  *nijun1)  ;  a  common  Aryan 


numeral,  like  all  the  units.  Comp.  Sans. 
ndvan,  Lat.  novem,  Gr.  iwia,  Olr.  noi.  It 
has  been  supposed  that  the  common  Aryan 
word  for  neun  (neum)  is  derived  from  lieu 
(neivos), '  nine '  being  regarded  as  the  *  new 
number'  of  the  third  tetrad  ;  the  system 
of  reckoning  by  fours  must  be  assumed  as 
the  oldest  in  the  Aryan  language*,  since 
the  numeral  acfyr,  '  eight,'  is  a  dual  form. 

tticfjf ,  particle, '  not,'  from  MidHG.  niht, 
pronom.  subst.,  'nothing,'  OHG.  niwiht, 
neouiht,  'not';  it  is  used  even  in  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  to  strengthen  the  negative  ni, 
en.  In  the  12th  cent,  this  negative  begins 
to  be  omitted,  and  towards  the  end  of  the 
15th  cent,  it  entirely  disappears,  its  place 
being  taken  by  ntcfot.  In  ju  ntd>te  macr/ett, 
'  to  bring  to  nought,  ruin,'  and  mit  ntcfcten, 
'  by  no  means,'  lttcr/t  is  still  used  a*  a  subst. 
(see  9Utte).  OHG.  neowiht  is  a  compound 
from  ni  eo  wild,  'never  a  whit'  (comp. 
Sffiidjt) ;  so  OSax.  neowiht,  Du.  niet,  AS. 
ndwiht,  nduht,  E.  not  and  naught ;  Goth. 
ni  waihts,  '  nothing,'  ni  walhtai,  '  by  no 
means.'    See  lteiit,  nie,  tn?d),  and  nur. 

"gltd)fe,  f.,  'niece,'  Mod II G.  only  (un- 
known to  UpG.  dialects  in  which  Safe  is 
used),  from  LG.  nicht,  in  MidHG.  niftel, 
OHG.7n/Wa,f.(dimin.of  OKG.nift);  comp. 
AS.  nift,  OIc.  nipt.  These  are  fern,  forms 
of  9lcffe,  pointing  to  Goth.  *nifti,  pre-Teut. 
nepti,  f.,  from  nepdt,  m.  The  meaning  of 
9ttd)te  fluctuates  as  in  the  case  of  Dlejfe ; 
MidHG,  niftel, '  niece,  mother's  sister,  first 
cousin,'  OIc.  n>pt,  'sister's  daughter,  niece,' 
OHG.  nift,  '  neptis  privigna.'  Comp.  also 
Lat.  neptis,  'granddaughter,'  with  nepos; 
Sans,  napti,  f.,  'daughter,  granddaughter,' 
with  ndpdt. 

Utcfjfc,  pronom.  subst.,  'nothing,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  in  MidHG.  niht.  It  originated 
from  MidHG.  nHUes  niht,  an  emphatic 
form  of  the  simple  niht,  which  was  ulti- 
mately omitted  ;  the  ModHG.  dial,  form 
nichtst  is  probably  based  directly  on  the 
MidHG.  phrase,  which  in  late  MidHG. 
appears  as  nihtzit. 

gltdiel,  m.  and  n.,  'nickel,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  Swed.  nickel. 

nichon,  vb.,  '  to  nod,  doze,'  from  Mid 
HG.  nicken,  OHG.  nicchen;  the  iterative 
of  ttciijctt  (like  fcfymucfcii  of  fcfymifgett,  tucfm 
of  biccjen).     9hirfm  is  not  allied. 

nie,  ail  v.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  nie, 
OHG.  nio,  neo,  'never';  a  compound  of 
ni  and  eo,  'not  ever,'  like  OSax.  nio  from 
ni  io,  AS.  nd  from  ne  d;  in  Goth,  the 


Nie 


( 


) 


Nip 


two  words  were  kept  separate,  ni  aiw, 
'never.'  With  regard  to  the  negative  ni 
see  iiid)t ;  and  for  OHG.  to,  Goth,  aiw, 
comp.  jf. 

ntcb,  prep., '  below,'  from  MidHG.  nide, 
'  under,  below,'  OHG.  nida,  prep.,  '  under, 
beneath' ;  allied  to  meter. 

nteocn  (in  bteiueben),  adv.,  '  below,  be- 
neath,' from  MidHG.  niden,  nidene,  OHG. 
nidan  a,  adv., '  below ' ;  coin  p.  OSax.  nithana, 
AS.  neojxin  (from  AS.  beneojmn  is  derived 
E.  beneath)  ;  allied  to  meter. 

mc&er,  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
nider,  OHG.  nidar,  adv.,  '  down,  dowin 
ward';  correspond ing  to  OSax.  nithar, 
Du.  neder,  AS.  nijjer,  E.  nether,  OIc.  nio>  ; 
Goth.  *nij>ar,  is  by  chance  not  recorded. 
A  derivative  of  the  Aryan  verbal  particle 
ni,  '  down '  (see  9le|t),  which  is  preserved 
in  other  Teut.  forms  (see  nieb  and  nietcn)  ; 
conip.  OSlov.  nizu,  'below,'  as  well  as 
Sans,  ni, '  down,'  and  Sans,  nttardm,  which 
is  closely  allied  to  the  Teut.  adv. — 
tttcber,  as  an  adj.,  '  nether,  lower,  base,' 
has  been  recently  formed  from  the  adv. ; 
OHG.  nidari,  MidHG.  nider,  nidere,  adj., 
'nether,  low' ;  akin  to  OSax.  nithiri. 

tticMid),  adj.,  '  pleasant,  pretty,  nice,' 
from  MidHG.  *niedich,  of  which  only  the 
adv.  nietVtcJie,  '  zealously,  diligently,'  is  re- 
corded ;  late  OHG.  nietsam, '  desiderabilis, 
desirable,  pleasant';  comp.  OSax.  niwl- 
sam,  'pleasant.'  The  cognates  are  con- 
nected with  OHG.  niot,  m., '  lively  longing, 
zealous  endeavour,'  OSax.  niud,  AS.  neod, 
'zeal,  longing.' 

"gliebnaqol,  "gicibnaQel,  m.,  see  91iet. 

mentals,  see  nie  and  mal. 

ttictttanb,  pron.  with  an  excrescent  final 
rf(as  in  9Ronb),fi'om  nie  and  man,  'nobody' ; 
comp.  MidHG.  nieman,niemen,  OHG.  mo- 
man,  '  nobody'  ;  see  nie  and  jemanb. 

IHterc,  f.,  '  kidney,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  nier,  niere,  OHG.  nioro,  m.  (OHG. 
also  '  testicle ') ;  corresponding  to  Du.  nier, 
i.,  MidE.  and  MidLG.  nere  (to  which  are 
allied  E.  kidney,  MidE.  kidenere,  from  AS. 
*cifdne&re,  *c^dne6ra  1), '  kidney ' ;  in  Scand. 
nyra,  '  kidney,'  with  i-  mutation.  If  the 
latter  indicates  Goth.  *niuz6,  n.,  the  Teut. 
class  has  no  further  cognates  ;  but  if  we  are 
to  assume  Goth.  *niurd,  niurjS,  correspond- 
ing forms  may  be  found  in  the  other  Aryan 
languages,  which  have  numerous  terms  for 
parts  of  the  body  in  common  with  Tent.  ; 
Goth.  *niuro  for  *niwr6,  *negwr6,  from  pre- 
Teut.  *neghron,  which  is  represented  in 


Gr.  by  an  equiv.  ve<t>p6i,  'kidney,  testicle' 
(</>  fovgh);  akin  further  to  Lat.  nefrones. 
With  regard  to  Goth.  *niu-  for  *niic-, 
*nigw-,  see  Slit. 

tticfen,  vb, 'to  sneeze,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  niesen,  OHG.  niosan,  str.  vb.  ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  niezen,  OIc.  hnjdsa 
(to  which  hnore,  m.,  'sneezing,'  is  allied), 
MidE.  nSsin;  ako  AS.  fnedsan,  MidE. 
fnisen,  equiv.  to  Du.  fniezen,  'to  sneeze.' 
The  two  Teut.  roots  hnus  and  fnus  seem  to 
have  been  orig.  identical ;  with  these  are 
connected  MidE.  snUsen,  E.  to  sneeze.  The 
pre- Teut.  root  gnus,  i-snus,  may  be  ono- 
matopoetic. 

]2|Zie5ttntr3,  m.,  'hellebore,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  niesxourz,  f.  ;  akin  to  the 
preceding  word.  "  The  name  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  pulverised  root  has  been  used 
from  the*  earliest  times  to  produce  sneez- 
ing." 

jZItefjbraud),  m.,  '  usufruct,'  allied  to 
niefcen ;  see  genicjjen. 

"3Uef,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  niet, 
m.  and  f.,  '  bolt ' ;  OHG.  *hniot  is  not  re- 
corded with  this  sense.  The  word  is  con- 
nected with  OHG.  hniotan,  '  to  fasten,' 
OIc.  knj6<Sa,  vb.,  'to  strike,  hammer,  fix 
firmly ' ;  the  Teut.  root  hnud,  pre-Teut. 
knut,  has  not  yet  been  found  in  other  lan- 
guage?. 

■gltef  C,  f.,  '  blank  (in  a  lottery) ' ; 
"adopted  in  the  first  half  of  the  18th 
cent,  after  the  introduction  of  lotteries  in 
the  Du.  fashion,  from  the  equiv.  Du.  nirf, 
m.  and  n.,  'nothing,  nought,'  the  gender 
of  which  was  changed  to  fern.  ;  the  Du. 
word  exactly  corresponded  orig.  to  Mod 
HG.  nicfon?,  nidjt."    See  the  latter  words. 

"gliffcl,  f.,  see  91idjte. 

nimmcr,  adv.,  'never,  never  again,' 
from  MidHG.  niemer,  nimmer,  nimer  (from 
we  mir),  'never  (of  present  and  future 
actions) ' ;  comp.  ModHG.  nimmer  in  the 
sense  of  '  no  more,  never  again,'  for  which 
ltimmermeljt  is  used  in  preference.  From 
MidHG.  niemer,  nimrnSr,  *  never  more.' 
Both  forms  are  derivatives  of  OHG.  nio 
and  mer  (like  AS.  nihfre,  E.  never,  from  *nd- 
mire) ;  nimmerinefyt  contains  the  second 
component  twice.     See  nid)t  and  nie. 

nippon,  vb.,  ModHG.  only,  from  LG. 
and  Du.  vippen,  '  to  sip' ;  in  Henneb.  and 
Bav.  nepfen,  nopfen,  with  the  HG.  pf. 
Comp.  further  AS.  nipele,  E.  nipplel. 

"2itppfad)0,  f.,  'toy,  trinket,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  Fr.  nippe. 


Nir 


(    253    ) 


Nor 


tttrflcnb,  ntrgenos,  adv.,  'nowhere,' 
from  MidHG.   niergen,  niergent;   see  ir- 

genb. 

ntffeln,  niften,  vb.,  '  to  build  a  nest, 
nestle,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  nisteln, 
nisten,  OHG.  nisten;  a  verbal  noun  from 
91cft.  Comp.  AS.  nistlian,  E.  to  nestle,  Du. 
nestelen. 

^Sltfj,  f.,  'nit,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
w*3  (33)>  "•»  ^or  '<n^3  7  corresponding  to  Du. 
veet,  AS.  /inz'/w,  f.,  and  the  equiv.  E.  nit ; 
Gotli.  *hnits  is  not  recorded.  According 
to  the  permutation  of  consonants  Gr.  icovls, 
plur.  KovlSes,  '  eggs  of  lice,  bugs,  flea»,'  &c, 
may  be  akin,  if  the  words  in  both  lan- 
guages be  based  on  knid.  It  has  also  been 
connected  with  Slav,  gnida.  9iup  is  not 
allied. 

rtif ,  the  same  as  nid)t. 

■gliar,  m., '  nixey,  water-fairy,'  from  Mid 
HG.  (very  rare)  niches,  OHG.  nikhus,  n. 
and  m.,  '  crocodile ' ;  comp.  AS.  nicor, 
'hippopotamus,'  E.  nick,  'water-sprite' 
(Old  Nick,  applied  to  the  devil),  MidDu. 
nicker,  '  water-sprite,'  OIc.  nykr  (from 
*niqiza),  '  water:sprite  in  the  form  of  a 
hi|>popotanius,'  also '  hippopotamus.'  The 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  sense  '  crocodile '  is 
easily  associated  with  the  other  meanings 
of  the  cognates  ;  the  prim,  signification 
may  be  '  fabulous  sea-monster.'  The  word 
is  probably  based  on  a  Teut.  root  niq  from 
pie-Teut.  nig  (Sans,  nij,  Gr.  viirrw),  '  to 
wash  oneself  ;  thus  91ir  would  mean  orig. 
'a  sea-animal  that  delights  in  bathing,  sea- 
spirit,'  while  the  masc.  9iir,  like  AS.  nicor, 
points  to  Goth.  *niqiza,  *nikuza-,  the  cor- 
responding fern.  9iire,  preserved  only  in 
HG.,  indicates  Goth.  *niqisi;  OHG.  nic- 
chessa,  MidHG.  *nickese,  *nixe,  in  wavier- 
nixe,  f.,  '  female  water-sprite,'  for  which  in 
Mid  11 G.  merwtp  and  mermeit  are  used. 

jHobistrug,  m., '  underwold,  hell,'  bor- 
rowed, like  $riK3,  '  tavern,'  the  second  part 
of  the  compound,  in  early  ModHG.  from 
LG.  The  first  component  is  MidHG.  abis, 
abyss,  m.,  '  abyss,'  whence  with  n  prefixed 
(comp.  Ital.  nabisso,  from  the  usual  com- 
bination in  abysso),  the  LG.  form  SJlofetflfntj, 
hence  lit.  'tavern  in  hell.' 

nod;  (1.),  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
noch,  OHG.  noh,  'still';  corresponding  to 
OSax.  noh,  Du.  nog,  Goth,  nauh, '  still' ;  a 
compound  of  nu,  'now,'  and  h,  equiv.  to 
Lat.  (pie,  Gr.  re,  Sans,  ca, '  and  also' ;  there- 
fore the  orig.  meaning  is  probably  'also 
now,'  or  '  even,  just  now ' ;  comp.  nun,  and 


with  regard  to  Goth,  h-,  equiv.  to  Lat.  quef 
see  nodj  (2). 

nod)  (2.),  conj.,  'nor,.'  from  MidHG. 
noch,  OHG.  noh,  '  nor,  not  even,  and  not 
even';  OHG.  noh — noh,  MidHG.  noch-, 
noch,  '  neither — nor,'  also  even  in  MidHG. 
wider — noch.  Corresponding  to  OSax. 
noh,  Du.  noehy  ia  Goth,  nih,  '  nor,  not 
even,'  Goth.,  nih — nih,  *  neither — nor;' 
Goth,  nih  is  exactly  equiv.  to  Lat.  ne-que 
(with  regard  to  Goth,  ni,  Lat.7ie,  see  nidjt). 
The  particle  -h,  -uh,  corresponding  to  Lar. 
que,  Gr.  re,.  Sans,  ca,  'and,'  had  a  definite 
meaning  in  Goth„ 

jJTodt,  n.,  'yard-arm,'  ModHG.  only, 
borrowed,  like  other  nautical  term?,  from 
LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  nock,  '  summit,  point.' 

■§loncr  f.,  'afternoon  prayers,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ndne,  OHGk  n6na.  f.,  '  bora  nona,.  the 
ninth  hour  of  the  day  (reckoned  from  six 
a.m.),  also  Hhe  prayers  said  at  that  hour.' 
The  term  was  borrowed  during  the  OHG. 
period  from  Lat.  n6na  (scil.  hora;  comp. 
Fr.  none,  Ital.  nona) ;  comp.  also  OSax. 
ndna,  n6n,  AS.  n6n,  E.  noon  (the  difference 
in  time  is  said  to  be  due  to  the  shifting  of 
the  canonical  '  nona '  to  midday). 

"glonnc,  f.,  '  nun,.'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  nunne,  OHG.  nunna,  f.  'y  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  non,  MidLG.  and  AS.  nunne,  f., 
E.  nun,  adopted,  like  the  previous  word, 
in  connection  with  monastic  life,  both  in 
G.  and  E.  about  the  beginning  of  the  9th 
cent.,,  from  Lat.  nonnw  (Gr.  vbvpa),  which 
passed  also  into  Rom.  ;  comp.  Fr.  nonne, 
nonnain,  'nun/ Ital.  nonna,  'grandmother,' 
like  Ital.  nonno,  'grandfather.'  The  early 
history  of  the  cognates  is  obscure  ;  late 
Lat.  nonna  was  an  '  expression  of  rever- 
ence' (hence  its  meaning  in  Ital.). — 
^Tonnc,  f.,  'gelded  sow,'  is,  like  the  cor- 
responding words  in  MidHG.  and  Du., 
identical  with  SJlonuc,  '  nun,'  and  was  thus 
termed  for  sexual  reasons. 

jHoro,  m.  (almost  obsolete  in  the  UpG. 
vernacular),  '  north,'  from  MidHG.  nort 
(gen.  nordes),  m.  and  n.,  OHG.  nord,  m. ; 
corresponding  terms  are  found  in  all  the 
OTeut.  languages  (whence  Ital.  norte  and 
Fr.  nord),  the  names  of  the  cardinal  points 
being  formed  independently  in  Teut.  ;  in 
this  case  the  Aiyan  languages  possess  no 
common  term.  Comp.  OSax.  *north  (re- 
corded only  as  an  adv. '  northwards'),  AS. 
nor/>,  m.,  E.  north.  Goth.  *naftr/xt,  or 
rather  *naftrj>r  (equiv.  to  OIc.  nor<Sr),  is 
by  chance  not  recorded.     It  has  been  con- 


Nor 


(    254    ) 


Nus 


nected  with  Gr.  viprtpvt, '  that  wliich  exists 
l>elow,  lower  down,'  which  would  involve 
the  assumption  that  the  word  was  coined 
at  a  period  when  the  Teutons  were  descend- 
ing the  northern  slope  of  a  mountain  range. 
Yet  it  must  also  be  remembered  that  Umbr. 
nertro  signifies  'on  the  left.' — To  this 
"jZXorocn,  m.,  '  northern  region/  is  allied  ; 
from  MidHG.  (MidG.)  norden,  OHG.  nor- 
dan.  n. ;  comp.  also  ©iifcett. 

"^lorne,  f-,  ModHG.  only,  naturalised, 
espec.  by  Klopstock,  from  the  equiv.  OIc. 
norn  (plur.  norner),  'goddess  of  fate'  ;  the 
origin  of  the  term  is  disputed. 

THofjcl,  n,  'pint'  (nearly),  allied  to 
MidHG.  nce^elin  (81),  n.,  'a  small  liquid 
measure,'  dimin.  of  an  obsolete  primit. 
word,  the  origin  of  which  is  obscure. 

^Tof ,  f.,  '  need,  compulsion,  distress,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ndt,  f.  (seldom 
masc),  '  toil,  oppression,  danger,  struggle, 
compulsion' ;  a  common  Tent,  form ;  comp. 
Goth,  naufcs,  f.,  '  necessity,  compulsion, 
force,'  OIc.  nau<5r,  f.,  *  necessity,'  AS.  ntid, 
nedd,  f.,  E.  need,  Du.  nood,  OSax.  n6d.  The 
common  Teut.  stems  naudi,  naufii,  from 
pre-Teut.  nauti-,  have  been  connected  with 
Pruss.  7iauti-,  'distress';  nan-  (see  genait) 
is  probably  tii  e  root. —  jHoffcurf  f ,  f., '  neces- 
saries'  (of  life),  from  MidHG.  nht-durjt, 
f.,  'necessity,  need,  needs  of  nature,  want 
of  necessaries,  livelihood,'  OHG.  ndtduruft, 
f.  (OSax.  nodthurft)  ;  allied  to  Goth.  naucLi- 
Jxiurfts,  adj.,  'necessary.' — "glotctbc,  m., 
early  ModHG.,  equiy.  to  'necessary,  legiti- 
mate heir,  who  may  not  be  passed  over.' — 
IHofwefjr,  f.,  'self-defence,' from  MidHG. 
n6twer,  f., '  warding  off  force.' — "2Iof  3ltd)f , 
f.,  'rape,'  formed  from  MidHG.  (Lower 
Rhen.)  nutmhten,  '  to  ravish,  violate,'  and 
also  the  equiv.  MidHG.  n&tzogen,  lit.  '  to 
treat  in  a  violent  manner,'  even  in  OHG. 
nCtzog&n  (MidHG.  and  OHG.  nOtnumft, 
*  rape '). 

glotc,  f.,  '  note,  annotation,'  from  Lat. 
nota  (Ft.  note);  in  the  sense  of  'musical 
note,  melody,'  note  appears  even  in  MidHG. 

nu,  adv.,  '  well  now,  well,'  equiv.  to 
nun. 

ttudjfcrrt,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
nikhtern,  niichter,  OHG.  nuohturn,  nuoh- 
tarntn,  adj.,  '  without  food  or  drink,  fast- 
ing, temperate,'  comp.  Du.  nuchttr,  AS. 
nixtnig.  The  assumption  that  the  word  is 
based  on  Lat.  nocturnus  does  not  suffice 
to  explain  the  meaning  of  nud)Urn,  since 
the  Lat.  term  signifies  only  '  nocturnal,  at 


night'  ;  nor  is  it  possible  to  regard  OHG. 
nuohlurn  as  a  genuine  Teut.  derivative  of 
Aryan  nOkt,  '  night'  (OIc  n6tt),  since  it 
must  have  been  equiv.  in  meaning  to  Lat. 
nocturnus.  It  may  more  probably  be  com- 
pared with  Gr.  vii<(>(o,  '  I  am  sober,'  vijtfxfXtoj, 
rfiimis,  'sober,  without  wine,'  the  <p-r  of 
which  may  represent  an  old  guttural.  In 
spite  of  this  probable  connection  of  the 
root,  the  suffix  of  nucfctcrn  is  still  obscure. 

"gtiidte,  UTuckc,  f.,  '  freak,  artfulness,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  nikhe  ;  comp.  Du. 
nuk,  '  freak.' 

jJZuoel,  f.,  '  vermicelli,  dumpling,'  first 
occurs  in  ModHG.,  whence  Fr.  nouillesy 
of  obscure  origin. 

nun,  adv.,  '  now,  at  present,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  nu  (with  the  variant  nH), 
'  at  the  present  time,  now,'  rarely  in  Mid 
HG.  with  the  adverbial  suffix  n  (nun,  nuon). 
Further  in  ModHG.  nu  (from  MidHG.  ml) ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  nil,  Du.  nu,  AS. 
nU,  E.  now,  Goth,  nil,  *  now.'  A  common 
Teut.  temporal  adv.  ;  comp.  Sans,  nu,  nU, 
'  now,'  n&nam,  '  now,'  Gr.  vb,  vvv,  Lat.  nunc 
(with  the  c  of  hi-c),  OSlov.  n>/ne",  '  now,' 
Lith.  nu.    Comp.  neu  and  nod)  (1). 

mtr,  adv.,  'only, simply,'  from  MidHG. 
newcere,  OHG.  niwdri  (OSax.  ne  vcari) ;  lit. 
'  it  would  not  be,  if  it  were  not.'  MidHG. 
and  the  ModHG.  dials,  have  numerous 
intermediate  forms  between  nwcere  and 
ModHG.  nur,  espec.  ruer,  neur,  niur,  ntior. 
For  the  negative  ne  see  ntd)r. 

"bluffer,  f., 'nostril,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
LG.  nuster,  E.  nostril,  is  demonstrably 
a  compound,  signifying  lit.  'no?e-hole' 
(comp.  AS.  nces-J?t}rel,  nos-f>yrl).  We  can- 
not so  positively  assume  that  the  G.  word 
is  also  a  compound,  for  the  I  of  the  E. 
word  is  wanting,  llence  some  etymolo- 
gists regard  it  as  an  r-  derivative  from  nos- 
(a  graded  form  of  9tafe,  comp.  earlier  Mod 
HG.  nufelit,  in  Logau,  '  to  snivel '),  with  a 
t  inserted,  and  connect  it  with  Lith.  nasrai, 
'  mouth,  jaw,'  and  OSlov.  nozdri,  '  nostrils.' 
Qiiefm  is  not  allied  ;  comp.  9iafe. 

^lu&  (1.),  f.,  'nut,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  71**3,  £»  neither  cognate 
with  nor  borrowed  from  Lat.  nux  (nucem). 
It  is  rather  a  genuine  Tent,  word,  orig. 
with  initial  h;  comp.  OIc  knot,  f.,  AS. 
hnutu,  f.,  E.  nut,  Du.  noot  (Goth.  *hnuts, 
f.,  is  wanting).  Tiie  genuine  Teut  cog- 
nates point  to  a  pre-Teut.  lennd-,  which 
appears  with  the  same  sense  in  Olr.  cn&. 

2lu&   (2-X  f,  «  blow,   push,'   ModHG. 


Nut 


( 


Ode 


simply ;  only  apparently  identical  with 
the  preceding  word  (comp.  25adjtet);  his- 
torically, however,  it  is  probably  allied  to 
Goth,  hrnitd,  '  prick.' 

jJSlufc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  nuot, 
f.,  'joint,  groove';  allied  to  OHG.  hnno, 
nuoa, '  groove,'  as  well  as  OHG.  nv.oil,  Mid 
HQ.nuowel,  niiejel,  'groove,  plane,'  nuotisen, 
'  iron  of  a  groove  plane.'     MidHG.  niiejen, 


vb.  (OHG.  nuoen,  from  *lm6jan), '  to  smooth, 
fit  exactly,'  also  belongs  to  a  Teut.  root 
knd. 

ttuf^e,  adj.,  'useful,'  from  MidHG. 
niitze,  OHG.  nuzzi,  a«lj., '  profitable ' ;  Goth. 
un-nuts,  'useless';  comp.  AS.  nytt,  'use- 
ful.' Allied  to  geniejjen,  where  other  deri- 
vatives and  cognates  of  the  str.  vb.  are 
adduced. 


O. 


ob  (1.),  prep,  and  adv.,  'over,  above,' 
from  MidHG.  obe,  ob,  prep,  and  adv.,  'aloft, 
above,  across,'  so  too  OHG.  oba;  comp. 
AS.  ufe-weard,  'upper.'  ModHG.  ob  has 
been  retained  chiefly  in  compounds  such 
as  Dbacfyt  and  Dbbacb,.    Allied  to  oben. 

ob  (2.),  conj., '  whether,  if,'  from  MidHG. 
obe,  ob,  op.  conj.,  'if,as  if,  although,  whether,' 
so  too  OHG.  oba,  with  the  earlier  variant 
ibu,  'if,  whether' ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
ef,  of  (AS.  gif  E.  if).  Goth,  ibai,  iba, 
'  whether  then,  perhaps,  probably,  lest 
perhaps,'  with  the  corresponding  negative 
nibai,  niba,  '  unless.'  The  OHG.  form  is 
the  dat.  and  instrum.  of  iba,  f.,  'doubt, 
condition,'  OIc.  ife,  efe,  in.,  and  if,  ef,  n., 
'doubt.'  Hence  the  lit.  meaning  of  the 
conj.  is  '  in  doubt,  on  condition.' 

obett,  adv., 'above,  aloft,' from  MidHG. 
obene,  OHG.  obana,  adv.,  '  above,  from 
above ' ;  so  too  OSax.  otan,  otaruci,  '  down 
from  above,'  AS.  vfan,  'from  above,'  E. 
preserved  only  in  ab-ove.     Allied  to  cber. 

obcr  (1.),  compar.,  '  upper,  higher,'  from 
MidHG.  obere,  OHG.  obaro,  'the  superior'  ; 
prop,  the  compar.  of  ob.  From  this  was 
formed,  even  in  OHG.,  a  new  super!.  obar6st 
(MidHG.  oberest). 

obcr  (2.),  prep.,  'over,  above,  beyond,' 
of  MidG.  and  LG.  origin,  as  is  indicated 
by  the  stem  vowel,  for  the  o  which  pre- 
vails in  MidG.  and  LG.  obar,  odar,  AS.  ofer, 
E.  over,  and  the  equiv.  Du.  over,  is  always 
represented  in  HG.  by  u.  See  fiber  and 
auf. 

(pblafe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
obldt,  oblate,  f.  and  n.,  '  the  Host,  wafer '  ; 
from  Lat.  obldta  (from  offerre,  which  was 
adopted  as  opferit),  whence  also  the  equiv. 
AS.  ofeUte;  MidE.  6bU  is  formed,  however, 
from  OFr.  oublee,  whence  ModFr.  oublie. 
See  Dx>\tx. 

(j>bft,  n.,  with  an  excrescent  dental  as 


in  2lrt,  SRonb,  niemanb,  $afai1,  $a£ji ;  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  obez,  OHG.  oba^,  n., 
'  fruit.'  It  is  a  "West  1  ent.  word  ;  comp. 
Du.  ooft,  AS.  of  el  (Goth.  *ubat  is  wanting, 
in  OIc.  olden).  It  is  uncertain  whether 
Goth.  *ubat  is  akin  to  obcr,  fiber,  root  up-, 
thus  signifying  '  what  is  above.' 

^cfjfc,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ohse, 
OHG.  ohso,  m.,  'ox' ;  corresponding  terms 
occur  in  all  the  OTeut  dials. ;  Goth,  auhsa, 
OIc.  oxe,  AS.  oxa,  E.  ox,  Du.  os,  OSax.  ohso, 
'  ox.'  The  common  Teut.  ohsan-  (from 
pre-Teut.  uksen-)  is  primit.  cognate  with 
Sans.  uhSdn,  '  bull,'  the  words  Jfifb,  and 
©tier  being  also  common  to  the  Aryan 
group.  The  Sans,  root  is  vM,  '  to  spurt 
out,'  or  uM,  '  to  grow  strong,  grow  up.' 
If  the  latter  is  correct,  DcBfe  is  connected 
with  ttxtcfcfett,  yet  it  may  be  a  masc.  form  of 
Lat.  vacca,  '  cow.' 

(S)dter,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ocker,  ogger,  n.  and  m.,  'ochre.'  Borrowed 
.  from  Lat.  ochra  (&XPa), '  ochre,'  whence  also 
I  tab  ocra,  Fr.  ocre. 

obe,  adj.,  '  deserted,  waste,'  from  Mid 
HG.  cede,  adj.,  '  uncultivated,  uninhabited, 
empty,  foolish,  poor,  infirm,'  OHG.  6di, 
'  desolate,  empty ' ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
aups,  'desolate,  solitary,  unfertile,'  OIc. 
auSr.  In  some  of  the  languages  of  the 
Teut.  group  there  occurs  an  adj.  similar  in 
sound,  but  apparently  of  a  different  ety- 
mologv,  with  the  meaning  'easy.'  Comp. 
OSax/«50i,  OHG.  6di,  AS.  pj>e,  edfie,  OIc. 
aiti-  (in  compounds),  '  easy.'  The  prim, 
meanings  of  both  classes  are  uncertain. — 
(|)OC,  f.,  'waste,  solitude,  wilderness,' from 
MidHG.  cede,  OHG.  6di,  f., '  desert.'  Comp. 
the  Goth,  derivative  aupida,  'desert.' 

(poem,  equiv.  to  Sltem. 

obcr,  conj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
oder,  OHG.  odar,  '  or,  else ' ;  the  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  ordinary  form    are  without  r; 


Ode 


(    256    ) 


Ohn 


OHG.  odo,  earlier  eddo,  MidHG.  ode,  od. 
This  abnormal  r  is,  according  to-  some,  a 
compar.  suffix  ;  according  to-  others  it  is 
(•imply  an  affix  due  to  the  influence  of 
OHO.  tcedeur,  MhlHG.  weder,  '  neither.' 
OHG.  eddo,  edOj  correspond  further  to 
Goth,  aipfiau,  '  orr'  which  is  a  compound 
of  Goth,  ij?,  'and'  (Lat.  et),  and  Jxiu,  'or.' 
E.  or  has  no  connection  with  this  word, 
since  it  originated  in  AS.  dhwoeJ>er ;  Goth. 
al}>f>au  is  AS.  of>f>e  and  e/>/>a,. '  or,'  which 
became  obsolete  at  an  early  period. 

(S>bormcnnt0,  m.,  'agrimony,'  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  equiv.  Lat.  agrimonia,  which 
appears  under  various  forms  in  MidHG. 
odermenie,  adermonie* 

ipfetl,  m.,  'from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
oven,  OHG.  ovan,  m.,  '  oven  ' ;  so  too  with 
the  same  meaning  MidLGt  and  Du.  oven, 
AS.  of  en,  ~E..oven,  OIc.  ofn^ogn  (Swed.  ugn), 
Goth-  afthns ;  the  word  is  common  to  Teut., 
hence  the  thing  signified  must  also  be 
primit.  The  variation  of  guttural  and 
labial  is  seen  also  in  the  forms  primit.  cog- 
nate with  theser  Sans,  ukhd,  '  pot,.'  and  Gr. 
Iw6s,  ^ovcn '  (for  vknos,  which  is  indicated 
by  Goth,  afthns).  The  orig.  sense,  '  pot,' 
seems  also  to  follow  from  AS.  ofnet,  '  little 
vessel.' 

offcit,  adj.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
offen,  OHG.  offan,  adj.,  'open' ;.  it  has  the 
same  meaning  in  all  the  Teut.  languages 
except.  Goth.,  where  *upans  is  wanting. 
Comp.  OIc.  openn,  AS.  and  E.  open,  Du. 
open,  OSax,  opun;  the  adj.  seems  similar 
in  form  to  a  partic,  but  the  primit.  verb 
cannot  be  adduced.  It  is  also  doubtful 
whether  auf,  OSax.  upp,  Goth,  hip,  is  allied, 
so  that  cjfert  would  mean  lit.  '  drawn  up.' 

off,  adv.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  oft, 
ofte,  OHG.  ofto,  adv.,  '  often,  frequently '  ; 
corresponding  to  Goth^  ufta,  OIc.  opt,  AS. 
oft,  E.  oft  (extended  form  often),  OSax..  oft, 
ofto,  '  often.'  These  adv.  forms  seem  to  be 
petrified  cases  of  an  obsolete  subst.  or  adj. 
partic ;  they  have  also  been  connected 
with  the  partic.  of  the  Sans,  root  uc,  '  to  be 
fond  of  doing.' 

(^hctm,  (f)hm,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  6heim,  oz'ieim  (also  with  final  n  instead 
of  m),  OHG.  6heim,  m.,  '  uncle ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  00m,  AS.  edm,  '  uncle ' 
(contracted  from  *ed/idm),  MidE.  dim, 
'  uncle,'  also  earl)'  ModE.  erne  (whence, 
Eames  as  a  prop.  name).  By  inference  from 
OFris.  £m,  '  mother's  brother,'  and  Lat. 
avunculus,  the  lit.  meaning  of  Dhfim  is 


'uncle  on  the  mother's  side' (in  contrast 
to  better,  Lat.  patruus).  Goth.  *duhdims, 
corresponding  to  the  simply  West  Teut. 
cognates,  is  wanting.  The  etymology  of 
the  word  is  difficult  to  determine.  The 
first  syllable  is  generally  regarded  as  cog- 
nate with  Lat.  avun-culus,  'uncle,'  which 
is  the  dimin.  of  aims,  'grandfather'  (so  too 
Lith.  avynas  and  OSlov.  ujl,  from  *aujos, 
*■  uncle') ;  to  Lat.  avus  (to  which  Olr.  aue, 
'  grandson,'  is  allied),  Goth.  aw6,  f, '  grand- 
mother,' OIc.  de,  '  great-grandfather,' cor- 
responds. With  reference  to  the  second 
syllable  a  Teut.  haima-,  'honour,'  is  as- 
sumed ;  therefore  Dl)emt  means  lit.  'enjoy- 
ing the  honours-of  a  grand  lather.'  A  more 
probable  assumption  is  'possessing  the 
grandfather's  house,'  'grandfather's  heir' 
(hence  Lat.  avimculus,.  lit.  '  little  grand- 
father'). Others  join  the  h  to  the  first 
syllable  and  regard  it  as  the  representative 
of  the  Lat.  c  in  avuncu-lus,  and  divide  the 
Goth,  word  thus,  *auh-aims,  so  that  aima 
is  a  dimin.  suffix  for  aina.  It  is  to  l>e 
observed  that  after  the  remarks  under  91  c ff c 
and  SSetfer,  MidHG.  dheim  may  also  mean 
'  nephew,,  sister's  son.' 

($)f)m,  m  and  m., '  awm '  (liquid  measure, 
alwut  40  galls.),  from  MidHG.  ame,  &me 
(d  before  nasals  is  changed  into  6-j  comp. 
3Hcf)ti,  STOont,  Dtymer,  and  ofjite),  f.r  m.,  and 
n.,  '  awm,  measure' ;  corresponding  toDu. 
aam,  E.  awm,  Scand.  dma.  They  are  based 
on  MidLat  ama,  fr vessel,  wine  measure' 
(Gr.  duii,  '  water-pail,'  Lat.  ama,  '  water- 
bucket  ')..    See  afnneit. 

y>f)tttcf ,  n., '  aftermath,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  dmdt,  OHG..  dmdd,  n.  ;  also  in 
the  same  sense  with  a  different  prefix  Mid 
HG.  uemet,  OHG.  uomdt,  n.,  'second  mow- 
ing of  the  grass ' ;  for  OHG.  mdd  see  under 
«Waf)b.  The  OHG.  syllables  d  and  uo  are 
nominal  prefixes ;  OHG.  uo  also  signi- 
fies '"after'  in  the  compounds  uo-quemo, 
'descendant,'  uo-chumft,  'succession';  d-, 
which  is  usually  a  negative  prefix  (see 
Dfynmadjt),  means  '  remaining,'  in  OHG, 
d-leiba,  MidHG.  dleibr,  'relics.' 

ofntc,  prep.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
dn,  dne,. OHG.. dno,  prep.,  'without' ;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  dno,  MidDu.  aen,  OIc. 
dn,  earlier  6n  (from  *dnu),  'without'  ;  in 
Goth.,  with  a  different  gradation,  inu. 
Undoubtedly  the  negative  un*  and  Goth,  ni, 
'not'  (seenie),  are  also  allied  to  elutf,  as  well 
as  Gr.  Hvtv,  '  without.' — of)tt;  in  oljnijfadjtct, 
'  notwithstanding,'    cfynhingjl,    '  not    long 


Ohr 


(    257    ) 


Ork 


since,'  represents  tuts  under  the  influence 
of  Da.  on, '  un-.' — @I)tts  in  £)l)nmad)t  is  due 
to  the  attempt  to  assign  a  more  intelligible 
meaning  to  Dntacfyt,  which  originated  in 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  d-maht;  the  prefix  6 
from  the  old  d  had  become  obscure  in  th« 
compound.  With  regard  to  OHG.  d,  *  un-,' 
conip.  d-teili,  '  having  no  share  in,'  MidHG. 
d-s$tze,  '  unoccupied,'  AS.  ce-men,  *  devoid 
of  men.' — of)ngefctl)r,  adj.,  '  casual,  acci- 
dental,' adv.,  '  about,  not  far  from,'  from 
MidHG.  dn  gev&re,  mostly  dn  gewerde, 
'  without  evil  intention,  without  deceit.' 

$f)r,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ore, 
6r,  n.,  OHG.  6ra,  n.,  '  ear' ;  corresponding 
terms  are  found  in  all  the  Teut.  languages  ; 
OSax.  6ra,  Du.  oor,  AS.  edre,  n.,  E.  ear, 
OIc.  eyra  (with  mutation  on  account  of  r, 
equiv.  to  Goth,  and  Teut.  a),  Goth,  ausd, 
n.,  '  ear.'  Like  many  other  terms  for  parts 
of  the  body  (comp.  gnfj,  £erg,  9?agef,  9Hcre, 
&c),  this  word  occurs  also  in  other  Aryan 
languages,  Lat.  auris  for  *ausis  (to  which 
aus-cultare  is  akin,  see  fyeteu),  Gr.  o5s  (from 
*o5(ros),  gen.  wt6s  from  (oixrarbs,  allied  to 
an  n-  stem  like  the  Teut.  cognates),  OSlov. 
ucho  (gen.  uSese),  n.,  '  ear,'  from  uusos  (with 
the  dual  uSi),  Lith.  ausis.  Comp.  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

d>f>r,  n.,  '  eye '  (of  a  needle),  from  Mid 
HG.  cere,  cer,  n.,  'ear-like  opening,  eye  (of 
a  needle),  hole  in  a  handle,  handle,'  so  too 
late  OHG.  6ri,  n.  ;  a  derivative  of  OHG. 
6ra, '  ear' ;  comp.  further  Dfe.  Moreover, 
Gr.  offs,  E.  ear,  and  Du.  oor  also  signify 
1  handle.' 

Q)f)vfciQC,  f.,  'box  on  the  ear,'  first 
occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  similar  to  Du. 
oorvijg ;  usually  regarded  as  a  facetious 
corruption  of  Du.  oorveeg, '  box  on  the  ear,' 
in  which  veeg  (cognate  with  ModHG.  fcflen) 
signifies  'stroke,  cut.'  It  may,  like  5Da<^tcI, 
Jlovfm"tfTf,9)iaulfc|ef(e(prop.  a  kind  of  pastry), 
be  a  euphemistic  expression. 

$1,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ole,  Si, 
n.  (with  the  variants  ole,  ol,  and  olei),  OHG. 
olei,  oli,  n.,  'oil' ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
olig'Du.  olie,  AS.  ele,  n.,  'oil.'  Lat.  oleiim, 
'oil,'  passed  into  HG.  before  the  8th.  cent. 
Goth,  adopted  the  term  probably  even  half 
a  century  earlier  from  the  Lat.,  the  only 
assumption  that  can  explain  the  remark- 
able Goth,  form  alSto.  The  approximate 
source  of  E.  oil,  MidE.  oile,  is  OFr.  oil, 
which  with  its  Rom.  cognates  (ModFr. 
huile)  are  also  based  on  Lat.  oleum. 

i^leanbex,    m.,    'oleander,   rose-bay,' 


first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  from  the 
equiv.  Fr.  oUandre,  or  rather  Ital.  ole- 
andro. 

<$)lwc,  f.,  'olive,'  from  MidHG.  olive, 
f.  and  in.,  from  Lat.  oliva. 

$rt&el,  m., '  uncle,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  oncle. 

opfertt,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
opf em,  OHG.  opfardn,  'to  sacrifice'  ;  so 
too  OSax.  offrdn,  Du.  offer  en.,  AS.  offrian, 
1  to  sacrifice,'  whence  E.  to  offer,  under  the 
influence  of  Fr.  offrir.  Introduced  by  the 
Church  from  Lat.  off  err  e.  With  regard  to 
the  change  ofaccent  in  Teut,  comp.  prcbi^en, 
from  praedicare,  in  which  the  verbal  par- 
ticle likewise  assumed  the  accent. — ($)pfcr, 
n.,  ''offering,  sacrifice,'  from  MidHG.  opfer, 
OHG.  opfar,  n.,  is  not  based  on  a  Lat. 
word,  but  coined  from  the  G.  vb.  (comp. 
#anbfl) ;  see  also  DMate.  Moreover,  the 
Teutons  had  their  own  special  word  for 
'to  sacrifice' ;  Goth,  and  AS.  blCtan,  OIc. 
biota,  OHG.  bluo$an. 

Qtben,  m.,  'order,  class,  badge,'  from 
MidHG.  orden,  m.,  'rule,  regulation,  series, 
management,  decree,  rank,  spiritual  order' ; 
borrowed  from  Lat.  ordin-em  (ace.  of  ordo), 
even  in  the  OHG.  period  ;  comp.  OHG. 
ordina,  f.,  whence  ordinhaft.  The  oblique 
case  of  the  Lat.  word  determined  the  form 
of  the  OHG.  term ;  so  too  in  Jtrctij.  Slbt, 
&c. — or&nert,  '  to  order,  regulate,'  even  in 
MidHG.  ordenen,  OHG.  ordindn,  formed 
from  Lat.  ordinare. 

QtQel,  f.,  'organ'  (mus.  instrument), 
from  MidHG.  organd,  oryene,  OHG.  organd, 
f.,  of  which  a  rare  variant  in  I  occurs, 
OHG.  orgela,  MidHG.  orgel,  f.,  'organ.' 
OHG.  organa  is  derived  from  MidLat 
organum  (ltal.  organo,  Fr.  orgue,  E.  organ), 
or  rather  its  plur.  organa,  '  organ.'  Pro- 
perly, however,  "organa  dicuntur  omnia 
liistrumenta  musicorum  ;  non  solum  illud 
organum  dicitur  quod  grande  est  et  inflatur 
follibus,  &c."  (Augustine).  Organs  were 
known  to  the  MidEurop.  Teutons  as  early 
as  the  latter  half  of  the  8th  cent.,  espec.  in 
the  reign  of  Charlemagne,  for  Charlemagne 
himself  received  a  magnificent  organ, which 
was  described  by  a  monk  of  St.  Gall,  as 
a  present  from  tlie  Byzantine  emperor 
Michael. 

$rftan,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  Du.  orkann,  E.  hurricane;  comp. 
Fr.  ouragan,  Ital.  uracano,  'hurricane'; 
"it  is  a  modern  word  introduced  from 
America,  said  to  be  of  Caribbean  origin." 

B 


Orl 


(    258    ) 


Ott 


(5)rIoflfd)iff,  n.,  ModHG.  only,  formed 
from  the  equiv.  Du.  oorlogssrhip,  n.,  '  man- 
of-war,'  which  is  derived  from  orlog,  '  war,' 
corresponding  to  OSax.  orlagyi,  '  war,'  AS. 
orleqe,  MidHG.uWtuge,  OHG.  urliugi/vrnT.' 

$rt  (1.),  m.,  'awl,'  in  this  sense  Mod 
HG.  only,  and  identical  with  Drt  (2). 

@rt  (2.),  m.,  'place,  spot,  region,'  from 
MidHG.  ort,  n.  and  m.,  '  sharp  point,  end, 
beginning,  corner,  angle,  border,  place,' 
OHG.  ort,  m.  and  n.,  does  not  occur  in  the 
ModHG.  sense  of  '  place.'  The  meaning 
4  point,  corner,'  is  the  orig  one  ;  comp. 
OSax.  ord,  m.,  'point,'  AS.  and  MidE.  ord, 
'  point  of  a  weapon'  (for  a  similar  evolu- 
tion of  meaning  comp.  (Scfe).  The  r  of  the 
word  originated  in  s,  z;  Goth.  *uzda-  is 
by  chance  not  recorded  ;  it  is  assumed  by 
OTa  oddr,  'point,'  the  old  of  which  points 
to  Goth.  zd.  In  Drt  (1)  the  earlier  mean- 
ing is  still  dimly  seen.     See  also  Drt  (3). 

{prf  (3.),  n.  and  m.,  'quarter,  quart,' 
from  MidHG.  ort,  111.  and  n.,  'fourth  part 
of  a  measure,  weight,  or  coin ' ;  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  oord,  'a  fourth  part  of  a  coin, 
measure,  &c.'  Identical  with  Drt  (2). 
"  This  meaning  is  approximately  derived 
from  the  square  coins  divided  by  a  cross 
into  pieces  with  four  Drte,  i.e.,  '  corners,' 
and  afterwards  transferred  to  measure  and 
weight.  Thus  in  Germany  and  Austria, 
when,  in  the  year  1849,  the  florin  notes 
were  divided  into  four  parts  to  serve  as 
change,  a  single  part  was  called  (Scfcle  or 
Drtet,  'a  little  corner,'  and  this  expression 
was  then  generally  used  for  a  quarter  of  a 
florin."  The  earlier  assumption  that  this 
word  was  based  on  MidLat.  quarto, '  fourth 
part,'  must  be  rejected. 

ibfe,  f.,  'ear,  hook,'  from  late  MidHG. 
and  early  ModHG.  (MidG.  and  MidLG.) 
esse,  f.,  '  ear,  hook,  handle ' ;  the  usual 
assumption  that  the  word  is  borrowed 
from  Lat.  ansa,  '  handle,'  is  not  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  the  opinion  that  Dfe  and  Dr)t  are 
identical,  and  that  the  s  from  which  the  r 
of  Df)r  and  Dr)t  is  derived  is  preserved  in 
Dl"e ;  see  Dfyr. 

0ffen,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
6sten,  m.  and  n.,  OHG.  6stan,  m.  and  n., 
'  east ' ;  the  form  Dft  is  wanting  in  MidHG. 
and  OHG. ;  it  has  probably  been  recently 
coined  ;  comp.  9lorb  and  Otorbett,  <Sub  and 
(Subett,  SBcjl  and  SBcjfrn.  Yet  even  in  AS. 
east,  E.  east,  occur.*,  whence  Fr.  est. — often, 
adv.,  from  MidHG.  6sten,  dstene,  'in,  to,  or 
from  the  east,'  OHG.  6stana,  'from  the 


east,'  so  too  AS.  edstene,  'in  the  east,' 
edstan, '  from  the  east,'  OSax.  6sfan,  dstanu, 
'  from  the  east ' ;  OHG.  and  OSax.  tstar, 
'  to  the  east.'  The  stem  austa-  fin  OIc. 
austr,  gen.  austrs,  m.),  on  which  these 
words  are  based,  is  undoubtedly  connected 
with  the  OAryan  term  for '  dawn ' ;  primit. 
Aryan  *aus6s,  Sans.  uSds,  Lat.  aur6ra  (for 
*aus6s-a),  Gr.  170*,  Lith.  anszra,  '  dawn.' 
Since,  in  other  instance',  the  names  for 
the  periods  of  the  day  have  been  applied 
to  the  cardinal  points,  e.g.,  SWittag,  STOorgfit, 
&c,  the  dawn  might  be  used  for  the  east, 
especially  as  2Roro,en  in  UpG.  signifies 
'  east'  (in  UpG.  the  old  terms  for  the  car- 
dinal points  are  almost  obsolete).  Comp. 
also  Djlern. 

(Plterlujet,  f.,  'birth-wort,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG. ;  corrupted  from  the  Lat 
term  aristolochia,  "  in  order  to  give  at  least 
a  G.  air  and  some  apparent  meaning  to 
the  word." 

(!>flcm,  fern,  plur ,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  6ster,  f.,  more  usual  Osteren,  plur., 
OHG.  Sstar&n,  f.  plur.,  ostara,  f., 'Easter'; 
corresponding  to  AS.  edster,  n.,  edstro,  f. 
plur.,  whence  the  equiv.  E.  Easter.  Pro- 
bably applied  at  an  earlier  period  to  an 
old  heathen  festival  of  the  West  Teutons. 
It  is  based  upon  the  name  of  an  OTeut. 
goddess  of  spring,  AustrC,  which  must  be 
identical  with  Ind.  iisrd,  'dawn'  (between 
s  and  r,  t  is  inserted  in  Teut,  see  <Sdjn>ffter). 
The  OAryan  Aurdra  had  among  the  Teu- 
tons, to  some  extent  at  least,  exchanged 
the  character  of  a  goddess  of  dawn  for  that 
of  the  light-bearing  goddess  of  spring.  This 
is  indicated  by  the  time  of  the  Easter 
festival ;  the  Christian  season  must  have 
coincided  with  the  heathen,  since  the  name 
of  the  latter  was  appropriated.  Bede  tes- 
tifies to  the  existence  of  the  OTeut.  god- 
dess by  the  mention  of  the  E.  dial,  form 
Eostra  (for  West  Sax.  Edstre).  Ausds,  the 
OTeut.  name  of  Aur6ra,  was  the  origin  of 
the  Teut.  derivatives  for  '  east,'  as  well  as 
AS.  edrendel,  '  morning  star,  daybreak,' 
whence  the  OHG.  proper  name  Orentil  in 
the  later  Orendel  legends.     See  Dflen. 

@f  fer,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  otter, 
OHG.  ottar,  m.,  'otter';  corresponding  to 
Du.  otter,  AS.  otor,  E.  otter,  OIc  otr, 
'otter' ;  Goth.  *utrs  is  by  chance  not  re- 
corded. Goth,  tr  remains  unaffected  by 
the  HG.  permutation ;  see  bitter,  tauter, 
trtu,  jittern.  The  term  udrd-  is  applied  in 
several  Aryan  languages  to  aquatic  ani- 


Oxh 


(     259    ) 


Pan 


mals ;  *udra-  belongs  to  the  same  root  as 
Gr.  tiSwp,  '  water,'  &m5pos,  '  waterless,  dry,' 
Sans,  udan,  'water,'  dnudra-s,  '  waterless, 
dry,'  hence  ModHG.  Dttct  is  etyniolo- 
gically  connected  with  SQSaffer.  Comp. 
Gr.  Cdpa,  CSpos,  '  water-snake,'  Lith.  tidra, 
1  otter,'  OSlov.  vydra,  'otter,'  Sans,  udra, 
m.,  '  otter.' — Qttev,  f.  (thus  in  Luther), 
for  '  adder/  is  East  MidG. ;  comp.  Du.  and 
LG.  adder,  E.  adder  (also  Suab.  Mr). 
{Steljofi,  n.,  'hogshead,'  MidHG.  only, 


from  the  equiv.  LG.  anil  Du.  okshoofd,  n., 
to  which  Swed.  oxhufoud  and  Dan.  axehoved 
are  allied  ;  the  origin  of  the  word  cannot 
be  ascertained.  The  sounds  point  rather 
to  a  Scand.  dial,  than  to  LG.  and  Du., 
because  in  the  latter  os  signifies  '  ox.'  It 
is  not  certain  whether  the  prim,  meaning 
is  'head  of  an  ox,'  though  it  was  thus 
popularly  understood  in  LG.,  as  is  seen 
by  the  corrupt  form  hogshead,  which  it 
assumed  on  being  adopted  by  Eng. 


P. 


"gaav,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  par,  'pair,  two  ot  the  same  sort'; 
formed  from  Lat.  par,  •  pair,'  whence  also 
ModFr.  paire,  and  from  this  comes  E.  pair. 

^ad)l,  f.,  '  compact,  lease,  tenure,' from 
MidHG.  (MidG.)  pahi,  with  the  strictly 
HG.  permutated  and  more  usual  forms 
phaht,  phahte  (MidHG.),  f.  and  m.,  '  rent, 
lease,  justice,  law'  ;  so  too  Du.  pacht.  The 
ModHG.  form  is  due  to  LG.  influence,  as 
is  indicated  by  the  initial  sound  compared 
with  MidHG.  phahte.  It  is  based  on  Mid 
Lat.  pactum,  padus,  '  compact,  a  sum  stipu- 
lated by  the  compact.'  OHG.  *pfahta  is 
not  recorded,  probably  only  by  chance, 
though  OHG.  (also  MidHG.)  pfdt  occurs  a 
few  times. 

"gPacfe,  m.  and  n.,  'pack,  bundle,'  to 
which  late  MidHG.  backen,  packen,  'to 
pack  up,  load,'  is  allied  ;  it  is  connected 
with  a  ModTeut.  and  Rom.  class,  the 
source  of  which  has  not  yet  been  discovered ; 
comp.  Du.  pak,  Scand.  pakke,  MidE.  packe, 
E.  park j-  Ital.  pacco,  Fir.  paquet,  &c.  ;  also 
Ir.  and  Gael,  pac,  Bret,  pak,  which  some 
regarded  as  the  origin  of  the  cognates, 
though  others  refer  them,  with  greater  pro- 
bability, to  OIc.  baage,  '  burden.' — jJj'adi, 
n.,  'rabble,'  is  LG.,  and  is  historically 
identical  with  ^arf,  '  bundle.' 

Vaff,  interj.,  'puff!  bang!'  ModHG. 
only,  agreeing  with  LG.  and  Du.  paf, 
'puff!';  scarcely  allied  to  late  MidHG. 
baffen,  'to  bark';  it  is  rather  a  recent 
onomatopoetic  form. 

pat)  !  interj.,  'pooh  !'  ModHG.  only,  of 
a  similar  origin  to  pujf. 

'g'aloff,  m.,  'palace,'  from  MidHG. 
palast  (comp.  9lxt,  jbbfl,  $apft),  more  usual 
palas,  n.  and  m.  (with  a  varying  accent), 
'  large  building  with  one  main  room,  used 


for  the  reception  of  guests,  for  festivities, 
and  espec.  for  meals,'  and  then  '  palace.' 
It  was  adopted  in  late  OHG.  (the  end  of 
the  11th  cent.)  from  Fr.  palais,  Mid  Lat. 
palatium.     See  SPfatj. 

ji'allafd),  m.,  'sword,  falchion,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Russ.  paldsch,  Pol.  palasz. 

Jgalllfabe,  f.,  'palisade,' ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  pallisade,  which  comes  from  Ital. 
■palizzata. 

Ratine,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
palme,  baime,  f.  and  m.,  OHG.  palma,  f., 
'  palm-tree,  palm.'  Borrowed  in  OHG. 
from  Lat.  palma  through  an  ecclesiastical 
medium.  Very  many  names  of  plants  and 
trees  had  been  previously  introduced  from 
the  South  of  Europe. 

*}gam\>f)lei,  n.,  ModHG.  only,  from  Fr. 
pamphlet,  which  was  again  derived  from 
the  equiv.  E.  pamphlet.  The  E.  word  is 
not  a  native  term,  though  its  origin  is  not 
yet  determined. 

■§?anier,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
panier,  usually  banier,  f.  and  n.,  '  banner, 
standard.'  From  Fr.  banniere,  hence  of  the 
same  origin  as  ModHG.  SBaniur. 

"gpatlf f>er,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
panter,  pantel,  n., '  panther,'  late  OHG.  pan- 
thera,  f.,  formed  from  Lat. panther,  panthera. 

£$*anf  offel,  m.,  '  slipper,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.,  from  Ital.  pantofola  (Fr. 
pantoufle),  the  origin  of  which  has  not  yet 
been  explained. 

'jjPcmjer,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
panzer,  panzier,  m.,  'coat  of  mail,'  from 
Ital.  panciera,  MidLat.  pancerea,  '  coat  of 
mail,'  which  is  connected  with  Ital.  panda, 
'  belly,  body '  (Fr.  panse,  whence  also  Mid 
HG.  and  ModHG.  dial.  $*»<>,  *  belly  'X  and 
signifies  lit  '  the  part  of  the  armour  cover- 
ing the  abdomen.' 


Pap 


(    260    ) 


Jas 


"gcipaQei,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
papagey,  most  frequently  papegdn,  m., 
'parrot';  corresponding  to  Du.  papagaai, 
E.  popinjay  (MidE.  pfyejai) ;  borrowed 
from  the  equiv.  Rom.  cognates,  espec.  from 
OFr. papegai  (Ital.  pappagallo).  The  origin 
of  these  words  is  not  yet  determined  ;  they 
are  most  probably  derived  from  Arab. 
babaghd. 

papier,  n.,  'paper,'  from  late  MidHG. 
papier,  n.,  which  is  derived  from  Lat.  and 
Gr.  papyrum,  whence  also  the  Rom.  cog- 
nate, Fr.  papier  (E.  paper). 

{Jfctppe,  f.,  '  pap,  paste,'  from  MidG. 
and  LG. ;  comp.  Du.  and  E. pap;  MidHG. 
(MidG.)  pap,  peppe,  'pap.'  It  is  usually 
derived  from  Ital.  and  MidLat  pappa, 
'  pap,'  allied  to  Lat.  pappare,  '  to  eat.' 

'gappel  (1.),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
papel,  papele,  f.,  OHG.  (MidLat)  papula, 
f.,  '  mallow.'  Of  obscure  origin  ;  probably 
cognate  orig.  with  tappet  (2). 

"g*appcl  (2.),  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
papel,  popel,  f.,  '  poplar,'  Lat.  populus  (Fr. 
peuplier),  with  the  MidLat.  variant  papulus; 
from  the  Fr.  form  (OFr.  poplier)  are  de- 
rived the  equiv.  Du.  populier  and  E.  poplar 
(MidE.  popler).  In  the  Rom.  class,  Lat. 
populus  was  changed  in  many  curious  ways 
in  most  of  the  dials.  ;  comp.  Ital.  pioppo 
(from  *ploppus  for  populus).  Since  the 
HG.  form  is  closely  connected  with  the 
Lat.,  it  must  have  been  introduced  by 
scholars,  probably  in  the  MidHG.  period. 

pappcin,  vb.,  '  to  babble,  prate,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  an  onomatopoetic  term  (comp. 
Fr.  babiller),  but  linked  perhaps  to  the 
equiv.  LG.  babbeln,  Dn.  babbelen  (MidE. 
babelen,  E.  to  babble),  whence  the  ModHG. 
form  may  be  derived  by  permutation. 

"gfapft,  "tgabft,  m.,  'pope,'  from  Mid 
HG.  bdbes,  and  with  an  excrescent  t  (see 
Dfcjt  and  $atajt),  bdbest;  OHG.  babes  first 
occurs  about  1000  a.d.  (in  Notker)  ;  from 
the  equiv.  Lat.  pdpa.  The  initial  and 
medial  6  in  OHG.  and  MidHG.  in  contrast 
to  Lat  p  may  be  compared  with  b'ech,  balme, 
bapel,  and  their  variants  p'ech,  palme,  papel, 
in  MidHG.  The  s  of  the  OHG.  form 
bdbes  (earlier  *bdbas  1)  is  both  strange  and 
difficult  to  explain  \  comp.  OSlov.  papezi, 
borrowed  from  it.  This  Latin  Church  word, 
which  passed  into  G.  at  a  late  period, 
cannot  be  connected  with  ModGr.  x<£inras 
(comp.  $faff«) ;  most  of  the  corresponding 
Rom.  words  have,  however,  no  s  (Ital. papa, 
Fr.  pape).    Yet  OFr.  has  sometimes pape-s 


instead  of  pape,  with  an  inorganic  s  in 
the  nom.  (comp.  tymi),  for  in  OFr.  nume- 
rous masc.«.  in  a  could  take  an  8  in  the 
nom.  (poetes  from  poeta,  prophetes  from 
prophela,  hermites  from  eremita,  homicules 
from  homicida,  &c).  In  MidEuropean  Ger. 
this  form  in  s  afterwards  constituted  the 
stem  ;  besides  OHG.  bdbes  comp.  also  Du. 
paus  (from  OLG.  and  ODu.  pdvos,  recorded 
even  in  the  9lh  cent).  The  LG.  form 
seems  to  have  passed  in  the  10th  cent, 
to  the  south  of  Germany.  OIc.  pdfe  was 
probably  formed  under  the  influence  of 
AS.  pdpa  (Lat.  pdpa),  E.  pope.  Moreover, 
MidLat.  pdpa  was  a  respectful  term  used 
in  addressing  bishops,  and  since  Leo  the 
Great  a  title  of  the  Roman  pope,  and  also 
since  Hierocles  the  title  of  the  patriarch  of 
Alexandria.  Gregory  VII.  decreed  in  1075 
the  exclusive  right  of  the  Roman  pontifex 
to  the  title  papa.  The  fact  that  AS.  has 
preserved  the  Lat.  word  in  a  purer  form  is 
explained  by  its  having  been  borrowed  at 
an  earlier  period. 

parables,  n, '  paradise,'  from  MidHG. 
paradise,  paradis,  pardis  (its  accent  fluctu- 
ates), n.,  OHG.  paradisi,  paradis,  n.  (Mid 
HG.  %  explains  the  earlier  ModHG.  tyava- 
fccte).  It  corresponds  to  OSax.  paradis, 
Du.  paradijs,  MidE.  paradise ;  the  cognates 
are  derived  from  the  biblical  and  ecclesi- 
astical paradlsus,  irap&deicros  (prop.  '  plea- 
sure-ground, park '),  which  again  is  of  Pers. 
origin.  Comp.  Zend  pairidaeza, '  rampart, 
enclosure.' 

jgaxbel,  barber,  m.,  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  parde,  OHG.  pardo,  m.,  'panther, 
leopard';  borrowed  from  Lat  panlus ; 
MidHG.  variant  part  (pardes),  m.  ;  the  I 
or  rather  r  of  the  ModHG.  form  is  due  to 
Gr.  and  Lat.  pardalis. 

~&avk,  m.,  '  park,'  early  ModHG.,  bor- 
rowed from  Fr.  pare.     See  Spfttdj. 

fSfart ci,  f., '  party,  faction,  league,'  from 
MidHG.  parde,  f.,  'party,  division,'  bor- 
rowed from  Fr.  partie  (Lat  and  Ital.  par- 
tita, E.  partt/),  whence  also  ModHG.  partie. 

jJS'afd),  m.,  'doublet,  pair  royal  (at  dice),' 
first  occurs  in  early  ModHG. ;  from  Fr. 
passe-dix,  '  above  ten  (at  dice).' 

pa fefjen,  vb.,  'to  smuggle,'  ModHG. 
only,  probably  from  Fr.  passer,  Ital.  passare, 
'  to  go  beyond,'  with '  frontier'  understood. 

■g^afpcl,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  Fr.  passe-poil,  '  piping '  (for  clothes). 

pa  ffen  (1.),  vb., '  to  forego  one's  turn  in 
playing,'  ModHG.  only,  formed  from  Fr. 


Pas 


(    261    ) 


Peg 


passe7',  *  to  omit,  pass.'  Numerous  words 
relating  to  play  are  derived  from  the  Fr. ; 
comj).  $afd)  and  !Dau$. — The  meaning  '  to 
lie  in  wait,  watch,'  comes,  however,  from 
Du.  passen. 

paffcn  (2.),  vb., 'to  pass  muster,  suit, 
be  convenient,'  ModHG.  only,  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  passen,  which  is  found  even  in 
the  13th  cent. ;  from  Fr.  passer.  Deriv. 
pet H? (id),  'tolerable.' 

pciffieven,  vb.,  '  to  befall,  happen, 
occur  to,'  from  Fr.  se  passer. 

|2?affete,  f.,  '  pie,  pastry,'  from  MidHG. 
pastSte,  pastede,  f.,  from  MidLat.  pastdta, 
whence  Fr.  pdte'e,  'paste'  (for  poultry), 
pdt4,  '  pie  *  (allied  to  pdte,  Ital.  pasta, 
'  dough ').  Akin  also  to  Du.  pastie,  E.  pasty 
(comp  paste). 

■g*a^,  m.,  'pass,  mountain  road,  pass- 
port,' ModHG.  only,  from  Du.  pas,  '  step, 
passage,  pass.' 

"gPate,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pate  {bate),  m.,  'godfather,  godmother,'  from 
Lat.  pater,  the  declension  being  changed  to 
the  wk.  masc. ;  Lat.  pater  spiritualis, '  spon- 
sor,' mostly  MidLat.  patrinus,  whence  Ital. 
patrino,  Fr.  parr  am  (Du.  peet,  peteHnd). 
MidHG.  also  pfytter,  'sponsor'  and  'child 
to  be  baptized,'  from  patrinus,  whence  Mod 
HG.  dial,  qfjfettcr,  fetter.  The  initials/may 
be  due  to  its  having  been  borrowed  at  an 
early  period  (similarly  Du.  meter,  'god- 
mother,' is  borrowed  from  Lat.  matrina). 
In  Suab.  dSte,  m.,  and  ddte,  f.,  are  chiefly 
used  for  $ate  (detle,  '  godchild '),  in  Bav. 
$ctt,  m.  and  f.  With  regard  to  UpG. 
©otte,  ©ctti,  see  under  ©ote. 

Ti'aukc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
piike  (Mke),  f.,  'kettledrum';  a  difficult 
word  to  explain.  The  Suab.  variant  baoke 
seems  to  be  formed  by  gradation  from 
MidHG.  pUke.  Perhaps  the  pritnit.  word 
is  bdggn,  bauggn,  an  old  onomatopoetic 
form. 

■gpausbcicft,  m.,  '  person  with  puffed 
cheeks,'  allied  to  MidHG.  pfusen  (pfnA- 
sen),  '  to  snort,'  with  MidG.  and  LG. 
initial  p. 

paufcrjen,  baufctt,  vb.,  'to  puff  up, 
blow  up,'  ModHG.  only,  formed  from  Fr. 
poneer,  'to  pounce,'  and  e'baucher,  'to 
aketth  '  (hence  the  dial,  form  htrd)Veiifru). 

^Pattfe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
p&se,  f.,  'pause,  rest';  borrowed  in  Mid 
HG.  from  Fr.  pause  (Lat.  and  Ital.  pausa), 
whence  also  Du.  poos  and  E.  pause.  The 
Lat.-Rom.    word    passed    through    a    G. 


medium  to  the  North.  Comp.  Dan.  pause, 
Swcil.  paus. 

"gPatriait,  m.,  '  baboon,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  Du.  barnaan  (HG.  p  for  Du. 
b,  as  in  paweln) ;  the  latter,  like  E.  baboon, 
is  derived  from  Fr.  babouin, '  baboon '  (Ital. 
babbuino,  MidLat.  babtdnus).  The  deriva- 
tion of  these  cognates  from  MidLat.  papio, 
'  wild  dog,'  is  not  satisfactory  ;  their  origin 
must  be  sought  for  somewhere  in  the  South. 
Late  in  the  13th  cent,  the  term  passed  into 
Rom.  and  then  into  E.  ;  in  Germany  the 
animal  seems  to  have  been  shown  for  the 
first  time  at  the  Imperial  Diet  at  Augsburg 
in  the  year  1552  a.d. 

jSped),  n.,  from  the  enniv.  MidHG.  pech, 
beck  (comp.  $apft),  OHG.  peh,  beh,  n., 
'  pitch ' ;  MidHG.  pfich  (very  rare),  from 
OHG. *pfih, unless  it  is  a  phonetic  transcrip- 
tion of  the  Lat.  or  LG.  word.  It  corre- 
sponds to  OSax.  pik,  n.,  Du.  pik,  pek,  AS.  pie", 
m,  E.  pitch;  OIc.  bik.  The  Teut  cognates 
are  based  on  a  Lat.-Rom.  word ;  Lut.  pice7n, 
ace.  of  pix  (with  regard  to  the  oblique  case 
as  the  base  comp.  jftenj).  Compared  with 
Stxt\x\  from  cruoem,  the  preservation  of  the 
guttural  as  k  and  of  the  vowel  quantity  in 
the  stem  is  an  important  element  in  the 
history  of  the  word.  Lat.  picem  was  natu- 
ralised at  a  much  earlier  period  in  G.  than 
crucem,  probably  in  the  7th  cent.  Comp. 
further  Ital.  pece,  Fr.  poix,  '  pitch,'  from 
Lat.  picem  (nom.  pix). 

jSpebcmt,  m.,  'pedant,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  pe'dant,  Ital.  pedante,  of  which 
the  orig.  meaning  was  'instructor'  (the 
ultimate  source  is  Gr.  ircuSeiW).  "  How 
the  word  obtained  its  modern  sense  is 
easily  seen." 

^ebcll,  m.,  'beadle,  messenger  of  a 
court  or  council,'  first  occurs  in  early  Mod 
HG.  ;  from  MidLat.  buiellits,  pcdcllus ; 
bedelli  universitatum  is  recorded  in  1350. 
As  the  usher  of  a  court  of  justice  the  word 
bedellus  appears  as  early  as  the  13th  cent., 
and,  like  its  Rom.  cognates  (Ital.  bidello, 
Fr.  oedeau, '  beadle '),  is  derived  from  OHG. 
bital,  pital  (MidHG.  bitel),  a  derivative  of 
OHG.  bitten,  '  to  invite,  cite.'     See  JBiittrf. 

jjfeflcl,  m., '  water- mark,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  similar  LG.  form  ;  comp.  Du. 
pegel,  'gauge-mark,  standard,'  and  peil, 
'  jjaugc-inark,  scale  on  which  the  height 
of  the  water  is  marked.'  These  words  are 
derived,  like  AS.  pagel,  E.  pail,  from  a 
Teut  root pag,  which  also  appears  in  Alem. 
Pfcxte,  Pfex«>  '  to  gauge.' 


Pei 


(    262    ) 


Pfa 


jjpein,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  pine, 
pin,  OHG.  ptna,  f.,  '  pain,  punishment, 
torture' ;  adopted  during  the  OHG.  period 
on  the  introduction  of  Christianity  from 
Lat.  poena,  which  was  pronounced  pena  in 
Mid  Lit.  (comp.  Ital.  pena)  ;  MidLat.  i  ap- 
pears in  HG.  as  I  in  other  cases  also  (see 
.ffreifce  and  fteter).  Comp.  OS;ix.  ptna,  Du. 
pijn,  AS.  pin,  E.  pin-,  (a  later  variant  of 
pain) ;  also  Olr.  pian  (gen.  perie). 

"g?ettfd)C,  f.,  '  whip,  lash,'  early  Mod 
HG.,  from  Bohem.  bic  (Pol.  bicz). 

"jjpcfte  f Ac,  f.,  'laced  coat,  hussar's  jacket,' 
from  Pol.  bekiesza. 

"jjpeli&an,  in.,  'pelican,'  from  MidHG. 
pellicdn,  m.,  formed  from  Lat.  pelicanus. 

fellc,  f.  (LG.),  equiv.  to  Da. pel,  E.  peel. 
elfj>  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  belli?,, 
belz,  pelz,  m.,  'fur,'  borrowed  in  the  10th 
cent.  (OHG.  pellty)  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
Lat.-Rom.  pellicia,  'fur' ;  comp.  Ital.  pel- 
liccia,  Fr.  pelisse.  It  corresponds  to  AS. 
pylce,  E.  pelt. 

"gPermctl,  n.,  'pen-case,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  MidLat.  pennale ;  with  this 
comp.  *J3ennal  meaning,  '  grammar-school, 
high-school,  pupil.'  To  the  students  at  the 
university  the  school  might  seem  as  a  huge 
array  of  pen-cases,  and  "  in  jest  the  fresh- 
man too  was  called  a  '  pen-case,'  probably 
because  he  attended  lectures  regularly,  and 
so  carried  his  pen-case  with  him." 

J&ex\e,  f.,  '  pearl,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  perle,  b'erle,  OHG.  berla,  perala,  f. ; 
a  foreign  word,  as  the  fluctuating  initial 
sound  indicates.  It  corresponds  to  the 
Rom.  cognates,  Ital. perla,  Fr.  perle,  whence 
also  E.  pearl;  derived  probably  from  Lat. 
*pirtda,  '  little  pear.'  In  Goth.,  marikrei- 
tus,  a  corrupt  form  of  Lat.  margarita,  was 
used,  corresponding  to  AS.  mere-gre6t,  OHG. 
meri-grwi),  MidHG.  meregrie'z.  —  jjf  erl- 
muttcr,  f.,  '  mother  of  pearl,'  late  Mid 
HG.,  formed  like  Fr.  mere-perle  (Ital. 
madre-perla)  ;  so  too  E.  mother  of  pearl. 
^erlntutttr  is  lit.  '  producer  of  pearls  inside 
the  mussel.' 

jjpeft,  f.,  '  pest,  plague,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  I.at.  pestis. — "j!?eftilen$,  f.,  '  pesti- 
lence,' even  in  MidHG.  pestilenzie,  pestilenz, 
i.,  from  Lat.  pertilentia. 

"gpeierftlte,  f.,  'parsley,'  from  MidHG. 
pStersil,  m.,  pStersilje,  m.,  OHG.  pStarsile  ; 
borrowed  from  MidLat.  petrosilium  (Gr. 
■KtrpoffiXivov),  *  parsley.'  In  the  UpG.  dials, 
a  shortened  form  is  found,  *peter(i,  $ettr(e 
(^tterfina). 


J?clfd)aft,  n.,  'Bignet,  seal,'  from  Mid 
HG.  petschat,  petschaft,  n. ;  borrowed  from 
the  equiv.  Bohem.  pelet  (OSlov.  peSati)  ; 
the  /  of  the  MidHG.  and  ModHG.  words 
was  introduced  by  associating  them  with 
@d)aft. 

~2?ct$c,  f., '  bitch,  she-bear' ;  early  Mod 
HG.  ;  its  relation  to  the  equiv.  E.  bitch 
(from  AS.  biSSe)  and  Fr.  biche  is  uncer- 
tain. 

"gfab,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  pfat 
(gen.  pfades),  OHG.  pfad,  m., '  path,  track ' ; 
y)S&x.*path  is  wanting ;  Du.  pad,  AS.  pap, 
m.,  E.  path.  The  word  is  unknown  to  East 
Teut.,  and  thus  the  difficulty  of  determin- 
ing its  origin  is  greatly  enhanced.  The 
prevalent  opinion,  which  is  based  on  the 
supposition,  probably  correct  in  the  main, 
that  the  words  beginning  with  HG.  pf  and 
LG.  p  are  borrowed,  is  satisfied  with  the 
phonetic  similarity  to  Gr.  irdrot,  'path, 
road,'  to  prove  the  fact  that  *Pfab  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  latter.  With  regard  to 
this  point  we  have  to  take  into  account 
the  p  of  the  E.  word,  which  is  assumed 
by  HG.,  and  which  proves  the  existence 
of  *Cfab  in  G.  before  the  beginning  of  our 
era.  But  Teut.  has  no  such  early  loan- 
words of  Gr.  origin  (see  <§anf\  As  we 
have  no  data,  we  cannot  decide  whether 
the  word  was  introduced  through  a  foreign 
medium  ;  it  is  possible  the  word  was  bor- 
rowed indirectly  from  Gr.,  but  the  assump- 
tion that  it  was  adopted  directly  from 
Scyth.  is  equally  valid ;  comp.  Zend  pap 
(also  papan,  panpan), '  way.'  In  the  latter 
case  it  must  have  passed  into  G.  after  the 
primit.  Teut.  permutation  ;  £anf  was  bor- 
rowed before  this  period.  Its  primit  kin- 
ship with  Gr.  xdroy,  'way'  (Sans,  panthan, 
path,  Zend  papan),  must  be  decidedly  re- 
jected, because  Teut./  would  correspond 
to  p  in  the  non-Teut  languages.  Comp. 
£itmpfn. 

jjpfaffe,  m.,  'priest,  parson,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pfaffe,  OHG.  pfaffo,  m., '  priest '  ;  cor- 
responding to  LG.  and  Du. pape,  'priest' ; 
the  common  prim,  form  is  pdpo.  The 
MidLat.  term  is  clericus.  The  usual  as- 
sumption that  the  word  is  derived  from 
Lat.  pdpa,  which  was  in  the  Western 
Church  a  respectful  term  applied  to  bishops 
and  a  title  of  the  Pope,  does  not  account 
for  the  fact  that  the  term  means  'priest' 
in  all  the  Teut  dialects  of  MidEur.,  and 
therefore  must  be  decidedly  rejected.  In 
the  Greek  Church  a  distinction  was  made 


Pfa 


(    263    ) 


Pfa 


between  irdiras,  '  pope,'  and  navas,  *  clericus 
minor' ;  with  the  latter  sense  the  G.  cog- 
nates are  connected.  It  would  also  be 
remarkable  if  the  p  of  a  Latin  word  intro- 
duced into  G.  at  the  period  of  the  Roman 
conversion  had  xmdergone  permutation 
(comp.  $riffier,  prebigen,  and  *JJro^fi).  The 
Gr.  word  (possibly  in  the  vocat.  form  irava  ?) 
may  have  been  widely  diffused  throughout 
Germany  even  in  the  6th  cent  ;  it  was 
introduced  perhaps  at  a  somewhat  later 
period  than  .Rirc!l)f,  as  might  be  inferred 
from  the  absence  of  the  word  p&pa, l  priest,' 
in  AS.  and  E.  Here  too  we  have  a  trace 
of  the  influence  of  the  Greek  Church  on 
the  Teutons  ;  yet  we  cannot  determine 
which  tribe  adopted  Gr.  irairas  as  papa  in 
its  vocabulary  and  passed  on  the  term  (the 
meaning  of  Goth,  papa  in  the  Milan  Calen- 
dar is  obscure).  It  found  its  way  even 
into  Ola,  in  which  pape,  however,  was 
strangely  enough  used  by  the  Irish  ancho- 
rites found  in  Iceland  by  the  Northmen 
when  they  colonised  the  island.  With 
regard  to  Lat.  pdpa  see  $apft. 

"gpfttl)!,  m..  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfdl,  OHG.  pfdl,  111.,  '  pale,  stake' ;  allied 
to  the  equiv.  Du.  paal,  AS.  pdl,  E.  pole, 
pale.  The  cognates  were  undoubtedly  bor- 
rowed from  Lat.  pdlus  (whence  also  Fr. 
pal)  contemporaneously  with  the  cognates 
of  $fojhtt,  and  probably  also  with  the 
technical  terms  relating  to  building  in 
stone  (3ie$el,  @d)inbel,  9BaH,  Waiter,  and 
*Pforte) ;  all  these  words  have  undergone 
permutation  in  IIG. ;  see  also  the  follow- 
ing word. 

g^fala,  f.,  '  palace,  high  official  resi- 
dence, palatinate,'  from  MidHG.  pfalz, 
pfalze,  phalenze,  f., '  residence  of  a  spiritual 
or  temporal  prince,  palatinate,  town-hall,' 
OHG. pfalanza,p/ahnza,  f. ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  palinza,  palencea  (used  in  the  Heli- 
and  of  the  palace  of  Pilate).  The  current 
view  is  content  with  the  assumption  that 
the  word  is  based  on  Lat.  pdldtium,  yet  the 
relation  of  the  one  to  the  other  is  more 
difficult  to  determine  than  is  generally 
imagined.  As  the  permutation  of  LG.  p 
to  HG.  pf  indicates,  the  word  must  have 
been  naturalised  in  G.  as  early  as  the  be- 
ginning of  the  8th  cent. ;  in  the  age  of 
Charlemagne  it  already  existed  in  G.  Be- 
sides, the  nasal  of  the  OSax.  and  OHG. 
derivative,  which  was  retained  down  to 
MidHG.  even,  cannot  be  explained  by  the 
form  of  Lat.  palatium,  nor  can  we  discover 


why  it  was  inserted.  OHG.  pfalanza  and 
OSax.  palinza  clearly  point  to  Mid  Lat. 
palantium,  '  murus,  fastigium,'  palenca, 
paltncum,  palitium,  'contextus  ac  series 
palorum ' ;  we  are  thus  led  to '  the  fortress.' 
or,  more  accurately,  '  the  district  enclosed 
by  pales.'  as  the  orig.  sense  of  the  word 
$Pfcil$.  When,  at  a  later  period,  under  the 
Carlovingians,  palatia  were  built  in  Ger- 
many, the  word,  which  had  been  adopted 
long  previously  from  the  Lat.,  acquired 
the  meaning  of  the  similarly  sounding 
palatium.  In  later  MidLat.  appears  also 
palantia  for  palatinatus,  '  the  district  of  a 
count  palatine.' 

"gffcmo",  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfant  (gen.  -des),  OHG.  pfant  (gen.  -tes), 
n., '  pawn,  pledge,  security ' ;  it  corresponds 
to  MidLG.  and  Du.  pand,  and  OFris.  pand, 
which  have  the  same  meaning.  It  is 
usually  derived  from  OFr.  pan,  '  cloth, 
rag '  (from  Lat.  pannus)  ;  the  West  Teut. 
word  is  more  closely  connected,  however, 
with  OFr.  paner,  Prov.  panar,  Span,  apan- 
dar,  '  to  fleece  a  person,'  apanar,  '  to  take 
away ' ;  hence  $fanb, '  taking  way,'  or '  that 
which  is  seized'  (OFr.  pan,  'the  thing 
seized,'  whence  E  pawn)  1. 

'gPfcmne,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfanne,  OHG.  pfanna,  f.,  '  pan '  ;  widely 
diffused  in  Teut.  with  the  same  sense,  Du. 
pan,  AS.  pgnne,  f.,  E.  pan.  The  permuta- 
tion of  p  to  HG.  pf  indicates  the  early 
existence  of  the  word  in  the  form  panna 
in  G.,  perhaps  about  the  7th  cent.,  or,  011 
account  of  the  coincidence  of  the  E.  with 
the  MidEur,  Ger.  word,  far  earlier.  The 
Lat.  form  of  patina,  l  dish,  pan,'  is  scarcely 
adequate  to  serve  as  the  immediate  source 
of  the  Teut.  words  ;  comp.  further  pfennig. 
From  Teut.  is  derived  the  equiv.  Slav. 
pany. 

"gpfarre,  f.,  '  parish,  parsonage,  living,' 
from  MidHG.  pfarre,  OHG.  pfarra,  •  parish ' ; 
corresponding  to  LG.  parre.  The  current 
assumption  that  pfarre  is  derived  from  the 
Mid  Lat.  and  Rom.  parochia  (Ital.  parrochia), 
paroecia  (Gr.  vapourta,  Fr.  paroisse),  and  E. 
parish  (borrowed  from  Fr.),  is  not  quite 
satisfactory  as  far  as  the  sound  is  concerned, 
since  it  assumes  too  great  a  modification  of 
the  word  ;  note  Olr.  pairche  from  parocliia. 
The  later  parra  recorded  in  MidLat.  is 
clearly  an  imitation  of  the  G.  word,  and 
therefore  the  latter  cannot  be  based  on  it. 
Perhaps  the  ecclesiastical  division  was  con- 
nected with  an  OTeut.  *parra,  'district,' 


Pfa 


(    264    ) 


Pfe 


which  is  similar  in  sound  and  is  assumed 
by  the  derivative  $fcrd)  ;  the  idea  associa- 
ted with  !|?farre  in  historic  times  originated, 
of  course,  in  parochia,  wapoiKla. — *j&favter, 
m.,  '  clergyman,  minister,'  MidHG.  pfar- 
rcere,  OHG.  pjarrdri,  a  G.  derivative  of 
pfarra.  Note  that  the  word  is  not  based 
on  MidLat.  parochus  (Ital.  parroco), '  priest.' 
There  also  exists  a  later  variant,  *JJfarr,  Mid 
HG.  pfarre,  m. ;  hence  the  derivative  ^favrci 
(Suab.  and  Bav.). 

"g*fau,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfdwe,  OHG.  pfdvoo,  m.,  '  peacock ' ;  the 
OHG.  form,  with  its  permutated  initial 
sound  and  its  preservation  of  the  va9w 
(see  Jldji{5,  ^ferb),  points  to  a  very  early 
lean-word  from  Lat.  pdvo  (whence  also  Fr. 
paon,  Ital.  pavone).  With  regard  to  the 
f>riu  of  the  word,  it  may  be  remarked 
that  while  other  loan-words  from  Lat.  are 
based  on  the  oblique  case  (see  Jtreuj),  in 
this  instance  the  G.  word  is  classified  under 
the  n-  declension,  to  which  Lat.  pdvo  (ace. 
pdv6n-em)  also  belongs.  The  peacock 
(comp.  ntaufern  and  Jldjhj)  may  have  been 
known  in  Germany  about  the  7th  or  6th 
cent.,  or  even  earlier.  Comp.  Du.  paauw, 
AS.  pdwa  and  pea,  E.  peacock,  which  were 
borrowed  contemporaneously  from  the  same 
source  ;  OSlov.  pavu  is  also  allied. 

"&febe,  f,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfeben,  OHG.  *pfeban,  *pfebano,  m., '  pump- 
kin,' formed  from  Lat.  pepon  (Gr.  Wxa;»), 
'pumpkin.'  MidHG.  pfedem,  'pumpkin,' 
and  OHG.  pfedemo,  are  peculiar ;  besides 
these,  OHG.  pepano,  bebano,  and  MidHG. 
beben  also  occur  without  permutation. 
Comp.  tibmcit. 

"jgfeffer,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfeffer,  OHG.  pfeffar,  m.,  '  pepper  ' ;  bor- 
rowed, as  the  unvarying  permutation  indi- 
cates, prior  to  the  OHG.  period  from  Lat. 
piper  (whence  Fr.  poivre,  Ital.  pepe),  which 
assumption  is  supported  by  Du.  peper,  AS. 
pipor,  E.  pepper,  Ic.  piparr  (note  in  the 
non-Tent,  languages  OSlov.  plpru).  The 
early  adoption  of  the  Lat.  word  in  Teut.  is 
confirmed  by  history.  In  410  a.d.  Alaric, 
before  Rome,  granted  a  truce,  for  which 
the  city  was  obliged  to  supply,  among  other 
things,  3000  lbs.  of  pepper. — "gPfeffcr- 
mi'in,),  n., '  peppermint,'  is  connected  with 
2)iin;c,  or  rather  its  OHG.  variant  munza. 
See  2Rtnie. 

■gpfcife,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfife,  OHG.  pftfa,  f.,  '  pipe '  ;  borrowed 
prior  to  the  OHG.  period  from  MidLat. 


ptpa  (allied  to  Lat.  ptpare, '  to  pip,  chirp') ; 
hence  also  Du.  pijp,  AS.  pipe,  f.,  E.  pipe, 
OIc  pipa;  so  too  the  Horn,  cognates,  Ital. 

S'va,  Fr.  pipe. — pfetfett,  'to  pipe,'  from 
idllG.  pfifen,  from  Lat.  pipare,  fr<>m 
which  we  should  have  expected  an  OHG. 
wk.  vb.  *pfifC>n. 

*j&feil,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  pfU,  m.,  '  arrow,  dart' ;  correspond- 
iirg  to  MidLG.  ptl,  Du.  pijl,  AS.  pil,  E. 
pUe,  Scand.  pila, '  arrow.'  Borrowed  at  an 
early  period  from  Lat.  pilum,  n.,  '  heavy 
javelin,'  with  a  change  of  gender  and 
meaning.  Tiie  OTeut.  word  for  arrow, 
Goth,  arhicazna,  OIc.  gr,  AS.  earh  (etymo- 
logically  the  same  as  Lat  arcus,  'bow'), 
disappeared  on  the  introduction  of  iheword. 

"gPfeUer,  m,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfilare,  OHG.  p/tldri,  m.,  'pillar';  bor- 
rowed prior  to  the  OHG.  period  from  Mid 
Lat.  pildre,  pilarius  (Lat.  ptla\  '  pillar,' 
whence  also  Du.  pijlaar.  Comp.  Ital. 
piiitre,  Fr.  pilier,  E.  pillar  (to  which  E. 
and  Fr.  pile,  formed  from  Lat  pila  is 
allied). 

■g?femtifl,  m.,  '  a  coin,  one-tenth  of  a 
penny,'  from  MidHG.  pfennic,  pfenninc 
(gen.  -ges),  OHG.  pfenning,  m.,  'denarius, 
a  silver  coin,  a  twelfth  of  a  shilling.'  Its 
form  and  origin  are  difficult  to  determine. 
It  may  be  derived  from  *Pfamte,  and  thus 
its  name  may  be  due  to  its  shape  (perhaps 
'  pan-shaped '  or  *  made  in  the  pan ').  A 
variant  with  nd,  from  the  connection  of  the 
word  with  $fanb,  is  seen  in  OHG.  pfenting 
and  AS.  pending  (variants  of  the  more  usual 
penning,  p$nnig,  whence  E.  penny).  With 
regard  to  the  diffusion  of  the  word,  comp. 
further  OSax.  pending,  Du.  penning,  OIc. 
penningr ;  in  Goth,  a  presumptive  form 
*pann>ggs  or  *pandiggs  is  wanting.  The 
suffix  -ing  frequently  occurs  in  names  of 
coins  in  the  earlier  periods  ;  comp.  <Sd)il- 
Utt$,  (Silbevting,  OHG.  cheisuring,  'impe- 
rial gold  coin,'  E.  farthing,  from  AS.  fc6r- 
ping,'  quadrans.'  From  the  Teut.  cognates 
are  derived  OSlov.  phierjft,  plnedzl,  '  coin, 
money.' 

"^fcrdj,  m.,  'fold,  pen,'  from  MidHG. 
pferrich,  OHG.  pferrih,  pfarrih  (hh),  m., 
'  fence,  enclosure,  espec.  for  sheep ' ;  cor- 
responding to  AS.  pearroc,  m.,  'enclosure, 
park,'  Du.  perk,  'enclosed  space.'  If  the 
words  with  initial  p  in  LG.  and  initial  pf 
in  HG.  are  of  foreign  origin,  the  term  on 
which  they  are  based  must  have  been  intro- 
duced, on  account  of  the  correspondence 


Pfe 


(    265    ) 


Pfl 


between  the  Continental  Ger.  and  E.  words, 
at  a  very  early  date  (about  the  4th  cent.). 
"  It  appears  even  in  the  earliest  MidLat.  ; 
parous,  parricus  (Leg.  Rip.  and  Leg.  Angl.), 
pare  (Leg.  Bajuv.),  in  the  latter  instance  as 
j  granary,'"  and  also  in  early  Rom. ;  comp. 
Fr.  pare,  'pen,  park'  (see  $arf),  I  tat  parco. 
E.  park  is  based  partly  on  Rom.  and  partly 
on  the  AS.  word.  The  source  of  all  the 
cognates  is  incorrectly  ascribed  to  Kelt.  ; 
comp.  Gael,  pdirc,  W.  pare,  parwg. 

Igfexb,  a,  •  horse,'  from  MidHG.  pfert 
(-des),  n.,  'horse,' espec,  'riding-horse, lady's 
horse'  (in  contrast  to  OJofii,  'war-horse'), 
■with  the  earlier  variants  pferit  for  *pferirit, 
OHG.  (from  the  10th  cent)  pferfrtt,  pfari- 
frid;  corresponding  to LG.  pend,  Du.  paard. 
The  word  seems  to  be  Franc,  and  Sax.  (in 
the  UpG.  dials,  the  old  terms  Sflofj  and 
@aul  are  still  the  prevalent  temis  ;  it  -was 
probably  borrowed  (about  the  8th  cent.  ?) 
from  the  early  MidLat.  paraveredus,  pari- 
frediis  (/  for  v  as  in  Jldfta,  ;  the  change  of  v 
into /in  this  case,  however,  is  common  to 
Teut.).  Parveredus, '  horse,'  lit  'near  horse,' 
is  derived  from  Gr.  irapd  and  MidLat.  veri- 
dus,  'horse'  (allied  to  Kelt,  rida,  'wag- 
gon'). In  the  Kelt,  group,  W.  gorwydd, 
'  steed,'  was  retained.  The  Rom.  languages 
retain  the  MidLat.  word  (in  the  MidLat. 
collateral  form  palafridus,  palafrinus)  in 
the  sense  of  'palfrey' ;  comp.  Fr.  palefroi 
(E.  palfrey),  Lat.  palafreno. 

^•fetter,  see  spate. 

'p'ftffcrltng,  m.,  '  toadstool,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pjifferling,  pfefferling,  m., '  curry  mush- 
room.' 

"g*ftttflffctt,  plur.,  'Whitsuntide,'  from 
MidHG.  pfingsten,  which  in  form  is  really 
a  dat.  plur.  (comp.  2)?ittentad)f),  and  was 
used  at  an  early  period  for  all  cases  ;  OHG. 
zi  *pjingustin,  '  Whitsuntide,'  is  by  chance 
not  recorded  (Notker  uses  a  pedantic  semi- 
version,  zifinfehustiri).  Formed  from  Lat. 
and  Gr.  vevreKoar^  (Ital.  pentecoste,  Fr. 
penteedte),  lit.  'fiftieth  day  after  Easter'; 
OSax.  te  pincoston,  '  at  Whitsuntide,'  Du. 
pinksteren,  as  well  as  OSlov.  petikostij, 
'  Whitsuntide.'  While  the  term  JDjleni, 
applied  to  the  Christian  passover,  was 
orig.  a  heathen  word,  which  has  been  re- 
tained in  E.  and  G.,  in  this  instance  the 
ecclesiastical  name  obtained  on  the  Conti- 
nent, and  that  probably  prior  to  the  OHG. 
period,  as  the  initial  pf  in  MidHG.  indi- 
cates ;  it  was  perhaps  introduced  through 
a  Goth,  medium  contemporaneously  with 


.Rivdbe  and  ^faffe.  In  E.,  ^Yhitsunday 
(Scand.  hoitadagr)  was  retained  from  a 
very  early  period,  since  it  was  the  chief 
day  for  baptism,  and  the  newly  baptized 
were  wont  to  wear  white  garments  during 
that  week ;  hence  the  G.  term  '  fcer  te>ei$e 
©onntag'  (Dominica  in  Albis).  From 
quinquagesima,  the  frequent  rendering  in 
MidLat.  of  pentecoste,  are  derived  MidDu. 
sinxen,  Olr.  cincgigais,  '  Whitsuntide.' 

^finfttciQ,  m.,  'Thursday,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pfinztac;  a  word  peculiar  to  Bav.- 
Austr.,  based  on  Goth.  *pinta,  equiv.  to 
Gr.  vifivrij  (Mod.  Gr.  n-^^nj),  '  Thursday.' 
It  seems  to  have  been  introduced  by 
Arians  with  tpjutajlen  and  (satnStaa,  (see 
also  Jttrdje  and  Spfaffe) ;  comp.  OSlov. 
petuku,  '  Friday.' 

j2?ftrftd),  m.  and  f.  (.?  after  r  as  in 
SERcvfer  and  Jg>trfe  ;  yet  Suab.  pferSix),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  pfirsich,  m.,  'peach' 
(comp.  Ital.  pesca,  Fr.  peche,  whence  E. 
peach).  Although  the  word  is  not  recorded 
until  the  12th  cent.,  Lat.  persicum  was 
naturalised  in  Germany  even  prior  to  the 
OHG.  period  (so  too  in  England  ;  comp. 
AS.  persoc),  as  the  permutation  of  the  ini- 
tial p  to  pf  indicates  (comp.  gdrcfye  and 
spflaume),  while  33inte  was  adopted  within 
the  latter  era.  With  regard  to  the  gender 
see  *Bftaunte.  With  the  introduction  of 
horticulture  and  fruit-growing  from  the 
South,  numerous  names  of  fruit  passed  into 
G.  ;  see  Jtirfdje,  *Pfiamne,  and  pfrepfett. 

igflanfte,  f.,  'plant,  vegetable,'  from 
MidHG.  pflanze,  OHG.  pflanza,  f. ;  from 
the  equiv.  Lat.  and  Rom  plmta  (Fr.  plante, 
Ital.  pianta),  whence  AS.,  E.,  and  Du. 
plant  (so  too  lr.  eland,  W.  plant).  This 
term  was  borrowed  at  the  same  period  as 
the  words  mentioned  under  $ifufid). 

^flaffctr,  n.,  '  plaster,  pavement,'  from 
MiuHG.  pflaster,  OHG.  pflastar,  n., '  plaster, 
court-plaster,  cement,  mortar,  floor  of 
cement  or  stones';  borrowed,  perhaps  con- 
temporaneously with  93ii(fyfe,  in  the  8th 
cent.,  from  Gr.-Lat.  t/nrXaffTpov  (comp.  Ital. 
empiastro,  Fr.  empldtre), '  plaster,'  which  in 
MidLat.  also  assumed  the  meaning  'gyp- 
sum' (comp.  ModFr.  pldtre),  and  was 
shortened  to  plastrum;  comp.  Ital.  pias- 
trello,  'small  plaster.'  In  the  sense  of 
'  pavement'  MidHG.  pflaster  was  first  used 
at  the  end  of  the  MidHG.  period.  Comp. 
E.  plaster  and  to  emplaster. 

jjjPflaume,  f-,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
2>JlAme,  f.,  l  plum' ;  borrowed,  as  the  per- 


Pfl 


(    266    ) 


Pfo 


mutated  initial  vf  from  p  indicates,  pre  - 
vious  to  the  OHG.  period  (see  *Pfit|td)) 
from  Lat.  pr&num,  'plum,'  or  rather  its 
plur.  prUna.  The  change  of  gender  in 
names  of  fruit  was  made  even  in  the  Rom. 
group,  as  is  shown  by  the  words  corre- 
sponding to  Lat.  cerasum,  pomum,  morum, 
aud  pirum;  see  QJirne  and  J?irfd)c.  Hence 
the  late  OHG.  pfr&ma,  f.,  'plum,'  in  closer 
connection  with  the  Lat.  form,  and  also 
pfltimo,  '  plum-tree.'  The  r  of  the  Lat.' 
word  is  changed  into  I,  as  in  Lat.  moms, 
equiv.  to  2J?aulbeerbaum  (comp.  also  pilgrim, 
from  Lat.  peregrlnus,  which  has,  besides,  m 
for  Lat.  n).  Numerous  MidHG.  and  Mod 
HG.  dial,  form?,  as  well  as  the  correspond- 
ing Du.  pruim,  likewise  contain  r ;  comp., 
on  the  other  hand,  AS.  plUme,  E.  plum. 
The  Rom.  derivatives  of  Lat.  prdnum  are 
Pp.  prune,  Ital.  prugna,  Span,  prima  (in 
MidLat.  too  forms  with  I  and  m  occur  in- 
stead of  r  and  n;  m,  moreover,  appears  in 
South-East  Fr.  dials.).  As  to  the  time  when 
the  word  was  borrowed,  see  ^ftrfid). 

pflcgcn,  vb.,  'to nurse,  cherish,  indulge 
in,  be  accustomed  to,'  iroin  MidHG.  pfl'egen, 
OHG.  pfiegan,  '  to  take  care  of,  take  a 
friendly  interest  in,  provide  for,  protect, 
carry  on,  be  wont  or  accustomed  to,'  OHG. 
and  early  MidHG.  also  '  to  promise,  stand 
security  for.'  It  corresponds  to  OSax. 
plegan,  '  to  promise,  stand  security,  be 
answerable  for,'  Du.  plegen,  '  to  nurse,  exe- 
cute, do,  be  accustomed'  ;  also  to  AS.  ple- 
gian, '  to  move  on  rapidly,  play,'  E.  to  play. 
The  Prov.  and  OFr.  plevir,  '  to  assure, 
stand  security,'  to  which  no  definite  Lat. 
and  Rom.  original  can  be  assigned,  is  de- 
rived rather  from  MidEurop.  Teut.  (OSax. 
and  OHG.)  than  the  reverse.  E.  pledge 
originated  in  OFr.  pleige,  MidLat.  plegium.- 
Although  the  West  Teut.  cognates  must 
have  existed  perhaps  as  early  as  tlie  4th 
cent,  nothing  definite  can  be  asserted  con- 
cerning their  origin  and  their  numerous 
meanings,  the  base  of  which  seems  to  be 
'  to  act  affectionately  for,  or  in  conjunction 
with,  some  one';  to  this  Gr.  J3\£<t>apov, 
'eye,'  as  well  as  fHKixew,  'to  see'  (Aryan 
root  glegh  ?),  is  perhaps  primit.  allied.  If 
the  cognates  have  been  borrowed,  their 
source  cannot  be  determined  ;  Rom.  is  out 
of  the  question,  since  it  contains  no  suit- 
able root  from  which  they  can  be  derived. 
See  $fKcf/t. 

■j2Pfttd)t ,  f, '  obligation,  duty,  allegiance,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OKQ.pfliht, f.,  'friendly 


care,  nursing,  intercourse,  sympathy,  ser- 
vice, obligation';  a  verhal  abstract  from 
pfkgen  ;  allied  to  AS.  plUtt,  '  danger,'  E. 
plight,  as  well  as  AS.  ptedn,  '  to  risk,'  and 
ple6h,  'danger.' 

"2*fIocR,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  late  Mid 
HG.  pjloc  (gen.  -ekes),  m.,  and  pjlocke,  m., 
'plug,  peg';  corresponding  to  Du.  plug, 
vb.  and  subst.,  equiv.  to  the  E.  vb.  ami 
subst.  plug.  The  word  seems  to  be  un- 
known to  UpG. 

pfiucfcctt,  vb.,*to  pluck,  gather,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  pflikken  (Mi'lG.  pjlocken); 
OHG.  *pjlucchen  is  by  chance  not  recorded  ; 
comp.  Du.  philcken,  AS.  pluccfan  (AS. 
*ply66an  may  be  inferred  from  MidE. 
plicchen),  E.  to  pluck,  OIc.  ploklca,  *  to 
pluck'  (birds).  Since  the  word  is  so 
widely  diffused  in  OTeut.  (it  is  wanting 
only  in  UpG. ;  yet  note  Swiss  blucke,  '  to 
pluck,'  from  the  prim,  form  *blugg6n)  there 
is  absolutely  no  foundation  for  supposing 
that  it  has  been  borrowed.  If  it  be  as- 
sumed that  the  cognates  found  their  way 
to  the  North  with  the  South  Europ.  cul- 
ture of  the  vine  in  the  2nd  or  3rd  cent, 
from  Ital.  piluccare,  '  to  gather  grapes' 
(Prov.  peluear,  'to  pluck  out,'  Fr.  eplucher), 
then  the  early  existence  of  the  Rom.  word 
must  be  more  definitely  established. 

12?flug,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pjluoc  (gen.  -ges),  m.,  OHG.  pfluog,  pfluoh, 
in.,  'plough' ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
Du.  ploeg,  AS.  pldh,  E.  plough,  OIc.  plSgr. 
These  cognates,  which  were  diffused  in 
Teut.  at  an  early  period,  as  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  agreement  of  the  dialects, 
curiously  correspond  to  the  Slav,  class, 
Serv.  and  Russ.  plugu  (Lith.  pliugas), 
though  the  normal  permutation  does  not 
tike  place  in  Teut.  Tiie  Slav,  word  is 
probably  borrowed  from  the  Teut.  original, 
which  was  perhaps  acquired  during  the 
migratory  period  ;  comp.  *Pfat>.  Teut.  pl6go 
also  appears  in  Rhseto-Rom.  and  in  Upper 
Ital.  ;  Tyrol,  plof,  Lombard,  pid.  OTeut. 
likewise  contained  many  terms  for '  plough ' 
which  afterwards  became  obsolete ;  AS. 
sulh  (primit.  allied  to  Lat.  sulcus),  Goth. 
Mha,  OIc.  arl,  OSax.  erida.— ^fluflfc^ar, 
f., '  ploughshare,'  late  MidHG.  pfluocschar, 
MidE.  phuhschare,  E.  ploughshare;  allied 
like  MidHG.  schar,  m.  and  n.,  OHG.  scaro, 
'  ploughshare,'  to  fdjeren. 

"itffott e,  f.,  '  door,  gate,  portal,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  pforte,  OHG.  (Franc.) 
pforta,  f.  ;  borrowed  in  the  OHG.  period, 


Pfo 


(  267  ) 


Pfu 


in  the  8th  cent.,  from  Lat.  porta ;  hence  the 
absence  of  the  permutation  of  t  to  z,  which 
had  been  accomplished  even  in  the  7th 
cent,  (it  is  seen  in  OHG.  p/orzih,  MidHG. 
pforzich,  from  Lat.  porticus,  which  was 
introduced  in  the  5th  or  6th  cent,  with 
the  Southern  art  of  building  in  stone  ; 
comp.  AS.  porti6,  E.  porch).  In  MidG. 
and  Lower  Rhen.,  in  which  the  permuta- 
tion of  t  to  z  did  not  take  place  until  later, 
we  find  in  the  MidHG.  period  the  permu- 
tated  form  porze.  ModHG.  $orte,  MidHG. 
porte,  OHG.  (UpG.)  porta,  is  due  to  a  more 
recent  introduction  into  UpG. 

"SPfofien,  m.,  'post,  stake,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pfoste,  OHG.  pfosto,  m., '  post,  beam  ' ; 
comp.  Du.  pod,  ■  door-post,'  AS.  and  E. 
post ;  from  Lat.  postis,  the  diinin.  of  which, 
postellus  (Fr.  poteau),  is  preserved  in  the 
Horn,  languages.  The  word  was  borrowed 
in  pre-HG.  times  contemporaneously  with 

3»fofe,  f.,  'paw,  claw' ;  MidHG.  *pf6te 
is  wanting,  though  Lower  Rhen.  p6te,  f., 
'  paw,'  is  recorded  in  the  14th  cent. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  poot,  '  paw,  foot,  leg.' 
The  prim,  form  pauta  is  also  indicated  by 
OFr.  poe  and  Pro  v.  paute,  '  paw '  (comp. 
also  Fr.  patte,  '  paw,  claw '  ?).  Whether 
the  Rom.  word  is  the  source  of  the  G.  is 
uncertain  ;  allied  also  to  E.  paw  ?.  It  has 
not  yet  been  ascertained  how  the  prevalent 
UpG.  terms  dap.  ddpe, '  paw'(MidHG.fa/>e), 
are  related  to  these  cognates. 

"^ffrtem  (1.),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  pfrieme.  m.,  'awl' ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  priem,  'awl,  dagger';  allied  to  AS. 
pre6n,  '  awl,  needle,'  E.  preen,  '  tool  for 
carding  wool,'  OIc.  prj&nn,  '  nail,  plug.' 
With  regard  to  the  interchange  of  n  and 
m  comp.  33ccen,  geint,  SPftoitme,  and  *pil- 
grim. 

"gPfrtem (2.),  m.,  'broom'  (plant),  based 
on  $friem  (1) ;  from  MidHG.  pfrimme, 
OHG.  pfrimma,  f., '  broom,'  with  the  variant 
brimma,  which  indicates  that  the  word 
was  borrowed  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  brem, 
'  broom.'  The  source  of  the  cognates  has 
not  yet  been  discovered. 

"gffropf Ott,  m.,  '  stopper,  cork'  (first 
recorded  in  the  last  cent.) ;  its  form  is 
based  on  the  equiv.  LG.  propp,  Du.  prop, 
•plug,  cork,  stopper';  allied  to  E.  prop. 
The  cognates  cannot  be  derived  from  Lat. 
proponere ;  they  are  more  probably  con- 
nected with  the  following  group  of  words. 

pfropfen,  vb.,  '  to  plug  up,  cork,'  from 


MidHG.  pfropftn,  allied  to  OHG.  pfroffo, 
*pfropfo,  '  layer  of  a  vine,  slip,'  MidHG. 
pfropfmre,  '  graft.'  OHG.  pfroffo,  pfropfo, 
m.,  is  derived  from  Lat  propdgo,  m.  (for 
the  retention  of  the  nom.  form  instead  of 
the  oblique  case  see  $fau),  '  layer,  slip,' 
whence  also  Ital.  propaggine,  Fr.  provin. 
With  regard  to  the  period  when  the  word 
was  borrowed  see  SPftrftcfy. 

jJPfrfttt&C,  f.,  'benefice,  living,'  from 
MidflG.  pfriiende,  pfruonde,  OHG.  pfruonta, 
{.,  'food,  maintenance  ;  espec.  the  provi- 
sions supplied  according  to  agreement ; 
spiritual  office  and  its  revenue ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  the  equiv.  OSax.  prevenda,  f., 
Du.  prove.  Borrowed  in  the  8th  cent,  from 
MidLat.  provenda,  a  variant  of  the  earlier 
and  more  frequent  praebenda  (see  *Prepjl), 
which  signified  '  cibi  ac  potus  portiones 
diurnae,  quae  monachis,  canonicis  &c. 
praebentur' ;  hence  Ital.  provenda,  Fr. 
provende,  '  store  of  provisions,'  Ital.  pre- 
benda,  Fr.  prtbende,  '  prebend.' 

jjpful)!,  m.,  'pool,  puddle,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  pfuol,  m.  ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  poel,  AS.  p6l,  E.  pool. 
On  account  of  the  numerous  West  Teut. 
cognates,  as  well  as  the  difficulties  pre- 
sented by  its  sound  and  form,  the  word 
cannot  have  been  borrowed  at  an  early 
period  from  Lat.  palus  (ace.  p&l&d-e»>). 
The  early  history  of  the  Teut.  p6lo-  is 
obscure. 

^fitr)I,  m.  and  n.,  'bolster,  pillow,' 
from  MidHG.  pfiilwe,  n.,  OHG.  pfuliwl,  n., 
'  feather  cushion ' ;  also  OHG.  pfulwo,  Mid 
HG.  pfulwe,  m.  ;  borrowed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  our  era,  as  is  indicated  by  the 
invariable  permutation  of  p  to  pf,  and  the 
retention  of  the  Lat.  v  as  w,  from  Lat. 
pulvtnus  (pulvtnar),  '  pillow,  cushion,  bol- 
ster,' probably  contemporaneously  with 
glaum,  Jtiffen,  and  $i)?«.  Comp.  AS.  pyle, 
pylice,  E.  pillow,  Du.  peuluw, '  pillow.'  The 
early  period  at  which  the  West  Teut.  form 
pulwin  was  borrowed  is  attested  by  the 
fact  that  Lat.  pulvtnus  is  not  preserved  in 
the  Rom.  languages. 

"3?fun6,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pfunt  (gen.  -des),  OHG.  pfunt  (gen.  -tes), 
n.,  'pound' ;  corresponding  to  Goth.,  OIc, 
and  AS.  pund,  E.  pound,  Du.  pond,  OSax. 
pund.  Since  the  Goth,  word  coincides 
with  the  terms  in  the  other  dials.,  SPfunb 
must  be  one  of  the  earliest  loan-words  from 
Lat. ;  it  passed  into  Teut.  probably  at  the 
same  period  as  SRunjr,  about  the  2nd  cent., 


Pfu 


(  268  ) 


Pis 


from  Lat.  pondo  (indecl.), '  pound'  (not  from 
pundus,  '  weight'). 

pfufdjcn,  vb.,  '  to  bungle,  botch,'  Mod 
HO.  only,  of  ob«cure  origin.  Allied  to  the 
equiv.  Fr.  bousillerl. 

"2ff{M3C,  f.,  '  puddle,  slough,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pfiitze,  f.,  '  pool,  puddle,  well,'  OHG. 
(MidG.)  pfuzzi,  pfuzza  (UpG.),  huzza,  f.  ; 
corresponding  to  OLG.  putti,  '  well,'  Du. 
2>ict, '  well,  puddle,'  AS.  pylt, '  well,  pit,'  E. 
pit.  The  permutation  of  LG.  t  to  zz,  and 
the  diffusion  of  the  word  throughout  West 
Tent.,  proves  the  existence  of  the  cognates 
in  Germany  in  the  6th  or  7tb  cent.  ;  yet 
UpG.  huzza  seems  to  be  a  recently  borrowed 
term.  The  word  is  based  on  Lat.  puteus, 
•  well,  cistern,'  whence  also  Ital.  pozzo, 
' draw-well,'  pozzo,  *  puddle,  pool,'  Fr.  puits, 
'  well ' ;  likewise  Olr.  cuithe,  W.  pelen, 
'  well.' 

j^tdt,  'gPtcfe,  m.,  '  grudge,  pique,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  formed  from  LG.  and  Du.  p<k, 
'  grudge,  anger,  bate,'  whicb  is  derived  from 
Fr.  pique,  '  pike  ;  grudge,  pique '  (comp. 
Ital.  picca,  'pike,  pique').  The  HG.  word 
m;iy,  however,  be  borrowed  directly  from 
Fr.     See  $ife. 

ptCRCtt,  vb.,  prop.  LG.  equiv.  to  E.  to 
pick,  AS.  pican,  'to  pick'  (E.  pike  comes 
from  AS.  ptc). 

12?icRClr>aubc,  f.,  '  peaked  helmet' ; 
MidHG.  (13ih  cent.)  beckenh&be  (also  beckel- 
hube),  f., '  peaked  helmet,'  allied  to  93ecfcn  ; 
Mid  Lat,  bacinetum,  bacilletum,  '  helmet,' 
whence  also  Ital.  baoinetlo,  'flat  helmet, 
morion,'  is  named  from  the  orig.  basin 
shape  of  the  helmet. 

jJ?icKClI)ermg,  m.,  '  merry  -andrew, 
buffoon,'  borrowed  in  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  cent,  from  E.  pickle-herring,  a  term 
introduced  by  the  English  comedians  into 
Germany. 

■gHdmidt,  m.,  'picnic,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  Fr.  pique-nique,  whence  also 
E.  picnic.  The  origin  of  the  word  has  not 
yet,  however,  been  definitely  established. 

ptepcn,  vb.,  'to  pipe,  pip,  chirp,'  from 
LG.  piepen,  which,  like  Lat.  pipare,  is  an 
onomatopoetic  form  ;  comp.  the  equiv.  E. 
to  peep,  Gr.  irnnrlfav,  Fr.  pfyier,  Ital.  pipil- 
lare,  Liih.  pypti,  Czech  pipati. 

jjftlget",  m.,  and  in  an  elevated  anti- 
quated style  *$ilarim,  '  pilgrim,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pilgrin,  bilegrim  ($ila.er,  from  MidHG. 
pilgrt),  m.,  OHG.  piligrim,  m.,  '  pilgrim,' 
formed  from  Mid  Lat.  peregrinus.  From 
OHG.  is  derived  E.  pilgrim.     The  change 


of  Lat.  r  and  n  into  HG.  I  and  m  is  similar 
to  that  in  ^flaiune ;  the  I  in  this  word  is 
found  also  in  Horn.  ;  comp.  Fr.  pderin, 
Ital.  pellegrino,  'pilgrim';  in  Italy,  and 
espec.  in  Rome,  the  change  of  meaning 
from  'foreigner'  to  'pilgrim'  was  easily 
suggested.  The  word  was  borrowed  bv 
HG.  in  the  9th,  and  by  E  in  the  12th 
cent. 

S*&iUe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
'llele,  f.,  'pill';  formed  from  Fr.  pilule, 
it.  pilula  (Ital.  pillola). 

"gpitof ,  m.,  '  pilot,'  from  Fr.  pilote,  pro- 
bably through  the  medium  of  Du.  piloot ; 
the  ultimate  source  is  said  to  be  Gr.  m)5bi>, 
'  rudder.' 

"gpilj,  m.,' mushroom,  fungus,'  from  ihe 
equiv.  MidHG.  biile%  (biilz),  OHG.  bul/$ 
(ModHG.  >  for  it  is  UpG.  and  MidG.,  as  in 
Jtitt) ;  a  specifically  G.  loan-word  (comp. 
LG.  bidle)  from  Lat.  bdUtus  (Gr.  /SwXirijs), 
'mushroom'  ;  probably  naturalised  in  G. 
before  the  7th  cent.,  as  may  be  inferred 
from  the  permutation  of  t  to  z  (for  Lat.  i, 
represented  by  OHG.  t  and  %,  comp.  Mdte 
and  3Ruii^f).  Its  rare  occurrence  in  Rom. 
(Orisons  bulieu,  Fr.  bolet,  Vosges  bulo)  sup- 
ports the  very  early  adoption  of  the  word 
in  HG.  (comp.  spfuf)!). 

^impcrnelie,  f., '  pimpernel,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  Fr.  pimprtnelle  (Lat. 
pimpinella) ;  MidHG.  has  the  corrupt  forms 
bibenelle,  bibernelle. 

■gt*ittjt,  m.,  '  peg,  pin,'  from  LG.  and 
Du.  pin  (comp.  MidE.  pinne,  E.  pin)  ; 
from  Mid  Lat.  and  Lat.  pinna. 

jipittfef,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pensel,  bemel  (MidG.),  pinsel,  m.,  '  painter's 
brush'  ;  formed  from  MidLat.  pinscllus 
from  penicillus,  'little  tail,'  whence  also 
the  equiv.  Fr.  pinceau. 

■gfips,  m.,  '  pip,'  a  LG.  and  MidG.  form 
for  the  earlier  ModHG.  $itpf3,  from  Mid 
HG.  and  ORG.  pf iff Iz,  pfifft^,  pfipft^,  m., 
'  pip'  (homy  pellicle  on  the  tip  of  a  fowl's 
tongue).  Borrowed  at  the  beginning  of 
the  OHG.  period  or  earlier  (perhaps  con- 
temporaneously with  glaum  and  Jtiffen?) 
from  MidLat.  pipita,  whence  also  Ital. 
pipila,  Fr.  pepie;  likewise  Du.  and  E.  pip. 
The  tiltimate  source  of  all  the  cognates  is 
Lat.  pitutta,  '  slime,  phlegm,  pip.'  In 
Henneberg  the  equiv.  3ipf  originated  in 
the  same  prim,  word  through  the  inter- 
mediate form  *lipuita. 

ptffcit,  vb.,  first  occurs  in  early  Mod 
HG.  from  the  similarly  sounding  LG.  and 


Pla 


(    269    ) 


Pob 


Du.  vb. ;  allied  to  the  equiv.  E.  to  piss, 
Fr.  pisser  (Ital.  pisciare).  The  origin  of 
this  now  widely  diffused  term  cannot  be 
easily  determined. 

plctdicn,  vb.,  'to plague,'  ModHG.  only, 
intensive  form  of  p(agen. 

jJPIadiett,  m.,  '  patch,  piece,'  from  Mid 
HG.  placke,  m.,  'spot,  place,  district'; 
conip.  Du.  plak, '  spot,  blot,'  E.  dial,  platch 
(variant  of  patch).  From  these  G.  words, 
the  origin  of  which  is  obscure  (they  can 
scarcely  have  originated  in  Lat.  plaga),  are 
derived  Fr.  plaque,  placard,  &c.  Perhaps 
UpG.  btefcen, '  to  patch,'  which  has  probably 
lost  a  guttural  before  the  tz,  is  also  con- 
nected with  these  cognates. 

j8i(XQC,  f.,  'plague,  calamity,'  from  Mid 
HG.  pldge,  OHG.  pldga,  f.,  '  divine  punish- 
ment' ;  adopted  on  the  introduction  of 
Christianity  during  the  OHG.  period  (comp. 
5}5ein)  from  Lat.  pldga,  *  blow,  thrust.'  From 
the  same  source  the  Rom.  cognates,  Ital. 
piaga,  Fr.  plaie,  'wound'  (E.  plague),  are 
derived. 

"iglan,  m.,  'plain,  plan,  project,'  from 
MidHG.  plan,  m.  and  f.,  '  open  space, 
plain '  ;  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  plan. 

"gplcmfte,  f.,  '  plank,  board,'  from  Mid 
HG.  planke,  blanke,  f., '  thick  board,  plank, 
fortification';  corresponding  to  Du.  and 
E.  plank;  borrowed  in  the  MidHG.  period 
from  the  equiv.  Rom.  and  MidLat.  planca; 
comp.  Fr.  planche,  Ital.  (Pied.)  pianca. 

plttppcm,  vb.,  ModHG.  only,  an  ono- 
matopoetic  form  of  a  lost  stem,  blab,  which 
is  also  indicated  by  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
blepzen,  OHG.  blabbi^dn,  'to  blab,  babble'; 
allied  to  ModHG.  (dial.)  and  Du.  blaffen, 
'  to  bark,  yelp,'  Alem.  plapen,  E.  to  blab. 

pl&XVCtt,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
blerren,  bUren,  'to  cry,  hleat';  an  imita- 
tion of  sound  like  Du.  blaren,  '  to  bleat,' 
and  E.  to  blare. 

plait,  adj., '  flat,  level,  dull,  downright ' ; 
in  MidHG.,  only  MidG.  blatefuo$  and  plate- 
huof, '  flat  foot,  sole  of  the  foot,'  are  recorded. 
It  is  most  closely  connected  with  Du.  (LG.) 
plat,  '  plat,'  which,  like  E.  dial,  plat-footed 
(i.e.  flat-footed),  is  derived  from  Rom.,  Fr. 
plat,  Ital.  piatto.  Their  origin  is  ascribed  to 
Gr.  TrXcn-tfj.  To  this  plutten  (Du.  pletten), 
'  to  flatten,  iron  (clothes),'  is  allied, as  well  as 
^•lattc,  f., '  flat,  dish'  (MidHG.  blate,  plate, 
signify  only '  covering  for  the  breast,  bald- 
ness'), formed  from  Du.  plat,  'flat,'  Fr. 
plat,  E.  plate. 

"jJPfatfctfc,  f.,  'plaice,'  formed  from  the 


equiv.  Du.pladijs  (platdijs),  which  is  based 
on  MidLat.  platessa;  comp.  E.  plaice. 

"l^latft  (1.),  m.,  'place,  row,  seat,  situa- 
tion,' from  MidHG.  pldz,  m.,  'open  space, 
place' ;  formed,  like  Du.  plaats,  from  the 
Rom.  cognates,  Ital.  piazza,  Fr.  and  E. 
place,  which  are  derived  from  Lat.  platSa 
(Gr.  ir\are?a),  '  street.'  The  word  seems  to 
have  been  borrowed  towards  the  end  of  the 
13th  cent. 

"^lofj  (2.),  m., '  pancake,  fritter' ;  Mid 
HG.  only  in  MidG.  platzbecke,  '  pastry- 
cook* ;  allied  to  platt,  or  from  Pol.  placek, 
'flat  cake'?.  The  word  is  also  curreut 
in  UpG. 

plctf }CU,  vb.,  '  to  crash,  burst,'  from 
MidHG.  platzen,  blatzen,  'to  fall  with  a 
noise,  strike.'  This  word  and  blesten, '  to 
splash,'  are  derived  from  an  onomat  stem, 
blad.  $piatfd)ett  and  platfcfyevtt,  Du.  plassen, 
'  to  plash '  (plasregen,  equiv.  to  *pia|re<je n), 
are  intensive  forms  of  pla|en. 

plaubertt,  vb.,  '  to  chatter,  chat,'  from 
late  MidHG.  plUdern,  a  variant  of  blilderen, 
bltidern,  '  to  rustle,  roar' ;  a  recent  form  in 
imitation  of  sound,  like  Lat.  blaterare,  '  to 
babble ' 

"gPlmje,  f.,  'coiled  fritter  or  pancake' ; 
ModHG.  only,  an  East  MidG.  word  of 
Slav,  origin  ;  comp.  Russ.  blin,  Mince, '  flat, 
round  cake.' 

plofjltd),  adv.,  'suddenly,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  plozlich  (also  earlier 
ModHG,  plotz  merely)  ;  allied  to  *plotz, 
'  sudden  blow.'  In  UpG.  the  adv.  is  quite 
unknown. 

"gpiitberfjofe,  f.,  '  wide  breeches,'  first 
occurs  in  early  ModHG. ;  origin  uncertain. 

plump,  adj.,  'plump,  unwieldy, coarse,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  and  Du.  plomp, 
'thick,  coarse,  blunt'  (whence  in  Swiss 
pflumpfig,  with  the  HG.  permutation) ; 
from  Du.  the  word  seems  to  have  passed 
into  E.  and  Scand.  as  plump.  The  term 
plump  was  orig.  an  imitation  of  sound. 

"gflltn&er,  m.,  'trash,  lumber,  plunder,' 
from  late  MidHG.  plunder,  blunder,  m., 
'household  furniture,  clothes,  linen,'  which 
is  probably  a  LG.  loan-word  (MidLG. 
plunde,  'clothing').  Hence  plttnbcrtl, 
'  to  plunder,'  lit.  '  to  take  away  the  house- 
hold furniture '  (also  Du.  plundere»y  '  to 
plunder '). 

"gplufcr),  m.,  'plush,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  peluche  (Ital. 
peluzzo). 

"gPdbcI,  m.,  'populace,  rabble,'  formed 


Poc 


(    270   ) 


Pra 


from  Fr.  peuple;  povel,  pbvd,  hovel  are 
found  in  MidHG.  from  the  13th  cent, 
(comp.  E.  "people  in  its  orig.  sense). 

pochcn,  vb., '  to  knock,  beat,'  from  Mid 
HG.  puchen,  bochen;  comp.  MidLG.  boken, 
Du.  pogchen,  '  to  boast,'  E.  to  poke.  The 
ModHG.  vb.  is  not  borrowed  from  the  LG. ; 
comp.  Alem.  bochen.  It  is  derived  from  a 
Teut  root  puk,  buk. 

"j^odte,  f.,  'pock,'  properly  a  LO.  word, 
unknown  in  this  form  to  MidHG.  and 
OHG. ;  comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  pok,  for 
which  we  should  have  expected  0fod)e  in 
HG,  and  in  fact  the  dials,  preserve  this 
form.  Allied  to  AS.  pocc,  E.  pock.  The 
cognates  seem  to  be  based  on  a  Teut.  root 
puh,  '  to  swell,'  which  appears  also  in  AS. 
pohha,  poca,  E.  poke  and  jwcket. 

"jJfORCtl,  m.,  '  drinking  cup,'  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.  from  Ital.  boccale  (Fr.  bocal), 
'  beaker,  mug,'  which  with  its  Rom.  cog- 
nates is  usually  traced  back  to  Gr.  /fau- 
xdXiov,  '  vessel' ;  comp.  93e<Jjer. 

"g^dfcel,  m.,  'pickle,  brine,'  ModHG. 
only,  prop,  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  pekel,  E.  pickle  (see  also  ^tcfelfyeting). 
Origin  obscure  ;  perhaps  the  cognates  are 
connected  with  E.  to  pick. 

jifolet,  m.,  '  penny-royal,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  polei,  pulei,  n.  ; 
based  on  Lat.  pdlejum,  '  penny-royal' 
(whence  Ital.  poleggio,  Fr.  pouliot). 

"{2?oI|Ter,  m.  and  n..  '  cushion,  bolster,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  polster,  bolster, 
OHQ.bolstarm. ;  corresp.to  Du.  bolster, AS. 
and  E.  bolster,  and  its  equiv.  OIc.  bolstr. 
The  cognates  are  connected  with  the  OTeut. 
root  belg,  'to  swell,'  to  which  93a(g  also 
belongs,  hence  the  orig.  sense  is  'swelling' 
(Teut.  bolstra-,  from  bolhstro-).  With  the 
corresponding  Sans,  root  brh,  '  to  be  great.' 
Sans,  upabarhana,  '  bolster,'  is  connected  ; 
comp.  also  Pruss.  pobalso,  balsinis, '  pillow,' 
Serv.  blazina  (from  *bohina),  '  pillow.' 

polfero,  vb.,  '  to  make  a  row,  rattle,' 
from  late  MidHG.  buldern  (a  variant  of 
bollernl) ;  allied  to  the  equiv.  Ic.  baldrast; 
probably  an  imitation  of  sound  akin  to 
Russ.  boltati,  '  to  vibrate,'  Lith.  bildeti,  '  to 
rattle.' 

pomctotft,  adj.,  'slowly,'  ModHG.  only, 
borrowed  from  the  equiv.  PoL  pomalu. 

'jgometan&e,  f.,  'orange,'  adopted  in 
the  15th  cent,  from  the  equiv.  MidLat 
pomarancia,  a  compound  of  Ital.  porno, 
'  apple,'  and  arancia,  '  orange ' ;  the  latter 
word  and  Fr.  orange  are  usually  derived 


from  Arab,  ndrang,  Per*,  ndreng,  and  fur- 
ther from  Sans,  ndranga,  '  orange.' 

"3?omp,  m.,  '  pomp,  splendour,'  first 
occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  from  Fr.  pompe, 
f.  (Lat.-Gr.  pompa). 

popart,),  m., '  bugbear,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Bohem.  bobak,  '  frightful  object.' 

"gforf,  m.,  'port,  harbour,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  porte,  f.,  port,  m.  and  n.  ; 
borrowed  at  a  late  period  from  Lat.  and 
Rom.  portus  (Ital.  porto,  Fr.  port),  '  port.' 

jjforaellan,  n.,  'porcelain,'  ModHG. 
only.  "  This  ware,  at  first  obtained  from 
China  and  Japan,  was  introduced  into 
Europe  by  the  Italians  ;  porcellana  in  Ital. 
orig.  denoted  a  sea-mussel,  concha  veneris  ; 
since  this  bore  a  great  resemblance  to  por- 
celain, the  name  was  easily  transferred  from 
the  one  to  the  other." 

~gofaune,  f.,  'trumpet,  trombone';  a 
loan-word,  as  is  indicated  by  the  accent ; 
it  is  met  even  during  the  MidHG.  period 
as  busHne,  basAve,  bostine.  On  account  of 
the  remarkable  variant  bustne  the  word  has 
been  derived  from  OFr.  buisine,  which,  like 
Ital.  b&ccina,  •  trumpet,'  is  based  on  Lat. 
bAclna.  Comp.  further  Du.  bazuin, '  trum- 
pet.' 

jJ?of]Te,  f.,  'drollery,  fun,  farce,'  first 
occurs  in  early  ModHG.  ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  poets,  pots.  OHG.  gibdsi,  '  tricks, 
nugae '  (comp.  bcfe),  cannot  be  allied  to  it. 
In  earlier  ModHG.  ^offe  also  signified  the 
decoration,  the  accessories  in  works  of  art ; 
hence  the  word  has  been  connected  with 
Fr.  outrage  a,  bosse,  '  work  in  relief  (comp. 
Ital.  bozzo,  '  rough  stone,  stone  blocks,' 
bozzetto,  '  slight  sketch ' ;  also  E.  bosh  1). 

■$2f*0|I,  f.,  'post,  post-office,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.,  formed  from  Ital.  posta 
(Fr.  poste),  which  is  based  on  MidLat.  po- 
sita,  '  standing-place '  (for  horses  ?).  Simi- 
larly ModHG.  ^often,  'post,  station, item, 
entry,'  is  derived  from  Ital.  posto,  '  place, 
post,'  which  again  comes  from  MidLat. 
positus,  'standing-place.' 

"gfoff,  m.,  'pot,'  a  LG.  word;  comp 
Du.  pot,  E.  pot,  and  the  equiv.  Scand.  pottr. 
From  the  Teut.  cognates  are  derived  those 
of  Fr.  pot  and  Span.  pote.  The  Teut  word 
is  said  to  be  of  Kelt  origin ;  comp.  W. 
pot,  Gael.  poit.  £opf  is  not  akin. — "j^of- 
iajfd)e,  t,  equiv.  to  E.  potash;  hence  Fr. 
potasse,  Ital.  potassa. 

"gfracrjf,  f.,  'state,  pomp, magnificence,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  praht,  braht,  m. 
and  f.,  'noise,  shouting.'    The  evolution 


Pra 


(    271    ) 


Pri 


in  meaning  is  similar  to  that  of  fyefl ;  Mid 
HG.  br'ehen,  '  to  light,  shine,'  may  also 
have  exercised  some  influence,  as  well  as 
ModHG.  prangtn,  the  abstract  of  which 
could  only  be  a  form  identical  with  ?$rad)t. 
OHG.  and  OSax.  braht,  'noise,'  like  the 
equiv.  AS.  breahtm,  may  be  traced  to  a 
Teut.  root  brah,  '  to  make  a  noise.' 

pv&QCXX,  vb.,  '  to  stamp,  impress,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  prmchen,  brcechen,  which 
come  from *&n2Wy'an,aderivativeof  bre d)ett'?. 
Akin  to  MidHG.  breech,  '  stamp,  impres- 
sion.' 

prdfyien,  vb.,  '  to  parade,  vaunt,  boast,' 
from  MidHG.  prdlen,  'to  make  a  noisy 
parade,  shout ' ;  comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  bral- 
len  and  pralen,  as  well  as  E.  to  brawl.  Its 
connection  with  Fr.  brailler,  'to  bawl,' and 
W.  bragal,  '  to  brag,  bawl,'  is  uncertain. 

"gPrctfyttt,  m.,  ferryboat,  punt,'  ModHG. 
only,  borrowed  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du. 
praam,  'transport,'  Dan.  pram,  OIc. prdmr, 
E.  prame.  The  whole  of  the  cognates  are 
derived  from  Slav.  ;  comp.  Slav,  pramu, 
which  is  connected  with  the  Aryan  root 
par,  'to  carry  across,'  preserved  in  HG. 
fafyun  (OHG.  faran). 

pvaiicn,  vb.,  'to  strike,  rebound,'  from 
MidHG.  prellen  (pret.  pralte),  'to  strike 
violently  against,  recoil.'  Further  refer- 
ences are  wanting. 

prctttftCJT,  vb.,  'to  make  a  parade,  dis- 
play,' from  MidHG.  prangen,  brangen,  'to 
adorn  oneself,  boast '  (comp.  $vacfyt) ;  origin 
obscure.  Its  relation  to  the  following  word 
is  uncertain. 

granger,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
pranger,  branger,  m.,  'stocks,  pillory.'  It 
is  impossible  to  regard  this  wora  as  a 
euphemistic  term  connected  with  prangm, 
on  account  of  Du.  prang,  '  pressure,  oppres- 
sion,' prangen,  '  to  press,  squeeze,'  pranger, 
'iron  collar,  barnacles,  cooper's  hook,'  E. 
dial,  prong, '  fork.'  These  words  show  that 
LG.  granger  (the  HG.  dials,  have  SPfratifler) 
is  connected  with  Goth,  praggan,  MidHG. 

ftfrengen,  '  to  crowd,  oppress.'     The  further 
listory  of  the  word  is  obscure. 

prafTdtt,  vb.,  '  to  crackle,  rustle,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  prasteln,  brasteln,  OHG. 
*brastal6n ;  comp.  the  equiv.  AS.  brastlian. 
These  words  are  connected,  like  MidHG. 
brasten,  OHG.  brastdn,  '  to  crack,'  with  the 
OHG.  str.  vb.  brestan,  MidHG.  bresten,  '  to 
break.' 

ptaffen,  vb.,  '  to  riot,  carouse,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Du.  brassen,  'to  gorman- 


dise' (akin  to  bras,  'feast').  OIc.  brass, 
'cook,'  and  brasa,  'glowing  coal'  (comp. 
OFr.  brese,  Prov.  brasa),  may  be  connected 
with  it. 

prebiflCtt,  vb.,  'to  preach,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  predigen,  bredigen,  OHG. 
pre&igdn,  bredigtin  (bridi6n) ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  pr$dig6n,  Du.  prediken.  Bor- 
rowed in  the  OHG.  period  from  the  eccle- 
siastical Lat.  and  Rom.  prcedicdre  (Fr. 
pricher,  whence  E.  preach,  Ital.  predicare), 
from  which  Olr.  pridchim,  '  I  preach,'  is 
also  derived.  —  'S'reotgf,  f.,  'sermon'; 
UpG.  *Pret>ig ;  MidHG.  bredige,  bre.digdt, 
OHG.  bre.diga  (bre.dia)  and  bredigunga. 

^te%5,  m.,  'price,  cost,  prize,  reward,' 
from  MidHG. pris (bris),  in.,  'praise,  splen- 
dour, noble  deed' ;  borrowed  in  the  12th 
cent,  from  OFr.  pris  (ModFr.  prix),  whence 
also  E.  price,  prize,  Du.  prijs.  The  ulti- 
mate source  is  Lat.  pritium  (whence  also 
Ital.  prezzo).  The  expression  prettfgeben  has 
nothing  to  do  with  this  word,  but  is  due 
rather  to  the  equiv.  Ital.  darpresa;  Ital. 
presa  (equiv.  to  Fr.  prise),  '  seizure,  booty, 
catch,'  may  be  traced  back  to  Lat.  picehen- 
dere.     Com  p.  further  preiftn. 

j^retfelbeere,  f.,  'cranberry,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  the  dial,  variants  $ieufe(;,  frauds, 
53vattgbecte  seem  to  indicate  a  MidHG. 
*f/riu$elbere ;  their  relation  to  the  equiv. 
Bohem.  brusina,  bruslina,  Lith.  brwene, 
Lett,  bruhlene  is  not  quite  clear. 

pretfen,  vb.,  '  to  praise,  commend,'  from 
MidHG.  prism,  wk.  vb.,  'to  assign  the 
prize,  praise,  extol'  (in  the  15th  cent,  it 
passed  over  to  the  str.  vbs.) ;  formed  from 
Fr.  priser,  '  to  value,  estimate '  (comp.  Ital. 
prezzare,  MidLat.  prStiare),  whence  Du. 
prijzen,  E.  to  praise.  With  regard  to  the 
period  at  which  the  word  was  borrowed 
comp.  $vctS. 

prclien,  vb.,  'to  swindle,  cheat,'  lit.  'to 
squeeze,  push' ;  prop,  identical  with  Mod 
HG.  pvaKctt,  which  see. 

j^refTe,  f.,  'press,  pressure,  strait,  print- 
ing-press ' ;  from  Fr. presse;  MidHG.  presse, 
OHG.  pressa  (pfressa),  '  winepress,'  is  like 
the  equiv.  AS.  presse  (persa),  Du.  presse, 
an  earlier  loan-word  from  MidLat.  pressa. 
MidHG.  presne,  'crowd,  throng,'  is  con- 
nected with  the  equiv.  Fr.  presse. 

J&viamcl,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  late  Mid 
HG.  preambel,  priamel,  'a  short  gnomic 
poem,'  which  is  derived  from  MidLat. 
praeambulam,  'proverb.' 

pridtcln,  vb.,  *  to  prick,  goad,'  ModHG. 


Pri 


(    272    ) 


Pul 


only,  prop,  a  LG.  wonl,  of  which  the 
6trictly  HG.  variant  pfrecken  is  once  re- 
corded in  late  MidHG.  Comp.  Du.  prik- 
kelen  (prikken),  'to  prick,  stitch,'  AS. 
prician,  E.  to  prick,  and  prickle,  equiv.  to 
Du.  prikkel;  these  words  are  based  on  an 
OTeut  root  prik,  which,  in  spite  of  the 
initial  p,  cannot  have  been  borrowed. 

"gPricfler,  m.,  'priest,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  prUster,  OHG.  priestar  (prestar), 
m. ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  pristar,  Du. 
priester  (AS.  predst,  E. priest,  OIc  prest-r). 
The  cognates  were  borrowed,  at  a  com- 
paratively late  period,  from  Lat.  and  Rom. 
presbyter  (Gr.  trpeofHntpos),  or  rather  from 
its  shortened  variant  *prtster>  whence  also 
Fr.  pretre  (OFr.  prestre),  as  well  as  ItaL 
prete,  Span.^weste  (likewise  Olr.  cruimther). 
The  orig.  sense,  'elder,'  was  a  respectful 
term  applied  to  the  spiritual  head  of  the 
community  (orig.  used  perhaps  only  in 
addressing  him) ;  comp.  9l6t,  93apft,  and 
also  £err.  The  Lat.  word  was  not  adopted 
in  OHG.  before  the  9th  cent  (contempo- 
raneously with  prcbtgen). 

"gf  rirt3,  m., '  prince  (of  the  blood),'  from 
MidHG.  prinze,  m.,  'prince  (sovereign 
ruler)';  borrowed  in  the  13th  cent,  from 
the  equiv.  Fr.  prince  (whence  also  E.  prince, 
Ital.  prence),  which  is  derived  from  Lat. 
princeps. 

jPrtfe,  f.,  'capture,  prize;  pinch  (of 
snuff)' ;  ModHG.  only,  from  Fr.  prise. 

"3?rif  f(f)C,  f.,  '  bat,  racket,  wooden  sword 
of  a  harlequin,'  from  late  MidHG.  *britze, 
f.,  which  is  only  implied,  however,  by  the 
two  compounds  —  britzelmeister,  ModHG. 
*Pritfd)etmeijler,  'a  harlequin  carrying  a 
wooden  sword  with  which  he  directs  the 
order  of  the  game,'  and  britzelslahen, '  blow 
with  the  wooden  sword.'  The  meaning 
wooden  couch '  points  to  a  connection  be- 
tween $ritfd}e  and  93rett 

■gfrobc,  f.,  'proof,  trial,  test,  sample,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  prObe,  f., 
which  is  derived  from  Ital.  proba,  '  proof ' 
(comp.  Fr.  epreuve). 

"j2»robft  and  ^rosofj,  see  «Prefeft. 

X>vopf)e$eietl,  vb.,  'to  prophesy,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  a  derivative  of  MidHG.  prophezie 
(prophetie),  f.,  '  prophecy.'  Allied  to  Mid 
HG.  prophezieren,  '  to  prophesy.' 

fjfropfi,  m.,  'provost,'  from  MidHG. 
probest,  brobest,  OHG.  probost,  probist  {pro- 
vost), '  superintendent,  overseer,  provost,'  a 
loan-word  from  Lat.  and  Rom.  propositus 
(syncopated  propostus),  propositus,  whence 


Ital.  prevosto,  'provost,'  Fr.  prevdt,  'assis- 
tant, provost.'  The  word  was  borrowed  by 
OHG.  in  the  9th  cent.  *PrcfoJ5  is  a  later 
loan-word,  which,  like  Du.  provoost,  '  mar- 
shal(navy),  provost-marshal,'  T&.provost,  has 
assumed  different  meanings  by  connection 
with  OFr.  prevost.  AS.  profast  agrees  with 
the  G.  words  in  substituting  the  prefix  pro 
for  prae.     Comp.  *|$frunbe. 

ptrfifett,  vb.,  'to  try,  examine,  prove, 
test,'  from  MidHG.  priieven,  briieven  (pret. 
prwrfle),  wk.  vb., '  to  demonstrate,  consider, 
count,  test,  put  right ' ;  this  vb.,  which  is 
of  frequent  occurrence  from  the  12th  cent, 
is  based  on  OFr.  prover  (ModFr  prouver), 
which  is  again  derived,  like  Ital.  provare, 
from  Lat.  prdbdre.  The  abnormal  tie  of  the 
MidHG.  vb.  comes  from  East  Fr.  tie  (East 
Fr.  priteve,  from  Lat.  prdbat).  Comp.  Fr. 
prouver,  eprouve,  E.  proof  (even  in  AS.  pr6- 
Jian,  '  to  demonstrate ').  With  regard  to 
the  treatment  of  Lat.  d  in  recent  loan-words 
see  further  <2<fjule. 

^rugct,  m., '  cudgel,'  from  late  MidHG. 
brtigel,  m., '  club ' ;  allied  to  MidHG.  brtige, 
'  wooden  platform.'  The  history  of  the 
word  is  obscure. 

"2?rutt6,  m.,  *  parade,  ostentation,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  prop,  a  LG.  word.  Comp.  the 
equiv.  Du.  pronk,  which  is  perhaps  allied 
to  prana.en. 

fritftcf),  see  <Sitttd). 
Itoel,  m.,  'poodle,  slattern  ;  blunder,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  of  obscure  origin. 

"jjfuoer,  m.,  'powder, hair-powder,' Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Fr.  poudre. 

puffen,  vb., '  to  puff,  buffet,  cuff,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  prop,  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  Du. 
pof, '  thrust,  blow,  credit'  (whence  ModHG. 
*Puff  in  the  sense  of  'credit'),  probably 
allied  also  to  bobbien,  buffen,  '  to  strike,'  E. 
buffet,  subst  and  vb. ;  puff  (hence  the  mean- 
ing of  $uff, '  puffing  of  a  sleeve '),  and  to  puff 
(AS.  pyffan).  "  The  close  proximity  of  the 
meanings  '  to  blow '  (inflate)  and  '  to  strike ' 
is  not  unusual ;  Fr.  souffler  and  soufflet  fur- 
nish a  ready  example  ;  the  Rom.  languages 
have  the  same  stem,"  though  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  assume  that  one  was  borrowed  from 
the  other  ;  the  stem  buf  may  have  origi- 
nated independently  as  an  imitative  form 
in  both  groups.  Comp.  Ital.  buffo,  '  blast 
•f  wind,'  buffettare,  'to  snort,'  Span,  bqfetada, 
'  box  on  the  ear.' 

"gpttls,  m.,  '  pulse,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  puis,  m.  and  f.  ;  Lat  pulsus  (akin 
to  pulsare,  '  to  beat '),  '  beat '  (of  the  pulse), 


Pul 


(   273  ) 


Qua 


is  shown  by  Du.  pols,  E.  pulse,  Fr.  pouls, 
Ital.  polso,  &c,  to  be  a  common  term  in 
medicine  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

|J?uU,  m.  and  n.,  '  desk,  writing-desk,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  pult,  n.,  with 
the  older  variants  pulpt,  pulpet,  pulpit.  A 
later  loan-  word  from  Lat.  pti/pftum,  'wooden 
platform,'  whence  also  Ital.  pulpito,  'pul- 
pit,' Fr.  pupitre,  '  desk '  (E.  pulpit). 

^lllvev,  n.,  'powder,. gunpowder,'  from 
MidHG.  pxdver,  m.  and  n.,  'dust,  ashes' 
(also  in  the  15th  cent,  'gunpowder ').  From 
Lat.  pulver  (Fr.  poudre,  Ital..  polvere). 

"gltmpe  (East  MidG.  variant  tylumpt), 
f., '  pump,'  ModHG.  only,  prop,  a  LG.  won! ; 
comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  pomp,Fj.  pump.  The 
further  history  of  the  word  is  obscure. 

"jjfuppe,  f.,  'puppet,  doll,5  even  in  late 
MidHG.  puppe,  bopper  from  the  equiv.  Lat. 


pUpa,  whence  also  Fr.  ponpe'e,  'puppet,' 
poupon,  '  chubby  child '  (from  which  Du. 
pop  and  E.  puppet  are  formed). 

pur,  adj.,  '  pure,  downright,  mere,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Lat.  purus. 

purjeln,  vb.,  'to  tumble  head  over 
heels.'  Aleni.  hiirzle  seems  to  suggest  that 
this  word  is  connected  with  SBurjcl. 

puftcn,  vb.,  'to  blow,  puff,'  ModHG. 
only,  prop,  a  LG.  word  ;  the  strictly  HG. 
forms  are  seen  in  MidHG.  pfAsen,  'to 
sneeze,  snort,!  and  pfiusel,  '  catarrh.'  Akin 
to  E.  pose,  '  catarrh '  ?. 

j£*ltf C,  f.,  '  turkey-hen,'  ModHG.  only, 
perhaps  a  subst.  form  of  the  cry  of  the  bird. 
Its  connection  with  E.  pout  {Turkey-pout) 
is  not  clear. 

ptttjctt,  vb.,  '  to  deck,  dress,  polish,' 
from  late  MidHG.  bulzen,  '  to  adorn.' 


Q. 


quabbclrx,  vb.,  'to  shake  or  tremble' 
(of  lat  and  jelly),  ModHG.  only,  orig.  a  LG. 
word,  which  is  usually  derived  from  LG. 
quabbel  (Du.  kwabbe),  '  dewlap.' 

Qua&fa\bev,  m.,  'quack';  ModHG. 
only  ;  orig.  a  LG.  word  ;  corresponding  to 
E.  quack,  Du.  kwakzalver,  a  compound  of 
naif,  'salve'  (comp.  OHG.  salbdvi,  'seller 
of  ointment,  physician').  The  first  part 
of  the  compound  seems  to  come  from  the 
vb.  cptafctt  (which  see),. 'to  boast';  hence 
Cluacffalbev,  '  boasting  physician '  ?. 

^ittabcr,  m.,  ^squared  stone,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG..  qudder,  m.  and  11.,  which 
is  based  on  Lat.  quadrum,  '  square,'  or 
rather  quadrus  (scil.  lapis),.' square  stone.' 
Comp.  Ital.  quadro,  '  square,'  Prov.  caire, 
'  square  stone '  (Ital.  quadrello,  Fr.  car- 
reau). 

quaftcn,  vb.,  'to quack, croak,'  ModHG. 
only,  orig.  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  Du.  kxcaken, 
'to  croak,'  to  which  kwakken,  'to  make  a 
noise,'  is  allied,  El  to  quack.  A  late  ono- 
matopoetic  term. 

(iiurtl,  f.,  '  torment,  pain,'  from  MidHG:. 
qudl,  qudle  (kdle),  OHG.  and  OSax.  qudla, 
)'.,  '  anguish,,  torture' ;  comp.  Du.  kwaal, 
'  pain,'  AS.  cioalu,  '  violent  death.'  To  this 
word  is  allied  a  str.  root  vb.  OHG.  quelan 
(MidHG.  queln),  '  to  be  in  violent  pain ' 
(AS.  cw'elan,  'to  die'),  of  which  the  facti- 
tive is  ModHG.  qudlcu,  MidHG.  qu^ln, 
OHG.  quellen  (from  *qualljan),  '  to  torture, 


torment  to  death.'  The  Teut.  root  qel  (qui) 
is  primit.  connected  with  Lith.  gelti,  'to 
prick' (gdia,  'it pains '),ge/d,  ' pain,' OSlov. 
Salt,  'hurt'  (Aryan  root  gSl). 

(jlualm,  m.,  'vapour,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  LG.  and  Du. 
kwalm,  the  early  history  of  which  is  ob- 
scure. It  is  identical  probably  with  Mid 
HG.  hvalm,  'stupor,  faint.' 

(iuctppc,  f.,  'eel-pout,  tadpole,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  LG.  in  which  the  OLG. 
word  quappa  occurs  (comp.  Du.  kwab) ;  the 
latter  is  primit  allied  to  OPruss.  gabawo, 
'toad,'  OSlov.  zaba  (from  the  prim,  hum 
*giba),  'frog.'  The  assumption  that  the 
word  is  borrowed  from  Lat.  capito  is  less 
probable. 

(SJitnrf;,  m.,  'curds,  filth,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  twarc{g),  quarc  (zwarc),  'whey  cheese,' 
which  is  usually  connected  with  MidHG. 
tivern,  '  to  turn,  stir,  mix.'  It  is  more  pro- 
bably related  to  the  equiv.  Slav,  cognates  ; 
comp.  Buss,  tvarogu,  Pol.  tvarog.  Since 
Guarf  first  appears  in  late  MidHG.,  and 
is  unknown  to  the  other  Teut  languages, 
it  may  be  assumed  that  it  was  borrowed 
from  Slav.     Comp.  jQuiil. 

{&uart,  n.,' quart  quarto,' from  MidHG. 
quart,  f.  and  n., '  fourtn  part  of  anything ' ; 
formed  like  Du.  kwart  and  E.  quart  from 
the  Rom.  cognates,  Ital.  quarto,  Fr.  qwirt. 

(5uar \.  in.,  '  quartz,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  quarz;  its  relation  to  Du.  kwarts, 

S 


Qua 


(     274     ) 


Rab 


E.  quartz,  Ital.  quarzo,  and  Fr.  quartz  has 
not  yet  been  explained. 

Quaff,  in.,  'tuft,  tassel,'  from  MidHG. 
quast  (queste,  ko.ite),  m.  and  f.,  '  cluster  of 
leaves,  bath-brush'  (OHG.  questa,  'apron 
of  leaves');  comp.  Du.  kwast,  'brush  for 
sprinkling  holy  water,  brush'  (Dan.  kost, 
'  besom,'  akin  to  OIc.  kvistr,  '  branch '). 

quech,  adj.,  '  lively,  quick,'  from  Mid 
HG.  qu'ic  (ck),  OHG.  quec  (cch),  'living, 
fresh,  gay' ;  for  its  early  history  see  under 
the  variant  fecf. — Quedxfllbet,  n.,  'quick- 
silver,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  quecsilber, 
OHG.  quecsilbar;  an  imitation,  like  Du. 
kwikzilver,  E.  quicksilver  (AS.  cwicseolfor), 
of  the  common  Rom.  argentum  vivum; 
comp.  Ital.  argento  vivo,  Fr.  vif-argent. 

^Htec&e,  f.,  'quick-grass,'  ModHG.  onlv, 
from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  kweek,  AS.  cwice, 
E.  quitch-,  couch-grass;  these  words  seem 
to  be  connected  with  quecf,  '  living,'  as  a 
term  for  a  luxuriant  weed.  "  No  plant  has 
more  vitality  than  this  species  of  grass, 
which  is  propagated  by  its  root,  and  there- 
fore is  very  difficult  to  extirpate." 

Quelle,  f.,  '  spring,  source,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.  (naturalised  by  Luther) ; 
a  late  derivative  of  the  ModHG.  str.  vb. 
quellen,  MidHG.  quellen,  OHG.  quellan. 
From  the  variant  kal  (by  gradation  qel), 
derived  from  OIc.  kelda,  'spring'  (whence 
Finn,  kaltio),  and  Goth.  *kaldiggs,  which  is 
implied  by  OSlov.  kladezl,  '  spring' ;  like- 
wise AS.  collen, '  swollen.'  The  prehistoric 
root  gel  (gol)  is  related  to  Sans,  jala, 
'water/ gal,  'to curl.' — quellen,  'to soak, 
cause  to  swell,'  is  a  factitive  of  OHG. 
quel  a»,  '  to  swell.' 

Quenbel,  m.,  'wild  thyme,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  quendel,  most  frequently 
quenel  'konel),  OHG.  qu'enala  (chonala),  f.  ; 
comp.  Du.  kwendel,  AS.  cunele.  It  is  hardly 
probable  that  this  is  an  early  loan-word 
from  Lat.  conila  (Gr.  kovlKt)),  'thyme,' 
since  the  Rom.  languages  have  not  pre- 
served the  word. 

cjucngcln,  vb.,  •  to  be  peevish,  grumble,' 


.ModHG.  only,  an  intensive  form  of  Mod 
HG.  twengen,  '  to  press'  (with  East  MidG. 
qu  for  tw)  ;  see  jjroangen. 

Queufcheit,  n.,  'drachm,  dram,'  from 
MidHG.  qutnttn  (quinttn),  'fourth  (orig. 
perhaps  fi  I  th  ?)  part  o  f  a  8ot  ( hal  f-an-ounce) ' ; 
from  Mid  Lat.  quintinus,  which  is  wanting 
in  Rom. 

qucr,  adv.,  'athwart,  crosswise,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  (MidG.)  tw'er  (hence 
txc'er,  f., '  diagonal ')  ;  for  further  references 
see  3wevrf);. 

(S!uctfd)e,  f.,  see  3w«tfcfN. 

qucf  fajen,  vb.,  '  to  crush,  squeeze,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  qvetzen  (even  yet  dial, 
quefcen),  quetschen;  akin  to  MidLG.  quattern, 
quettem  (Du.ku-etsen,  borrowed  from  HG.  ?). 

quicken,  vb.,  'to  squeak,  squeal,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  a  recent  onomatopoetic  word. 

Qlttrf ,  in.,  '  whisk,  twirling  stick,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  twirel,  ttcirl,  OHG. 
dwiril,  'stirring  stick';  akin  to  MidHG. 
twern,  OHG.  dweran,  'to  turn,  stir' ;  allied 
10  the  equiv.  OIc.  sultst,  Jyvara.  With  the 
Teut.  root  frwer  (Aryan  twer),  are  connected 
Gr.  ropvvT),  and  Lat.  trua,  'stirring  spoon.' 
It  is  doubtful  whether  Ouarf  is  allied. 

quiff,  adj.,  'quit,  rid,'  from  MidHG. 
quit,  '  released,  unencumbered,  free'  ;  bor- 
rowed about  1200  A.D.  from  the  equiv.  Fr. 
quitte,  whence  also  Du.  kicijt,  E.  quit  (also 
E.  quite)  ;  Fr.  quitte  and  quitter,  '  to  let  go, 
forsake,'  are  derived  from  Lat.  quietare. 

(Quitte,  f.,  'quince,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  quiten,  f.  (OHG.  *quitina  is  want- 
ing), with  the  remarkable  variant  kitten, 
from  OHG.  chutina  (Swiss  xii^ene), '  quince.' 
This  latter  form  alone  renders  it  possible 
that  Quitte  was  borrowed  from  the  equiv. 
Rom.  cot&nea,  which  is  probably  represented 
by  Ital.  cotogua  and  Fr.  coing  (whence  E. 
quince  and  Du.  kwee).  The  connection 
between  Lat.  cotdnea  (parallel  form  cot- 
tanum)  and  Gr.  icvSavta  is  obscure,  and  so 
is  the  relation  of  OHG.  *quitina  to  chutina. 
If  the  word  was  borrowed,  it  was  intro- 
duced contemporaneously  with  Spjlattme. 


R. 


21a be.  m., '  raven,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  rabe  (rappe),  OHG.  rabo  (*rappo),  m., 
also  MidHG.  rube?i,  OHG.  raban,  hraban, 
and  MidHG.  ram  (mm),  OHG.  ram,  hram 
(with  mm  for  mn),  m.,  'raven  ' ;  all  these 


forms  point  to  Goth.  *hrabns.  Comp.  OIc. 
hrafn,  AS.  hrafn,  m.,  E.  raven,  Du.  raaf, 
rave  (comp.  Otoppe).  The  proper  names 
Wolf-ram,  OHG.  Hraban,  and  ModHG. 
CRapp  preserve  the  old  variants.     Perhaps 


Rac 


(    275    ) 


Rah 


these  cognates  with  Lat.  corvti*,  Gr.  icdpa£, 
'  raven,'  Lat.  comix,  and  Gr.  Kopavrj,  'crow,' 
belong  to  the  same  root ;  yet  the  Teut. 
form  has  a  peculiar  structure  of  its  own, 
which,  contrary  to  the  usual  assumption, 
presents  sume  difficulties. 

2?tad)e,f.,'  revenge,  vengeance,' from  Mid 
HG.  rdclie,  OHG.  rdhha,  f. ;  allied  to  rad)en. 
21ad)Ctt,  m.,  'throat,  jaws,  abyss,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  rache,  OHG.  rahho,  m., 
for  the  earlier  *hrahhoj  comp.  AS.  hraca, 
m., '  throat,'  perhaps  also  AS.  Uracca, '  back 
of  the  head,  nape,'  E.  rack,  '  neck  of  mut- 
ton ' ;  also  Du.  rauk,  '  back  part  of  the 
palate,  inner  parts  of  the  mouth.'  Further 
references  for  determining  the  origin  of  the 
word  are  wanting  ;  no  relation  to  Jtracjen  is 
possible. 

r&d)ett,  vb.,  '  to  revenge,  avenge,'  from 
MidHG.  rechen,  OHG.  rehhan,  older  *toreh- 
han,  '  to  revenge,  obtain  satisfaction  for 
some  one ' ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  wrikan, 
'  to  persecute,'  gawrikan,  '  to  avenge,'  AS. 
wr'ecan,  '  to  drive  out,  revenge,  chastise,' 
E.  to  wreak,  to  which  wreak  is  akin,  Du. 
icreken,  '  to  revenue,'  and  wraak,  urake,  f., 
'  revenge,'  OSax.  wrekan, '  to  chastise.'  The 
Teut.  root  wrek  (comp.  also  Stadje,  Stecfe, 
SBraf)  with  the  prim,  meaning  'to  pursue, 
or  rather  expel,  especially  with  the  idea  of 
punishment,'  is  derived  from  a  pre-Teut 
wreg,  werg.  It  is  usually  compared  with 
Lat.  urgeo,  '  I  oppress,'  Sans,  root  vrj,  '  to 
turn  away,'  Gr.  eipya>,  '  to  enclose,'  OSlov. 
vragic,  'enemy,'  Lith.  rdrgas,  'distress' 
(vdrgti,  'to  be  in  want'),  which  imply  an 
Aryan  root  werg,  wveg. 

Ulachcr,  m.,  'flayer,  hangman's  servant,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  comp.  Du.  rakker,  *  beadle, 
hangman.'  Lessing  suggested  that  it  was 
allied  to  rccfcit,  '  to  put  to  the  rack.'  It  is 
now  usually  connected  with  LG.  racken, 
4  to  sweep  together,'  and  MidLG.  racker, 
'flayer,  knacker,  nightman.' 

"^lab,  n.,  '  wheel,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  rat  (gen.  rades),  OHG.  rad,  n.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  LG.  and  Du.  rad  (comp.  also 
OFris.  reth).  The  word  is  confined  to  Mid 
Europ.  Teut ;  it  is  wanting  in  E.,  Scand., 
and  Goth.  ;  this,  however,  is  no  reason  for 
assuming  that  the  word  is  borrowed  from 
Lat  rota.  Since  OHG.  rad  is  based  on 
pre-Teut.  rotho-m,  rothos,  11.  (Goth.  *raf>a-), 
'  wheel,' it  is  primit.  cognate  with  the  equiv. 
Olr.  roth,  m.,  and  Lat.  rota,  and  likewise 
with  Lith.  rdtas, '  wheel.'  The  correspond- 
ing Sans,  ratha-s  (rathas,  n.  .in  rdthas-pdti) 


signifies  '  car,'  espec.  '  war  chariot '  (for  the 
root  roth  see  under  rafch),  while  Sans,  cakra, 
Gr.  kvkXos,  corresponding  to  AS.  hioeol,  E. 
wheel,  also  means  '  wheel '  in  Aryan. — 
rai>ebred)ett,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  radebreclien,  '  to  break  on  the  wheel, 
mangle,'  akin  to  Du.  radbraken,  *  to  muti- 
late, mangle,  murder  a  language.'  See 
Mcfyfe,  Sunfe,  SCagen. 

jHcibeIsfitl)rer,  m.,  'ringleader,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  Bav.  Sftabel  (dimin.  of 
Oiab),  'small  circle  of  persons,  ranks,  danc- 
ing-song' ;  as  to  the  evolution  of  meaning 
comp.  E.  ringleader,  allied  to  ring. 

^ittoeit,  m.,  '  cockle-weed,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rdd£,  usually  rdte,  ratte,  rdten,  ratten, 
m., '  a  weed  among  corn,'  OHG.  rdto,  ratto, 
m.  ;  so  too  OLG.  rdda,  f.,  '  weed.'  In 
Franc,  and  Henneberg  rddme  occurs,  in 
Swiss  and  Suab.  ratte.  Perhaps  the  nume- 
rous forms  of  this  simply  MidEurop.  Teut. 
word  point  to  a  primit.  G.  rdJ>wo-  (prim, 
form  ritwo-).  Cognate  terms  in  the  non- 
Teut.  languages  have  not  yet  been  disco- 
vered. 

^l&bev,  m.,  also  j&ooel,  '  sieve,'  allied 
to  MidHG.  reden,  OHG.  redan,  '  to  sift, 
winnow.'  The  Teut  stem  is  probably 
hrej?-,  hence  the  word  may  be  related  to 
Lith.  kre'talas,  'sieve,'  kreczd,  'to  snake'; 
allied  also  perhaps  to  Lit  cer-nere, '  to  sift ' 
(creteus,  'sifted'). 

raffcit,  vb.,  '  to  snatch,  carrv  off  sud- 
denly,' from  MidHG.  raffen,  OHG.  *raff6n 
(by  chance  not  recorded),  '  to  pluck,  pull 
out,  snatch  away ' ;  corresponding  to  LG. 
and  Du.  rapen,  '  to  gather  hastily.'  E.  to 
raff  is  derived  from  Fr.  raffer,  which,  like 
Ital.  arraffare,  is  borrowed  from  HG.  ;  on 
the  other  hand,  E.  to  rap  is  primit  allied 
to  HG.  raffen.  Mid  HG.  rasptin  (for  rafsp6n), 
Mi'lIlG.  raspen,  'to  collect  hastily,'  ami 
Ital.  arrappare,  '  to  carry  off,'  are  also  con- 
nected with  the  Tent,  root  hrap. 

rtttfCtt,  vb.,  '  to  project.,  stand  forth,' 
from  MidHG.  ragen  (OHG.  hragfal),  'to 
project,  become  rigid,  be  prominent'; 
allied  to  MidHG.  rac,  adj.,  '  tense,  stiff, 
astir' ;  also  to  AS.  oferhragian,  'to  tower 
above' ;  see  9iat)e  and  veoni. 

"jJiabo.  f.,  also  Hiaa  (under  LG.  and 
Du.  influence),  'yard'  (of  a  ship),  from 
MidHG.  rahe,  f.,  '  pole' ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  ra,  'sail-yard,'  OIc.  rd,  f.,  '  sail-yard' 
(Goth.  *rdha,  f.,  '  pole ').  Sflafye  is  native, 
both  to  UpG.  and  LG. ;  comp.  Bav.  ra%e, 
'  pole.' 


Rah 


(    276    ) 


Rap 


3 tabm,  in.,  '  cream,  crust  of  mould  or 
mildew,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  roum, 
m.  ;  comp.  Du.  room,  AS.  redm  (earlier 
ModE.  ream),  OIc.  rj&me,  *  cream.'  The  d 
•  if  the  ModHG.  form  compared  with  OIIG. 
*roum  (Thuring.  roum)  is  dialectal  (comp. 
MidHG.  strdm  and  stroum  under  <Strcm). 
The  origin  of  these  cognates  has  not  yet 
been  discovered. 

^lafttncn,  no.,  '  frame,  border,'  from 
MidHG.  ram,  rame,  m.  and  f.,  *  prop,  frame- 
work, frame  for  embroidery  or  weaving,.' 
OHG.  rama,  '  pillar,  prop ' ;  comp.  Du. 
roum,  *  frame.'  Allied  probably  to  Goth. 
hramjan,  '  to  crucify,'  lit.  '  to  fasten  to  a 
pillar  or  prop'(?),  which  may,  however, 
be  cognate  with  Gr.  Kpefiawvfii.  Oialnnen, 
prop,  'setting,'  is  usually  connected  with 
OSlov.  kroma,  f.%  '  border.' 

glatftras,  n.,  ModHG.  only,  from  the 
equiv.  E.  ray-grass,  or  rather  from  its  pho- 
netic variant  rye-grass. 

~g{ah\,  m.,  '  strip  or  belt  of  grass  as  a 
dividing  line  between  fields,  ridge,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  rein,  m.,  'ridge'  (as  a 
line  of  division  between  fields)  ;  corre- 
sponding to  LG.  reen,  '  field  boundary,' 
OIc.  rein,  f.,  'strip  of  land.'  Perhaps  cog- 
nate with  San?,  rekhd,  f., '  row,  line,  strip.' 

^lalle,  f.,  '  corncrake,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  rdle,  whence  also  E.  rail. 

^lotnmc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(MidG.)  ramme,  f.,  'rammer,  pile-driver,' 
prop,  identical  with  MidHG.  ram  (gen.  ram- 
mes),  m.,  '  ram,'  OHG.  ram,  rammo,  m., 
'ram '(comp.  JBcrf,  .Rralm) ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  ram,  'ram,  battering-ram,'  AS. 
ramm,  E.  ram.  No  connection  with  Gr. 
apfjv  is  possible  ;  it  is  more  probably  allied 
to  OIc.  ramr,  rammr, '  strong,  sharp,  power- 
ful.'   See  the  following  word. 

rtttttmcln,  vb.,  Ho  buck,  rut,  ram,  force 
in,'  from  MidHG.  rammeln,  OHG.  ram- 
malon,  'to  rut' ;  akin  to  {Rammler,  '  buck 
rabbit,'  from  MidHG.  rammeler, '  ram  dur- 
ing the  rutting  season.'  A  derivative  of 
the  cognates  discussed  under  {Ramme. 

■jRampe,  f.,  '  sloping  terrace,'  ModHG. 
only  from,  Fr.  rampe. 

"Zlctnb,  m.,  'rim,  border,  brink,'  from 
MidHG.  rant  (gen.  randes),  m.,  OHG.  rant 
(gen.  rantes\  m.,  '  boss  of  a  shield,'  then 
'rim  of  a  shield,'  and  finally  'rim'  (gene- 
rally) ;  so  too  Du.  rand,  '  edge,  rim,'  AS. 
rgnd,  m.,  '  rim  of  a  shield,  shield,  rim,'  E. 
rand,  OIc.  rgnd  (for  rand.6-),  'shield,  rim 
of  a  shield.'    Goth.  *randa,  '  rim,'  is  also 


implied  by  Span,  randa,  'lace  on  clothes.' 
Pre-Teut.  *ram-td  points  to  a  root  rem  (AS. 
rXma,  reoma, '  rim '),  the  m  of  which  before 
d  would  be  necessarily  changed  to  n  (see 
ftunbert,  Sanb,  <Sunb,  and  ©djanbt).  From 
the  same  prim,  form  is  derived  the  modern 
dial,  term  {Ranft  for  (Ranb  ;  comp.  OHG. 
ramft  (with  an  excrescent  /  as  in  .ftuiift  ? 
yet  comp.  the  equiv.  OSlov.  rabu  and  Lith. 
rUmbas),  m.,  'rim,  rind,  border,'  MidHG. 
ranft,  m.,  'frame,  rim,  rind.'  {Rinbe  also 
belongs  probably  to  the  same  stem. 

2icmft,  m., '  rank,  order,  row,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Fr.  rang  (whence  also  Du.  rang, 
E.  rank),  which  again  is  derived  from  G. 
{Ring,  OHG.  ring,  hring. 

~g{ai\QC,  m.,  '  dissolute  youth,'  first  oc- 
curs in  early  ModHG.    Allied  to  tiitgen. 

^tanft,  plur.  {Ranff,  m.,  '  winding,  in- 
trigue, wile,'  from  MidHG.  ranc  (k),  m., 
1  rapid  winding  or  movement' ;  correspond- 
ing to  AS.  \cre11S,  'bend,  cunning,  plot,'  E. 
wrench.  See  renfen. — ^ianfce,  f.,  '  tendril, 
creeper,'  ModHG.  only,  from  MidHG. 
ranken, '  to  move  to  and  fro,  extend,  stretch.' 
See  renfen. — jJlcmhhorn,  n.,  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  rankorn,  rankhorn,  n., 
'  quinsy  (in  pigs) ' ;  allied  to  Du.  tcrong, 
which  is  used  of  the  diseases  of  cows. 
Whether  it  belongs,  by  inference  from  the 
Du.  word,  to  the  pre-Teut.  root  wrank  (see 
reiifen),  is  uncertain. 

■glattflcrt,  m.,  'belly, knapsack,  satchel,' 
from  MidHG.  rans,  m.,  'belly,  paunch.' 
Comp.  Du.  ranzel,  '  knapsack.' 

fcmjen,  vb.,  'to  speak  rudely  or  harshly 
to,'  ModHG.  only,  probably  for  *rauf  $en,  al- 
lied to  MidHG.  ranken,  'to  bray.'  Scarcely 
cognate  with  E.  to  rant. 

rcmjtg,  adj.,  'rancid,  fetid,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  ranee  (Lat.  ran- 
cidtis),  like,  or  through  the  medium  of,  Du. 
rans,  '  rotten,  rancid.' 

2-ictpp.  m  ,  'grape-stalk,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rappe,  rape,  m.,  borrowed  from 
the  equiv.  Fr.  rdpe  (comp.  Ital.  raspo), 
whence  also  the  equiv.  E.  rape. 

"2lctppc  (1.),  m., '  black  horse,'  ModHG. 
only  in  this  sense,  which  is  a  figurative  use 
of  MidHG.  rappe,  'raven,'  the  variant  of 
MidHG.  rabe  (Alem.  rap,  '  raven ').  OHG. 
*rappo  is  wanting  ;  it  would  be  related  to 
rabo  like  *knappo,  '  squire,'  to  knabo, '  boy.' 
See  {Rajtyen. 

jHappe  (2.),  f.,  'malanders,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rappe,  rapfe,  f.,  '  itch,  scab ' ;  allied  to 
X>a.  rappig,  'scabby.'     The  root  is  seen  in 


Rap 


(    277    ) 


Ras 


OHG.  rapfen, '  to  harden  (of  wounds),  form 
a  scab,'  and  in  rdffi.  From  HG.  the  equiv. 
Fr.  rapes,  pi.,  is  lormed. 

giappe  (3.),  f.,  'rasp,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Fr.  rdpe,  which  again  cor- 
responds to  OHG.  raspon,  '  to  sweep  off,' 
MidHG.  raspeln.  See  vaffen,  (Rapp,  and 
(Rafpe. 

rappeltt,  vb.,  '  to  rattle,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG. ;  the  correct  MidHG.  form  is 
rajfeln,  'to  bluster,  clatter'  ;  allied  to  E. 
to  rap,  MidE.  rappien. — In  the  sense  of '  to 
be  crack-brained,  rave,'  rappeln  may  be  de- 
rived from  the  meaning  '  to  bustle' ;  it  is 
usually  connected,  however,  with  MidHG. 
(MidG.)  reben,  'to  dream,  be  confused,' 
which  is  derived  from  Fr.  rever,  whence 
also  E.  to  rave. 

^ctppett,  in.,  '  centime,'  from  MidHG. 
rappe,  in.,  '  the  name  of  a  coin  first  made 
in  Freiburg  in  Baden,  and  stamped  with 
the  head  of  a  raven,  the  Freiburg  coat  of 
arms.'     See  feerappen  and  (Rappe  (1). 

^lappicf ,  m.  and  n.,  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.,  from  Fr.  rapier,  whence  also  the 
equiv.  E.  rapier  and  I)  11.  rapier.  The  Fr. 
word  is  generally  regarded  as  Teut.  and 
derived  from  rdpe.     See  CWappe  (3). 

p?iappufe,  f.,  'common  prey,  scramble,' 
from  late  MidHG.  rabusch,  m.,  'tally,' 
which  is  again  derived  from  the  equiv. 
Boh  em.  rabus'e. 

piaps,  m.,  'rape-seed,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Lat.  rapicium.     See  9ruk. 

rapfen,  vb.,  '  to  sweep  off,'  intensive  of 
vajfen.    LG.  rapen. 

ptapunjel,  m.,  '  rampion,  corn-salad,' 
ModHG.  only,  not  from  Lat  rapunculus, 
but  rather  an  extended  form  from  MidLat. 
rapunciun  (Fr.  raiponce,  comp.  Du.  ra- 
punsje),  whence  also  Ital.  ramponzolo; 
comp.  further  E.  rampion.  Allied  to  Lat. 
rapa  (see  (Rube). 

vat,  adj.,  ModHG.  only,  from  Fr.  rare 
(Lat.  rartis),  whence  also  Du.  raar,  E.  rare. 

piafd),  m.,  'anas, serge,' ModHG. only, 
from  the  equiv.  Du.  ras  (E.  arras).  In 
late  MidHG.  tuttn,  arras,  '  light  woollen 
fabric,  serge,'  which  was  named  from  Arras, 
a  town  in  the  north  of  France. 

rafd),  adj.,  'impetuous,  speedy,  swift, 
rash,'  from  MidHG.  rasch,  OHG.  rase,  adj., 
'  quick,  prompt,  skilful,  powerful,'  of  which 
the  equiv.  variants  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
rosch,  and  MidHG.  resch,  risch,  occur.  Cor- 
responding to  E.  rash,  Du.  rasch ;  OIc.  rgskr 
(Goth.  *rasqs),  '  brave.'    The  final  dental 


of  the  root  has  disappeared  before  the  suffix 
sqa,  ska  (*rasqa-  for  *rat-sqa)  ;  comp.  OHG. 
rado,  AS.  rode,  'quick.'  Comp.  also  OIc. 
l<orskr,  AS.  horse,  '  quick,  clever,'  with  AS. 
hraxUic,  'quick.'  The  Teut.  root  rap, 
Aryan  rot  (roth),  in  OHG.  rado,  '  quick,' 
may  have  meant 'to  hasten';  it  appears 
also  in  ModHG.  (Rab. 

rafd)C(tt,  vb.,  'to  rustle,  rattle,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  probably  a  derivative  of  rafd?, 
like  OHG.  rascezzen,  '  to  sob,  emit  sparks,' 
because  of  the  successive  short  and  lively 
movements.  Comp.  AS.  rasscetung,  'spark- 
ling.' 

piafett,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  late  Mid 
HG.  rase,  m., '  turf,  sward ' ;  comp.  MidLG. 
wrase,  LG.  frasen.  The  word  is  wanting  in 
the  other  dials.  (Goth.  *wrasa  may  perhaps 
be  assumed) ;  in  UpG.  SBafen,  which  is 
primit.  cognate  with  the  primary  form 
wrasa. 

trafett,  vb.,  '  to  rave,  rage,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rasen  (rare),  '  to  storm,  rave ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  LG.  rasen,  Du.  razen.  It  is 
usually  thought  that  the  word  was  borrowed 
from  LG.,  since  it  is  not  found  in  HG.  till 
the  end  of  the  13th  cent.  Allied  to  AS. 
rdsettan,  '  to  rave,'  rcesan,  '  to  make  a  vio- 
lent attack,'  roes,  '  attack,  charge '  (comp. 
E.  race),  OIc.  ras, '  race,  running,'  and  rasa, 
'  to  rush  headlong.' 

plafpe,  f.,  'rasp,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  raspe  (now  rdpe),  hence  prop,  identical 
with  (Rappe  (3). 

piafpel,  f.,  'large rough  file,  rasp,' Mod 
HG.  only,  a  derivative  of  the  preceding  ; 
comp.  E.  rasp,  rasper.  As  to  the  ultimate 
connection  of  the  cognates  with  OHG.  ras- 
pdn,  '  to  scrape  together,'  comp.  (Rappe  (3). 

piaffe,  f.,  'race,  breed,'  borrowed  in  the 
18th  cent,  from  Fr.  race,  which  is  recorded 
as  early  as  the  16th  cent,  at  which  period 
the  E.  word  race  was  also  borrowed ;  the 
Fr.  term  and  its  Rom.  cognates  (Ital.  razza 
is  met  with  even  in  the  14th  cent.)  are 
derived  from  OHG.  reitza,  rei^a,  f.,  'line.' 

raffeltt,  vb.,  'to  rattle,  clatter,'  from 
MidHG.  ratfeln  (from  ra^en),  'to  bluster, 
rave,'  but  based  in  meaning  on  LG.  rateln, 
'to  clatter';  comp.  MidHG.  ratzen,  'to 
rattle,'  Du.  rateln, '  to  clatter,  chatter,'  ratd, 
'  rattle,  clapper,'  AS.  hroztele,  E.  rattle.  The 
Teut  root  Ivrat  appearing  in  these  words  is 
connected  with  Gr.  rpafiaiVw,  '  I  swing.' 

Uiaft,  f.,  'rest,  repose,'  from  MidHG. 
vast,  raste,  f.,  OHG.  rasta,  f.,  '  repose,  rest, 
permanence,'  also  in  OHG.  and  MidHG. 


Rat 


(    278    ) 


Rau 


'stage  of  a  journey,'  which  is  the  onlv 
sense  borne  by  Goih.  rasta  and  OIc.  rgst. 
Comp.  AS.  ratst,  E.  rest,  OSax.  rasta,  resta, 
'couch,  deathbed,'  l)u.  rust  (see  Sftfifle), 
'rest,  repose.'  The  common  Teut.  word  is 
based  on  a  root  ras,  'to  remain,  dwell,' 
which  may  also  be  inferred  from  Goth. 
razn  and  OIc.  rann,  'house.'  9hjt,  in  the 
sense  of  '  stage,'  comes  from  the  period 
when  the  Western  Aryans  were  migrating 
to  Europe  ;  only  a  wandering  tribe  could 
adopt  the  intervals  of  reposing  and  en- 
camping as  a  measure  of  distances.  More- 
over, the  older  language  preserves  a  few 
other  wonls  as  relics  of  the  migratory 
period;  comp.  MidHG.  tageweide,?.,'  day's 
journey,  the  distance  traversed  in  a  day ' 
(prop,  said  of  nomadic  marches,  '  the 
length  of  pasture  grazed  by  cattle  in  one 
day ')  ;  see  ^janf.  Whether  the  assumed 
root  ras,  '  to  remain,  dwell,'  is  connected 
with  the  root  r6  in  SHufoe  is  doubtful. 

"2iaf ,  m.,  '  counsel,  advice,  deliberation, 
council,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  rdt  (gen. 
rdtes),  m.,  'counsel,  means  at  hand,  store  of 
provisions ' ;  these  meanings  are  still  parti  v 
preserved  by  ModHG.  ©erat,  Sorrat,  ^aua- 
rat,  llnrat.  A  verbal  abstract  of  ModHG. 
ratett,  MidHG.  rdten,  OHG  rdtan,  'to  ad- 
vise' ;  comp.  the  equiv.  Goth,  ridan,  OIc. 
rdfia,  AS.  rcedan  (to  which  E.  to  read  is 
akin?),  OSax.  rddan.  Some  etymologists 
have  connected  the  common  Teut.  ridan, 
'to  advise,'  with  Lat.  reor,  'to  suppose'  ; 
in  that  case  the  dental  of  the  Teut.  verb  is 
prop,  only  part  of  the  pres.  stem,  which 
was  afterwards  joined  to  the  root.  Others 
with  equal  reason  have  referred  to  the  Sans, 
root  rddh,  '  to  carry  out  a  project,  put  to 
rights,  obtain  ;  to  appease.'  and  to  Sans. 
raditi,  '  to  feel  solicitous,  trouble  oneself 
about.'—  rat  fcftlagcit,  vb., '  to  deliberate,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  rdtslagen,  the 
origin  of  which  is  obscure.     See  Oidtfet. 

{£taffd)e,  f.,  'rattle,  clapper,'  ModHG. 
only,  allied  to  MidHG.  ratzen,  'to  clatter' ; 
see  rafieln. 

^Ittifel,  n.,  'riddle,  perplexity,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  rdtsal,  ratsel,  n.,  OHG. 
*rdtisal,  n. ;  comp.  OLG.  rddisli,  MidLG. 
ridelse,  Du.  raadsel,  AS.  rdedels  (for  *rdedesl), 
m.,  whence  the  equiv.  E.  riddle,  the  s  of  the 
AS.  word  being  regarded  as  a  sign  of  the 
plur.  The  formation  of  the  subst.  from 
raten  corresponds  to  that  of  SKufifal  from 
nuifjen,  of  Sabfat  from  laben,  and  of  Srubfat 
from truben.    The  notion  '  riddle'  was  cur- 


rent among  the  Teutons  from  early  times  ; 
the  Goth,  term  was  frisahts ;  in  OHG.  we 
find  t uncal,  n.,  and  rdtussa,  rdtissa,  f., 
'  riddle.' 

■glcttfe,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ratte, 
rate,  f.,  rat,  rale,  m.,  OHG.  rato,  m.,  ratta, 
f.,  'rat'  (in  MidHG.  there  also  appears 
another  variant  ratz,  raize,  m.,  whence  Bav. 
and  Swiss  Stafce).  It  corresponds  to  OLG. 
ratta,  f.,  Du.  rat,  rot,  m.,  AS.  rmtt  (?),  E. 
rat,  Dan.  rotte.  Besides  these  are  found 
the  Rom.  words  Fr.  rat,  Ital.  ratto,  atid  also 
Gael,  radan.  The  origin  of  all  these  cog- 
nates is  unknown.  The  Rotu.  class  has 
been  derived  from  Lat.  raptus.  rapidus ;  in 
that  case  Ital.  ratto,  'quick,  nimble,'  would 
be  the  primary  meaning.  The  phonetic 
relations  of  the  Teut.  words  are  not  suffi- 
ciently clear  to  pronounce  a  decided  opinion 
(comp.  Jtctjje). 

^Icutb,  in.,  '  robbery,  spoil,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  roup  (gen.  roubes),  m., 
OHG.  roub,  m.  ;  comp.  OSax. r'f  in  nodroj. 
'violent  wresting,'  Du.  roof,  m.,  'robbery,' 
AS.  red/,  n.,  '  robbery,  booty,'  allied  to  AS. 
red/an,  '  to  break,  rend,'  OIc.  rjtifa,  str.  vb., 
'  to  break,  rend '  (espec.  used  of  a  breach  of 
contract) ;  these  are  further  connected  with 
Lat.  rumpo  (Aryan  root  rup) ;  comp.  the 
Sans,  root  lup,  '  to  shatter.  Hence  CRanb 
seems  to  mean  lit.  'breach  of  contract.'  1 — 
rmtbert,  vb.,  'to  rob,  plunder,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rouben,  OHG.  roubdn  ;  OSax.  r6b6», 
AS.  redfian,  whence  E.  to  reave  (the  AS. 
subst.  redf  has  become  obsolete  in  E.), 
Goth,  biraub&n,  '  to  plunder,  despoil.'  The 
Teut.  cognates  passed  with  two  distinct 
meanings  into  Rom. ;  comp.  on  the  one 
hand  Ital.  ruba, '  robbery,'  rubare, '  to  rob,' 
Fr.  derober,  '  to  steal,'  and  on  the  other  Ital. 
roba,  '  coat,  dress,'  Fr.  robe.  The  latter  are 
connected  with  Oiaub,  since  by  inference 
from  OHG.  roub  and  AS.  redf,  'robbery, 
booty,  armour,  dress,'  the  OTeut.  word 
had  probably  acquired  the  meanings  of 
'  garments  got  by  plundering,  dress  (gene- 
rally).'    See  also  tauten. 

jjflcmd),  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
rouch,  OHG.  rauh  (hh^,  m., '  smoke,  steam  '  ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  r6k,  m.,  Du.  rook, 
AS.  ric  (from  Goth.  *rauki-),  m.,  E.  reek, 
OIc.  reykr,  m.,  '  smoke ' ;  Goth.  *rauks 
(rauki-)  is  by  chance  not  recorded.  The 
common  Teut.  is  connected  by  gradation 
with  the  Teut  root  rUk,  '  to  smoke.'  See 
rtedjen. 

rcutcfr,  adj.,  'rough,  hairy 'j  equiv.  to 


Rau 


(    279    ) 


Rau 


raid)  ;  9taud)n>erf,  '  furs,  skins '  (MidHG. 
rAchwerc)  contains  ModHG.  ranfj,  'hairy, 
covered  with  hair ' ;  9taud)ljanbel  (ModHG. 
only),  'trade  in  furs,  furred  skins.' 

"gl&ubc,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
riude,  rude,  {'.,  OHG.  rA<la,  f'.,  'seal),  mange, 
scabies,'  for  an  earlier  *hrAda,  since  it  is 
allied  to  OIc.  hriiftr,  m.,  '  scab  of  a  wound' ; 
comp.  Du.  ruit,  '  scab,  itch.' — rdltbifl, 
'  scabby,  mangy,'  from  MidHG.  riudec, 
OHG.  riudig,  older  rAdig,  '  scabiosus.' 
Perhaps  OHG.  rA-da  (from  the  Teut.  root 
hrA)  is  connected  with  Lat.  cruor,  'gore,' 
crA-dus,  '  bloody,  raw,'  to  which  AS.  hrAm, 
'  soot,'  is  probably  akin. 

raufen,  vl>.,  'to  pluck,  pull  out,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  roufen  (Mid 
HG.  also  roufen) ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
raupjan,  '  to  tear  out,  pluck  off.'  A  Teut. 
root  raup  (see  ritpfeit)  has  not  yet  been  found 
elsewhere ;  it  is,  however,  probably  con- 
nected with  the  Aryan  root  rup,  'to  break' 
(seeSftaub). — ^laufe,  f., 'rack' (for  fodder), 
from  late  MidHG.  roufe,  f. ;  derived  from 
raufen,  just  as  MidLG.  roepe  from  roepen; 
but  in  what  way  is  it  connected  with  Du. 
ruif,  '  rack,'  ruiffel,  '  wrinkle'  ? 

jMcutflraf,  m.,  'Raugrave,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rA-grdve,  m,,  a  title  like  MidHG. 
wilt-grdve;  prop,  perhaps  'Count  in  a 
rough  or  uncultivated  country '  ;  from 
wufy. 

raur),  adj.,  'rough,  harsh,  coarse,'  from 
MidHG.  ruck  (infl.  rAher),  OHG.  ruh  (infl. 
rAhir),  adj.,  'rough,  shaggy,  bristly ' ;  comp. 
MidDu.  ruch,  ModDu.  ruig,  ruw,  'rough,' 
AS.  rAh,  E.  rough.  Goth.  *rA/is,  ruhws, 
are  wanting.  Perhaps  primit.  allied  to 
Lith.  raulcas,  'wrinkle,'  ruhti,  'to  become 
wrinkled.'  The  compound  Oiaudnverf , '  furs, 
skins,'  preserves  normally  the  uuin fleeted 
form  of  MidHG.  rilch.     See  rauefc. 

"3 la u ho,  f.,  'rocket,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Lat.  eruca,  'a  sort  of  cole  wort,'  whence 
also  ItaL  ruca,  ruchelta,  Fr.  roquette  (E. 
rocket). 

2?taum,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  rAm  (MidHG.  rAn),  m.,  'room, 
space';  corresponding  to  OSax.,  m.,  rAm, 
m.,  Du.  ruim,  AS.  rAm,  m.,  E.  room,  Goth. 
rAm,  n.,  OIc.  rAm,  n.,  'room,  open  space, 
bed,  seat.'  The  common  Teut.  subst.  origi- 
nated in  the  adj.  ruma-, '  spacious ' ;  comp. 
Goth,  rdms,  MidHG.  rAm  and  gerAm,  Mod 
HG.  gcraum,  Du.  ruim,  AS.  rAm, '  spacious.' 
The  root  is  usually  considered  to  be  rA, 
and   the   class  connected  with   Lat.  rA-s 


(gen.  rA-ris),  '  country,'  and  Zend  ravan/i, 
'  space,  distance.' 

raumen,  see  anberaumen. 

raurtcn,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ritnen,  OHG.  runin,  '  to  whisper,  to  utter 
in  a  low,  soft  tone,'  allied  to  MidHG. 
rAne,  f.,  '  whisper,  secret  conference.'  Cor- 
responding to  OLG.  rilndn,  AS.  rAnian,  E. 
to  roun  {round),  also  AS.  rAn,  f.,  '  secret 
deliberation,  secret,'  Goth.  rAna,  f.  (see 
9l(ranne),  '  secret,  secret  resolution ' ;  OIc. 
rAn,  f.,  'secret,  rune.'  It  has  also  been 
compared  further  with  the  cognates,  Gr. 
epevvda,  '  to  search,  track,'  a<  well  as  with 
Olr.  rAn,  'secret.'  ModHG.  gtune,  f.  (AS 
rAnstafas,  'secret  characters,  runes'),  was 
introduced  from  the  Scand.  dials,  by  the 
literary  movement  for  the  promotion  of 
Teut.  studies  in  the  last  cent. 

^laupe  (1.),  f., 'caterpillar,' from  Mid 
HG.  rApe,  rAppe,  OHG.  rApa,  rAppa,  f., 
'larvae  of  insects,  caterpillar.'  In  Suab. 
and  Bav.  (partly  also  in  Swiss)  the  word  is 
wanting,  the  term  used  being  ©radivurm, 
in  OHG.  grasavmrm  (yet  in  Suab.  ruopen, 
'to  clear  the  trees  of  caterpillars,'  with  an 
abnormal  u  for  A) ;  in  Swiss  roup,  which 
probably  originated  in  the  written  lan- 
guage (in  Henneberg  abnormally  roppe). 

^lattpe  (2.)  in  Slalraupe  is  an  entirely 
different  word  ;  see  the  latter. 

^laufd)  (1.),  m.,  'cranberry,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rAsch,  rusch,  f,  '  rush,'  from  Lat.  rus- 
cum,  whence  also  Du.  rusch,  m., '  rush,'  AS. 
rpsSe,  f.,  E.  rush;  see  9tifd)  and  9iufd). 

^ftaufd)  (2.),  m.,  'carouse,  rush,  roar,' 
ModHG.  only  (corresponding  in  MidHG. 
to  rAsch,  m.,  '  onset,  attack ' ;  see  vaufd^en) ; 
its  relation  to  LG.  roes,  '  intoxication,'  B. 
rouse,  OIc.  rfiss,  'drunkenness,'  is  still  ob- 
scure. The  ModHG.  word  has  certainly 
been  borrowed. 

raufd)Clt,  vb.,  'to  rustle,  roar,  be  ex- 
cited,' from  MidHG.  rAschen  (riuschen), 
'rustle,  roar,  swell,  hurry  along';  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  ruischen,  '  to  rustle,'  E.  to 
rush  (MidE.  rusclien). 

■glaufcrjrtelb,  n.,  'red  sulphuret  of  ar- 
senic,' first  occurs  in  early  ModHG.,  cor- 
responding to  Du.  rusgeel;  earlier  ModHG. 
also  »J?tt^,  {Refjijflb ;  allied  to  Rom.  and 
Lat.  russus  (ltal.  rosso),  '  red.' 

rchtfpmt,  vb.,  'to  hawk,  clear  the 
throat,'  irom  the  equiv.  MidHG.  riuspern 
(riustern).  This  verb,  which  is  not  re- 
corded prior  to  MidHG.,  belongs  to  a  root 
frequently  occurring  in  Teut.,  ritk  (Aryan 


Rau 


(    280    ) 


Rec 


rag),  '  to  belcl),  eructate,'  the  k  disappear- 
ing before  the  suffix  sp,  sty  conip.  AS. 
roccettan,  'to  belch,'  OIIG.  itarucc/ien,  Mid 
HG.  itriicken,  AS.  edorcan  (eodorcan),  *  to 
chew  the  cud.'  Comp.  Lat.  i-rugere,  'to 
spit  out,'  rilminare  (tor  *rAgminare),  '  to 
chew  the  cud,'  and  ructare,  'to  belch,'  dr. 
tpevytu/,  'to spit  out,'  ('pvyrj,  f'.,  '  vomiting,' 
OSlov.  rygati  se,  '  to  belch,'  Lith.  atr&gcu, 
1.  pi.,  '  rising  of  the  stomach.' 

;2l(Uttc  (1.),  f.,  'rue,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rAte,  OHG.  rilta,  f.  This,  like 
the  equiv.  Du.  ruit,  is  usually  considered 
to  be  borrowed  from  Lat.  rilta  (comp.  Ital. 
rula)  ;  yet  AS.  rMe,  'rue,'  might  prove 
that  the  G.  word  is  cognate  with  Lat. 
rilta.     E.  rue,  from  Fr.  rue. 

£5tcutte  (2.),  f.,  '  quadrangle,  square,' 
from  MidHG.  rAte,  f., '  lozenge  in  heraldry, 
pane'  (hence  Du.  ruit,  'square').  As  to 
OHG.  *rilta  lor  *hrilla,  equiv.  to  Aryan 
krdtu,  ktrAki,  see  vier. 

"glebe,  f., '  vine,  vine-branch,'  from  Mid 
JIG.  rebe,  OHG.  reba,  i\,  MidHG. rebe,OB.G. 
r'ebo,  m.,  'vine,  tendril,  creeper'  (comp. 
©unfcelvcbe) ;  corresponding  words  are  want- 
ing in  the  other  dials.  OHG.  lias  a  re- 
markable form,  hirnireba,  'skull,'  lit.  per- 
haps 'entwining  the  brain';  hence  with 
this  word  is  connected  the  common  Teut. 
Oiippe,  as  well  as  OSlov.  rebro,  'rib'  (see 
OJiVpc).  The  primary  idea  of  all  these 
term-,  and  of  the  Aryan  root  rcbh,  deduced 
In  mi  them,  is  '  winding,  entwining.' — 
dtebbtt$tt,  n., '  partridge,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  riiphuon,  OHG.  reba-huon,  r'ebhuon, 
n. ;  it  is  not  probable  that  {Rebenlutfyn  signi- 
fies '  the  fowl  that  is  fond  of  frequenting 
vines  (9tcbeii).'  Perhaps  reba-  has  here 
another  sense.  To  assume  also,  on  account 
of  LG.  raphon,  Swed.  rappliona, '  partridge ' 
(OIc.  rjfipa,  'ptarmigan'),  that  the  word  is 
derived  from  LG.  rapp, '  quick,'  is  inadmis- 
sible, since  the  II G.  term  occurs  at  a  very 
early  period.  It  is  most  probably  con- 
nected with  the  equiv.  Ituss.  rjabka  (allied 
to  OSlov.  rebu,  Ituss.  rjaboj,  '  variegated '). 

'gicbltO,  m.  and  n.,  a  modern  term  like 
the  equiv.  E.  rebus  and  Fr.  reljus;  the 
source  and  history  of  the  cognates  are  un- 
known. The  word  is  based  on  Lat.  rebus, 
'by  things,'  since  the  meaning  of  a  rebus 
is  illustrated  by  pictorial  objects. 

"glcd)Ctt,  m.,  'rake,  rack,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  reche,  OHG.  r'ehho,  m.  ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  reek,  f.,  '  rake,'  and 
OIc.  reka,  f.,  'rake';  allied  to  MidHG. 


r'echen,  OHG.  rehhan,  'to  scrape  together,' 
Goth,  rilcan,  '  to  In  ap  up,  collect,'  also  to 
MidLG.  and  MidDu.  rake,  AS.  racu,  f.,  E. 
rake,  with  a  different  gradation.  The  Teut, 
root  rak,  rek,  from  Aryan  rcg,  rog,  is  com- 
pared by  some  with  Gr.  6-piynv, '  to  stretch 
out,'  by  others,  without  reason,  to  Lat. 
legere,  'to  collect.'    See  redmen  and  vcrfcu. 

ve<$)Yie\l,  vk,  'to  reckon,  estimate, 
deem,'  from  MidHG.  r'ecliennen,  OHG. 
rehhandn,  'to  count,  reckon,  render  an 
account'  (e  is  proved  by  modern  dials.). 
The  assumed  Goth.  *rikan6n,  which  is  also 
implied  by  AS.  reconian,  E.  to  reckon,  and 
likewise  the  equiv.  LG.  and  Du.  rekenen, 
is  abnormally  represented  by  the  strange 
word  rahnjan.  The  West  Teut.  *rekandn 
is  connected,  probably  in  the  sense  of  'to 
compute,  collect'  (comp.  the  meanings  of 
(cfen),  with  the  root  rak,  'to  collect'  (see 
9ted)en),  to  which  AS.  rettan  (from  rakj}an\ 
'  to  count  up,  compute,  arrange,'  and  AS. 
racu,  OSax.  raka,  OIc.  rahha,  f.,  '  speech, 
account,  affair,'  also  belong  ;  so  too  geriihcu. 

red)!,  adj.,  'right,  just,' from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  relit,  adj.,  'straight,  right,  just, 
correct' ;  common  Teut.  rehta-,  with  equiv. 
meaning  in  all  the  dials.,  Goth,  raihts,  OIc. 
rMr,  AS.  riht,  E.  right,  Du.  regt,  OSax. 
relit,  hat.  rectus,  Zend,  rasta,  'straight, 
right,  correct,'  are  also  primit.  allied.  This 
adj.,  which  has  a  particip.  ending  to-,  is 
usually  considered  to  be  orig.  a  partic.  of 
the  root  rcg, '  to  direct,'  in  Lat.  regere ;  with 
this  is  also  connected  Sans,  rjfi,  'straight, 
correct,  just,'  superlat.  rdjistha,  whereby 
the  Aryan  root  rcg  is  authenticated. — In 
the  sense  of  '  to  or  on  the  right '  (the  anti- 
thesis of  littfa,  'to  or  on  the  left'),  the  adj. 
rarely  occurs  in  MidHG.,  since  in  the  earlier 
period  an  adj.  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  dexter 
was  used  (comp.  Goth,  taihswa-,  OHG. 
zeso,  MidHG.  zese,  '  to  or  on  the  right '). — 
rccf)ffcriigen,  vb.,  'to  justify,  vindicate,' 
from  MidHG  reht-vertigen,  '  to  put  into  a 
right  state,  mend,  justify.'  Allied  to  Mid 
HG.  rehtvertic,  'just,  upright.' 

"giedi,  n.,  '  wooden  frame,  rack,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  prop,  a  LG.  word.  Comp.  LG. 
and  Du.  rek, '  pole,  clothes-horse.'  Allied 
to  rerfen. 

^leCRC,  m.,  '  hero,  champion,  paladin,' 
from  MidHG.  recke,  111.,  '  warrior,  hero,' 
orig.,  however,  'knight-errant,  adventurer, 
stranger ' ;  comp.  OHG.  reecho,  earlier 
wryxho,  m.,  OSax.  wrekkio,  m.,  'vagrant, 
outlaw,   stranger,'   AS.    wreUa,   'fugitive, 


Rec 


(    281    ) 


Reh 


exile,  unfortunate  wretch,'whence  E.  uretch. 
These  interesting  West  Teut.  cognates  im- 
plying Goth.  *wrakja  are  connected  with 
ModHG.  radjeit,  Goth,  wrikan,  '  to  perse- 
cute.' ModHG.  dent  has  a  somewhat  simi- 
lar development. 

I'ccuen,  vh.,  *to  stretch,  rack,  reach 
forth,'  from  MidHG.  rexken,  OHG.  recchen, 
*  to  stretch  out,  extend,'  corresponding  to 
Du.  rekken,  '  to  stretch  out,'  whence  E.  to 
rack  is  borrowed,  Goth,  uf-rakjan,  'to 
stretch  out,'  to  which  Goth.  rahtSn,  '  to 
proffer.'  From  Teut.  is  derived  Ital.  recare, 
'  to  bring.'  The  assumed  direct  connec- 
tion between  the  common  Teut.  vb.  and 
Goth,  rikun,  *  to  collect,'  lit.  '  to  scrape  to- 
gether,' must  011  account  of  the  meaning  be 
abandoned  in  favour  of  its  relation  to  Lith. 
razau,  razyti,  4  to  stretch,'  Lat.  poi^rigo,  '  I 
stretch,'  and  Gr.  dpiyew,  '  to  stretch.' 

"glebe,  f.,  'speech,  discourse,  oration,' 
from  MidHG.  rede,  OHG.  r$dia,  reda,  f., 
'  account,  speech  and  reply,  speech,  narra- 
tive, information ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
rtfSia,  f., '  account,'  Goth,  rafy'6,  f., '  account, 
bill,  number';  to  this  is  allied  Goth,  ga- 
rajjjan,  'to  count,' and  further  the  phonetic 
equivalent  Lat.  ratio,  'computation,  ac- 
count, number,' &c.  From  the  same  Teut. 
root  raj)  (pre-Teut.  rat),  signifying  'num- 
ber,' fyunbjert  (which  see)  is  derived. — 
rcoevt,  vb.,  'to  speak,  talk,  converse,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  reden,  OHG.  redidn, 
r$d6n,  also  OHG.  redindn,  just  as  in  the 
case  of  OHG.  redia  the  equiv.  variant  redina 
occurs  (comp.  OSax.  region,  '  to  speak ') ; 
from  this  OHG.  redinCn,  is  derived  OHG. 
rqdindri,  MidHG.  r^dencere,  ModHG.  dith- 
ner,  '  orator.' 

voMtd),  adj.,  'honest,  candid,'  from  Mid 
HG.  reddlch,  'eloquent,  intelligent,  up- 
right, sturdy,'  OHG.  ryiilih,  'intelligent' ; 
allied  to  OHG.  redia,  MidHG.  rede,  '  under- 
standing, account.'    See  Oicte. 

j£teff  (1.),  n.,  'dosser,  framework  of 
staves  for  carrying  on  the  back,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG,  ref,  n.,  OHG.  ref,  11.,  for 
earlier  Goth.  *hrip  ;  comp.  OIc.  hrip,  n., 
'  wooden  frame  for  carrying  coals  or  peat,' 
MidE.  and  E.  rip,  'fish-basket.'  To  the 
assumption  that  the  word  is  primit.  akin 
to  Lat.  corbis, '  basket,'  there  is  no  phonetic 
objection  (see  Jtcrb  and  Jlvebe),  yet  the 
Alem.  variants  seem  to  imply  a  Teut.  pri- 
mary form  *hr'efo-. 

jjHcff  (2.),  n.,  also  gtccf,  n.,  'reel','  Mod 
HG.  only,  a  nautical  term  borrowed  from 


LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  and  E.  reef,  also  Du.  nven, 
'  to  reef  a  sail.'  It  is  noteworthy  that  in 
OIc.  rif,  '  rib,'  is  used  in  the  same  sense. 
OIc.  rifa,  '  to  tack  together,'  is  probably 
most  closely  connected  with  the  cognates. 

reffen,  vb.,  '  to  hatchel  hemp  or  flax,' 
from  MidHG.  reffen  (a  variant  of  raffen), 
'  to  tug,  pluck.'  The  ModHG.  sense  is 
probably  based  on  a  LG.  word.  Comp. 
Du.  repel, '  breaking  flax,'  repelen,  *to  break 
flax,'  E.  ripple,  '  hatchel.' 

VCQC,  adj.,  'astir,  lively,  active,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  see  regen. 

^Icflel,  jL  'rule,  regulation,  principle,' 
from  MidHG.  regel,  regele,  OHG.  regula,  f., 
'rule,  especially  of  an  order';  borrowed 
in  this  latter  sense  during  the  OHG.  period 
when  the  monastic  system  was  adopted 
(see  toiler,  SRunjler,  &bt,  and  SDWndj),  from 
Lat.  regula,  pronounced  re"gula  in  MidLat. 
(Lat.  e  would  be  changed  into  OHG.  f,  see 
gcier,  Jireibe,  and  ^cin).  This  pronuncia- 
tion is  also  implied  by  AS.  rSgul,  m.,  and 
OFr.  riule, '  rule '  (E.  rule,  from  MidE.  reulc, 
is  derived  from  OFr.  reule,  Lat  regula). 

^teftett,  m.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
regen,  OHG.  regan,  m.,  '  rain' ;  common 
to  Teut.  in  the  same  sense  ;  comp.  the  cor- 
responding Goth,  rign,  n.,  OIc.  regn,  n., 
AS.  regn,  in.,  E.  rain,  Du.  regen,  OSax. 
regan.  Primit.  Teut.  regna-,  from  pre-Teut. 
*reghno-,  probably  represents  *mreghno-,  if 
the  word  be  connected  with  Gr.  /3p«xe(j> 
(for  ppe\->  M/3peX")>  '  *°  we^'  >  -^at.  rtgare, 
'  to  water,  wet,'  may  belong  to  the  same 
Aryan  root  mregh.  The  compound  {Rcgcu- 
bcflen  is  found  in  all  the  Teut.  languages  ; 
MidHG.  regenboge,  OHG.  rSganbogo  (Du., 
however,  waterboog\  E.  rainboio,  from  AS. 
regnboga,  OIc.  rejnboge,  Goth.  *rignbuga. 

rcflcn,  vb.,  '  to  stir  up,  move,  excite,' 
from  MidHG.  r$gen,  '  to  cause  to  project, 
set  up,  excite,  move,  awaken,'  a  factitive 
of  MidHG.  regen,  '  to  rise,  tower,'  hence 
primit.  allied  to  wijen.  Akin  also  to  Mid 
HG.  rcehe,  'rigid,  stiff.'  The  Teut.  root 
rag,  reh,  of  these  cognates  has  not  yet  been 
found  in  the  allied  languages.     See  tt$t. 

£ter),  11.,  'roe,  deer,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  rich  (gen.  rShes),  OHG.  rih  (gen.  re'lies\ 
n. ;  the  stem  railia-  is  common  to  Teut.; 
comp.  Du.  ret,  AS.  rdhde&r,  E.  roe,  OIc.  ra ; 
Goth.  *rdih  is  bv  chance  not  recorded. 
Allied  also  to  OHG.  and  OLG.  rtho,  in. 
(like  AS.  rd,  in.,  from  *rdha),  '  roe,'  and 
rcia  (AS.  riegc).  f.,  'caprea';  for  another 
fern,  form  see  (Hirfe.     Teut.  railia-  from 


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raiko-  can  scarcely  be  related  to  Sans,  rcyc, 
'  buck  of  a  species  of  antelopes.'  See  fur- 
ther £al)ttrci. 

rctben,  vb.,  '  to  rub,  scratch,  scour,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  riben,  OHG.  riban, 
for  an  older  *wrtban,  whence  Fr.  riper, '  to 
scrape ' ;  comp.  LG.  uriven,  Du.  wrijven, 
'  to  rub.'  The  Teut.  root  wrib  lias  not  yet 
been  found  in  the  other  Aryan  languages. 

^J-ictd),  n.,  '  empire,  realm,  kingdom,' 
from  MidHG.  riche,  n.,  OHG.  rlhhi,  n., 
'country  under  sovereign  sway,  kingdom, 
Roman-German  emperor,  authority,  domi- 
nion ' ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  reiki,  n., 
1  realm,  dominion,  power,  authority,'  AS. 
rite,  n.,  '  realm,  dominion,  reign,'  OSax. 
riki,  n.,  '  realm,  dominion,  authority.'  A 
derivative  with  the  suffix  ja  from  Teut. 
*rtk-,  which  has  been  preserved  only  in 
Goth,  as  reiks,  'ruler,  chief  (yet  also  in 
proper  names  like  gxiebvid)  and  Jfjeinrid)). 
The  rare  OHG.  s-tr.  vb.  rtlihan,  'to  reign 
over,  take  possession  of,  be  mighty,'  is  prop, 
a  derivative  of  *rlk-,  '  ruler,'  which  again 
is  a  pre-Teut.  loan-word  from  the  equiv. 
Kelt,  rig  (lor  another  word,  probably  bor- 
rowed from  Kelt,  at  the  same  period,  see 
under  9lmt).  The  latter  is  priinit.  allied 
to  Lat.  rig-em,  Sans,  rdjan,  'king'  (Aryan 
rig-  would  be  orig.  akin  to  Teut.  rik,  rdk), 
Which  are  connected  with  the  Aryan  root 
rig, '  to  direct '  (see  redjt).  See  the  follow- 
ing word. 

rcicf),  adj.,  'rich,  copious,  abounding,' 
from  MidHG.  riche,  OHG.  rllihi,  adj., 
1  mighty,  rich,  splendid' ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  rlki, '  mighty,  powerful,'  AS.  rice, 
'mighty,  powerful,'  E.  rich,  Goth,  reiks, 
'  mighty,  distinguished.'  From  the  G.  adj. 
the  equiv.  Rom.  cognates  are  derived  ; 
comp.  Ital.  ricco,  Fr.  riche,  '  rich.'  The 
common  Teut.  adj.  is  a  derivative  of  the 
root  *rtk,  '  king,'  discussed  under  the  pre- 
ceding word,  hence  '  mighty '  is  the  earlier 
meaning  of  the  cognates;  'royal'  (Lat. 
rtgiv*)  is  the  orig.  sense. 

md)en,  vb.,  '  to  reach,  extend,  suffice,' 
from  MidHG.  'to  arrive  at,  attain,  proffer, 
suffice,  extend,'  OHG.  reihhen,  '  to  proffer, 
extend ' ;  corresponding  to  AS.  rdMan  (from 
*raikjan),  and  the  equiv.  E.  to  re  tch.  Its 
connection  with  Goth,  rakjan,  '  to  reach,' 
raht&n,  '  to  proffer,'  is  not  probable,  for 
phonetic  reasons;  and  on  account  of  its 
meaning,  the  word  can^  scarcely  be  related 
to  the  cognates  of  *rik, '  ruler/  mentioned 
under  {Reid?. 


gtetf  (1.),  m.,  'encircling  band,  hoop, 
ring,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  reif,  m., 
4  rope,  cord,  coiled  rope,  hoop,  band,  fetter, 
circle ' ;  corresponding  to  Du.  reep,  '  hoon, 
rope,'  AS.  rdp,  m.,  ;  strap,  cord,  rope,'  E. 
rope,  OIc.  reip,  n.,  'rope,'  Goth,  skauda- 
raip,  'shoe-thong,'  Gr.  paifios,  'crooked,' 
is  probably  not  allied,  and  is  best  com- 
pared with  Goth,  uraiqs,  '  crooked.' 

^Icif  (2.),  m.,  'rime,  hoar-frost,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  rife,  OHG.  rifo,  hrtfo, 
m.  ;  corresponding  to  OLG.  hripo,  Du.rijp, 
'  rime,  hoar-frost '  (Goth.  *hreipa).  The 
other  dials,  have  a  similarly  sounding  form, 
which  is  not,  however,  closely  allied  pho- 
netically ;  OIc.  hrim,  AS.  hrim,  n.,  E.  rime, 
Du.  rijm,  with  the  same  meaning  ;  comp. 
MidHG.  rimeln, '  to  cover  with  hoar-frost.' 
Does  hrim  represent  Teut.  *hripma-,  and 
thus  belong  to  9Jetf?  The  comparison  of 
AS.  hrim,  with  Gr.  upvpos,  'frost,'  is  un- 
tenable. 

reif,  adj., '  ripe,  mature,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rifey  OHG.  rifi,  adj.  ;  correspond- 
ing to  the  equiv.  OSax.  ripi,  Du.  rijp,  AS. 
ripe,  E.  ripe;  a  verbal  adj.  allied  to  AS. 
rtpan, '  to  reap '  (whence  E.  to  reap),  signi- 
fying '  that  which  can  be  reaped.'  The 
Teut.  root  rip,  with  the  orig.  sense  '  to  cut, 
reap'  (comp.  AS.  rlfter,  'sickle'),  has  not 
yet  been  found  in  the  other  Aryan  lan- 
guage?. 

2-tctflett,  see  9ieil)en  (1). 

g^eilje,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  rihe, 
f.,  '  row,  line,'  allied  to  MidHG.  rilien, 
OHG.  rihan,  'to  range,  put  on  a  thread, 
fix,'  to  which  MidHG.  rige,  f.,  '  row,  line,' 
OHG.  rlga,  'line,  circular  line,'  and  Du. 
rij,  'row,'  are  akin.  AS.  rdw,  'row,  line' 
(Goth.  *raiica,  for  *raigica,  allied  to  *reih- 
wan),  whence  E.  row  is  also  probably  con- 
nected with  these.  The  Teut.  root  rihw, 
raihw,  is  related  to  Sans,  rikhd,  'streak, 
line'  (Aryan  root  rikJi). 

^leirjcn  (l.),"gieiQetl,  m., 'chain-dance, 
roundel,  dance  and  song,  frolic,'  from  Mid 
HG.  reie,  reige,  in.,  '  a  sort  of  dance  in  a 
long  row  across  the  field' ;  origin  obscure. 
Comp.  also  E.  ray,  'a  sort  of  dance,'  the 
etymology  of  which  is  equally  obscure. 

^Ictfjett  (2.X  m.,  'instep,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rihe,  m. ;  OHG.  rtho,  m.,  'calf  of 
the  leg,  hock.'  An  older  *wrilio  may  be 
assumed,  since  ModHG.  0hft  seems  to  be 
allied. 

rdf>en,  vb.,  see  9M(je. 

£teil)er,  m.,  'heron,'  from  the  equiv. 


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MidHG.  reiger,  in.  ;  OHG.  *reiar,  *reijar, 
are  by  chance  not  recorded  ;  coitip.  OSax. 
hreiera,  Du.  reiger,  AS.  hrdgra,  m., '  heron.' 
OHG.  heigir  and  MidHG.  heiger,  'heron,' 
are  abnormal  forms. 

^teim,  m.,  '  rhyme,'  from  MidHG.  rim, 
m.,  '  verse,  line.'  To  the  assonant  OHG. 
rim,  m.,  this  sense  is  unknown  ;  it  signifies 
'  row,  succession,  number,'  and  these  mean- 
ings are  attached  to  thecorrespondingwords 
in  the  other  OTeut.  dials.  ;  com  p.  OSax. 
unrim,  '  innumerable  quantity,'  AS.  rim, 
'  number.'  From  these  OTeut.  words  Mid 
HG.  rim,  '  verse,'  must  be  dissociated,  and 
connected  rather  witli  Lat.  rhythmus  (versus 
rhythmicus).  The  ModHG.  word  acquired 
the  sense  of  Fr.  rime,  '  rhyme,'  in  the  time 
of  Opitz.  In  the  MidHG.  period  rime 
binden  was  used  for  reimen, '  to  rhyme,'  and 
©ebaube  by  the  Meistersingers  for  9icim. 
E.  rhyme  (MidE.  rime,  '  rhymed  poem, 
poem,  rhyme  ')  is  also  borrowed  from  OFr. 
rime. 

rein,  adj., '  pure,  clean,  downright,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  reine,  OHG.  reini,  older 
hreini,  adj.  ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  hrains, 
OIc.  hreinn,  OSax.  hrSni,  North  Fris.  rian, 
'pure';  in  I)n.  and  E.,  correspondences 
are  wanting.  The  ModHG.  sense  (forwhich 
in  Bav.  and  Swiss  faubcr  is  mostly  used)  is 
not  found  in  the  dials.  ;  e.g.,  in  Rhen.- 
Franc.  and  Swiss  it  signifies  only  'fine 
ground,  sifted '  (of  flour,  sand,  &c),  and 
belongs  therefore  to  the  Teut.  root  hrl, 
pre-Teur.  hri,  krei, '  to  winnow,  sift,'  whence 
OHG.  ritara  (see  9iettcr),  Lat.  cri-brum,  Gr. 
Kpi-vcw  (for  the  adj.  suffix  -ni-  see  flciit  and 
fd)6tt).  Hence  '  silted '  may  be  assumed  as 
the  orig.  sense  of  rein  ;  comp.  OLG.  hrhi- 
curni,  '  wheat.' 

^IctS  (1.),  m.,  'rice,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ris,  m.  and  n.,  which  was  borrowed 
from  the  equiv.  MidLat.  and  Rom.  rUo-, 
m.  and  n. ;  comp.  Ital.  riso,  Fr.  riz  (whence 
also  E.  rice,  Du.  rijst) ;  the  latter  is  usually 
traced  to  Lat.  and  Gr.  opvfav  (also  5pv£a), 
'rice,'  which  is  derived  from  Sans,  vrihi 
through  an  Iran,  medium. 

gteis  (2.),  '  twig,  sprout,'  from  MidHG. 
ris,  OHG.  ris,  earlier  hris,  n.,  '  branch ' ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  rijs.  AS.  hris,  OIc. 
hrU,  n.,  'twig,  branch'  ;  Goth.  *hreis,  XL, 
is  wanting.  The  Teut.  cognates  (3t9tt& 
'that  which  shakes,  lives';  accord  well 
with  Goth,  hrisjan,  'to  shake,'  OSax.  hris- 
sian,  AS.  hrissan.  '  to  tremble,  quake.' 
— ^letfifl,    gtetftd),    n.,    'small    twigs, 


brushwood,'  from  MidHG.  rtsech,  OHG. 
risach,  n. ;  the  collective  of  SltiS  (OTeut. 
hrisa-). 

^Icifc,  f.,  'journey,  travel,  voyage,' 
from  MidHG.  reise,  f.,  'departure,  march, 
journey,  military  expedition,'  OHG.  reisa, 
f.,  '  departure ' ;  allied  to  OHG.  risan,  Mid 
HG.  risen,  '  to  mount,  fall,'  OSax.  risan, 
'  to  rise,'  AS.  risan,  E.  to  rise,  and  the  equiv. 
Goth,  ur-reisan.  The  idea  of  vertical,  and 
espec.  of  upward  motion,  thus  belongs 
everywhere  to  the  root  ris;  therefore  9teife 
is  lit.  'departure.'  Further,  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  reisen  is  a  derivative  of  the  subst. ; 
comp.  also  with  the  root  rfs,  E.  to  raise  and 
(by  the  change  of  s  into  r)  to  r<ar. 

^tetftge,  in.,  '  trooper,  horseman,'  from 
MidHG.  reisec,  adj.,  'mounted.'— ^Icift- 
gert,  pi.,  '  horsemen,'  usually  connected 
with  MidHG.  reise,  'military  expedition,' 
yet  it  may  be  also  a  derivative  of  rilen,  '  to 
ride,'  since  OHG.  riso,  '  horseman,'  occurs 
(rifrtan-  gives  rissan-,  lisan-). 

reifjCtt,  vb.,  '  to  tear,  drag ;  sketch,' 
from  MidHG.  riyen,  OHG.  ri^an,  earlier 
*wrl^an,  '  to  tear,  tear  in  pieces,  scratch, 
write ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  icritan,  '  to 
tear  in  pieces,  wound,  write,'  AS.  icritan, 
E.  to  write,  OIc.  rlta,  '  to  write ' ;  Goth. 
*wreitan,  '  to  rend,  write,'  is  wanting,  but 
is  implied  by  Goth,  writs,  'streak,  point.' 
The  various  meanings  of  the  cognates  are 
explained  by  the  manner  in  which  runes 
were  written  or  scratched  on  beech  twigs. 
The  Teut.  root  writ,  which  his  been  pre- 
served also  in  ModHG.  S?ip,  9ii{j,  ri|cn,  and 
m$ert,  has  not  yet  been  found  in  the  non- 
Teat,  languages. 

rcitetx,  vb., '  to  ride,'  from  MidHG.  riteu, 
OHG.  titan,  '  to  move  on,  set  out,  drive, 
ride';  corresponding  to  Du.  rijden,  'to 
ride,  drive,  skate,'  AS.  ridan,  E.  to  ride, 
OIc.  rifia,  '  to  ride,  travel ;  swing,  hover.' 
These  words  are  based  on  the  common 
Teut.  ridan,  with  the  general  sense  of  con- 
tinued motion.  This,  as  well  as  the  fact 
that  in  Teut.  there  is  no  vb.  used  exclu- 
sively for  'to  ride,'  makes  it  probable  that 
the  art  of  riding  is  comparatively  recent. 
Besides,  in  the  allied  languages  no  single 
term  expresses  this  idea.  It  is  also  known 
that  the  art  among  the  Greeks  appears 
after  the  time  of  Homer,  and  that  it  was 
still  unknown  to  the  Indians  of  the  Rig- 
Veda.  It  is  true  that  the  Teutons  are 
known  to  us  as  horsemen  from  their  ear- 
liest appearance  in  history,  but  the  evolu- 


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(    284    ) 


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tion  of  the  word  reitc n  (comp.  Lat.  equovehi) 
proves  that  the  art  is  of  recent  origin.  Tlie 
Teut.  verhal  stem  rid,  lor  pre-Teut.  rldh, 
reidh,  corresponds  to  Olr.  riad,  'driving, 
riding'  (riadaim,  'I  drive'),  OGall.  rSda, 
'waggon'  (comp.  Gr.  ?-pi6os,  'messenger, 
servant '  ?).  The  general  meaning  is  seen 
also  in  AS.  rdd,  f.,  'journey,  expedition,'  E. 
road,  as  well  as  in  the  cognates  under  krcit. 

^letter,  f.,  'coarse  sieve,  riddle,'  from 
MidHG.  rtter,  OHG.  ritara,  f.,  'sieve,' for 
earlier  *hrUara;  corresponding  to  AS. 
hridder,  f.,  'sieve,'  whence  E.  riddle.  For 
the  Teut.  root  hA  in  the  sense  of  '  to  sift, 
winnow,'  see  rein.  The  OHG.  suffix  tara, 
from  pre-Teut.  thrd(Goth.*lirei-dra,  f.),  cor- 
responds to  -brum  for  -thrum  in  Lat. cribrum 
(br  from  tltr,  as  in  ruber,  epvdpos),  equiv.  to 
Olr.  criathar, '  sieve ' ;  Aryan  kreithro-  may 
be  assumed.  ModHG.  Oidber,  'sieve,'  is 
not  connected  witli  this  word. 

rci/jett,  vb., '  to  stimulate,  excite,  charm,' 
from  MidHG.  reitzen,  reiyn,  OHG.  reizztn, 
rei$en,  '  to  charm,  entice,  lead  astray ' ;  the 
form  with  tz  is  due  to  Goth.  tj.  Appa- 
rently a  factitive  of  reipett,  hence  lit.  'to 
cause  to  drag,  make  one  come  out  of  one- 
self ;  comp.  OIc.  reita,  '  to  stir  up,  irri- 
tate.'   Comp.  beijcii,  tyeijtn. 

renfcen,  vb.,  '  to  twist,  wrench,'  from 
MidHG.  reiiken,  OHG.  renchen,  'to  turn 
this  way  and  that,'  for  an  earlier  *wrank- 
jan  (from  the  stem  rank,  '  to  dislocate,'  are 
derived  the  Bom.  cognates,  Ital.  ranco, 
'lame,'  rancare,  'to  halt').  AS.  wrenl, 
'  bend,  artifice,'  AS.  wren&in,  '  to  turn,'  E. 
wrench,  subst.  and  vb.  The  corresponding 
vb.  is  vittgen,  Teut.  wringan ;  the  k  of 
venfen  (probably  for  kk)  compared  with  the 
g  of  ringen  resembles  the  variation  in  bficf f n 
and  bkgen,  lecfm  and  Goth,  bilaiqSn,  &c. 
With  the  pre-Teut.  root  wrenk  (icreng) 
comp.  Gr.  ptpfia),  '  to  turn,'  p6p.(3os,  '  top.' 
Comp.  9ianf. 

remtett,  vb.,  'to  run,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  rennen,  prop.  '  to  cause  to  flow, 
chase,  drive,'  espec.  'to  make  a  horse  leap, 
burst,'  hence  the  reflexive  meaning  of  the 
ModHG.  word ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
rennian,  Goth,  rannjan,  which  are  factitives. 
of*  rimien. 

■glemtf  tcr,  n., '  reindeer,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Swed.  ren,  which  is  de- 
rived from  OIc.  hreinn  (AS.  hrdn),  whence 
also  Du.  rendier,  E.  reindeer;  from  the 
same  source  probably  are  Ital.  rangifero, 
Fr.  rangier  (and  renne),  'reindeer.'     OIc. 


hreinn  is  usually  considered  to  be  a  Finn, 
and  Lapp,  loan-word  (rainyn). 

■glenfe,  f.,  'rent,  rental,'  from  Midi  I C 
rente,  'income,  produce,  advantage  ;  contri- 
vance.' Borrowed  from  Fr.  rente,  Mjd  Lat. 
renta,  Ital.  rendita,  whence  even  iti  OHG. 
rentdn,  '  to  count  up.' 

"gleft,  m.,  'rest,  remnant,  remains,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Fr.  reste,  m. 

VCttcn,  vb., '  to  rescue,  save,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  retten,  '  to  snatch  from, 
rescue'  ;  comp.  Du.  redden,  OFris.  hredda, 
AS.  hreddan,  '  to  snatch  from,  set  free,'  E. 
to  rid;  Goth.  *hradjan  may  be  assumed. 
The  Teut.  root  hrad,  from  pre-Teut.  krath, 
corresponds  to  the  Sans,  root  grath,  'to 
let  go  '  (pres.  crathdydmi). 

■gleHtdf),  "gleHtfl,  m.,  'radish,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  retich,  roztich,  OHG.  retih, 
rdilh,  m. :  corresponding  to  AS.  radii; 
borrowed  from  Lat.  rddlc-em  (nom.  rddix), 
which,  as  the  HG.  guttural  indicates,  is 
found  with  the  Teut.  accent  prior  to  the 
OHG.  period.  E.  radish  is  a  later  loan- 
w  oi'd  from  Fr.  radis. 

"^CUC,  f.,  'repentance,'  from  MidHG. 
riuwe,  f.,  'sadness,  pain,  mourning,  repent- 
ance,' OIIG.  riuwa,  earlier  hriuwa,  f. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  rouw,  AS.  hreOw,  '  grief, 
mourning,  repentance.'  Allied  to  an  obso- 
lete OHG.  vb.  hriuwan,  MidHG.  riuuen, 
1  to  feel  pain,  be  sorry ' ;  corresponding  to 
AS.  hreowan,  '  to  vex,  grieve,'  E.  to  rue,  to 
which  ruth  is  akin;  OIc.  hryggva,  'to 
sadden.'  Goth.  *hriggican  is  wanting.  The 
Teut.  hrU,  '  to  be  sad,  sadden,'  has  no  cor- 
respondences in  the  other  Aryan  languages. 

"jJleufe,  f.,  '  weir-basket,  weel,'  from 
MidHG.  riuse,  OHG.  rika,  rAssa,  f.,  '  wed, 
fish-basket'  (from  Goth.  *rAsjd) ;  a  graded 
and  lengthened  form  of  Goth,  raus  (see 
Siotjx).  Hence  OJcufe  means  lit. '  that  which 
is  made  of  reeds.' 

tClttetl,  vb.,  '  to  root  out,  grub  up,  from 
MidHG.  riuten,  '  to  root  out,  make  fertile ' ; 
to  this  is  allied  OHG.  riuti,  MidHG.  riute, 
n.,  '  land  made  fertile  by  uprooting,'  OIc. 
ryQja,  '  to  make  fertile.'  Whether  OHG. 
riostar,  riostra,  MidHG.  riester,  'plougb, 
plough-handle,'  dial.  Sftiefter,  is  connected 
with  this  word  is  uncertain.     See  vobett. 

"glcuf  cr,  m.,  '  trooper,'  first  occurs  in 
early  ModHG.,  formed  from  Du.  ruiter, 
'trooper,'  which  has  nothing  to  do  with 
mint,  'to  ride.'  The  word  is  based  rather 
on  MidLat.  rtiptarii  (for  ruptuarii),  rutarii 
(ex   Gallica   pronuntiatione) ;    thus   were 


Rha 


(    285    ) 


Rif 


"  dicti  quidam  praedones  sub  XI.  saeculum 
ex  rusticis  collecti  ac  conflati  qui  provincias 
populabantur  et  interdum  militiae  princi- 
pum  sese  addicebant" :  "  these  people  were 
often  on  horseback."  Thus  Du.  ruitcr 
could  easily  acquire  the  meaning  '  horse- 
man ' ;  conip.  Du.  ruiten, '  to  plunder.'  See 
Sfatte. 

"glfydbavber,  m.,  'rhubarb,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Ital.  rabarbaro,  Fr.  rhubarb-;; 
also  earlier  ModHG.  SMjaponttf,  from  Fr. 
rapontique.  The  word  is  based  on  the  Mid 
Lat.  ra-,  reuponticum,  -barbarum,  alsoradix 
pontica,  -barbara,  *  a  plant  growing  on  the 
banks  of  the  Volga.' 

"glfyebe,  f.,  '  roadstead,  road,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG. ;  comp.  Du.  ree,  reede,  MidE. 
rdde,  E.  road  ;  from  the  E.  class  are  derived 
the  equiv.  Ital.  rada  and  Fr.  rode.  Orig. 
sense  probably  '  place  where  ships  are 
equipped';  allied  to  the  Teut.  root  raid, 
'  to  prepare ' ;  comp.  OIc.  m'Se,  '  ship's 
equipment.'     See  berett. 

rtbbeln,  vb.,  'to  rub  briskly,  scour,' 
ModHG.  only,  intensive  of  reibcn. 

rtd)fett,  vb.,  *  to  regulate,  direct,  judge, 
condemn,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  rihten, 
'  to  set  right,'  denomin.  from  recf/t. 

2?lkfte,  f., '  doe,' by  chance  recorded  only 
in  ModHG. ;  MidHG.  *riche  and  GHG. 
*ricclia  are  wanting,  but  may  be  assumed 
from  the  archaic  form  of  ModHG.  (Ricfe 
(Swiss rihxe).  In  Goth. *rikki,  'doe,'  would 
be  a  derivative  fern,  form  of  9M)  (raiha-). 

ticd)ett,  vb.,  '  to  smell,'  from  MidHG. 
riechen,  OHG.  riohhan,  str.  vb.,  'to  smoke,, 
steam,  emit  vapour,  smell';  comp.  Du. 
ruiken,  rieken,  'to  smell,'  AS.  redcan,  'to 
smoke,  emit  vapour,'  OIc,  rjtika,  '  to  smoke, 
exhale.'  The  Teut.  root  riik  signified  Ho 
smoke';  see  further  under  9tauct)  and 
©erucfy.  In  the  non-Teut.  languages  the 
stem  is  not  found. 

"gliofc,  f.,  'furrow  in  wood,. stone,  &c.,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  ;  comp.  AS.  geri- 
flian,  'to  wrinkle,'  with  which  E.  rifle,  lit. 
*  the  fluted  weapon,'  and  rivel,  '  wrinkle, 
fold,'  are  connected.  OIc.  rifa,  f.,  'slit, 
rifr,'  allied  to  OIc.  rifa, '  to  tear  to  pieces,  slit.' 

2ttege,  f.,  'row,'  from  MidHG.  ri'ge, 
OHG.  rtga,  f.,  '  line,  row'  (Goth.  *riga,  f., 
is  wanting) ;  allied  to9ieit)e,OHG.  rihan,  'to 
form  in  a  row.'  From  G.  are  derived  Ital. 
riga,  'line,  strip,'  and  rigoletto,  'chain-dance.' 

jHtCfjel,  ni.,  'rail,  bar,  bolt,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rigel,  OHG.  rigil,  m.,  '  crossbar  for 
fastening';  corresponding  to  MidE.  and 


E.  rail,  Du.  and  Sued,  regel,  '  bolt.'  It  is 
scarcely  allied  to  OHG.  rihan,  '  to  form  in 
a  row.' 

^Rtemett,  m.,  'strap,  thong, string,' from 
MidHG.  rieme,  OHG.  riomo,  m.,  'band, 
girdle,  strap ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
riomo,  m.,  Du.  riem,  AS.  reOma,  'strap'; 
Goth.  *riuma,  m.,  is  wanting.  Gr.  pvpoy 
'  towing-line,  rope,,'  is  primit.  alliedt  and 
hence  the  Aryan  root  was  probably  rU  (Gr. 
ipva),  '  to  draw.' 

^ties,  n.,  '  ream,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  ris  (ra'3,  risl),  m.,  f.  and  n..;  in  Du. 
riem,  E.  ream.  These  late  Teut.  cognates 
are  borrowed  from  Rom.;  comp.  the  equiv. 
MidLat.  and  Ital.  risma,  Fr.  rame.  It  is 
true  that  the  MidHG.  form  still  requires 
further  explanation.  The  ultimate  source 
of  MidLat..  and  Ital.  risma  is  Arab,  rizma, 
'bale,  bundle,'  espec.  'packing-paper.' 

^tiefc,  m.,. '  giant,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HU.  rise,  OHG.  risi,  riso,  m.;  comp.  OSax. 
wrisi-lic,  '  gigantic,'  OLG.  wrisil,  Du.  reus, 
1  giant.'  Goth.  *wrisi-,  or  rather  *wrisjan-, 
is  wanting.  It  seems  primit.  allied  to  Sans. 
vrSan,  'mighty,  manly,  strong,'  to  which 
Olr.  fairsing,  '■great,  powerful,'  is  also 
probably  akin. 

■gtieffer,  m.,.  'wrist,,  instep,  patch  (on  a 
shoe),'  ModHG.  only  ;  probably  a  primit. 
word,  but  of  obscure  origin.  This  word, 
which  is  unknown  to  Bav.,  has,,  according 
to  Swiss  rieSter,  riestere,  m.  and  f.,a  genuine 
diphthong  equiv.  to  Goth,  iu;  hence  Mid 
HG.  altriuy,  riu$e,  'cobbler,'  preserved  in 
ModHG.  dials,  as  9Utrei|>,  'second-hand 
dealer,'  is  perhaps  allied. 

{^tegling,  m.,  'small  white  field-grape,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  perhaps  a  derivative  of 
{Ritjj,  'Rluvtia'  (Tyrol),  so  that  {Rifling 
is  lit.  '  Rhsetian '  (wine). 

^Itcf  (in  the  LG.  form  9tieb),  n.,  'reed,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  riet,  OHG.  riot, 
earlier  hriot,  n.;  common  to  West  Teut.  in 
the  same  sense ;  comp.  OSax.  hreod,  Du. 
riet,  AS.  hreOd,  E.  reed.  Goth.  *hriuda  is 
wanting.  Pre-Teut.  *kreudlio-  is  not  found 
in  the  other  groups. 

J£ltff,  n., '  reef,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG. 
riff,  reff;  comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  rif,  n.,  E. 
reef,  and  OIc.  rif.  The  latter  is  equiv.  in 
sound  to  Goth,  rif, '  rib,'  but  this  is  probably 
only  an  accident.  It  has  been  thought  to 
be  allied  to  OIc.  rifa,  '  to  slit,  split,'  rifa, 
'rifr,  split';  hence  probably  Stiff  means 
lit.  'the  dissevered,  cleft,  mass  of  rock,' 
then  '  reef.' 


Rif 


(    2S6    ) 


Ris 


Eiffel,  ^iiiffcl,  n.,  •  tiax-comb,  ripple  ; 
censure,'  probably  allied  to  MidHG.  rif- 
feln,  rifeln,  '  to  comb  or  hatchel  flax,'  riffel, 
•mattock,'  OHG.  riffila,  'saw.'  G.  has 
similar  figurative  terms  for  '  to  find  fault 
with,  inveigh  against'  (similar  to  ttwai 
turdjljedjdn,  'to  censure').     Comp.  rcjfett. 

THtno.  n.,  'horned  cattle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rint  (gen.  rindes),  OHG.  rind,  earlier 
hrind,  n.  ;  Gotli.  *hrinjns,  n.,  is  wanting  ; 
AS.  hrpjjtr  (hrttSer,  hrVS-),  MidE.  rother,  Du. 
rund,  'horned  cuttle,'  imply  Goth.*hrunJns, 
a  graded  variant  allied  to  9Hnb,  Goth. 
*hrinjns.  OHG.  hrind  is  usually  con- 
nected, like  J&ivfdj,  with  the  stem  ker, '  horn, 
horned '  (see  -§ern),  appearing  in  Gr.  Ktpas, 
and  also  with  Gr.  icpios,  'ram.'  The  G. 
word  is,  however,  probably  not  allied  to 
these  words. 

^Itnbc,  f.,  '  rind,  crust,  bark,'  from  Mid 
HG.  r'nde,  OHG.  rinta,  t,  ' rind  of  trees, 
crust,'  also  (rarely)  '  bread-crust ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  rind,  E.  rind.  Its  kinshi  p 
with  (Ranb  and  (Rantft  is  undoubted  ;  their 
common  root  seems  to  be  rem,  ram,  'to 
cease,  end '  ;  comp.  espec.  AS.  reoma,  rima, 
E.  rim.  Some  etymologists  connect  it  with 
Goth,  rimis,  'repose';  comp.  Sans,  ram, 
'to  cease,  rest.' 

^•ttng,  m.,  '  ring,  circle,  link,'  from 
MidHG.  rinc  (gen.  ringes),  OHG.  ring, 
earlier  hring,  111.,  '  ring,  hoop,  circular 
object' ;  comp.  OSax.  hring,  Du.  ring,  AS. 
hring,  E.  ring,  OIc.  hringr,  in.  The  com- 
mon Teut.  word,  which  implies  a  casually 
non-existent  Goth.  *hriggs,  denoted  a  circle, 
and  everything  of  a  circular  form.  Pre- 
Teut.  krengho-  appears  also  in  the  corre- 
sponding OSlov.  kragu,  m.,  'circle,'  krqglu, 
'round.'  From  the  Teut.  word,  which 
also  signifies  'assembly'  (grouped  in  a 
circle),  are  derived  the  Rom.  cognates,  Ital. 
aringo,  'rostrum,'  Fr.  harangue,  'public 
speech,'  and  Fr.  rang. 

^Ihtgcl,  m.,  'ringlet,  curl,'  dimin.  of  the 
preceding  word  ;  MidHG.  ringele,  '  mari- 
gold,' OHG.  ringila,  f.,  'marigold,  helio- 
trope.' 

ringctt,  vb..  'to  encircle ;  wring,  wrestle, 
strive,'  from  MidHG.  ringcn,  'to  move  to 
and  fro,  exert  oneself,  wind,'  OHG.  ringan, 
from  an  earlier  *wringan ;  comp.  Du. 
wringen,  'to  wring,  squeeze,'  AS.  wringan, 
E.  to  wring;  Goth.  *wriggan  is  implied  by 
wruggd,  'snare.'  The  root  wring,  identical 
with  the  root  wrank  (see  renfen),  meant 
orig.  '  to  turn  in  a  winding  manner,  move 


with  effort.'  With  this  are  connected  Mod 
HG.  9Ranfe,  E.  wrong,  MidE.  wrung,  '  bent, 
perverted,  wrong'  (OIc.  rangr,  'bent, 
wrone,'  ModDu.  wrang,  'sour,  bitter'), 
and  E.  to  wrangle.  Perhaps  wurgen  (root 
icrg)  is  allied  ;  E.  to  ring  is,  however,  not 
connected,  since  it  conies  from  AS.  hringan. 

Igtinken,  'large  ring,  buckle,'  an  Up 
G.  word,  from  MidHG.  rinke,  m.  and  f., 
'  buckle,  clasp,'  whence  MidHG.  rinkel, 
'  small  buckle '  ;  an  old  derivative  of 
Sling  (OHG.  rinka,  from  the  primit.  form 
*hrivgj6n). 

^timte,  f.,  'channel,  gutter,  groove,' 
from  MidHG.  rinne,  f.,  OHG.  rinna,  f., 
'watercourse,'  MidHG.  also  'gutter,  eaves- 
trough.'  Comp.  Goth,  rinnd,  f.,  '  brook,' 
and  AS.  rynele,  E.  rindle.  Connected  with 
the  following  word. 

rttttten,  vb.,  'to  run,  flow,  leak,  drop, 
from  MidHG.  rinnen,  OHG.  rinna»,  'to 
flow,  swim,  run.'  This  vb.  is  common  to 
Teut.  in  the  same  sense  ;  Goth,  rinnan, 
AS.  irnan,  E.  to  run,  Du.  runnen,  OSax. 
rinnan;  the  orig.  sense  of  all  tliese  is  'to 
move  on  rapidly.'  The  nn  of  Goth,  rin- 
nan is  usually  regarded  as  a  part  of  the 
pres.  stem  for  no  (comp.  Gr.  baxva,  Lat. 
sper-no),  and  a  root  ren,  run,  is  assumed, 
which  is  preserved  in  AS.  ryne  (from 
*runi-). 

glippe  (Luther,  Sticfcc),  fv  'rib,'  from 
MidHG.  rippe  (ribe),  it.  and  f.,  OHG.  rippa, 
f.,  rippi  (ribi),  n..  'rib' ;  corresponding  to 
the  equiv.  Du.  rib,  ribbe,  AS.  ribb,  E.  rib, 
OIc.  rif;  Goth.  *ribi,  n.  (plur.  *ribja),  is 
by  chance  not  recorded.  Teut.  ribja-,  from 
pre-Teut.  rebhyo-,  is  cognate  with  Mod  HG. 
9Jebe  and  OSlov.  rebro,  n.,  'rib,'  from  rebhro-. 
See  SRcbe,  where  'entwining'  is  deduced  as 
the  prim,  meaning  of  {Rir-r-e. 

^Htfpe,  f.,  'panicle,'  from  MidHG. rispe, 
f.,  '  branches,  bushes,'  akin  to  OHG.  hris- 
pahi,  n.,  '  bushes' ;  of  obscure  origin.  The 
derivation  from  OHG.  hrespan,  MidHG. 
respen,  'to  pluck,  gather,'  is  not  quite  satis- 
factory. 

IsHtft,  m.,  'wrist,  instep  ;  withers,'  from 
MidHG.  rist.  riste,  m.,  f.,  and  n.,  '  wrist, 
instep' ;  OHG.  *rist,  as  well  as  the  implied 
earlier  *wrist,  are  by  chance  not  recorded  ; 
comp.  Du.  wrist  (dial,  lyrijt),  AS.  wyrst, 
wrist,  E.  u~rist,  OFris.  riust,  wirst,  '  wrist, 
ankle,'  OIc.  rist,  f.,  '  instep ' ;  Goth.  *icrists 
is  not  recorded.  The  primit.  meaning  of 
the  cognates  is  usually  assumed  to  be 
'turning-point,'  (Rijl  being  referred  to  a 


Ris 


(    287    ) 


Ro£ 


Teut.  root  wrij),  '  to  turn,'  which  has  been 
preserved  in  E.  to  writhe,  as  well  as  in  Moil. 
HG.  Otcttel,  'packing-stick5  (MidHG.  reitel 
for  an  earlier  *v;reitel).  Other  etymolo- 
gists connect  the  word  with  Gr.  pt£a  (from 
*FPurba1),  'root.'  Yet  OHG.  ri/10  (for 
earlier  *wriho),  ModHG.  fl?eif)eit,  is  probably- 
most  closely  connected  with  the  cognates 
of  SRifi,  so  that  Goth.  *ivristi-  would  repre- 
sent wrihsti-,  and  thus  imply  an  Aryan 
root  wrtk. 

~&\$,  m.,  '  cleft,  gap,  schism,'  from  Mid 
HG.  n'3,  m.,  'cleft';  the  corresponding 
OHG.  riz,  m.,  in  contrast  to  the  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  which  are  connected  with 
the  vb.  tfifjen,  preserves  the  earlier  mean- 
ing 'letter'  (Goth,  writs,  'stroke,  point'), 
which  connects  it  with  Goth,  wrtian,  'to 
write,  draw'  (see  retfjen).  Comp.,  more- 
over, Otijj,  in  the  earlier  sense  of  'sketch.' 

^liff,  m.,  'ride,'  first  occurs  in  early 
ModHG. ;  a  derivative  of  reiten. 

"gUitten,  m.,  '  fever,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rite,  ritle,  OHG.  rito,  ritto,  m., 
for  ail  earlier  *hrif>jo,  'fever' ;  so  too  AS. 
hrijxt,  m.,  'fever' ;  allied  to  OHG.  ridov, 
MidHG.  riden,  'to  shiver,'  AS.  hripian, 
'  to  shiver  in  a  fever,'  OHG.  rido,  '  shiver- 
ing," AS.  hrip,  'storm.'  The  root  hrlfi, 
pre-Teut.  krlt,  'to  move  wildly,'  appears 
also  in  Olr.  crith,  'shivering.' 

"gfliffcr,  n.,  'chevalier,  knight,'  from 
MidHG. riMer,  riter,  m.,  'horseman, knight' 
(also  ritcere) ;  the  form  with  tt  is  due  to  a 
confusion  with  OHG.  ritto.  '  horseman ' 
(from  ridjo).     See  vettett  and  Oieitter. 

piffle,  f.,  '  rift,  rent,'  from  MidHG.  riz 
(gen.  ritzes^i,  m.,  'rift,  wound,'  like  rifcen, 
from  MidHG.  ritzen,  '  to  scratch,  wound,' 
OHG.  rizzen,  rizzdn;  allied  to  rcijjcit. 

^lobbc,  f.,  'sea-dog,  seal,'  borrowed 
from  LG.,  like  most  ModHG.  words  with 
a  medial  66  ((5'bbe,  Jtvabbe,  &c.) ;  comp.  Du. 
rob,  m.,  'sea-dog,  seal' ;  the  equiv.  Scand. 
&o66i,similar  in  sound  (akin  to  kopr,  'young 
sea-dog'),  is  not  allied.  The  Teut.  word, 
Goth.  *sdha-  (comp.  AS.  seolh,  E.  seal, 
OHG.  selah,  OIc.  selr)  became  obsolete  in 
G.  at  an  early  period.  The  source  and 
history  of  the  LG.  term  is  obscure. 

Utocbe  (1.),  111.,  'ray,  thornback,'  from 
LG.  ruche;  com  p.  the  equiv.  Du.  roch,  rog, 
AS.  reohha,  *rohha,  whence  MidE.  reihe, 
rouhe;  also  E.  roach,  rochel  (E.  ray  is  de- 
rived from  Lat.  raja,  whence  also  Ital. 
raja,  Fr.  raie). 

i£tocI)e  (2.),  111.,  'castle'  (at  chess),  from 


the  equiv.  MidHG.  roch,  n. ;  borrowed  with 
chess-playing  from  the  Fr.  (roc,  whence 
also  MidE.  and  E.  rook).  The  ultimate 
source  is  Pers.  rukh,  rokh,  '  archer  mounted 
on  an  elephant'  (at chess).    Deriv.  rocfneren. 

rddjeltt,  vb.,  'to  rattle,' from  MidHG. 
riicheln,  riiheln,  'to  neigh,  roar,  rattle'; 
allied  to  OHG.  roh&n,  MidHG.  rohen,  '  to 
grunt,  roar'  ;  comp.  Du.  rogchelen,  'to  spit 
out.'  The  Teut.  root  ruh,  ruhh,  preserved 
in  these  words,  has  been  connected  with 
the  Slav,  root  ryk  (from  r&k) ;  comp.  OSlov. 
rykati,  ryknqti,  'to  roar'  (Lett,  fukt),  to 
which  has  to  be  added  perhaps  the  Gr.- 
Lat.  root  rug  in  rugire,  '  to  roar,'  opvyfios, 
'  roaring.' 

gtodt,  m.,  '  coat,  robe,  petticoat,'  from 
MidHG.  roc  (gen.  rockes),  OHG.  rocch,  m  , 
'  outer  garment,  coat ' ;  corresponding  to 
the  equiv.  Du.  rok,  OFris.  rok,  AS.  rocc, 
OIc.  rokkr ;  the  implied  Goth.  *rukka-  is 
wanting.  From  the  Teut.  cognates  is  de- 
rived the  Rom.  class,  Fr.  rochet,  'surplice* 
(MidLat  roccus,  'coat'),  which  again  passed 
into  E.  (rochet).  The  early  history  of  the 
Teut.  cognates  is  obscure  ;  allied  to  (Rocfen  ?. 

^todicn,  m.,  'distaff,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  rocke,  OHG.  roccho,  m. ;  common 
to  Teut.  in  the  same  sense  ;  comp.  Du.  rok, 
rocken,  AS.  *rocca,  MidE.  rocke,  E.  rock, 
OIc.  rokkr ;  Goth.  *rukka  is  by  chance  not 
recorded.  The  Teut.  word  passed  into 
Horn.;  comp.  Ital.  rocca,  'distal!'.'  It  may 
be  doubted  whether  OJccfctt  and  9Jorf  are 
derived  from  an  old  root  ruk,  '  to  spin,' 
which  does  not  occur  elsewhere.  At  any 
rate,  Sftccfen  is  not  connected  with  the  equiv. 
LG.  icocken,  since  the  cognates  of  Olccfcit, 
according  to  the  LG.  and  E.  terms,  have 
not  lost  an  initial  w. 

vcbcn,  vb.,  '  to  root  out,'  from  MidHG. 
roden,  the  MidG.  and  LG.  variant  of  riuten, 
'  to  root  out.' 

Iglobomonfabc,  f.,  'boasting,  bluster, 
swaggering,'  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  rodomon- 
tade, Ital.  rodomondata,  f.  Rodomonte  is 
derived  from  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furiosn, 
and  is  the  name  of  a  boastful  M<>ori>h 
hero  ;  it  first  appears  in  Boiardo's  Orlando 
Jnnamorata,  and  means  lit.  'roller  of  moun- 
tains, one  who  boasts  that  he  can  roll  away 
mountains.' 

$togen,  m.,  'roe,  spawn,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  rogen,  OHG.  rogan,  ra.,  for 
an  earlier  *hrogan,  m.  ;  also  MidHG.  roge, 
OHG.  rogo,  m. ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
OIc.  hr«gn,  n.  plur.,  AS.  */irogn,  E.  roant 


Rog 


(    288    ) 


Ros 


roe.  Goth.  *krugna-  is  by  chance  not  re- 
corded. The  true  source  of  the  word  can- 
not be  found  ;  some  connect  it  with  AS. 
hrog,  'nasal  mucus,'  others  with  Gr.  upoKrj, 
'  jHibble,'  Sans,  carkara,  '•gravel.' 

H&OQQOn,  m.,  for  the  genuine  HG.  fltodV,. 
fRccfen  (in  Bav.  and  Hess.,  .Rent  is  almost 
invariably  used),  'rye.'  The  gg  of  the 
ModHG.  written  form  is  either  LG.  or 
Swiss  (see  (S';^c  in  list  of  corrections) ;  in 
MidHG. rocke, OHG.rocA:o,m.,  'rye,secale'; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  roggo,  Du.  rogge. 
UpG.,  as  well  as  LG.  and  Fris.,  imply  the 
prim,  form  *riiggn-.  On  the  other  hand,  E. 
and  Scand.  assume  a  Goth.  *rugi~  ;  comp. 
AS.  rygey  E.  rye,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  rugr. 
l're-Teut.  rughi-  is  proved  by  Lith.  rugps, 
'rye-corn'  (rugei,  pi.,  'rye'),  OSlov.  ruzl, 
^rye '  (Gr.  opv(a, '  rice,.'  from  Sans,  vrihi,  is 
not  allied).  Among  the  East  Aryans  this 
term  is  wanting. 

rof),  adj.,  'rude,,  raw,,  crude,,  rough,.' 
from  MidHG.  rd  (infl.  rdicer),  OHG.  r6 
(infl.  rdicSr),  'raw,  uncooked,  rude'  (for 
earlier  hrawa-) ;  comp  the  equiv.  OSax. 
Iird,  Du.  raauw,  AS.  hred,  E..  raw,.  OIc. 
hrdr  (for  *hrdvr),  'raw,  uncooked.'  This 
adj.,  which  is  wanting  in  Goth.  (*hraica-, 
*hrhca~),  points  to  a  Teut.  root  hrii,  from 
pre-Teut..  krU,  which  appears  in  numerous 
forms,  such  as  Lat  cimor,  cruentas,  crAdus 
(for  *cruvidusl),  Gr.  Kptas,  'flesh,'  Sans. 
kravis,  'raw  m tat,' Sans.  krAras,  l bloody,' 
OSlov.  kruvi,  Lith.  krafijas,  'blood.' 

^lolbr,  n.,  '  reed^  cane,  rush,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  rdr  (gen.  rdres), 
11. ;  an  earlier  *rauza  is  to  be  assumed  ; 
comp.  Goth,  raws,  n.,  OIc.  reyr,  m.,  Du. 
roer,  'reed'  (wanting  in  OSax.,  AS.,  and 
E.).  The  Teut.  form  in  «,  closely  allied  to 
the  Goth.,  passed  into  Rom. ;  comp.  Fr. 
roseau,  'reed,'  and  the  equiv.  Prov.  raus. 
The  form  rausa-,  with  which  fl&eufe  and 
9lefjre  (SRojt,  (1)?)  are  also  connected,  is  re- 
lated to  Lat.  ruscum,  'butcher's  broom' ; 
comp.  2Jiee3  with  Lat.  muscus. 

gtol)roommeI,  f.,  'bittern,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  rdrtumel,  m. ;  the  word  has 
been  variously  corrupted  in  OHG.  and 
MidHG.,  finally  resulting  in  the  ModHG. 
form.  In  OHG.  occur  horo-tukel,  horo- 
tnmil,  lit. '  mud,  slime  tumbler '  (*rdrtumil 
is  not  found  in  OHG.).  MidDu.  roesdomel ; 
AS.  has  a  remarkable  form,  rdradumbla, 
with  the  same  meaning.  The  wide  diffu- 
sion of  these  cognates,  transformed  in  vari- 
ous ways  by  popular  etymology,  but  closely 


resembling  one  another  in  sound,  leaves 
no  doubt  as  to  their  genuine  Teut  origin. 
The  usual  assumption  that  they  are  all 
corruptions  of  Lat.  crecopulus,  cretobolus, 
onocrotalus  won't  bear  investigation. 

^IS^rc,  f.,  '  tube,  pipe,  flue,'  from  Mid 
HG.  rare,  OHG.  r6ra,  rdrra,  from  an  earlier 
rdrea,  f.,  'reed  stalk,  hollow  stalk,  reed'; 
a  derivative  of  Qlcfjr,  OHG.  rdr  (Goth. 
*rauzjd,  f.,  is  wanting);  hence  dirfyrc  is  lit. 
'  the  reed-shaped.' 

rofjrert,  vl>.,  'to- bellow,'  from  MidHG. 
riren,  OHG.  rirSii,  '  to  bleat,  roar ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  rdrian,  E.  t<>  roar. 

IKollc,  f.,.  'roll,  roller,  pulley,  scroll, 
actor's  part,'  from  MidHG.  rolle,  rulle,  f., 
'  rotulus,'  also  rodel,  rottel,  m.  and  f., '  scroll, 
list,  document'  ;  formed  from  MidLat. 
rotultcs,  rotula,  or  rather  the  corresponding 
Rom.  cognates.  Comp.  Ital.  rototo,  rullo, 
Fr.  r6le;  whence  also  E.  to  roll,  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  rollen^T.rottler,  Ital.  rvllare. 

^•tottter,  m.,  'green,  bulging  wine-glass ; 
rummer'  ('  Roman  glass'  ?). 

r8fd)e,  adj.,  'prompt,  lively, alert, fresh,' 
an  UpG.  word  (Bav.  and  Swiss  r<tS, '  lively, 
precipitous,  harsh'),,  from  MidllG.  rdsch, 
rozschc,  OHG.  r6sc,  rdsci,  'nimble,  hasty, 
fresh ' ;  cognate  terms  from  which  we  may 
infer  the  prim,  form  (Goth,  rausqa-  ?)  are 
entirely  wanting.  The  connection  of  the 
word  with  raid?  is  uncertain. 

^flofe,  f.,  'rose,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  rdse,  OHG.  rdsa,  f.  ;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  roos,  AS.  rSse,  E.  rose;  adopted  in  the 
OHG.  period  from  Lat  rdsa.  Had  the 
word  been  borrowed  earlier,  the  Lat.  quan- 
tity would  have  been  retained  in  G.  (in  iilit, 
from  Lat.  iiliar  the  vowel  was  shortened, 
because  lilja  was  the  pronunciation  in  Mid 
Lat).  Lat.  *r6sa  is,  however,. implied  also 
by  the  Rom.  cognates,  Ital..  rosa  and  Fr. 
rose.  A  Lat  6  must  have  led  in  OHG. 
to  the  form  *ruosa;  comp.  OHG.  scuola, 
school,'  from  Lat  scdla. 

IjJtofme,  f.,  'raisin,' from  the  equiv. late 
MidHG.  rOslne  (rosin),. f.;  the  latter,  like 
MidLat  rosina,  is  a  corruption  of  Fr. 
raisin  (sec,  'raisin'),  which,  with  Ital.  raci- 
molo,  '  bunch  of  grapes,'  is  due  to  Lat  race- 
mns,  '  berry ' ;  comp.  further  Du.  rozijn, 
razijn,  E.  raisin. 

j&osmcmn,  m., '  rosemary,'  first  occurs 
in  early  ModHG.,  formed  from  the  equiv. 
Lat.  rosmarinus,  whence  also  Du.  rozemarijn 
and  MidE.  rosmarine,  E.  rosemary  (imply- 
ing a  connection  with  Mary) ;  the  word  in 


Ros 


(    289    ) 


Rot 


G.  and  E.  is  instinctively  connected  with 
Otofe,  '  rose.' 

^lo(l  (1.),  m.,  'grate,  gridiron,'  from 
MidHG.  rtist,  m.,  '  grate,  funeral  pile,  glow, 
fire,'  OHG.  rtist,  m.,  rfota,  f.,  '  small  grid- 
iron, frying-pan.'  The  current  derivation 
from  €Rol)r,  in  which  case  we  should  have 
to  assume  'iron  grating'  as  the  primit. 
sense  of  Sftofl,  does  not  satisfy  the  meaning 
(OHG.  rSstpfanna,  MidHG.  rdstpfanne). 
Derivative  roffcn,  'to  roast,  broil,'  Mid 
HG.  roesten,  OHG.  rdsten,  'to  lay  on  the 
gridiron,  roast';  hence  the  Rom.  cognates, 
Ital.  airostir,  '  to  roast,'  Fr.  rdtir,  and  from 
this  again  comes  E.  to  roast. 

Igtofi  (2.),  m.,  'rust,  mildew,  blight,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  rost,  m.,  'rust, 
aerugo,  r  ubigo' ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
OSax.  rost,  Du.  west,  AS.  rilst,  E.  rust 
(Scotch  roost).  For  Goth.  *rilsta-,  'rust,' 
nidwa,  f.,  was  used.  Oloft  belongs  to  the 
Teut.  root  rUd  (pre-Teut.  rudh),  'to  be 
red,'  appearing  in  ModHG.  rot.  From 
the  same  root  was  formed  the  equiv.  OHG. 
rosamo,  which  assumed  early  in  MidHG. 
the  meaning  '  freckle,'  as  well  as  OIc.  try's, 
n.,  MidHG.  rot,  m.  and  n.,  OSlov.  ruzda 
(for  rudja),  f.,  Lith.  rUdis  (rud'iti,  '  to  rust '), 
Lat.  robigo,  'rust' ;  also  Lett.  rUsa,  'rust,' 
rusta,  'brown  colour/ 

v5  ften  (1.),  see  under  Oloft  (1). 

voftcn  (2.),  vb.,  'to  steep,  water-rot  flax 
or  hemp,'  from  MidHG.  roiyn,  roztzen,  '  to 
rot,  cause  to  rot,'  implying  a  connection 
with  roftcn  (1) ;  allied  to  7^3,  adj., '  mellow, 
so  It,'  rfrsyn,  'to  rot,'  and  OHG.  rdtfSn,  'to 
rot.'  From  a  Teut.  root  raut,  'to  rot'  ; 
comp.  Du.  rot,  'rotten,  decayed,'  OSax. 
r6tdny '  to  rot,'  AS.  rotiant  E.  to  rot,  to  ret 
(from  AS.  *redtian  ?),  '  to  steep,  water-rot,' 
OIc.  roterm,  '  putrefied' ;  see  rotten  (2). 

j^lofj  (1.),  n., 'horse,  steed,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  ros  (gen.  rosses),  n., '  horse,'  espec. 
'charger,'  forearlier  *hrossa-;  comp.  OSax. 
hro8sTDu.  ros,  AS.  hors,  E.  horse,  OIc.  hross, 
11., '  horse.'  Goth.  */iriissa-  is  wanting,  the 
term  used  being  O Aryan  aihwa-  (OSax. 
ehu,  AS.  eoh,  OIc.  jOr),  equiv.  to  Lat.  equus, 
Gr.  i7r7roc,  Sans,  dcva-s  (Lith.  aszvd,' mare'). 
In  MidHG.  the  term  s4$ferb  appears  ;  Otofj 
is  still  used  almost  exclusively  in  UpG. 
with  the  general  6ense  of  '  horse.'  From 
the  Teut.  cognates  is  derived  the  Rom. 
term,  Fr.  rosse,  '  sorry  horse,  jade.'  The 
origin  of  Teut.  hrussa-  is  uncertain  ;  as  far 
as  tlie  meaning  is  concerned,  it  may  be 
compared,  as  is  usually  done,  with  Lat. 


currere  for  *curs-ere,  *crs-ere,  root  hrs,  '  to 
run,'  or  with  the  Sans,  root  Mrd,  'to  leap,' 
with  which  OIc.  kress,  '  quick,'  may  also 
be  connected.  For  another  derivation  see 
rujkn.— ^ofjfaufdber,  m.,  'horse-dealer,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  rosttisclur,  rosti- 
uscher,  m.  (see  taufc^en),  retains  the  orig. 
sense  of  the  old  word  {Hop. 

^lo^  (2.),  n.,  '  honeycomb,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  rd$,  ray,  f. ;  OHG.  *rdja 
is  by  chance  not  recorded  ;  corresponding 
to  OLG.  rdta,  '  f'avus,'  Du.  raat,  f.,  '  virgin 
honey' ;  undoubtedly  a  genuine  Teut.  term. 
The  derivation  from  Lat.  radius  is  un- 
founded ;  OFr.  raie  de  miel  (from  raie, 
'ray,'  radius)  is  due  to  the  influence  of  the 
Teut.  word,  in  Goth.  *rtta,  t,  which  can- 
not, however,  be  traced  farther  back. 

fOf,  adj.,  'red,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  r6t,  adj.  ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  Goth.  raubs,  OIc.  rauo>,  AS.  redd, 
E.  red  (AS.  also  re6d,  OIc.  rj6tSr,  'red'), 
Du.  rood,  OSax.  rdd.  Goth,  and  common 
Teut.  rauda-,  from  pre-Teut.  roudho-,  is  a 
graded  form  of  the  widely-diffused  Aryan 
root  rttdh,  '  to  be  red,'  which  appears  also 
in  ModHG.  9toft  (2),  as  well  as  in  OHG. 
rutichSn,  'to  be  reddish,'  MidHG.  rOten, 
'to  redden,'  and  MidHG.  rdt,  'red'  ;  also 
in  Goth,  gariudjd,  '  shamefacedness,'  and 
perhaps  Goth.  *bi-rusnjan,  '  to  honour,' 
AS.  rudu,  'redness,'  and  rdd,  'red,'  E.  rud 
(AS.  rudduc,  E.  ruddock).  In  the  non-Teut. 
languages,  besides  the  words  adduced  under 
Sftoft  (2),  the  following  are  the  principal  cog- 
nates :  Sans,  rudhird-s,  ' red,'  rdhita,  ' red' 
(for  *r6dhita) ;  Gr.  ipvdpos,  '  red,'  tptvdos, 
'redness,  flush,'  cpvo-incXas,  'erysipelas,' 
cpfvdct, '  to  redden'  (OIc  rj&Sa;  AS.  rcOdan, 
'  to  redden,  kill ')  ;  Lat.  ruber  (rubro-  for 
*rudhro-,  Gr.  ipvdpos,  1  ike  barba  for  *bardhd\ 
see  S3avt),  nifus,  '  red,'  rubidus,  '  dark  red,' 
rubeo, '  to  blush  with  shame' ;  OSlov.  r&drii, 
'  red,'  riidki  seT  '  to  blush ' ;  Lith.  tiidas, 
rilsvas,  'reddish  brown,'  raiidas,  rauddnas, 
'  red,'  raudd, '  red  colour.'  It  is  noteworthy 
that  red  in  several  of  these  languages  is  a 
sign  of  shame.  Moreover,  the  Teut.  cog- 
nates may  be  explained  from  an  Aryan 
root  rut,  which  appears  also  in  Lat.  riit-ilus, 
'reddish.' — Derivatives  Ulolcl.  i»-j  'reel 
chalk,'  from  MidHG.  roztel,  rcetelstein,  m., 
E.  ruddle;  comp.  tlie  equiv.  Lat.  rubrica, 
from  ruber. — 'Slotollt,  plur.,  'measles.' — 
^totipolfd).  'jargon,  cant,'  from  MidHG. 
rdtwalsch,  'sharpers'  language,  gibberish,' 
allied  to  r6t,  '  red-haired,  deceptive '  1  r6t, 

I 


Rot 


(    290    ) 


Rud 


'  false,  cunning,'  frequently  occurs  iu  Mid 
HG. 

5^0 tie,  f.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  rolte, 
rote,  f.,  'troop,  detachment' ;  borrowed  in 
the  MidHG.  period  from  OFr.  rote,  'divi- 
sion of  an  army,  troop,'  whence  also  E. 
rout  (MidK  route),  Du.  rot.  The  OFr. 
term  is  derived  from  MidLat.  rutta,  rupta; 
comp.  flatter. 

rotfcn  (1.),  vh.,  'to  root  out,'  formed 
from  the  earlier  MidG.  roten,  a  variant  of 
MidHG.  riuten,  'to  root  out' ;  comp.  Bav. 
rieden,  Swiss  ussr&de,  '  to  root  out.' 

rotfcn  (2.),  vb.,  'to  cause  to  rot  or  de- 
cay,' ModHG.  only,  from  the  equiv.  LG. 
and  Du.  rotten;  see  rofiett  (2). 

jJiof},  m.,  'mucus,  snot,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  roz,  rotz,  OHG.  roz,  earlier  hroz, 
m.  and  n.,  formed  from  a  Teut.  root  hrUt 
(Aryan  krud) ;  comp.  OHG.  riL^an,  AS. 
hiHtan,  '  to  snore,  snort,'  OIc.  hrj6ta.  It 
can  scarcely  be  compared  with  Gr.  n6pv{a, 
'  cold,  catarrh.' 

glube  (UpG.  Ohtbe),  f.,  'rape,  turnip.' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  riiebe,  ruobe,  011G. 
ruoba,  ruoppa,  f.  The  OHG.  word  cannot 
have  been  borrowed  from  Lat.  rdpa,  '  rape,' 
although  names  of  vegetables  (comp.  Stobi, 
JlappeS,  and  {Rettid))  have  passed  directly 
from  Lat.  into  OHG. ;  for  if  the  word  were 
borrowed  thus,  the  sounds  of  Lat.  rdpa 
must  have  been  preserved,  or  rather  the 
p  must  have  been  changed  intojf.  The 
assumption  that  the  prim.  Teut.  form  rdbi 
appearing  in  flRube  was  borrowed  is  opposed 
by  the  OHG.  graded  form  rdba,  MidHG. 
rdbe,  'rape'  (Swiss  rabi).  The  pre-Teut. 
word  is  tnerefore  related  to  Lat.  rdpum, 
rdpa,  with  which  Gr.  pdirvs,  pd<f>vs,  '  tur- 
nip,' pd<pai>os,  pafpavT),  *.  radish,'  OSlov. 
repa,  Lith.  r&pe,  '  turnip,'  are  also  con- 
nected. These  cognates  are  wanting  in 
East  Aryan,  hence  the  supposition  that 
they  were  borrowed,  as  in  the  case  of  £anf, 
is  not  to  be  discarded. — ^tubcja^I,  'Num- 
bernips,  a  fabulous  spirit  of  the  Riesenge- 
birge,'  is  a  contraction  of  MidHG.  Ruobeza- 
gel,  'turnip-tail'  (MidHG.  zagel  is  equiv. 
to  E.  tail,  AS.  tagel). 

giubrife,  f., '  rubric,'  from  late  MidHG. 
rubrike,  {., '  red  ink,'  from  Fr.  rubrique.wheiwe 
also  E.  rubric ;  for  Lat.  rubrica  see  {RcteL 

rudjfos,  adj., '  infamous,  flagitious,'from 
MidHG.  ruoche-l6s, ' unconcerned,  reckless,' 
allied  to  MidHG.  ruoche,  {.,  '  care,  careful- 
ness'; comp.  E.  reckless;  see  rufyen  and 
flcvubtn. 


ritcbjbar,  rud)bar,  adj.,  'notorious,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.,  as  is  indicated  by 
the  LG.  and  Du.  cht  for  the  WG.ft ;  allied 
to  MidHG.  ruoft,  'fame,  reputation';  see 
amitdna,,  fem"id;tia,t,  and  ©eriidjt. 

^lucfi,  m.,  'jerk,  tug,' from  MidHG.  rue 
(gen.  ruckes),  OHG.  rue  (gen.  rucches),  m., 
'  sudden  motion,  jerk.' — ri'tchcit,  vb.,  '  to 
jerk,'  from  MidHG.  riicken,  OHG.  rucchen, 
'to  push  along';  Goth.  *rukki,  m.,  'jolt,' 
and  *rukkjav, '  to  jerk,' are  wanting  ;  comp. 
OIc.  ryl-ija,  'to  jerk,'  and  ryklr,in.,  'jolt,' 
AS.  roccian,  '  to  jerk,'  E.  to  rock. 

ruc&en,  vb.,  'to  coo'  (of  pigeon-),  allied 
to  MidHG.  ruckezen,  '  to  coo,'  and  rucku, 
interj., 'coo  !'  (of  pigeons);  onomat.  forms. 

72  li'tdtcn,  m.,  '  back,  rear,  ridge,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  riicke,  OHG.  rucki,  ear- 
lier hrukki,  111.  (Goth.  *hrugja-  is  to  be  as- 
sumed) ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OSax.  hruggi, 
Du.  rug,  AS.  hrycg,  E.  ridge,  OIc.  hryggr. 
Gr.  pdxis,  'back,'  is  not  allied,  because 
krukjd-  is  the  OAryan  form  for  {Riufen.  It 
is  more  probably  related  to  Olr.  crocen, 
'  skin,  back,'  and  the  Sans,  root  kruric, '  to 
bend,'  so  9tutfen  may  have  been  named  from 
its  flexibility.  See  jurucf. — Igtudlflraf, 
'spine';  see  ©rat. — riidtett,  vb.;  see  flfhirf. 

^lube,  m.,  'hound,' from  MidHG.  riide, 
m.,  'big  hound,'  OHG.  rudo,  hrudeo; 
OHG.  *rutto  (comp.  ModHG.  dial.  9iuttr) 
is  by  chance  not  recorded,  but  it  mav  be 
assumed  from  the  equiv.  AS.  ryppa,  hry}>J>u, 
in.  Their  origin  is  not  certain,  espec.  as 
it  cannot  be  determined  whether  the  initial 
h  of  the  AS.  word  is  permanent ;  we  have 
probably  to  assume  Goth.  *rup\ja,  m.  Akin 
to  AS.  rofihimd  ?. 

"gfrllbel,  n.,  'flock,  herd,  troop,'  ModHG. 
only,  of  uncertain  etymology,  perhaps  a 
dimin.  of  9tottf,  'host'  (comp.  MidHG. 
rode  with  rotte).  OIc.  rifSull,  '  small  de- 
tachment of  soldiers,'  can  scarcely  prove 
the  genuine  G.  origin  of  SRufcet,  since  it 
probably  belongs  to  ri<5a,  '  to  ride.'  The 
kinship  of  {Riifcet  with  Goth,  wripus, '  herd,' 
is  also  uncertain. 

"giubet,  n., '  oar,  rudder,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ruoder,  OHG.  ruodar,  n.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  the  equiv.  Du.  roer,  AS.  rdpor, 
E.  rudder  (Goth.  *rdpr,  n.,  'oar,'  ia  by 
chance  not  recorded) ;  in  OIc.  with  a  dif- 
ferent suffix  rce'Se,  11.,  '  oar,'  while  roSr,  m., 
signifies  'rowing.'  Goth.  *r6-Jyra-,  'oar,' 
belongs  to  AS.  r&wan,  str.  vb.,  E.  to  row, 
OIc.  r6a,  Du.  roeijen,  MidHG.  riiejen,  ruon, 
all  of  which  signify  '  to  row.'    The  Teut. 


Ruf 


(    291    ) 


Rum 


loot  r6  appears  with  the  same  meaning  in 
the  other  Aryan  languages,  as  rd,  rS,  er,  ar; 
comp.  Olr.  ram,  Lat.  rS-mus,  'our'  (ratis, 
'rait'),  Gr.  i-pi-rqs,  ' rower,'  Tpi-rjprjs,  'tri- 
reme' ;  tperfios,  'oar,'  Sans,  aritra-s,  'oar' ; 
also  the  Aryan  root  rS,  'to  pusli,'  in  OSlov. 
rinati,  rejati, '  to  push,'  Sans,  ar,  '  to  drive.' 
Moreover,  E.  oar,  from  AS.  Ar  (01c.  dr)  is 
the  relic  of  another  OTeut.  term  (whence 
Finn,  airo,  'oar'). 

^luf,  in.,  'call,  cry  ;  report,  fame,  repu- 
tation,' from  theequiv.  MidHG.  ruof,  OHG. 
ruqf,  in.,  for  an  earlier  *hruof;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth.  hr6ps,  m.,  'cry,  clamour.' — 
rufen,  vh.,  '  to  call  out,  cry,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  ruof  en,  OHG.  ruofan;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  hrdpan,  Du.  roepen, 
AS.  hidpan  (wanting  in  E.),  '  to  call  out'  ; 
in  Goth,  hrdpjan,  OHG.  ruqfen,  ModHG. 
riiefen,  wk.  vb.,  with  the  same  meaning. 
In  the  non-Teut.  languages  there  are  no 
terms  corresponding  to  the  Teut.  root  hrop. 
See  vud)tbar. 

riXQeiX,  vb.,  'to  denounce,  censure,  re- 
prove,' from  MidHG.  riiegen, OHG.  ruogen, 
'  to  accuse,  charge  with,  blame,'  for  an  ear- 
lier wrogjan;  comp.  Goth.  urOhjan,  OSax. 
lordgjan,  AS.  wregan,  '  to  accuse,  charge 
with.'  Allied  to  ModHG.  glftge,  '  cen- 
sure, blame,  crime,'  MidHG.  riiege,  Goth. 
wr6hs,  '  accusation,'  OSax.  wrtikt,  '  strife,' 
AS.  wrdht,  '  accusation,  strife,  crime.'  The 
Goth,  forms  with  h  compared  with  the  g 
in  the  other  terms  point  to  Aryan  k,  which 
was  the  cause  of  the  grammatical  change 
of  h  to  g.  An  Aryan  root  urdk,  urdk,  has 
not  yet  been  discovered. 

g?tuf)C,  f.,  '  rest,  repose,  calm,  peace,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ruowe,  OHG. 
ruowa,  f.  (also  MidHG.  r&we,  OHG.  rdwa, 
in  the  same  sense)  ;  comp.  OIc.  r6,  AS. 
r&uj,  f., '  rest.'  Goth.  *r6wa  (with  the  graded 
form  *r$wa)  corresponds  exactly  to  Gr. 
f-p<0T),  'desisting,  ceasing,  rest,'  from  Aryan 
rowd;  the  root  rd  contained  in  these  words 
is  probably  allied  to  ra-  in  ModHG.  SRajl  ; 
yet  the  East  MidG.  9htfle  used  by  Luther 
presents  a  difficulty. — ruf)Crt,  vb., '  to  rest, 
repose,  be  calm,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
ruowen  (rdwSn),  OHG.  ruowhi  (rdwSn)  ;  a 
denom.  of  Sialic. 

"2 { it bm,  111.,  '  fame,  celebrity  ;  rumour,' 
from  MidHG.  ruom  (ruon),  m.,  'fame, 
honour,  praise,'  OHG.  1110m,  earlier  hruom, 
111. ;  comp.  OSax.  hr&m,  111 ,  '  fame,'  Du. 
roem.  From  the  root  hr6  are  dr  rived,  with 
a  different  suffix,  the  equiv.  OIc.  hr6brtm., 


AS.  hrij>,  in.,  OHG.  hruA-,  mod-,  in  com- 
pounds like  Sftufcotf,  Robert,  &c. ;  also  Goth. 
hrdfreigs,  '  victorious.'  The  Teut.  root  hr6 
is  based  on  Aryan  kar,  kra,  to  which  Sans. 
kir,  'to  commend,'  and  ktrtl,  'fame,'  are 
allied. 

^lu^r,  f.,  '  stir,  disorder,  diarrhoea,  dy- 
sentery,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ruor, 
ruore,  f.,  lit.  'violent,  hasty  motion' ;  allied 
to  rufyren  ;  comp.  MidHG.  ruortranc,  '  pur- 
gative.' The  general  meaning  *  violent 
motion  '  is  still  preserved  in  the  compound 
9luftut)r,  '  riot.' 

rul)ren,  vb.,  'to  stir,  move  (the  feel- 
ings) ;  touch,'  from  MidHG.  ruern,  OHG. 
ruorern,  '  to  put  in  motion,  incite,  stir  up, 
bestir  oneself,  mix,  touch';  comp.  OSax. 
hrdrian, '  to  move,  stir,'  Du.  roeren,  AS.  hrS- 
ran  (to  which  AS.  hriremds,  E.  reremous-;  is 
allied),  OIc.  hrcera.  We  have  probably  to 
assume  Goth.  *hr6zjan,  to  which  Iirisjan, 
'  to  shake,'  and  OIc.  hress,  '  quick,'  are  per- 
haps allied.  See  9iul)r.  The  Teut.  root 
hrSs  (Aryan  krds)  has  no  cognate  terms  in 
the  other  groups. 

XiXlpfett,  vb.,  'to  belch,  eructate,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  early  ModHG.  rutjen  ;  of  obscure 
origin.  Yet  late  MidHG.  riilz, '  coarse  fel- 
low, peasant,'  seems  to  be  allied. 

^lltm,  m.,  late  ModHG.  from  the  equiv. 
E.  rum,  whence  also  Fr.  rhum,  rum.  The 
source  of  the  word  is  said  to  be  some 
American  language ;  formerly  it  was 
wrongly  derived  from  Sans.  rSma,  'water.' 

"gitttttmet,  m.,  '  rumble,  din,  lumber, 
lump,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  rummvl, 
'  heap '  Du.  rommelen, '  to  tumble,'  rommel- 
zo,  'medley';  see  vumpcltt.  In  the  sense  of 
'  noise '  ModHG.  {Hummel  is  connected  with 
Du.  rommelen,  '  to  rattle,  roar,  drink  (of 
beasts),'  to  which  OIc.  mjmja, '  to  roar,  make 
a  noise,'  must  be  related. 

rttmpeht,  vb.,  '  to  rumble,  rummage, 
throw  into  confusion,'  from  MidHG.  cum- 
peln,  'to  make  a  noise  or  din,  fall  with  a 
clatter';  probably  an  intensive  form  on 
account  ot  the  p.  Comp.  the  equiv.  MidE. 
romblen,  E.  to  rumble;  allied  to  Du.  rom- 
melen, 'to  make  a  noise,'  the  mb  being 
assimilated  to  mm;  hence  Orttmutfl  means 
'  lumber.' 

^.Utnpf,  in.,  '  trunk,  body,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  (MidG.)  rumph,  m.  ;  in 
UpG.  and  MidG.  bolech,  OHG.  botah  (AS. 
bodig,  E.  body).  Comp.  LG.  rump,  Du. 
romp, ' trunk,'  MidE.  rumpe,  E.  rump,  Scand. 
rumpr,  '  rump.'    Allied  to  rumpfeu  ?. 


Rum 


(    ^92    ) 


Rus 


rftmpfcn,  vb.,  '  to  turn  up  (the  nose),' 
from  MidHG.  riimphen,  'to  turn  up  (the 
nose),  wrinkle' ;  OHO.  *mmpfen  is  want- 
ing, rimpfan  (MidHG.  rimphen),  'to  con- 
tract, wrinkle,'  being  used  ;  comp.  Du.  rim- 
pelen,  *  to  wrinkle,'  and  rompelig,  '  rugged.' 
The  cognates  have  scarcely  lost  an  initial 
h  in  spite  of  the  existence  of  AS.  hrympele, 
1  wrinkle,'  and gehrumpen, '  wrinkled,' since 
gerumpen,  '  bent,'  is  also  recorded  in  AS. 
without  an  initial  h.  The  Teat,  root  rimp 
(corap.  further  E.  rimple,  rumple,  and  Du. 
rimpel, '  wrinkle  ')  has  been  connected  with 
Gr.  (>ap(f>os,  '  curved  beak,  espec.  of  birds 
of  prey,'  as  well  as  ptp.fiop.ai,  'to  roam,' 
l>ap(j>r],  '  curved  dagger.' 

runb,  adj.,  '  round,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HO.  runt  (gen.  rundes),  adj.  ;  borrowed 
from  Fr.  rond  (from  Lat.  rotundus),  whence 
also  E.  round,  Du.  rond,  Dan.  and  Swed. 
rund. 

gtune,  f.,  see  rauuett. 

plunge,  f.,  '  rung  ;  bolt,  pin  ;  trigger,' 
from  MidHG.  and  MidLG.  runge,  f., '  drag- 
shoe  ' ;  OHG.  *runga,  older  *hrunga,  f.,  are 
by  chance  not  recorded ;  comp.  Goth. 
hrugga,  f.,  'staff,'  AS.  hrung,  E.  rung. 
The  prim,  sense  is  probably  '  spar,'  there- 
fore the  connection  with  ModHG.  Sting  is 
doubtful. 

ghmfcclrfibe,  f.,  'beetroot,'  ModHG. 
only,  of  obscure  origin. 

riinfiirt,  adj.,  'flowing,  running,'  in 
b(utrunjlit),  'bleeding,  bloody,'  from  Mid 
HG.  bluot-runsec,  -runs,  adj.,  '  bloody, 
wounded,'  allied  to  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
bluot-runs,  'haemorrhage,  bleeding  wound.' 
Runs  is  an  abstract  from  riniicn  ;  comp. 
Goth,  runs  (gen.  runsis),  'course,'  runs 
bl6J?is,  '  issue  of  blood.'  Hence  also  Mod 
HG.  (dial)  {Run«,  '  course  of  a  torrent.' 

{^limjel,  f.,  'wrinkle,  fold,  rumple,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  runzel,  OHG. 
runzilciyf. ;  dimin.  of  OHG.  runza,  MidHG. 
runze,  f.,  '  wrinkle.'  By  inference  from 
OIc.  krukka,  MidHG.  rv/nke,  and  E.  wrinkle 
(AS.  wrinde)t  the  OHG.  from  runza  re- 
presents *jwrunkza,  *wrunkizza,  with  a 
dimin.  suffix  ;  the  loss  of  the  guttural  is 
normal  as  in  93li$  from  *blUcz,  Serty  from 
*l$nkz.  In  the  non-Teut  languages  comp. 
Lat.  ruga,  Lith.  rukti, '  to  become  wrinkled,' 
raukas,  '  wrinkle '  (see  further  rauf/). 

IRi'tpel,  m.,  'coarse  fellow, lubber,' prop, 
a  Bav.  abbreviation  of  9htpred>t  (hence 
Sfh'ipcl  and  flftiippfl  as  surnames) ;  for  a  simi- 
lar use  of  proper  names  comp.  2R?|e.     Pro- 


bably the  meaning  of  {Rupel  was  occasioned 
by  Stwt&jl  Olupredjt,  '  Knight  Robert'  (bug- 
bear in  nursery  tales),  in  whose  character 
maskers  disported  themselves  in  a  rude  and 
coarse  manner. 

rupfert,  vb.,  '  to  pluck  (feathers),  pick,' 
from  MidHG.  rupfen,  ropfen,  an  intensive 
form  of  vaufeti.  To  this  is  allied  ruv-pk}, 
'  battered,'  from  LG.  ruppen  for  UpG. 
rupfen. 

fliilffci,  ni.,  'trunk  (of  an  elephant), 
snout,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  riie^el,  m.; 
ModHG.  has  shortened  the  real  stem  vowel 
as  in  laffen,  from  MidHG.  ld$en.  OHG. 
*ruo^il,  earlier  *wruo^il,  are  unrecorded. 
Comp.  the  equiv.  AS.  wrdt,  East  Fris.  icrfite, 
formed  without  the  I  suffix  ;  also  OHG. 
ruozzen,  'to  root  or  tear  up  the  earth,'  Du. 
wroeten  and  North  Fris.  uretten,  '  to  root,' 
AS.  urdtan,  wrStian,  E.  to  root.  The  Tent 
root  wrot,  'to  root  up'  (flftufiel  is  lit  'the 
uprooting  snout  of  a  pig '),  from  pre-Teut. 
icrod  (yet  see  SBurjel),  has  not  yet  been  dis- 
covered iu  the  non-Teut.  languages  ;  per- 
haps Lat.  r6dere, '  to  gnaw,'  is  primit.  allied. 

^Iftftc,  f.,from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
rust,  f.,  '  repose,  rest,'  a  variant  of  9?ajr, 
derived  from  LG.     Comp.  Du.  rust,  '  rest.' 

fit  (ten,  vb.,  'to  prepare,  equip,  arm,' 
from  MidHG.  riisten,  OlIG.  rusten,  earlier 
*hrustjan,  *  to  arm,  prepare,  adorn  ' ;  comp. 
Du.  rusten,  AS.  hyrdan  (for  hrystan),  '  to 
deck,  adorn.'  A  denom.  of  OHG.  rust, 
'armour,'  AS.  hyrst,  'decoration,  adorn- 
ment, armour,'  which  again  are  verbal  ab- 
stracts from  a  Tent,  root  hruf>,  '  to  adorn.' 
Comp.  AS.  hreddan,  'to  adorn,'  OIc.  hrjofta, 
'  to  cleanse,  discharge  (a  ship).'  May  we 
also  connect  with  this  root  hrup,  Teut. 
*hrossa-,  '  charger,'  as  a  partic.  in  ta-  in  the 
sense  of  '  that  which  is  adorned,'  in  so  far 
as  it  is  an  object  of  adornment  ?  The  Teut 
root  hruj>  (from  Aryan  kruth,  krut  ?)  has 
been  said,  probably  without  any  proof,  to 
exist  in  Gr.  Keicopvdpcvos, '  armed,'  Kopvo-a-co, 
'  to  arm,'  topvd-,  ■  helmet' ;  yet  the  dissyl- 
lable root  KopvO-  cannot  be  made  to  tolly 
with  the  Teut.  hrup  of  one  syllable.  See 
also  ©crujle. 

rufltfl,  adj., '  prepared  for  action,  vigo- 
rous, robust^' from  MidHG.  riistec,  'vigorous, 
armed,'  OHG.  rusttg,  '  prepared,  adorned.' 
With  regard  to  the  evolution  of  meaning 
comp.  fcrtt^,  also  entriijift.  OIc.  hraustr, 
'  brave,  competent,'  is  more  remote. 

sHufj,  m.,  'soot,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  ruoj,,  m. ;  comp.  Du.  roet, 


Rut 


(    293    ) 


Sac 


'  soot.'  LG.  sot,  E.  soot,  and  its  equiv.  AS. 
s6t  are  scarcely  allied.  OHG.  ruo$  pro- 
bably  represents *hruo^,*hr6ta-,  but  whether 
it  is  to  be  connected  with  Goth,  /trot,  'roof',' 
is  more  than  questionable  ;  it  is  more  pro- 
bably allied  to  AS.  hrCt, '  dirt.'  No  cognate 
terms  are  found  in  the  non-Teut.  languages. 
^luf  C,  f.,  '  rod,  switch,  wand,  rod  (about 
15  feet),'  from  MidHG.  ruote,  OHG.  ruota, 
f.,  '  switch,  rod,  pole,  rod  (a  measure) '  ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  r6da,  f'.,  '  cross,'  Du. 


roede,  'rod  (also  a  measure),'  AS.  rod,  f., 
'  cross,'  E.  rod,  rood.  Goth.  *r6da,  f.,  '  pole, 
stake,'  is  wanting.  A  pre-Teut.  rddhd-  is 
not  found  elsewhere  ;  but  is  Lat.  radius, 
*  staff,'  primit.  allied? 

VUt  fdjett,  vb.,  '  to  slide,  glide,  slip,'  from 
late  MidHG.  riitschen,  '  to  glide,'  with  the 
variant  rictzen.  Perhaps  it  belongs  to  the 
same  root  as  riitteln,  rutten  (^eruitten),  which 
are  based  on  MidHG.  riitteln,  riiltcn,  '  to 
shake.' 


S. 


gittttf,  m.,  'hall,  large  room,  drawing- 
room,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sal,  m. 
and  n.,  'house,  large  room,  hall,  building 
generally  containing  only  one  room,  espe- 
cially used  for  assemblies ' ;  OSax.  sqli,  m., 
'building  consisting  of  only  one  large  room.' 
In  OHG.  and  OSax.  the  term  selihtis, '  house 
with  a  large  room,'  is  also  used  ;  AS.  sele, 
salor,  sail,  'hall,  palace,'  OIc.  salr,  m. 
(OTeut.  saloz,  saliz,  n.,  may  be  assumed). 
Goth,  preserves  only  the  allied  saljan,  'to 
find  shelter,  remain,'  and  salifcwds,  f.  plur., 
'lodging,  guest-chamber' ;  comp.  with  the 
latter  OHG.  selida,  f.,  '  dwelling,'  MidHG. 
selde.  To  these  OSlov.  selitva,  f.,  'dwell- 
ing,' and  selo,  n.,  '  courtyard,  village,'  and 
also  Lat.  sdlum,  'soil,  ground.'  From  the 
Teut.  cognates  are  derived  the  Kom.  class, 
It.il.  sala,  Fr.  salle,  'hall,  room.' 

i*>aat,  f.,  'sowing,  seed,  crop,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  nnd  OHG.  silt,  f . ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  sdd,  n.,  Du.  zaad,  AS. 
siiid,  m.  and  n.,  E.  seed,  OIc.  sitiSe,  and  stiS, 
n.,  'seed,'  Goth,  only  in  mana-sifts  (/> equiv. 
to  d),  f.,  '  mankind,  world.'  OTeut.  si-di- 
and  si-da-  are  abstract  forms  from  the 
primit.  root  si,  'to  sow,'  contained  in  icn 
and  Same. 

giibel,  m.,  'sabre,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  and  early  ModHG.  ©abet  and 
<2ebcl,  m.,  which,  like  the  equiv.  Fr.  and 
E.  sabre  and  Ital.  sciabla,  seems  to  be 
derived  from  the  East ;  the  ultimate  source 
is  still  uncertain.  The  Slav,  words,  puch 
ns  Russ.  sablja,  Pol.  szabla,  Serv.  sablja,  as 
well  as  Hun.  szdblya,  appear  to  have  been 
borrowed. 

fetbenbetum,  see  (Sefrcnhium. 
ad)C,  f.,  'thing,  matter,  affair,  busi- 
ness,  case,'   from   MidHG.   sache,  OHG. 


sahha,  f.,  'quarrel,  cause  of  dispute,  law- 
suit, opportunity,  affair,  cause,  reason'; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OIc.  sgh,  f.,  and 
OSax.  saka,  f. ;  comp.  Du.  zaalc, '  thing,'  AS. 
sacu,  'strife,  feud,'  E.  sake,  Goth,  sakjd,  f., 
'  strife,  dispute.'  The  cognates  are  con- 
nected with  Goth,  sakan, '  to  strive,  dispute,' 
AS.  sacan,  OSax.  sakan,  OHG.  sahhan,  '  to 
blame,  scold  ;  sue  (at  law).'  The  root  sak, 
'  to  contend,  sue  (at  law),'  is  peculiar  to  Teut. 
The  evolution  in  meaning  is  worthy  of 
special  notice.  The  general  sense  'case' 
is  a  later  development  of  '  lawsuit,  dis- 
pute,'which  has  been  preserved  in  ModHG. 
Sacfynxdter,  'attorney,  advocate'  (see  further 
ilHberfadjer).  Old  legal  parlance  developed 
the  former  from  the  latter. 

fad)t,  adj.,  'soft,  gentle,  slow,  gradual,' 
ModHG.  only  (unknown  to  UpG.),  from 
LG.  sacht,  comp.  Du.  zacht ;  LG.  and  Dn. 
cht  for  HG.  ft.  It  corresponds  to  HG. 
fauft,  the  nasal  of  which  has  disappeared 
even  in  OSax.  sdfto,  adv.,  '  softly,  gently.' 

£>adi,  m.,  'sack,  hag,  pockety  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sac  (gen.  sackes),  OHG.  sac 
(gen.  sacches),  m.  ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  Goth,  sakhes,  m.,  OIc  sekhr,  111., 
AS.  S03CC,  m.,  E.  $ack,  and  Du.  zak.  A  loan- 
word from  Lit.  sacciis  (Ital.  sacco,  Fr.  and 
Olr.  sac),  which  came  through  the  medium 
of  Gr.  (tiikkos,  from  the  Hebr.  and  Phoeuic. 
sak.  The  Lat.  word  seems  to  have  been 
introduced  into  G,  through  commercial 
intercourse  with  Roman  merchants,  at  a 
very  early  period  (in  Caesar's  time  ?),  pro- 
bably contemporaneously  with  Slrcfje,  Jtijtc, 
and  5cfnein. 

fadterlof,  interj.,  'zounds!'  late  Mod 
HG.,  remodelled  from  Fr.  sacri  nom  de 
Dieu  ;  also  corrupted  into  fapperlot.    @arf  er- 


Sae 


(    294 


Sal 


meut  (javmntfiU),  f'0111  sacramentum,  signi- 
fies 'body  of  ChrU.' 

f&etl,  vb.,  'to  sow  (seed),'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sayen,  seen,  OHG.  sden 
(from  an  orig.  sejan)  ;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Goth.  sniav,  OIc.  s6,  AS.  sawan,  E.  to  sow, 
Du.  zaaijen,  OSax.  sdjan.  The  Teut.  root 
si,  'to  sow,'  of  which  <Saat  and  &nmt  are 
derivatives,  is  common  to  the  Aryan  group ; 
comp.  the  Lat,  root  si  in  si-vi,  sa-tum,  si- 
men  (Lat.  stro  is  a  reduplicated  pres.  for 
*si-so) ;  OSlov.  sfja  (siti),  'to  sow,'  Lith. 
sija  (siti),  '  to  sow.' 

Saf  rem,  m.,  'saffron,'  from  MidHG. 
safrcrn,  111.,  which  is  derived  from  Fr. 
safran  (comp.  E.  saffron)  ;  comp.  Ital. 
zafferano,  the  ultimate  source  of  which  is 
the  equiv.  Arab,  zdfardn. 

<J>aff,  m.,  'sap,  juice,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  soft,  usually  saf,  OHG.  saf  (gen. 
saffes),  n. ;  corresponding  to  AS.  seep,  n.,  E. 
sap,  1)\\.  and  LG.  sap.  Its  connection  witli 
Lat.  sapio  (OHG.  seven,  seppen,  MidHG. 
seben,  'to  observe')  and  sapor  is  conceiv- 
able on  account  of  OIc.  safe,  'sap,'  pro- 
vided that  an  Aryan  root  sap,  sab  (comp. 
Sans,  sabar. '  nectar')  seems  possible  (on  the 
other  hand,  Gr.  faros, '  sap,'  and  OSlov.  sokii 
are  not  allied).  The  prevalent  view  that 
AS.  seep  and  OHG.  saf  were  borrowed  from 
Lat.  sdpa,  '  thick  must,'  is  unsatisfactory. 

Seine,  f.,  '  legend,  report,'  from  Mid 
HG.  sage,  OHG.  saga,  f.,  'speech,  declara* 
tion,  tale,  rumour ' ;  an  abstract  from  fagen, 
like  AS.  saga,  f.,  from  secgan;  E.  saw. — 
fctflcn,  vb.,  '  to  say,  tell,  utter,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidfiG.  sagen,  OHG.  sagen ;  cor- 
responding to  OSux.  seggian,  LG.  seggen, 
Du.  zeggen,  AS.  secgan  (from  *sagjan).  E. 
to  say,  and  its  eqniv.  OIc.  segja.  In  Goth. 
both  *sagan  and  every  other  derivative 
from  the  same  root  are  wanting.  Teut. 
sagai-,  which  comes  by  the  rule  of  gram- 
matical change  from  Aryan  soMy-,  is  closely 
allied  to  Lith. sakyti,  'to  say,'  OSlov.  soSiti, 
'  to  notify ' ;  with  this  6  Lat.  insece,  '  I 
narrate'  (in-sectioves,  'tales'),  is  usually 
connected,  as  well  as  the  Gr.  root  o-trr, 
o-(kF  in  (wenc  for  tv-crenf,  t-o-n-tre,  'tell 
(thou  or  ye).'  Olr.  sagim,  saigim,  'I 
speak,  say,'  also  point  to  a  similar  class. 
In  Rom.  only  one  loan-word  of  this  class  is 
found;  comp.  Span,  sayon,  'usher'  (of  a 
law-court),  lit.  '  speaker.' 

S5a,e,  f.,  'saw,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sege,  sage,  OHG.  sega,  saga,  f.  ;  comp. 
Du.  zaag,  AS.  sage,  f.,  and  sagu,  f.,  E.  saw  ; 


OIc.  sog,  f.  (Goth.  *saga,  f.,  is  wanting). 
A  derivative  of  an  Aryan  root  seh,  sole, 
whence  also  Lat.  sec&re,  'to  cut,'  securis, 
'hatcliet';  see  further  under  <8tcfjel.  The 
&  of  ModHG.  <£dge  is  based,  as  is  indi- 
cated by  tht;  modern  Alem.  dials.,  on  2  ; 
hence  there  is  the  same  gradation  in  OHG. 
sega  and  saga  as  in  OHG.  re>Jio  and  AS. 
racu  (see  9ledjen),  or  in  HG.  SRacfen  and  E. 
•neck.  With  the  Aryan  root  sek,  sole,  are 
also  connected  in  Teut.,  OHG.  salts, '  sword ' 
(see  SKeffer),  E.  scythe,  and  AS.  stfte,  from 
svjpe  ;  comp.  OIc.  siyfir,  m.,  '  sickle,'  OHG. 
seh,  MidHG.  sech,  '  ploughshare,'  and  the 
cognates  of  Senfc. 

5at)tte,  f.,  '  cream,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  (MidG.  and  LG.)  sane,  f. ; 
comp.  Du.  zaan.  Tlie  word  orig.  also 
belonged  probably  to  UpG.,  as  is  indicated 
by  the  derivative  (gentle  (for  @al>ne  the 
UpG.  and  MidG.  word  {Wafym  is  now  used, 
in  Swiss  also  nXdel,  and  in  other  dials. 
<2>d)mant).  The  origin  of  the  cognates  is 
obscure, 

petite,  f.,  'string'  (of  a  musical  instru- 
ment), from  MidHG.  seite,  ni.  and  f.,  OHG. 
seita,  f.,  seito,  m.,  'string,  cord,  fetter'; 
comp.  OHG.  seid,  n.,  'cord,  noose,'  AS. 
sada,  m.,  '  cord,  noose,'  derived  by  means 
of  the  Aryan  suffix  t  from  the_  Teut.  and 
Aryan  root  sai,  by  gradation  si,  'to  bind,' 
which  appears  in  €>ett ;  comp.  further  OIc. 
seimr,  m.,  '  string '  (Goth.  *sai-ma-),  and 
sima,  n.,  'string,'  AS.  stma,  OSax.  simo, 
m.,  'cord' ;  also  Gr.  t-fids,  'strap,'  and  the 
Sans,  root  si,  '  to  bind,  fetter.'  The  deri- 
vatives most  closely  allied  to  the  Teut. 
word  are  OSlov.  sl-ll,  (.,  '  cord,'  and  Lith. 
saitas,  ni.,  '  cord.'  With  regard  to  the  pre- 
Teut.  root  si,  sai,  see  further  under  Scil. 

;fal,  in  SRiibfal,  see  felia,. 

galamcmoer,  m.,  'salamander,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  salamander,  m.  and  f.  ; 
the  origin  of  the  meaning  'toast'  (drunk 
in  special  honour  of  a  guest  at  students' 
clubs),  which  first  became  current  between 
1830  and  1840,  i-  very  much  disputed. 

Salat.  m.,  'salad, '  late  MidHG.  saldt, 
m.,  from  the  equiv.  Ital.  salata,  insalata. 

galbaber,  m.,  'idle  talker,  quack, 
ModHG.  only  (the  earliest  reference  is  in 
the  Epistolaa  Obscurorum  Virorum) ;  its 
origin  is  wrongly  attributed  to  the  owner 
of  a  bathing  establishment  (etn  93abev)  at 
Jena,  who  bored  his  guests  with  his  stale 
stories.  Others  prefer  to  connect  it  with 
sah-'tor,  'saviour,'  so  that  fatfabetn  would 


Sal 


(    295    ) 


Sam 


mean  •  to  have  the  name  salvator  on  one's 
lips,  and  nothing  more,'  an  equally  impro- 
bable explanation. 

Salbe,  f.,  'salve,' from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  salbe,  OHQ.salba,f.  ;  a  common  Teut. 
term  ;  comp.  OSax.  salba,  Du.  zalf,  AS. 
sealf,  E.  salve  (Goth.  *salba,  f.,  may  be  in- 
ferred from  salbCn, '  to  anoint ').  The  Teut. 
salbd-,  from  pre-Teut.  solpa-,  is  entirely 
unrelated  to  Gr.  d\el<f>a>  ;  Gr.  fkiros,  'oil/ 
(\<f>os,  'butter,'  0X7117,  'oil-flask,'  Sans,  sar- 
pis,  n.,  '  grease,'  are  more  probably  allied 
to  @albe. 

£>albci.  m., '  sage,'  from  MidHG.  salbeie, 
salveie,  OHG.  salbeia,  salveia,  f.,  from  Mid 
Lat.  salvegia,  a  variant  of  Lat.  and  Rom. 
salvia  (Fr.  sawge,  whence  E.  sage). 

Sciiiutd),  n.,  '  register  of  the  survey  of 
lands,'  from  MidHG.  sal-buoch,  n., '  register 
of  lands  belonging  to  the  community,  a 
record  of  receipts  and  donations,' from  Mid 
HG.  sal,  f.,  '  legal  assignment  of  an  estate,' 
which,  with  MidHG.  sal,  m.,  'legacy,'  is 
connected  with  OHG.  sullen,  AS.  sellan,  '  to 
surrender,'  The  corresponding  E.  verb 
to  sell  has  acquired  a  different  shade  of 
meaning. 

galm,  Salmon,  m.,  'salmon/  from 
MidHG.  siume,  OHG.  salmo,  m.,  from  the 
equiv.  Lat.  salmo. 

SaftVJCtbc,  f.,  'sallow,  round-leaved 
willow ' ;  allied  to  MidHG.  salhe,  f.,  OHG. 
salaha  (Goth.  *salh6),  f.,  'willow';  the 
second  part  of  the  ModHG.  compound 
serves  as  an  explanation  of  the  old  term, 
which  is  undoubtedly  of  genuine  Teut. 
origin  ;  comp.  OIc.  selja,  f.  (Goth.  *salhj6), 
and  AS.  sealh,  E.  sallow.  Primit.  allied  to 
Gr.  fkiKtf  (Arcad.),  Lat.  s&lix  (ace.  salicem), 
'  willow ' ;  Fr.  saule  is  based  not  on  the 
Lat.,  but  on  the  HG.  word. 

fctl^,  n.,  'salt,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
OHG.  salz,  n. ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  Goth,  salt,  AS.  sealt,  11.,  E.  salt,  Du. 
zout,  OSax.  salt  (also  an  adj.  OIc.  saltr,  AS. 
salt,  'salty,  saline').  The  specifically 
Teut.  form  sal-ta-  (whence  Lapp,  saltte)  is. 
of  course  related  to  Lat.  sal,  Gr.  SKs  ;  comp. 
further  OSlov.  soli,  Lett,  sdls,  Olr.  salann, 
'  salt,'  The  lengthened  pre-Teut  root  said 
appears  also  in  Lat.  sallere,  'to  salt,'  with 
the  assimilation  of  Id  to  // ;  in  Litli.  the 
corresponding  adj.  sald&s  has  the  remark- 
able signification  'sweet'  (Lith.  drushl, 
'salt,'  is  connected  with  Lett,  druska, 
1  crumb.'  Among  the  Eastern  Aryans  a 
cognate  term  is  wanting,  the  word  salt, 


curiously  enough,  not  being  mentioned 
in  the  Rig- Veda,  Perhaps  the  Western 
Aryans,  in  their  migration,  got  their  know- 
ledge of  the  mineral  from  a  civilised  tribe 
that  has  also  exercised  an  influence  on 
European  languages  in  other  instances 
(comp.  <2tlbet).  That  a  graded  form  could 
be  constructed  from  even  a  foreign  term 
admits  of  no  doubt  (see  ©iiljf).  Perhaps 
the  divergence  between  Teut. salta- and  Gr.- 
Lat.  sal-  is  due  to  differences  anterior  to  the 
period  in  which  the  word  was  borrowed. 

■sam,  see  (attgfatn. 

§tttttc,  no.,  '  seed,  semen,  spawn,'  from 
MidHG.  same,  OHG.  and  OS.ix.  sdmo,  m., 
'  grain  of  seed,  seed,  descendants,  field, 
soil ' ;  a  derivative  of  the  root  sS,  '  to  sow,' 
contained  in  <saat  and  fden.  Correspond- 
ing to  Lat.  semen,  OSlov.  shne.,  'seed,' 
Lith.  semll, '  seed ' ;  an  Aryan  neut.  si-mn-, 
with  a  suffix  men,  is  implied  ;  the  same 
suffix  appears  in  Jtcint  and  S3lume.  A  dif- 
ferent derivation  is  indicated  by  Olr.  sU 
and  Lith.  sekld,  '  seed '  (prim,  form  setla). 

§&mif<f)lebet,  n.,  ModHG.  only,  cor- 
responding to  the  equiv.  E.  chamois  leather 
(also  shammy),  Fr.  peaux  chamoisees ;  of 
obscure  origin,  perhaps  from  Russ.  zamSa, 
'  wash-leather.' 

fammeltt,  vb., '  to  collect,  gather,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  samelen,  prop,  with  a 
n-  suffix,  samenen,  OHG.  samandn;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  samndn,  Du.  zamelen, 
AS.  samnian,  OIc.  samna,  'to  collect';  a 
derivative  of  the  OG.  adv.  saman.  Primit. 
allied  to  Sans,  samand,  '  together.'  See 
jufammen  and  gefamt. 

ilitmof rtit.  m.,  '  Saturday,'  prop,  a 
UpG.  and  Rhen.  word  (in  MidG.  and 
LG.  Senitabfttb),  from  MidHG.  sam^tac, 
sampstac,  OHG.  samba^tac.  In  Du.  zater- 
day,  LG.  sdterdach,  AS.  saiternesJa'g,  E. 
Saturday,  which,  like  the  equiv.  Olr.  dia 
mthairnn  and  Alban.  jfetdne,  aire  based  on 
Lat.  Saturni  dies,  unknown  to  Rom.  ;  in 
OIc.  laugardagr,  Jyvdttdagr  (lit.  'bathing 
day').  From  the  ecelesias.  Lnt.  sabbati 
dies  (whence  Fr.  samedi,  Ital.  sabbalo,  Prov. 
dissapte,  and  Ir.  sapait),  OHG.  sambax-tac, 
ModHG.  (Scuntftaa,  cannot  be  derived,  for 
such  a  derivation  does  not  explain  the  HG. 
nasal ;  nor  can  the  t  of  an  ecclesias.  Lat. 
word  be  changed  to  3.  Since  OSlov.  sqbota, 
Magy.  tzombat,  and  Rouman.  sdmbdtd  are 
the  most  closely  allied  to  OHG.  samba$-, 
we  may  perhaps  assume  that  it  is  of  Eastern 
origin,  which  supposition  is  supported  by 


Sam 


(   296   ) 


Sat 


the  fact  that  Bav.  ffim  {<C,  'Thursday,'  is 
borrowed  from  Gr.  ■niptm)  (see  ^fjfiiijtaa,). 
Altliough  Gr.  *a-a/x/3aro>/,  a  parallel  form 
of  aafifiaTov,  lias  not  yet  been  discovered, 
we  may  infer  its  existence  from  Pers.  Samba 
almost  with  certainty  ;  the  corresponding 
Arab.,  Ethiop.,  and  Abyss,  words  have  also 
a  medial  mb.  It  is  manifest  that  an  Orien- 
tal term,  sambato,  of  the  5th  cent,  was 
introduced  into  TJpG.  and  Slav,  through 
Gr.  (along  with  Arianisin,  see  Jlircr/e  and 
$fafff)  ;  yet  it  is  strange  that  Ulfilas  uses 
sabbatS  dags  without  any  nasal  (comp.  Gotlu 
aikkUsjd  with  West- Teut.  kirika,  from 
Kvpiaxov). 

Cut  ml.  m.,  '  velvet,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  samit,  samdt,  m.  ;  borrowed  in  the 
MidHG.  period  from  Rom.  ;  comp.  Mid 
Lat.  samitum,  ltal.  sciamito,  OFr.  samit. 
The  ultimate  source  is  MidLat.  examitum, 
ModGr.  f^dfiirov,  '  a  stuff  made  of  six 
twisted  threads'  (Gr.  [tiros,  'thread'), 
whence  also  OSlov.  aksamitu,  'velvet.' 
Span,  and  Port,  terciopelo,  'velvet,'  lit. 
'  consisting  of  triple  threads,'  is  similarly 
formed. 

famf,  prep,  adv.,  'together  with,' from 
MidHG.  samt,  earlier  sament,  OHG.  S'tmant, 
adv.  '  together,'  also  a  prep,  with  dat.  '  to- 
gether with.'    See  gitfatmnen  and  fammefn. 

§arto,  m.,  'sand.'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sant  (gen.  saiides),  OHG.  sant  (yen. 
-tes),  m.  ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OSax. 
sand,  m.  and  n.,  Du.  zand,  AS.  sgnd,  n.,  E. 
sand,  OIc.  sandr,  m.  (Goth.  *sanda-,  m. 
and  11.,  is  by  chance  not  recorded).  They 
represent  pre-Teut.  samdho-,  samadho-  (in 
Teut.  m  before  d  is  changed  into  n;  see 
9tant>,  Jpunbert,  and  ©cljaubf) ;  comp.  Gr. 
dfiados,  'sand.'  The  equiv.  Bav.  and  Tyrol. 
samp  (Mid  11 G.  sampt),  from  OHG.  *samat, 
corresponds  exactly  to  theGr.  word  ;  comp. 
further  E.  dial,  samel,  'sandy  soil,'  with 
Lat.  sabuhim,  from  *samulum  ?. 

Cuinoel,  m.,  'sandal -wood,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  ltal.  sandalo  (Fr.  sandal),  'an 
Indian  dyeing  wood ' ;  "  from  Gr.  trdvrakov, 
which  conies  from  Arab,  zandal,  but  orig. 
derived  from  Sans,  candana.  The  tree 
grows  in  the  East  Indies,  whence  the  wood 
was  brought  to  the  West  as  an  article  of 
commerce." 

femff,  adj.,  '  soft,  gentle,'  from  MidHG. 
senfte,  adj.,  sanfte,  adv.,  OHG.  semfti,  adj., 
samfto,  adv.,  'softly';  corresponding  to 
the  equiv.  OSax.  sdfti,  adj.,  safto,  adv. 
(comp.   fa$t),  AS.  s{fte,   adj.,  softc,  adv., 


'softly'  (E.  soft) ;  wanting  in  East  Teut. 
Do  the  cognates  belong  to  Goth,  saviftu, 
'  to  please '  ?  (comp.  0iaitft,  from  the  root 
ram).    Deriv.  ©dnfte. 

$<Xl\Q,  m.,  'song,'  from  MidHG.  sane 
(gen.  -ges),  OHG.  sang,  m.,  'singing,  song'  ; 
see  ftngen. 

fappertof ,  see  farfcrlet. 

Cutv£>eUe,  f.,  'sardine,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG.,  from  ltal.  sardella  (MidLat. 
sarda,  prop.  '  the  Sardinian '),  a  variant  of 
sardina. 

§<XtbeV,  m.,  'sardel,  sardine,'  from  late 
MidHG.  sarde,  MidHG.  usually  sardin,  m., 
'  a  precious  stone '  ;  from  MidLat.  sarda 
(Gr.  o~dp8iov). 

§<XVQ,  m.,  'coffin,'  from  MidHG.  sarc 
(gen.  sarkes)  and  sarch  (gen.  sarches),  m., 
'coffin,  vault,  grave,'  also  generally  'shrine, 
receptacle,'  OHG.  saruh,  sarch,  in.,  'sarco- 
phagus, coffin';  comp.  Du.  zerk,  'grave- 
stone.' Rom.  has  a  corresponding  class  in 
ModFr.  cercueil,  'coffin,'  and  its  earlier 
cognates.  The  ordinary  derivation  from 
o-apKoepdyos,  'sarcophagus,'  was  repudiated 
as  early  as  Leasing,  because  ©atg  in  Mid 
HG.  'signified  in  countless  passages  a  re- 
ceptacle generally,  a  water  vessel,  a  trough, 
a  shrine  for  idols  or  saints' ;  perhaps  the 
Gr.  term  has  helped  to  determine  the  Mod 
HG.  meaning  and  the  spelling  of  the  word 
with  g.  As  yet  nothing  definite  has  been 
discovered  concerning  this  probably  Teut. 
word.  It  may  be  connected  with  Olc. 
serkr,  *  shirt,'  since  the  Aryan  root  scrg  in 
Lith.  s<frgeti  (OSlov.  strfya,  stresti),  'to 
watch  over,  guard,'  has  a  general  significa- 
tion (®arcj,  'receptacle'). 

fciti,  adj.,  'sated,  satiated,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sat  (gen.  sates), 
adj.  ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OSax. 
sad,  AS.  said,  'sated'  (E.  sad),  OIc.  satSr 
(saddr),  Goth.  saj>s,  'sated'  A  Teut.  partic. 
in  -da-  (see  butt  and  fait)  connected  with 
an  Aryan  root  sa,  '  to  satiate,'  from  whose 
long  vowel  form  Goth.  s6-}>jan,  '  to  satisfy,' 
and  sS-f>s,  '  repletion,'  are  constructed. 
Comp.  Lat.  sat,  satis,  satur ;  Lith.  sotas, 
111., '  repletion,'  sotus, '  satiating,  easily  sati- 
ated'; Gr.  ilpfvai  (a),  'to  satiate,'  d-aros, 
1  insatiable,'  and  d-8i)v,  'sufficiently';  Olr. 
satlutch,  '  sated,'  sdsaim,  '  to  sate,  satiate,' 
sdith,  'repletion'  (OSlov.  sytii,  'sated,' is, 
on  account  of  its  vowel,  not  allied).  The 
meaning  of  E.  sad  is  curiously  developed 
from  the  idea  expressed  by  fatt. 

Cuttle,     §elic,    f.,    'bowl,    porringer, 


Sat 


(    297    ) 


Sau 


milk-pan,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  satte, 
sette,  a  derivative  of  jcttett,  *  to  sit ' ;  the 
milk  is  kept  in  Satten,  so  that  the  cream 
may  set.  OHG.  satta,  '  basket,  provision 
basket,'  which  became  obsolete  as  early  as 
the  beginning  of  the  MitlHG.  period,  does 
not  appear  to  be  allied. 

£»at  tci,  m.,  *  saddle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  satel,  OHG.  satal,  satul,  in.  ;  cor- 
responding to  Dm  zatlel,  AS.  sadol,  E. 
saddle,  OIc.  sg'Sull,  m.;  Goth.  *saduls  is  by 
chance  not  recorded.  The  assumption  that 
the  word  is  borrowed  from  Lat.  sedile  is  not 
supported  either  by  the  sound  or  the  mean- 
ing. The  common  OTent.  *sadula-  cannot, 
however,  be  primit.  allied  to  jt$cn  (Tent, 
root  set).  Perhaps  the  word  was  anciently 
borrowed  from  another  Aryan  tongue, 
which  could  probably  form  sadula-  from 
the  root  sed,  'to  sit'  (comp,  {Reid));  comp. 
Slav,  sedlo  (sedllo),  'saddle.' 

§aturex,  f.,  'savory'  (botX  fr°m  tne 
equiv.  MidHG.  satereie;  comp.  Ital.  satu- 
reja,  Fr.  sarriette,  MidLat.  satureja. 

jTutt },  m.,  '  sediment ;  sentence  ;  set ; 
wager,'  from  MidHG.  saz  (gen.  satzes),  m.  ; 
a  graded  form  of  ft^ett,  signifying  in  Mid 
HG.  '  place  where  something  lies  or  is 
put,  position,  situation,  mandate,  law,  pur- 
pose, &c. 

C»au,  f.,  'sow,  hog,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  sA,  f.;  corresponding  to  AS, 
sA,  E.  sow,  OIc.  syr,  '  sow.'  Du.  zog,  zeug, 
'sow,' belong  further,  like  AS.  siigu  (Goth. 
*sugus),  and  Suab.,  MidLG.,  and  MidE. 
suge,  to  OTeut.  sA,  whence  also  (scr/Weiii 
(Goth,  swein,  n.)  is  derived.  The  term 
sil,  '  pig,'  is  essentially  West  Aryan  ;  comp. 
Lat.  s/i-s,  Gr.  Is,  av-s,  to  which  Zend  hu, 
'  boar,'  is  allied  ;  for  further  references 
see  under  ©dnveiti.  The  root  is  Sans,  su, 
'to  bring  forth'  (comp.  Sct)it),  so  that  the 
'sow  '  was  probably  named  from  its  fecun- 
dity ;  others  regard  sil  as  an  imitation  of 
the  grunting  of  the  pig,  because  in  Sans, 
the  animal  is  termed  sAkara,  lit.  lsA 
maker.'  ©cut,  in  its  prov.  sense,  '  ace '  (of 
cards),  seems,  like  Jpunb,  to  have  been  an 
old  technical  term  in  dice-playing,  yet 
early  references  are  wanting. 

frtltbcr,  adj.,  'neat,  clean,  nice,  pretty,' 
from    MidHG.   sAber,  sAvcr,  'neat,  clean, 

fretty,'  OHG.  sAbar,  sAbiri;  OSax.  *sAhri, 
)u.  zuiver,  AS.  syfre,  'clean,  purified,  spot- 
less ' ;  Goth.  *tAbri-  is  wanting.  Since  the 
agreement  of  the  OVVest  Teut.  dials, 
proves  the  early  existence  of  the  Teut. 


word,  the  assumption  that  it  was  bor- 
rowed from  Lat.  sobrius  or  Gr.  trixpap 
cannot  be  maintained. 

fatter,  adj.,  'sour,  acid,  bitter,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stir,  adj. ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  zuur,  MidLG.  and 
AS.  sAr,  E.  sour,  OIc.  sftrr ;  Goth,  sAra- 
is  by  chance  not  recorded.  Pre-Teut.  *sA- 
ro-s  is  further  attested  by  OSlov.  syru, 
'raw,'  and  Lith.  stiras,  'salty.'  Perhaps 
Gr.  (jvpos,  'sour'  (in  Hesych.),  and  the 
root  |u, '  to  scr;ipe,  scratch,'  are  also  allied  ; 
in  that  case  fatter  would  mean  'scratching.' 
From  Teut.  is  derived  Fr.  sw,  '  sour.' 

fcutfett,  vlx, '  to  drink'  (of  beasts),  from 
MidHG.  sAfen,  OHG.  sAfan,  'to  sip,  lap, 
drink';  MidLG.  sApen,  AS.  sApan,  and 
OIc.  sApa  have  the  same  sense ;  comp. 
further  Du.  zuipen,  '  to  drink,'  E.  to  sup 
{the  verb  to  sip  seems  to  be  connected 
wjth  Goth.  *supjan).  For  the  Teut.  root 
sttp,  which  has  not  yet  been  found  in 
other  groups,  see  <Sojf  and  <Su^pe ;  comp. 
further  fcttfjeit, 

faitgett,  vb., *  to  suck,  absorb,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sAgen,  OHG.  sAgan;  Du. 
zuigen,  MidLG.  sA<ien,  AS.  sAgan  (also 
sAcan,  E.  to  suck),  OIc.  sAga  have  the  same 
meaning ;  Goth.  *sAgan,  *sAkan  are  by 
chance  not  recorded.  Teut,  root  sUg  (sUk), 
from  pre- Teut.  suk  (sUg) ;  comp.  Lat.  sA- 
gere,  Lett,  suzu  (sukt),  '  to  suck,'  Olr.  sfigim 
(also  OSlov.  susg,.  susati,  '  I  suck'  ?). 

fciltQen,  vb., '  to  suckle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sdugen,  OHG.  sougen,  prop,  'to 
cause  to  suck'  ;  a  factitive  of  sAgan;  see 
fottftttl.     Goth.  *saugjan  is  wanting. 

Salt  1 0  (1.)  (Bav.  Saul),  f., '  pillar,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sAl  (plur.  siule),  OHG. 
fAl  (plur.  sAli),  f. ;  comp.  Du.  zuil,  AS.  sAl, 
OIc.  sula,  'pillar';  also,  with  gradation, 
Goth.  sauU,  f.,  'pillar.'  Perhaps  <8d)tuclle 
is  primit.  allied. 

§&llU  (2.),  f.,  'awl,'  from  MidHG.  siule, 
OHG.  siula,  f., ' awl,  punch  '  (Goth.  *sitcila, 
I.)  ;  connected  with  the  Aryan  root  sfw, 
"  the  primit.  word  for  leather-work  "  (see 
3U)lc).  Comp.  Goth,  sinjan,  OHG.  siutcan, 
AS.  se6ician,  E.  to  sew;  also  Lat.  suo,  'I 
sew,'  sutor,  'cobbler,'  Gr.  Kaa--crvo>,  'to 
patch,  stitch,'  Sans,  root  she,  'to  sew,' OSlov. 
Si-ti,  '  to  sew.'  In  a  sense  corresponding 
to  that  of  MidHG.  siule  we  find  Lat.  subula 
and  OSlov.  Silo,  which  are  formed  from  the 
same  root.     Comp.  the  following  word. 

faum  (1.),  111.,  'border,'  from  MidHG. 
OHG.  soum,  m.,  '  sewn  edge  of  a  gar- 


Pau 


(    298    ) 


Sch 


inent,  border ' ;  corresponding  to  Du.  zoom, 
AS.  sedm,  in.,  E.  seam,  OFris.  sdm,  OIc. 
saumr,  m.,  '  border,  seam  '  (Goth.  *sauma- 
isby  chance  not  recorded).  A  graded  form 
of  the  Aryan  root  ?#-,  »  variant  of  the  root 
siw,  '  to  sew,'  discussed  under  ©dule  (2). 
Comp.  Sans,  sdtra,  '  thread.' 

Soum  (2.),  'load,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  soum,  in., '  load  of  a  l>east  of  burden ' 
(also  as  a  measure  of  weight),  'beast  of 
burden '  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  seam, 
'  horse-load,' E. seam.  Borrowed  prior  to  the 
OHG.  period,  probably  even  before  the  AS. 
migration,  from  Low  Lat.  sauma  (cray/xa), 
'pack-saddle,'  whence  also  Ital.  Raima,  Fr. 
somme.— §ttltmcr,  'beast  of  burden,  driver 
of  8iunpier-beasts,'  from  MidHG.  soumcere, 
OHG.  soumdri,  '  beast  of  burden,'  AS.  sed- 
mere ;  formed  from  Mid  Lat.  sagmarius. 
— $aumfctffel,  'pack-saddle,'  MidHG. 
soumsatel,  AS.  sedmsadol. 

f&umen,  vb.,  '  to  linger,'  from  MidHG. 
sdmen, '  to  stay,  defer,  loiter,  linger';  OHG. 
only  virsdmen  (MidHG.  vendmen),  '  to  let 
slip,'  and  ar-sdmen, '  to  omit.'  The  history 
of  the  word  is  very  obscure,  because  it  is 
peculiar  to  G.,  .and  appears  only  in  a  com- 
pound form  in  OHG.  The  great  antiquity 
of  the  compound  is  attested  by  MidHG. 
frd-sdme,  m.,  'delay,'  which  points  to  Goth. 
*frd-s&ma,  m.  ;  we  should  have  expected 
MidHG.  versdme.  Probably  the  meaning, 
which  properly  belongs  only  to  the  com- 
pound, has  been  transferred  to  the  simple 
form. — ^jcutmfal,  '  procrastinating  dispo- 
sition,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sdmesal, 
sdmesele,  with  the  suffix  sfal :  hence  Mod 
HG.  faumfflig,  MidHG.  (MidG.)  sAmeselie. 

Scutrad),  m.,  '  barberry,  pepperidge 
bush,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sdrach,  111. 
A  derivative  of  falter,  MidHG.  sdr. 

Saus,  in., '  buzz,  bluster,'  from  MidHG. 
sds,  m.,  'drinking,  blustering,  revelling 
and  rioting' ;  even  in  MidHG.  occurs  in 
dem  sdse  leben, '  to  revel  and  riot,' lit. '  noisy 
doings ' ;  comp.  OIc.  sds,  '  roar  of  the  surf.' 
—  faufett,  'to  rage,  bluster,  buzz,'  from 
MidHG.  sdsen  (siuseri),  OHG.  sdsoii,  'to 
bluster,  hum,  hiss,  creak,  gnash ' ;  derived 
from  an  OArvan  root  sds  (OSlov.  si/sati, 
'to  whistle,  bluster,'  Sans.  root.  cuS,  'to 
snort').— faufeln,  vb.,  'to  rusile,  mur- 
mur,' dimin.  of  MidHG.  siusen, '  to  bluster.' 

§<3)abe  (1.),  'mill-moth,  cockroach.' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schabe,  f.  ;  OHG. 
*scaba,  f.,  is  by  chance  not  recorded  in  this 
sense;  comp.  AS.  mcelsfyafa,  'caterpillar.' 


Derived,  like  the  following  word,  from 
fd)aben. 

§cf)abc  (2.),  f.,  'scraper,  spokeshave,' 
from  MidHG.  schabe,  OHG.  scuba,  f.,  'spoke- 
shave, plane.'  Comp.  Du.  tchaaf,  '  plane,' 
AS.  sfyafa,  E.  shave  (knife  for  shaving, 
hoop-axe),  OIc.  shtfa,  f.,  '  spokeshave.' 

fdjaben,  vb.,  '  to  Bhave,  scrape,  scratch,' 
from  MidHG.  schaben,  OHG.  scaban,  'to 
scratch,  erase,  scrape,'  corresponding  to 
Goth,  skaban,  'to  shear';  OIc,  ska/a,  'to 
scratch,  shave,'  AS.  sSeafan,  E.  to  shave,  Du. 
schaven,  '  to  shave,  smooth.'  Teut.  root 
skab,  from  the  pre-Teut,  root  skap ;  comp. 
Gr.  aKair-Tco,  'to  dig,'  o-Kamavx),  'spade,' 
Lith.  skOpti, '  to  hollow  out,'  skdptas, '  wood- 
carver's  knife' ;  allied  also  probably  to 
Lat.  scabo, '  to  scratch,  shave,'  OSlov.  skobll, 
'  spokeshave,'  Lith.  skabus,  'sharp'  (Aryan 
root  skab).  See  the  preceding  words  M 
well  as  <3d)uppe  and  <B& aft. 

§d)abernac&,  m.,  'hoax,  practical  joke,' 
from  MidHG.  schabernac,  schavernac,  m., 
'hoax,  mockery,  scorn,'  also  chiefly  'shaggy 
(lit.  neck-rubbing?)  fur  cap,'  and  'a  kind 
of  strong  wine.'  Allied  to  OHG.  ir-scaba- 
r6n,  '  to  scratch  out,  scrape  together.'  It 
is  uncertain  whether  the  second  part  of  the 
compound  is  connected  with  ModHG. 
Dkcfett  or  with  the  verb  necfen.  The  Mid 
HG.  word  with  its  numerous  senses  may 
have  also  meant  orig. '  prankish  hobgoblin.' 
Comp.  ten  Scfcclm  tm  dlarfen  Ijabeit,  '  to  be  a 
sly  dog' t 

fd)abig,  adj.,  'shabby,  sordid,  scabby,' 
from  an  earlier  ModHG.  Scfyafce,  'scab, 
itch';  comp.  MidHG.  schebic,  'scabby.' 
Allied,  like  AS.  sfyabb,  E.  shab  (shabby 
perhaps  influenced  the  ModHG.  meaning 
of  fcfcdbtg),  to  fcfyafcen. 

Sd)adb,  n.,  '  chess,'  from  MidHG. 
schdch,  m.  and  n.,  '  king  (at  chess),  chess- 
board, checkmating  move  ' ;  the  chessboard 
was  usually  termed  schdch-zabel  in  MidHG , 
zabel  (even  in  OHG.  zabal, '  chess  or  draught 
board'),  being  chansed  bypermutation  from 
Lat.  tabula.  MidHG.  schdch  was  obtained 
through  a  Rom.  medium  from  Pers.  schdh, 
'king';  it  is  strange,  therefore,  that  the 
HG.  word  ends  in  ch  in  contrast  to  the 
Rom.  cc  ;  comp.  Ital.  scacco,  Fr.  e'chec.  This 
must  be  ascribed  to  a  fresh  influence  of  the 
orig.  word. 

§d)dd)Cr\  m.,  '  robber,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  schdchare,  OHG.  scdlihdri,  m., 
connected  with  MidHG.  schdch,  OHG.  scdh, 
m.,  'robbery,  rapine';  comp.  Du.  schaak, 


Sch 


(    299    ) 


Sch 


'  rape,  seduction,'  OFris.  skdk, '  booty,  rob- 
bery,' AS.  stedcire,  'robber' ;  Goth. *skgka, 
'  robbery,'  is  wanting.  The  Teut.  cognates 
passed  into  Rom. ;  comp.  OFr.  e'chec,  '  rob- 
bery.' Other  terms  related  to  the  Teut. 
cognates  are  not  found  in  the  Aryan  lan- 
guages. 

fcftctcftern,  vb., '  to  chaffer,  haggle,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  Hebr.  suchar,  'gain.' 

Sd)Cid)t  (1.),  m.,  '  shaft'  (of  a  pit),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schaht,  m. ;  prop,  the 
LG.  form  of  @djaft.    See  the  following  word. 

Scbacftf  (2.),  m.,  'square  rood,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  the  equiv.  LG.  schacht, 
which  is  identical  with  HG.  <2d)aft. — 
§d)ad)feff)alm,  m.,  'shave-grass,'  like- 
wise from  LG.,  for  the  MidHG.  equiv.  term 
is  schaftel,  n.,  a  dimin.  of  the  MidHG.  word 
for  (Sdyaft. 

iT>  chad) t el.  f.,  ' box,  bandbox,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  schahtel,  f.,  which, 
with  its  equally  late  valiant  sehatel,  is 
borrowed  from  Ital.  scatola, '  bandbox,  box.' 
The  change  of  the  simple  t  into  cht  in  Mid 
HG.  and  ModHG.  has  not  yet  been  ex- 
plained ;  comp.,  however,  MidHG.  schah- 
teldn  and  schatelan  for  kasteldn. — ©chatude 
is  a  recent  loan-word  with  the  same  signifi- 
cation. (Scfyadjtfl,  'old  woman,'  occurs  even 
in  late  MidHG.,  in  which  schahtel  also 
means  'feminal.'  The  latter  looks  a  LG. 
loan-word  for  HG.  schaftel,  from  (£d)afr. 

£>cbaoe.  n.,  'damage,  harm,  injury,' 
from  MidHG.  schade,  OHG.  scado,  m., 
'damage,  destruction,  disadvantage'  ;  cor- 
responding to  the  equiv.  Du.  scliade,  OIc. 
skafte,  m.  Further  OIc.  skafie,  OHG.  scado, 
OSax.  scatSo,  AS.  sfya}>a,  ni.,  '  robber,  foe,' 
allied  to  Goth,  skajjjan,  '  to  injure,  act 
unjustly,'  AS.  sfyfrfian,  'to  injure,'  OHG. 
scaddn,  MidHG.  and  ModHG.  schaden.  An 
Aryan  root  skdth,  corresponding  to  the 
Teut.  root  ska/},  appears  in  Gr.  ao-KT)di)s, 
'unscathed.' 

Scftafcel,  m.,  'skull,'  from  MidHG. 
schedel,  m.,  '  skull,'  and  also  '  a  dry  mea- 
sure'; allied  to  Du.  schedel,  m.  ;  unknown 
to  the  other  OTeui.  dials,  (in  OHG.  gebal, 
'skull,' like  Gr.  Kt<t>a\r)  ;  see  ©icbel)  Its 
connection  with  Scfyettd  is  conceivable. 

Scftaf .  n.,  ' sheep,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  schdf,  OHG.  scdf,  n.  ;  common  to 
West  Teut.  in  the  same  sense ;  comp. 
OSax.  scdp,  n.,  Du.  schaap,  n.,  AS.  steap, 
n.,  E.  slieep ;  in  Goth,  lamb  (see  Samm), 
OIc  f&r,  f.,  'sheep,'  whence  Fder-eyjar, 
'  the  Faroe  Isles '  (lit.  '  sheep  isles ').   Teut. 


skepo-  (for  *skeqp-)  corresponds  perhaps  to 
Sans,  chdga,  '  he-goat.'  Yet  Aryan  ovri*, 
by  inference  from  Lat.  ovis,  Gr.  oFk,  Sans. 
avis,  and  Lith.  avis  (OSlov.  ovtca),  was 
the  oldt-st  term  which  is  preserved  in 
OTeut.  and  a  few  ModTeut.  dials.  ;  comp. 
Goth,  aicistr, '  sheepfold,'  *aweij?i, '  flock  of 
sheep,'  OHG.  ou,  OLG.  ewi,  AS.  eoicu,  and 
E.  ewe  (to  which  to  yean  from  ge-eanian  is 
allied?). — <5d)flfd)Cn,  in  the  phrase  fein 
©djdfdjeu  ins  Srorfene  fcrtncjen,  'to  feather 
one's  nest,'  is  usually  explained  as  a  cor- 
ruption of  LG.  schepken,  'barque.'  Per- 
haps it  is,  however,  an  ironical  application 
of  a  passage  in  the  parable  of  the  Good 
Shepherd. 

gJdfjaff,  11., '  vessel,'  UpG. ;  see  €<$cjfd. 

fcf)affert,  vb., '  to  create,  procure,  obtain, 
bring,'  from  MidHG.  schaffen,  OHG.  scaffan, 
'  to  create,  effect,  arrange,  do,  make.'  Also 
in  a  similar  sense  OHG.  scepfen,  skefftn, 
Goth,  gaskapjan,  AS.  sSyppan,  OSax.  scep- 
pian  and  Goth.  *skap6n,  OHG.  scaffdu,  Mid 
HG.  schaffen.  These  imply  a  root  skap 
peculiar  to  Teut.,  the  connection  of  which 
with  fcfyaben  is  not  quite  certain  ;  see  also 
fdjcpfcn.  OTeut.  had  a  number  of  substant. 
derivatives  from  the  same  root,  such  as 
ModHG.  ©c^cpfnttfl,  ©ffcfycpf,  and  IE,,  shape; 
see  the  following  word  and  <Sd)6ffe. 

§d)<xffnev,  m.,  '  purveyor,  steward, 
manager,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schaffen- 
cere,  m.,  of  which  the  equiv.  variant  schaffare 
occurs  ;  allied  to  fcfyajfcn  ;  see  al>o  ©djojfe. 

g»d)afof  f ,  n.,  '  scaffold,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  echafaut,  earlier  chafaut,  through 
the  medium  of  Du.  schavotl. 

£>d)Oft  (1.),  m.,  'shaft,  handle,  trunk, 
stalk,'  from  MidHG.  schajt,  OHG.  scaft, 
m.,  'shaft,  spear,  lance';  comp.  OSax. 
skaft,  111.,  'spear,'  Du.  schacht,  m.,  'quill, 
shaft  of  a  lance,'  AS.  sSeaft,  E.  shaft,  OIc. 
skapt,  n.,  'pole,  spear';  Goth.  *slcafta-  is 
by  chance  not  recorded.  These  substant. 
cognates  can  scarct-ly  be  related  to  fd)affe», 
tht-y  are  connected  rather  with  fd)abm  (lit. 
'  that  which  has  been  scraped  or  made 
smooth'?).  It  is  most  closely  allied  to 
Gr.  o-Krjirrpov,  'staff,' akin  to  Dor.  (Pindar) 
o-koittov,  o-kt)it<i)v,  '  staff' ;  further  Lat, 
scdpus,  '  shaft ' ;  hence  OAiyan  skap-, 
'  shaft.' 

gchaff  (2.),  m.,  '  shelves,  bookcase, 
ModHG.  only  ;  from  MidHG.  schaf, '  ves- 
sel for  containing  liquids '  1.  For  the  latter 
see  ©djeffel. 

Schcilmf,  m.,  'jackal,'  ModHG.  only, 


Sch 


(    300    ) 


Sch 


from  Pers.  and  Turk,  schakal ;  through  the 
median  of  Fr.  chacall. 

fchd&crn,  vh.,  *  to  jest,  joke,  play,'  late 
ModHG.  (last  cent.),  from  Jew.-Hebr. 
seheker,  '  lie.' 

Penal,  adj.,  'hollow,  stale,  flat,'  from 
MidHG.  (rare)  schal,  adj.,  '  turhid,'  to 
which  MidHG.  verschaln  and  schaln,  '  to 
hecome  dim ' ;  comp.  Du.  verschalen,  '  to 
get  flat  or  stale,'  E.  shallow.  The  term, 
the  origin  of  which  is  obscure,  is  wanting 
in  the  UpG.  dials. 

£>d)Ctlc,  f., 'shell,  peel,  scale,  dish,'  from 
MidHG.  sclial,  schlle,  OHG.  scala,  f., '  husk 
of  fruit,  egg-shell,  &c,  drinking  cup '  (hence 
Fr.  icale,  '  egg-shell,  nut-shell ').  It  is 
questionable  whether  the  two  different 
senses  are  evolved  from  the  same  word. 
It  is  at  all  events  probable  that  one  of  tlxj 
meanings  was  connected  with  a  form  con- 
taining a  (in  the  sense  of '  husk '),  the  other 
with  a  form  containing  d,  just  as  North 
Fris.  distinguishes  skal  (orig.  a),  'scale  of 
animals,'  &c ,  from  skeel  (oris.  d,  $),  'bowl.' 
Comp.  OSax.  scdla,  f.,  'drinking  cup,'  AS. 
stealu, '  husk,'  E.  sliale  and  (under  OIc.  in- 
fluence ?)  scale,  OIc.  skdl,  f.,  '  drinking  cup, 
scale  (of  a  balance).'  Akin  to  Goth,  skalja, 
f.,  'tile'  (lit-  perhaps  '  shingle,  similar  to  a 
scale'),  OIc.  skel,  f.,  AS.  styll,  f.,  E.  shell, 
Du.  schel,  f.,  'shell,  husk.'  The  Goth,  and 
Tent,  form  skalja  passed  into  Rom.  ;  comp. 
Ital.  scalgia,  Fr.  e'caille,  'scale,  shell,  crust.' 
The  Teut.  cognates  are  usually  connected 
with  an  Aryan  root  skel, '  to  split' ;  comp. 
<£&)ellt,  as  well  as  Lith.  skdlti,  '  to  split,' 
OSlov.  skoUka,  '  mussel,  shell-fish,'  Russ. 
shtla,  'crust.' — Pd)dfctT.  'to  shell,  scale, 
peel,'  MidHG.  scheln,  OHG.  schellen,  '  to 
strip  off,  peel  off' ;  allied  to  <Sd)alf. 

5cf)ttlft,  m.,  'rogue,  knave,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schalc,  m.,  '  servant,  serf ;  person  of 
servile  character,  espec.  cunning  person,' 
OHG.  scalch,  m.,  'servant' ;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  skulks,  OIc.  skdlkr,  AS.  scealc,  m., 
'retainer,  man'  (so  too  the  corresponding 
fern.  tiylSen,  'maid-servant').  The  evolu- 
tionin  meaning  is  similar  to  that  of  AS.  iyfes 
and  wealh;  see  Jtebfe  and  ttelja).  (Sdjalf 
passed  at  an  early  period  into  Ital.,  in 
which  scaico  signifies  'head-cook.'  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  the  meaning  of  the 
word  is  lifted  into  a  higher  plane  in  its 
transition  from  MidHG.  to  ModHG.  ;  it  is 
thus  defined  by  Goethe,  '  one  who  plays  a 
good-humoured  practical  joke.' 

£>crjall,  ra.,  'loud  sound,  noise,'  from 


the  equiv.  MidHG.  schal  (gen.  sclialles), 
OHG.  seal  (11),  in.  ;  from  this  is  derived 
MidHG.  and  ModHG.  fcfcallen,  akin  to 
OHG.  scellan,  MidHG.  schellen,  '  to  sound 
loudly,  resound,'  OIc.  skjalla,  '  to  rattle.' 
From  the  Teut.  verb  is  derived  the  Rom. 
term  Ital.  squillare,  '  to  ring,  resound.' 
See  <2cf;c((e  and  ©dulling. 

£>cf)almet,  f.,  'reed  pipe,  shepherd's 
pipe,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schalemie, 
i\,  which  is  again  derived  from  the  equiv. 
Fr.  chalumeau,  or  rather  Burg,  and  Wall. 
chalemie,  MidLat.  scalmeia  (akin  to  Lat. 
calamus). 

gjchttloffc,  f.,  'shallot,'  formed  from  the 
equiv.  Fr.  echalotte,  from  MidLat.  asca- 
lonium, '  onion  from  Ascalon  (in  Palestine),' 
whence  also  ModHG.  Slfdjtaud). 

fcftaltctt,  vb.,  'to  go  or  push  against 
the  stream,  direct,  regulate,' from  MidHG. 
schalten, '  to  push,  impel  (espec.  a  ship),  set 
a-going,  drive.'  Just  as  Lat,  gubernare  came 
to  mean'  to  direct,  rule,'  so  fa)altcn  acquired 
in  ModHG.  the  sense  of  'to  direct,'  OHG. 
scatian, '  to  push,'  OSax.  skaldan, '  to  impel 
a  ship' ;  a  corresponding  term  is  wanting 
in  the  other  Teut.  dials.  Origin  obscure. 
For  derivatives  see  fd)elttn.  In  ModHG. 
fSdfaltev, '  sash  window,'  MidHG.  schalter, 
schelter, '  bolt,'  the  prim,  meaning  of  fcfyaltcu 
gleams  through  ;  so  too  in  gdjalfjabr, 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  schalt-jdr,  n.,  '  interca- 
lary year,'  so  named  because  a  day  is  in- 
serted. 

gcfcttluppc,  f.,  'sloop,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Fr.  chaloupe,  which  is 
derived  from  Du.  sloep,  whence  also  the 
equiv.  E.  sloop ;  the  E.  variant  shallop  conies 
from  Fr. 

£> chant,  f.,  '  shame,  disgrace,  bashful- 
ness,  pudenda,'  f.,  from  MidHG.  scham, 
OHG.  scama,  {., '  sense  of  shame,  confusion, 
infamy,  disgrace  (MidHG.),  pudibunda.' 
Comp.  OSax.  skama,  f.,  'confusion,'  Du. 
schaam-  (in  compounds),  AS.  sSegmu,  f., 
' shame,  infamy,  disgrace,'  E.  shame;  Goth. 
*slcama,  f.,  may  be  inferred  from  skaman, 
'  to  be  ashamed '  (OHG.  scamin).  The 
Aryan  root  skam,  which  also  appears  in 
ModHG.  ©cfyante,  is  connected  with  the 
Aryan  root  kam,  *  to  cover  oneself,'  pre- 
served in  £ctnb  (which  see,  as  well  as  2cid»- 
naui)  and  in  Goth,  hamdn,  so  that  Goth,  nk 
skaman,  'to  be  ashamed,'  would  signify  lit. 
'  to  cover  oneself.' 

g?<f)ClVlbe,  L  'disgrace,  infamy,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schande,  OHG.  scanta, 


Sch 


(    301    ) 


Sch 


f.  ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Goth. 
shxnda,  AS.  sfygnd,  Du.  schande,  f.  ;  an 
abstract  form  from  the  root  sham  (see 
<Sdjam),  with  the  change  of  m  into  n  before 
d,  as  in  Otanb.  Comp.  further  the  partic. 
in  da-  formed  from  the  same  root,  OHG. 
scant  (see  laut,  fatr,  and  jart)  ;  from  this  is 
derived  ModHG.  fd)dubctt,  MidHG.  schen- 
den,  OHG.  scenten,  '  to  dishonour,  ravish.' 

J»d)<mfe,  m.,  'retail,'  from  late  Mid 
1IG.  *schanc,  m.,  in  win-schanc,  m.,  'wine 
tavern ' ;  the  simple  MidHG.  word  schanc 
signifies  '  vessel  to  pour  from  ;  present.' 
Allied  to  fdjeitfen. 

Sdjcmker,  m.,  'cancer,  chancre,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  Fr.  chancre. 

;£>d)cm3e  (1.),  f.,  'chance,  fortune'; 
comp.  et\oa$  in  tie  ©djatnc  fdjtagen, '  to  hazard 
something.'  From  MidHG.  schanze,  fi, 
'  throw  at  dice,  lucky  throw,  game'  ;  bor- 
rowed from  the  equiv.  Fr.  and  E.  chance 
(MidLat.  cadentia,  '  throwing  of  the  dice/ 
Ital.  cadenza,  '  fall'). 

g>d)atti$e  (2.),  f.,  'redoubt,  earthwork,' 
from  late  MidHG.  schanze,  f.,  '  bundle  of 
faggots,  redoubt' ;  akin  to  Du.  schans.  Of 
obscure  origin. 

$<$)av  (1.),  see  ^flucjfdjav. 

e»cf)atr  (2.),  f.,  'host,  troop,  crowd,'  from 
MidHG.  schar,  f.,  'division  of  an  army, 
drawn  up  detachment  of  soldiers,  knot  of 
four  or  more  men,  crowd,  heap,'  OHG. 
shara,  f.,  '  host.'  The  meaning  is  not  con- 
nected with  fcf/evcn.  AS.  sSealv,  sSeolu  (E. 
shoal),  '  host,'  is  abnormal.  From  Teut.  is 
derived  the  Rom.  word  schiera, '  host,  troop, 
swarm.'     See  <2d)evae. 

§d)atrbc,  f., '  cormorant,'  from  MidHG. 
scharbe,  OHG.  scarba,  scarva,  f.,  'diver, 
cormorant ' ;  comp.  OIc.  skarfr, ' pellicanus 
graculus'  ;  AS.  scrcef'l. 

g>d)arbocft,  m.,  'scurf,  scurvy,'  early 
ModHG.,  a  corruption  of  MidLat.  scorbutus. 
From  the  same  source  are  derived  the 
equiv.  Du.  scheurbuik,  E.  scurvy,  Ital.  scor- 
buto,  and  Fr.  scorbut.  The  ultimate  source 
of  the  cognates  is  Du.  scheurbuik,  or  rather 
its  older  forms  with  a  dental  in  the  suffix, 
as  in  scorbutus  (Du.  scheur,  'rift,  cleft,'  but, 
1  bone ')  ;  ModDu.  scheurbuilc  is  also  very 
probably  a  corruption,  the  word  being  con- 
nected with  buik,  '  belly.' 

fd)Cltf ,  adj.,  'sharp,  acrid,  acute,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  scharf,  scharpf; 
in  the  same  sense  occur  the  corresponding 
forms  OSax.  scarp,  Du.  scherp,  AS.  sSearp, 
E.  sharp,  OIc.  skirpr;  Goth.  *skarpa-  is 


by  chance  not  recorded.  In  the  sense  of 
'  sharp,  cutting,'  the  following  are  also 
allied  :— OHG.  screv6nt  'to  cut  in,'  OHG. 
scarb6n,  MidHG.  and  ModHG  scharben,  '  to 
cut  in  pieces,'  as  well  as  AS;  sceorfan,  'to 
tear  off'  (see  fcfourfen),  MidHG.  schrapfe 
(Goth.  *skrapp6)y '  tool  for  scratching,'  E.  to 
scrape;  yet  the  final  labials  present  a  diffi- 
culty. OHG.  and  MidHG.  saipfT  as  an 
equiv.  variant  of  fdjarf,  is  abnormal,  so  too 
OIc.  snarpr,  '  sharp.'  From  Teut.  are  de- 
rived Fr.  esearper,  'to  cut  steep  down, 
escarp,'  escarpey  'slope,'  Itah  scarpa, '  slope  ; 
locksmith's  chisel.'  In  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages Gr.  dpTH],  '  sickle,'  OSlov.  srupur 
'  sickle,'  are  allied  to  OHG.  sarf,  though,  of 
course,  this  does  not  explain  the  form  fcfyarf, 
Goth.  *skarpa-,  which  is  perhaps  connected 
with  the  Teut.  root  skrap  (skrab,  skrb)t '  to 
slit,  cut  in'  (see  fdjvepfen). 

§d)<xrl<xd),  m.r '  scarlet,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG  scharlachrscharlachen,n.r  which  is, 
as  is  shown  by  Du.  scliavlaken,  a  corruption 
of  MidHG.  scharldt,  the  word  being  thus 
connected  with  8afm  (MidHG.  lachen, 
' cloth')  ;  scharldt  (comp.  E.  scarlet,  MidE. 
scarlat)  is  formed  from  OFr.  escarlate  (Mod 
Fr.  ecarlate),  'scarlet  stuff.'  Comp.  Mid 
Lat.  scarlatum,  Ital.  scarlatlo.  The  ulti- 
mate source  of  the  word  is  Oriental ;  comp. 
Pers.  salcirldt  (Turk,  iskerlet). 

§d>atrlei,  m.,  'sage'  (bot.),  from  Mid 
HG.  scharleieT  f.,  '  borrago,  clary' ;  of  un- 
certain origin,  which  the  equiv.  Ital.  schi- 
arear  MidLat.  sclareiay  scarleiay  are  not  able 
to  elucidate. 

£>d)armuf3el,  n.,  'skirmish,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  scharm/iitzel,  schannutzel, 
111.,  which,  like  Du.  schermutseling,  are  de- 
rived from  Ital.  scarmuccia  (Fr.  escar- 
mouche),  'skirmish,'  which  again  comes 
from  Ital.  schermire,  'to  fight.'  The  ulti- 
mate origin  of  the  word  is  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  schirmen,  '  to  fight.'  Comp.  further 
E.  skirmish. 

§d)ctrpc,  f., '  scarf,  sash,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  e'charpe,  of 
which  the  OFr.  form  escharpe,  '  wallet 
hung  round  the  neck  of  a  pilgrim,'  is  de- 
rived, like  Ital.  sciarpa,  'scarf,  girdle,' from 
late  OHG.  acliarpe,  '  pocket.'  Note  Bav. 
©djarpfon. 

$d)ttrreifcn,  n.,  'scraper,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sclterre,  OHG.  scerra,  f., 
under  the  influence  of  fcfyarren. — fdjctrrcvt, 
vb.,  'to  scrape,  scratch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.   scharren,  a  graded  form  of  the 


Sch 


(    3°2    ) 


Sch 


MidHG.  vl).  schirren,  OHG.  sceiran, 
whence  Mod  Fr.  d/chirer,  OFr.  eschirer,  '  to 
tear  to  pieces,'  is  borrowed. 

gcfearfe,  f.,  •notch,'  from  MidHG. 
scharte,  f., '  an  opening  or  indentation  made 
by  cutting,  hewing,  or  fracture  ;  notch, 
wound';  coinp.  Du.  schaard,  'notch,  pot- 
sherd.' Allied  to  MidHG.  schart,  adj., 
'  hewn  to  pieces,  full  of  notches,  wounded,' 
OHG.  start,  AS.  sceard,  E.  sherd,  OIc. 
skartSr,  which  were  orig.  da-  (to-),  parties, 
of  fdjmii.  MidHG.  scharte,  OHG.  scartl- 
san,  'skillet,  pan,'  must,  like  their  Mod 
HG.  corresponding  forms,  be  kept  apart 
from  these  cognates  on  account  of  their 
meaning,  especially  since  they  are  derived 
from  skanihd  (not  from  skarid),  as  is  proved 
by  OSlov.  skvrada,  skrada,  '  skillet,  pan, 
hearth.' 

§d)<xrteke,  f.,  '  worthless  book,  trash,' 
ModHG.only;  prop,  'waste book';  formed 
from  Ital.  scartnta,  '  refuse.' 

fctoarinenjcln,  vb., '  to  bow  and  scrape, 
be  obsequious,  fawn '  ;  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  word  is  derived  from  Fr.  ser- 
vant, 'servant.' 

£>d)aftcn.  m.,  'shade,  shadow,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schate,  m.  (rarely  f.), 
OHG.  scato  (gen.  -awes),  in. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth,  skadus,  AS.  sleadu,  E.  shade, 
shadow,  Du.  schaduw,OSa.x. skado,  'shadow.' 
Perhaps  Gr.  o~k6tos,  'darkness,'  is  allied  ; 
Olr.  scdlh,  scdil,  '  shadow,'  are,  however, 
more  closely  akin.  For  another  OTeut. 
word  for  '  shadow,'  see  under  fdjauen. 

fpd)<xl 3,  m.,  '  treasure,  store  ;  sweet- 
heart,' from  MidHG.  schaz  (gen.  -tzes),  OHG. 
scaz,  m. ;  its  chief  senses  down  to  the  13th 
cent,  are  '  money,  property,  wealth,'  and 
only  later  'valuables  stored  up';  OHG. 
scaz,  m.,  is  only  '  money,  a  definite  coin.' 
Comp.  Goth,  skatts,  'coin,  money,'  OIc. 
skattr,  'tax,  tribute,'  AS.  sSeutt,  'a  certain 
small  coin,  money,  property,'  OFris.  sket, 
'  money,  cuttle,'  OSax.  scat, '  piece  of  money, 
property.'  The  early  history  of  the  cog- 
nates is  unfortunately  too  obscure;  opinions 
are  divided  whether  the  Teut.  word  skatta- 
is  derived  from  OSlov.  skotu.  '  cattle,'  or 
whether  the  latter  comes  from  Teut.  The 
variation  in  meaning, '  cattle '  and '  nionev,' 
is  analogous  to  Lat.  pecunia  from  pecus,  E. 
fee  from  AS.  feoh,  'cattle'  (see  93 id?) ;  in 
bartering,  cattle  played  the  part  of  money. 
Yet  we  cannot  prove  that  the  prim,  mean- 
ing of  OTeut.  *skatta-,  'money,  coin,'  is 
*  cattle.'    On  the  other  hand,  the  assump- 


tion that  the  word  is  primit.  allied  to  Gr. 
o"X''o*'?> '  board,  tablet,'  is  certainly  not  satis- 
factory on  account  of  the  meanings  of  the 
Teut.  words. 

gcbcutb,  in.,  'bundle  or  truss  of  straw, 
sheaf,'  from  MidHG.  schoup  (gen.  -bes),  m., 
'bundle,  truss  of  straw,  wisp  of  straw,' 
OHG.  scoub,  m.,  'sheaf,  truss  of  straw'; 
comp.  Du.  schoof,  AS.  sledf,  E.  sheaf,  OIc. 
skauf,  'sheaf;  allied  to  fdjteben.  Hence 
Sdjaitb  is  lit  '  what  is  gathered  together' ; 
akin  further  to  ©djebtr. 

fcfcauberit,  vb.,  'to  shudder,  shiver,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  schuddern;  comp. 
Du.  schudden, '  to  quake,  tremble' ;  MidE. 
schudderen,  E.  to  shudder,  ©cfyuttm  is  of  a 
cognate  stem,  and,  like  the  words  of  this 
class,  is  based  on  a  Teut.  root  skud.  '  to  be 
shaken ' ;  allied  to  OHG.  scutisCn,  '  to 
shudder,'  scutisdd,  'quaking,  trembling.' 
The  assumption  that  Sdjauter  is  connected, 
like  Scalier,  with  MidHG.  schdr  is  not 
warranted,  because  the  MidHG.  word  does 
not  mean  *  shudder.'     See  @d)utt. 

fcftauen,  vb.,  'to  look  at,  gaze,'  from 
MidHG.  schouwen,  OHG.  scouw&n,  'to 
see,  look  at,  contemplate ' ;  comp.  OSax. 
scauw6n,  Du.  schouwen,  AS.  scedwian,  'to 
look  at'  (whence  E.  to  show) ;  Goth.  *skag- 
gwSn  is  wanting,  to  this  v^skawjan,  'to 
restore  to  consciousness.'  From  the  root 
skau,  skU,  'to  see'  (>ee  fd)6tt),  are  also 
derived  Goth,  skuggwa,  m.,  'mirror,'  OHG. 
scA-char,  '  mirror,'  further  OHG.  scuwo, 
AS.  soda,  OIc.  skugge,  m.,  '  shadow  '  (see 
Spiegel) ;  also  OIc.  skygna  (Goth.  *skug- 
gwiitim),  'to  spy,'  skyn,  n.  and  f.,  'perceiv- 
ing,' sko$a,  'to  spy.'  In  the  non-Teut. 
languages,  Sans,  kavis,  'sage,  poet,'  Lat. 
cavere,  '  to  beware,'  Gr.  Koea,  '  I  mark,' 
OSlov.  Zuja,  6uti,  'to  be  sensible  of,  feel, 
perceive,'  are  also  connected  with  the  root 
skU,  skau,  or  rather  ku,  kau. 

gchcuter  (1.),  m.,  'penthouse,  shed'; 
see  <8d)euer. 

Schttlter  (2.),  m.,  'shower,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schdr,  OHG.  scdr,  m.,  'storm,  hail' ; 
comp.  OSax.  skdr,  m.,  '  weather,  shower,' 
Du.  schoer,  'pouring  rain,'  AS.  scdr,  E. 
shower,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  skdr;  Goth, 
only  skdra  irindis,  'gale.'     Origin  obscure. 

fchaufcf ,  f.,  '  shovel,'  from  the  equiv. 
HG.  schdvel.  OHG.  scdvala,  f.,  pointing 
to  Goth.  *skufta  (skdbla).  The  forms  of 
the  other  Teut.  languages  point  to  Goth. 
*skubla,  f. ;  comp.  Du.  schoffel,  f.,  'shovel,' 
AS.  steoji,  f.,  E.  shovel.     Allied  to  the  root 


Sch 


303    ) 


Sch 


skub  {sMfV)  in  fdjiefcen ;  hence  od)aufel  is 
lit.  'a  tool  011  which  something  is  put  to 
be  thrown  away.'  For  the  change  of  v,  to 
■A  comp.  @o()it  and  laut. 

§d)auuel,  f.,  'swing,'  ModHG.  only, 
derived,  however,  under  LG.  influence, 
from  MidHG.  schoc  (gen.  -ekes),  m.,  and 
schoke,  f. ;  comp.  LG.  schuclcel,  f.,  '  swing  ' ; 
MidHG.  schoc,  OHG.  sc»c,  'rocking  mo- 
tion '  (whence  Fr.  choc,  '  shock ').  In  East 
Thuringian  'swing 'is  ©cbunfel, in  Suabian 
©autfcfye,  in  Swiss  ©tiet^:,  ©tcjereifce. 

Sdjaum,  m.,  '  foam,  froth,  scum,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schAm,  OHG.  scAm, 
m.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  sckuim,  OIc. 
slctim,  '  foam '  (whence  E.  scum).  The 
other  dials,  have  a  different  word ;  comp. 
AS.  /am,  E.  foam,  under  getm.  It  is 
questionable  whether  Lat.  spuma,  '  foam ' 
(with  p  for  k,  comp.  lupus  with  Xvtcos  1),  is 
connected  with  the  Teut.  cognates.  <Sd)aum 
is  usually  connected  with  the  root  skA, 
'  to  cover,'  appearing  in  @d)euet ;  hence  it 
means  lit.  'covering,  that  which  covers.' 
From  Teut.  are  derived  Ital.  schiuma,  Fr. 
e'cume,  'foam.' 

§d)<xute,  see  @d)ote. 

fdjedttfl,  adj.,  'dappled,  spotted,  pied,' 
from  MidHG.  (rare)  schecke,  '  striped, 
spotted,'  to  which  are  also  allied  MidHG. 
schecken,  '  to  make  of  various  colours,' 
scheckeht,  '  spotted,'  also  MidHG.  schecke, 
'a  closely-fitting  striped  coat,'  AS.  sciccels, 
'  coat.'  It  is,  on  the  other  hand,  assumed 
that  the  word  is  borrowed  from  Fr.  e'chec, 
'check'  (Ital.  a  scacchi) ;  comp.  E.  cheeky. 

§d)eebc,  see  ©djiebev. 

fdjeel,  adj.,  'oblique,  awry,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schel,  schelch  (gen.  schelhes,  schelwes), 
OHG.  sc'elah  (gen.  scelhes,  sc'elawes),  adj., 
'awry,squinting,  athwart,  oblique,  crooked'; 
comp.  Du.  scheel,  AS.  sceolh,  OIc.  skjalgr, 
'awry,  squinting'  (Goth.  *skilhwa-,  or 
rather  *skilwa-,  *skilga-,  is  by  chance  not 
recorded).  Pre- Teut.  *skelk<>-,  skelqo-,  must 
be  assumed;  hence  Gr.  o-koXios,  'aslant, 
awry,'  is  not  quite  adequate  to  explain 
phonetically  the  Teut.  forms  ;  perhaps 
both  the  Teut.  and  Gr.  terms  are  based  on 
£L  root  sJcpL 

gcJEjeffel,  m.,  'bushel,'  from  MidHG. 
scheffel,  OllG.  sc$ffd,  m.,  'bushel,  corn  mea- 
sure' ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OSax.  scepil,  Du. 
schepel (see also ffiifpel).  Allied  to  OSax.sifcap, 
n., '  vessel,  cask,'  OHG.  scaf,  MidHG.  schnf 
(see  (Sdjaff),  'vessel  for  holding  liquids'; 
in  Bav.,  toffl,  n.,  is  a  diniin.  of  the  equiv. 


toff.  The  assumption  that  the  word  was 
borrowed  from  Lat.  scaphium  (Gr.  o-icdtyiov), 
'drinking  vessel,'  is  not  satisfactory  ;  Mid 
Lat. scaphum,  scapellus  (Ital.  scaffale,  'book- 
shelves'),  are  only  imitations  of  the  G. 
words.  Perhaps  the  terms  are  primit.  G. ; 
comp.  also  OIc.  skeppa,  '  bushel' ;  also  the 
root  skap,  '  to  contain,'  under  fdjopfen. 

£>d)etbe,  f.,  'slice,  pane,  wafer,'  from 
MidHG.  schibe,  OHG.  sciba,  f.,  'pane, 
ball,  wheel ' ;  corresponding  to  OLG.  sctva, 
1  sphaera,'  Du.  schijf,  '  slice,'  MidE.  schtve, 
'  circle,  slice '  (E.  skive,  sheave),  Ic.  skifa, 
f.,  '  shaving,  slice.'  Teut.  sklbC-,  from 
pre-Teut.  skipa-,  is  most  closely  related  to 
Gr.  (TKoinos,  'potter's  wheel,'  with  which 
Gr.  (TKiTvav,  'staff,'  is  usually  connected. 
ModHG.  <Scfyiffct  is  scarcely  allied. 

gdjeibe,  f.,  '  sheath,'  from  MidHG. 
scheide,  OHG.  sceida,  f.,  '  scabbard';  comp. 
OSax.  scffiia,  f.,  Du.  sclieede,  f.,  AS.  s&eS, 
f.,  E.  slieath,  OIc.  skeitSer  (plur.),  'sheath'; 
Goth.  *skaij>i  (from  skaiti),  f.,  'sheath,'  is 
wanting  (the  term  used  being  fddr,  n., 
'sheath,'  see  guttered).  Allied  to  fd)etbeii, 
hence  lit. '  separation,  the  separating  cover- 
ing '  ?.  ModHG.  ©djeibe, '  separation,  part- 
ing,' is  the  same  word  ;  comp.  MidHG. 
scheide,  f.,  'separation,  severing,  departure, 
distinction,  boundary'  ;  OHG.  sceida. 

fd)eibcn,  vb.,  'to  separate,  divide;  de- 
part,' from  MidHG.  scheiden,  OHG.  sceidun, 
str.  vb.,  '  to  separate,  sever ;  decide,  ad- 
just, appoint'  For  the  expected  Goth. 
*skaif>an  (comp.  OSax.  sM6an,  'to  sepa- 
rate,' OFris.  skitha)  occurs  skaidan  with 
grammatical  change ;  comp.  AS.  sfy&dan, 
'to  separate,'  whence  E.  shed.  The  Teut. 
root  skaifr,  the  dental  form  of  which  may 
be  inferred  from  ModHG.  <2d)eibe,  f.,  is 
based  on  Aryan  skliait,  of  which  skhaid  and 
skhid  are  parallel  forms;  comp.  Gr.  crxifo 
'I  split,'  a\iCa  (see  Scfyeit) ;  Sans,  chid, 
'to  split,'  Lat.  scindo  (also  caedol),  Lith. 
sldtdzu,  '  I  separate.'  See  further  flefdjeit 
and  fd)cigcn. 

£>ctocin,  111.,  'shining, sheen,  semblance, 
appearance,'  from  MidHG.  schin,  OHG. 
sctn,  m.,  '  lustre,  shining,  brightness,  clear- 
ness,' late  MidHG.,  also  'evidence,  testi- 
mony, appearance ' ;  comp.  OSax.  skin,  m., 
'lustre,'  Du.  schijn,  AS.  siin,  'ghost.1  An 
abstract  of  feboinon.  vb.,  from  MidHG. 
schtnen,  OHG.  set  nan,  'to  glitter,  appear; 
show  oneself  ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OSax. 
scinan,  Du.  schijnen,  AS.  sSinan,  E.  to  shine, 
OIc.   skina,    Goth,    skeinan.      The  Teut. 


Sch 


(    304    ) 


Sch 


root  tkt,  whence  sktnan,  str.  vb.,  is  formed 
with  a  present  suffix  na-,  appears  with 
a  sutlix  m  in  fduutmcrit.  Akin  probably 
to  Gr.  a-Kid,  'shadow,'  see  ©djemeit ;  also 
Gr.  vk'ioov,  '  parasol '  1.    See  fcbicr. 

fchcifjcn,  vb.,  'to  go  to  stool,  excrete,' 
from  MidHG.  tchiyn,  OHG.  sct^an;  cor- 
responding to  the  equiv.  Du.  sctiijten,  AS. 
sSitan,  E.  to  shit,  OIc.  sklta.  The  common 
Teut.  root  skit,  'to  excrete,'  is  probably 
connected  with  the  Aryan  skhtd,  discussed 
under  ftfectben  ;  its  lit.  meaning  is  perhaps 
'to  dissever'?.  From  the  Teut  cognates 
are  derived  Ital.  (dial.)  scito,  'excrement,' 
and  OFr.  eschiter. 

Sd)Ctf,  n.,  'log,  billet,  fragment,'  from 
MidHG.  schtt,  OHG.  sett,  n., '  log  of  wood ' ; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OFris.  skid, 
AS.  scide,  E.  shide,  OIc.  skiS.  The  root  is 
the  Aryan  form  skhait,  skhtt,  discussed 
under  fd)eiben,  the  prim,  meaning  of  which, 
'to  split,' appears  still  in  ModHG.  <8d)cit ; 
comp.  Gr.  o-\tCa  (from  *°~X&Ja)r '  splinter,' 
Lith.  skedrd,  Lett,  skaida,  '  chip,'  from  the 
root  skhit  (see  fdjetbett). — g>d)euerf)cmfen, 
•  funeral  pile,'  ModHG.  only,  formed  from 
MidHG.  schtter,  plur.  of  schtt. — fcfreiferit, 
'to  go  to  pieces,  be  wrecked,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  MidHG.  schitr  plur.  schtter. 

£>d)cffc(,  ra.,  '  crown  (of  the  head),,  ver- 
tex,' from  MidHG.  scheitel,  OHG.  sceitila, 
f.,  '  vertex,  crown,  parting  of  the  hair  from 
the  crown  to  the  forehead' ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  (hawr)  sclieel,  MidLG.  schidel.  Allied 
to  fdjeiben  ;  lit. '  part  of  the  head  where  the 
hairs  separate,  ix~,  where  they  are  parted 
to  either  side.'  Akin  to  AS.  sfyMa, '  crown/ 
E.  to  shed. 

Ocfjdlacn,  m.,  '  shellac,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  LG.  and  Du.  schellak; 
comp.  E.  shellac j  lit.  'scale  lac,  lac  thin 
like  scales.' 

5d)clle,  f., '  small  bell,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  schelle,  OHG.  schella,  f. ;  allied  to 
MidHG.  scli'ellen,  OHG.  scellan,  'to  sound 
loudly,  resound,'  to  which  Ital.  squilla, 
'  little  bell,'  is  also  akin. — ModHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  fd)cllci\,  lit.  '  to  cause  to  resound,' 
is  the  factitive  form.  Comp.  »crfc6o((en, 
'  vanished,'  as  a  relic  of  the  MidHG.  str. 
verb. 

<5(f)eUfi|rd),  m., '  codfish,  haddock,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  and  Du.  schi- 
visch;  allied  to  Du.  schel,  'shell,'  E.  shell; 
so  called  "  because  the  cod  lives  chiefly  on 
shellfish"?.     See  ©cfcale. 

g>d)cHf>engfi,  m.,  '  stallion,'  an  expla- 


natory compound  for  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
Scheie,  OHG.  scelo,  m.  ;  see  bcfcfyjleu. 

r»cl)cllhrttuf ,  n.,  '  swallow-wort,  celan- 
dine,' from  MidHG.  shelkrut,  -itmrz;  pro- 
bably an  abbreviation  and  corruption  of 
the  equiv.  Mid  Lit.  chelidonia  (ch  pro- 
nounced as  in  the  corresponding  Fr.  ch4li- 
doine);  comp.  Gr.  ^fXtooi/iov,  'celandine.' 

g<lE)Clm,  m.,  'rogue,  knave,  villain,' 
from  MidHG.  schelme,  m.,  '  pest,  plague ; 
those  who  have  fallen  in  battle,'  then,  as 
an  abusive  term,  'wretch,  seducer,'  OHG. 
sealmo,  scelmo,  'plague.'  In  MidDu.  and 
MidLG.  schelm  has  the  old  sense  of  '  car- 
rion, cadaver,'  so  too  in  Bav.  For  the 
development  of  the  meaning  '  rogue '  from 
'  wretch/  comp.  <2d)alf,  which  has  also 
acquired  a  milder  signification.  From  the 
ModHG.  word  are  derived  Du.  schelm  and 
Ic.  skelmir,  '  rogue.' 

fd)Clfcn,  vb.,  '  to  reprove,  revile,'  from 
MidHG.  scfielten,  OHG.  sceltan,  str.  vb.,  '  to 
reprove,  abuse,  insult' ;  comp.  MidLG.  and 
Du.  schelden,  OFris.  sktlda,  '  to  reprove.' 
Akin  to  the  cognates  discussed  under  fd)al- 
tett ;  '  to  push '  is  the  prim,  meaning  of 
fdbdtcit. 

§cf)CmcI,  m., '  stool,  footstool,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schemel,  schamel  (schdmel  1\ 
m. ;  OHG.  scamal  (scdmal  ?),  m.,  which, 
like  OSax.  fdtscamel,  '  footstool,'  and  AS. 
sfyomul  (espec.  fdt-scegmui),  m.,  is  derived 
from  Lat.  seamellum.  Du.  schabel, '  stool,' 
as  well  as  the  equiv.  Rom.  terms,  Fr.  esca- 
belle,  escabeau,  and  Ital.  sgabello,  is  based 
on  Lat.  scahellum;  hence  in  MidRhen. 
@d)an>e((,  <Sd)abed(. 

£>d)cmeit,  m.,  'phantom,'  from  MidHG. 
scheme,  m., '  shadow,'(MidG.)  schime  ;  comp. 
AS.  scima,  OSax.  scimo.  Allied  to  the  root 
ski,  '  to  glitter,'  discussed  under  fcftetnen, 
with  which  Gr.  oTctd,  'shadow,'  with  the 
same  evolution  in  meaning,  is  also  con- 
nected ;  see  ©dimmer  and  ecboHbartfpid. 

.Scficnfi,  m.,  'publican,  cupbearer,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schenke,  OHG.  scencho 
(OSax.  scenkio),  m.T'cupbearer.'  From  Teut. 
is  derived  Fr.  echanson  (OFr.  eschancon, 
MidLat.  scancionem). —  fd)cnftert,  vb.,  'to 
pour  out  for  drinking,  bestow,,  give,'  from 
MidHG.  schenken,  'to  pour  in,  give  to 
drink,  water,  make  a  present  of,  give'; 
OHG.  scenchen,  '  to  pour  in,  give  to  drink.' 
The  meaning  'to  give'  first  appears  in  the 
post-classical  times  of  MidHG.  '  To  pour 
in,  give  to  drink,'  is  the  prim,  meaning  ; 
it  is  characteristic  of  G.  that  the  sense  '  to 


Sch 


(    305    ) 


Sch 


give,'  could  be  developed  from  this  (simi- 
larly ModHG.  gcfaHett  attests  the  import- 
ance of  dice-playing  in  Teut.  life  ;  comp. 
also  gecfyen).  The  prim,  meaning  appears 
in  AS.  s6enikin,  OFris.  skenka,  OIc.  skenkja; 
from  Teut.  is  also  formed  OFr.  escancer, 

*  to  pour  in.'  Goth.  *skafjlcjan  is  wanting. 
Some  etymologists  regard  the  common 
Teut.  vb.  as  a  derivative  of  AS.  sfyo>icr 
sfyoncar  'shank,'  assuming  that  shanks 
■were  used  as  taps  in  the  earliest  times  ; 
hence  fd)enfen  would  mean  lit. '  to  put  the 
tap  in  a  cask.'     See  the  next  word. 

g>d>(?n&el,  m.,  'thigh,  shank,'  from  the 
etjiiiv.  MidHG.  schqukel,  111. ;  comp.  Du. 
schcnkel ;  unknown  to  OHG.  as  well  as  to 
the  other  OTeut.  dials.  A  dimin.  of  AS. 
sfyonca  (see  fcfyenfen),.  E.  shank,  which  is 
further  connected  with  ModHG.  (gdjtnfen  -t 
com j\  also  Du.  schonk,  '  bones  in  meat,' 
Swed.  skdnk,  Dan.  skank. 

fcfjenfccn,  see  <Sd)enf. 

§d)etbe,  f.,  'fragment,  sherd,  flower- 
pot,' from  MidHG.  scherbe,  schirbe,  OHG. 
scirbi,  f.  and  n.,  'sherd,  fragment,  earthen- 
ware pot' ;  comp.  Du.  scherf,  f.,  'sherd' ;  a 
derivative  of  pre-Teut.  skerpo- ;  comp. 
OSlov.  (rlpu,  '  sherd,'  Lett,  schkirpta, 
'notch,'  schterpele,  'splinter  of  wood.' 
Akin  to  Scfyevjlcin  ?. 

§d)ere  (1.),  f.,  'scissors,  shears,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schcere,  i'.r  which  is  pro- 
bably plur.,  OHG.  scdri,  plur.  of  skar  and 
skdra,  'shears';  with  regard  to  the  plur. 
comp.  Ital.  cesoje  and  forbici,  plur.,  Ff. 
ciseaux,  equiv.  to  E.  scissors.  In  Sans,  the 
v  ord  was  of  course  dual  ;  comp.  bhurijd 
(Rig- Veda),  dual  'shears.'  Comp.  Du. 
sc/iaar,  MidE.  schke,  E.  shears  (plur.),  and 
the  equiv.  OIc.  skthre,  neut.  plur.  See 
fcfyerett. 

Severe  (2.),  f.,  'rock,  reef,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  Swed.  skiir 
(Dan.  skjoer),  n. ;  comp.  OIc.  skcr,  'cliff.' 

fd)crcit,  vb.,  '  to  shear,  fleece,  molest,' 
from  MidHG.  schern,  OHG.  sceran,  '  to 
shear,  cut  off';  comp.  Du.  scheren,  AS. 
steran,  'to  shear,  cut  or  hew  to  pieces,' E.  to 
she<u;  OIc.  skera,  'to cut,  shear,  slaughter.' 
The  prim,  meaning  of  the  root  skcr  con- 
tained in  these  vbs.  is  '  to  cut  or  hew  to 
pieces'  (comp.  Lith.  skirti, 'to  sever, 'skard, 

*  rag'),  as  is  shown  by  the  OTeut.  skarda-, 
'  hewn  or  cut  to  pieces,'  which  originated 
in  skr-t6-  (see  <Sd)artf).  Yet  the  meaning 
'to  shear'  is  very  old  ;  comp.  the  deriva- 
tive <&d)txt.    The  root  sker  (whence  Sans. 


Hurds,  'razor'?)  appears  in  Gr.  as  ker  in 
Kfipo,  '  I  shear.' 

§d)erflem,  n.,  '  mite '  (coin),  from  the 
MidHG.  scherf,  OHG.  scerf,  n.,  '  mite,  veiy 
small  coin' ;  comp.  MidLG.  scharf,  scherf, 
'  one-seventeenth  of  a  penny ' ;  allied  to 
AS.  steorfan,  'to  tear  off'?.  Comp.  for  a 
similar  development  of  meaning  ModHG. 
£>eut,  as  well  as  Gr.  Kippa,  lit.  '  part  cut  off,' 
then '  small  coin.'    ©cfyerbe  is  scarcely  allied. 

§cf)erge,  m.,  'beadle,  sergeant,'  from 
MidHG.  sc/t$rge,  scherje,  m.  (for  the  change 
of  rg  to  rj,  ModHG.  rg,  see  fffr^X  '  usher 
(of  a  court),  bailiff,  beadle,'  OHG.  scerjo, 
scario,  scaro,  'captain,  leader  of  a  troop'  ; 
a  derivative  of  Sdniv. 

gdjerj,  ni->  'j°ke,  jest,'  from  MidHG. 
scherz,  m.,  'pleasure,  play' ;  allied  to  Mod 
HG.  fdjerjen,  vb.,  from  MidHG.  scherzen, 
'to  cut  capers,  hop,  amuse  oneself  ;  comp. 
MidHG.  scharz,  'leap.'  These  cognates, 
which  are  found  neither  in  the  MidHG. 
classical  writers,  in  OHG.,  nor  in  OTeut. 
generally,  are  met  with,  however,  in  Ital. 
sclierzare,  '  to  jest,'  borrowed  from  G. 

C»cl)cu,  f.,  'shyness,  reserve,  timidity,' 
from  MidHG.  schiuhe,  f.,  'shyness,  horror,' 
also  'bugbear,,  scarecrow,'  whence  ModHG. 
<Sd)eudje.  Allied  to  fcfyeucit,  fdjcudjcn,  vb., 
from  MidHG.  schiahen, '  to  be  shy  of,  avoid, 
scare  or  chase  away,'  OHG.  sciuhen.  Both 
the  noun  and  vb.  are  derivatives  of  MidHG. 
schiech,  OHG.  *scioh, '  shy,  bashful.'  Mod 
HG.  fdKit,  adj.,  is  based  anew  on  the  vb.  ; 
comp.  AS.  sSeuh,  '  timid,'  to  which  E.  shy 
is  allied ;  Du.  schuw,  '  timid,  shy.'  From 
the  G.  cognates  Ital.  schivare,  '  to  avoid,'  is 
derived.     See  ©djeufaL 

§<f)eitev,  f.  (in  Bav.  and  East  Suab. 
©rabcl),  '  barn,  shed,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sclmvre,  OHG.  sciura,  f.  ;  a  derivative 
of  OHG.  scAr,  MidHG.  schftr,  'penthouse, 
protection,'  ModHG.  (dial.)Sdjauer.  Comp. 
OIc.  skjOl,  n.,  'place  of  refuge,  shelter,' 
skaunn,  in.,  'shield.'  The  Aryan  root, 
slciL,  'to  cover,  protect'  (comp.  ©djaum), 
contained  in  these  words,iswidely diffused  ; 
comp.  Bat.  sciltum,  '  shield,'  Gr.  <tkv-\ov, 
'armour,'  Lat.  ob-scA-rits,  'dark'  (covered), 
and  the  Sans,  root  sku  'to  cover.'  See 
$$ttttM  and  <2d)otf. 

fd)CUCrn>  vb.,  'to  scour,  rub,'  early 
Mod  HO.  (unknown  to  UpG.,  the  term 
used  being  ftgtn),  formed  from  MidG.  and 
LG.  schiiren;  comp.  Du.  tchuren  (MidE. 
MMNWk  £  to  groin;  borrowed  from  Du.  ?), 
Dan.  d-itre,  Swed.  skura.     Although  the 

U 


Sch 


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Sch 


word  is  wanting  in  the  OTeut.  dials.,  it 
need  not  be  regarded  as  borrowed  from  Mid 
Lat.  scurare  (Cat.  ex-curare},  Ital.  scurare, 
Fr.  dourer,  '  to  scour.' 

§d)cimc,  f. (unknown  toUpG.), 'barn, 
shed,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schiune,  1'., 
which  is  derived  by  the  loss  of  the  g  (equal 
Xojl)  from  OHG.  scugin,  scugina,  'barn.' 
If  the  g  is  equal  to  j,  <Sd)euer  (MidHG. 
schiure)  is  closely  allied.  If  this  is  not  the 
case,  no  certain  connecting  link  has  been 
discovered. 

£d)cufal,  n.,  'object  of  horror,  mon- 
ster,' a  derivative  of  fdjeu,  like  late  MidHG. 
sclfdsel,  'monster,  scarecrow.'  To  this  is 
allied  ModHG.  fd)eujjti(6,  corrupted  from 
MidHG.  schiuzlich,' shy,  despairing,' which 
is  connected  with  schiuzen, '  to  feel  horror,' 
from  *schiuhezen  (allied  to  fdjeuen,  MidHG. 
sddulien). 

§d)id)f .  f.,  '  layer,  stratum,  day's  work,' 
from  MidHG. schiht,  f., '  history,  all'air,  acci- 
dent, arrangement,  division,  row  of  things 
laid  on  one  another,  layer,  beds  of  soil,  day's 
work  (in  mines)'  ;  allied  to  (i)e)fd)t()eu  ; 
see  ©efdndjte. 

fchtdten,  vb.,  'to  bring  about,  send, 
despatch,'  from  MidHG.  schicken, '  to  bring 
about,  do,  create,  prepare,  set  going,  depute, 
send.'  This  vb.,  undoubtedly  a  primit. 
form,  which  is  wanting  in  OHG.  and  the 
OTeut.  dials,  generally,  seems,  like  Goth. 
sMicjan  and  OIc.  skdsva,  '  to  go,'  to  be  con- 
nected with  a  primit.  Teut  root  skSkw 
(sk§w)  from  pre-Teut.  skeq  (to  which  Olr. 
scuchim, '  I  go  away,'  from  skokl  is  allied). 
Akin  to  late  MidHG.  schic,  m.,  '  method,' 
and  fdn'cf  (id),  which  first  occurs  in  ModHG. ; 
see  gefdnrft.  These  specifically  G.  cognates, 
which  passed  into  Du.,  Fris.,  and  Scand., 
are  wanting  in  OHG.  until  the  12th  cent.; 
on  account  of  their  formation,  however, 
they  must  be  very  old  ;  OHG.  *scicchen, 
Goth.  *skikkjan.  Allied  to  (ge)fdjel)en.  De- 
riv.  (sdntfial. 

gcfeidtfel,  n.,  'young  girl,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  Hebr.and  Jew.  schickzah, 
'  Christian  girl,'  Hebr.  schikkuz,  lit.  'abomi- 
nation.' 

fcfcicbcn,  vb.,  'to  shove,  push,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schieben,  OHG.  scioban; 
comp.  Goth,  qf-skiuban,  '  to  thrust  away,' 
OIc.  sJLUfa,  sk/fa,  '  to  push,'  AS.  s&tifan,  *  to 
shove,  push,'  E.  to  shove.  The  root  skub, '  to 
shove  '(from  pre-Teut.  skilp),  which  appears 
also  in  (Sdjaufel,  ©djober,  and  ©dn'iWe,  corre- 
sponds to  the  Sans,  root  chup, '  to  touch,' 


with  which  Lith.  skubrits,  skubus,  *  quick,' 
and  sk-ubti,  '  to  make  haste '  (Aryan  root 
skub),  and  OSlov.  skubqti,  '  to  pluck,'  are 
also  probably  allied.     See  ©dHU'f. 

gchtcosricfofer,  m.,  '  arbiter,'  ModHG. 
only,  in  MidHG.  schideman;  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  schit  (gen.  schides),  'judicial  decision,' 
akin  to  OHG.  scid&n,  'to  separate,  distin- 
guish, decide.'  The  Teut.  root  skij}  is  con- 
nected with  fdjttben. 

("thief,  adj.,  'oblique,  awrv,  sloping,'  a 
MidG.  and  LG.  word  ;  MidHG.  and  MidG. 
schief,  'awry,  distorted' ;  cognate  with  AS. 
s&if,  s6db,  OIc.  skeifr,  '  awry,'  North  Fris. 
skiaf,  Du.  scheef,  'awry'  (whence  E.  skew 
is  borrowed),  Schmalkald.  Seip.  HG.  dials, 
also  imply  a  MidHG.  sch'ep  (pp),  'awry'  ; 
Hess,  and  Franc.  Sep,  Suab.  Sep*.  Besides 
ihese  primit.  Tent  cognates  skibb,  skaib 
(whence  Lett  schkibs,  'awry,'  is  borrowed), 
UpG.  has  skieg,  which  is  represented  by 
MidHG.  schifc,  'awry,'  Bav.  and  Alem. 
Siegen,  Sieggen,  '  to  waddle'  (lespecting  the 
ie  see  (Stifle  and  5Bif gc).  They  are  all  con- 
nected, like  Gr.  o7ci/i7rra>, '  to  bend,'  with  an 
Aryan  root  slctq,  skaiq. 

£>d)iefer,  m.,  'slate,  shist,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schiver,  schivere,  in.,  'splinter  of  stone, 
and  espec.  of  wood,'  OHG.  scivaro,  '  splin- 
ter of  stone ' ;  the  modern  meaning  is  Mod 
HG.  only  (in  UpG.  the  prim,  meaning 
'stone  splinter'  has  been  preserved).  Goth. 
*skifra,  m.,  is  wanting.  Allied  to  ModHG. 
<2d)ebe,  f.,  'chaff,  boon'  (of  flax  or  hemp), 
which  is  derived  from  LG.  ;  comp.  E.  shive 
(AS.  *  self  a)  ;  MidE  schivere  (AS.  *s6ifera), 
E.  shiver.  These  are  derivatives  of  a  Teut. 
root  skff,  'to  divide,  distribute';  comp. 
AS.  sctftan,  'to  divide,'  E.  to  shift,  OIc. 
skipta,  'to  divide'  (OIc.  scifa,  'to  cut  in 
pieces ' ;  allied  to  ©cfeeibe  I  or  to  this  word  ?), 
Du.  schiften,  '  to  separate,  sever.'  ©dnefer 
and  <&tybt  are  lit.  'fragment,  part' 

fchieien,  vb., '  to  squint,  leer,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schilen,  schilhen,  allied  to 
fd>et. 

Sdjtcnbein,  n.,  '  shin-bone,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schinebetn,  n.,  allied  to  MidHG.  schine, 
OHG.  scina,  f.,  'shin-bone'  ;  comp.  AS. 
s&nu,  {.,  E.  shin  (also  AS.  scinebdn,  MidE. 
schineb&ne) ;  Du.  scheen  and  scheenbeen, 
'  shin-bone.'  99etn  in  this  compound  has 
preserved  its  older  meaning  of  'bone'; 
see  fStin.  Scarcely  allied  to  ©djiene  and 
©dnnfen,  for  the  secondary  meaning  of 
ModHG.  ©duene  (MidHG.  scliine),  'narrow 
wood  or  metal  plate,  strip,'  as  well  as  OHG. 


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scina,  '  needle,'  points  to  a  Goth.  *skin6,  f., 
•  narrow  piece  of  bune  or  metal.'  Of  the 
primit.  history  of  the  cognates  it  can  only 
oe  said,  however,  that  by  inference  from 
AS.  scice,  seed,  '  shin,'  the  root  must  be  ski. 
From  Tent,  are  derived  Ital.  schiniera, 
'  greaves  for  a  horse,'  and  probably  also 
Ital.  schiena,  Fr.  e'ehine,  '  spine,'  with  their 
Rom.  cognates. 

Septette,  f.,  see  ©djinibettt. 

fd)icr,  adj.,  '  clear,  pure,  simple,  sheer,' 
from  MidHG.  (MidG.)  schir,  '  mere,  pure, 
glittering';  comp.  OSax.  shir,  skiri,  AS. 
scir,  *  pure,  glittering,'  E.  shere,  sheer,  OIc. 
skirr,  Goth,  skeirs,  '  clear,  manifest' ;  a  de- 
rivative of  the  root  ski,  'to  shine,  glitter.' 
In  ModHG.  this  adj.  has  been  confused  in 
sound  with  the  following  adv.,  yet  the  Mod 
HG.  form  may  be  also  of  LG.  origin.  See 
fd)eiiien. 

fcrjicr,  adv.,  •  almost,'  from  MidHG. 
schiere,  adv.,  '  quickly,  soon,'  OHG.  sci'aro, 
older  skero,  adv.,  'quickly ' ;  allied  to  OHG. 
sciari,  seeri,  adj., '  sagacious,  zealous  in  trac- 
ing out' ;  comp.  Du.  schier,  'almost'  (OIc. 
skyrr,  skebn;  '  bright,  clear'). 

ft>&)'\ex,  n.,  'lawn,  veil,'  ModHG.  only, 
borrowed  from  LG. ;  prop,  the  neut.  of  the 
adj.  fcf/ier. 

gichtcrlmfi,  m.,  'hemlock,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schirlinc,  scherlinc  (sen. 
-ges),  OHG.  sceriling  ;  comp.  Du.  scheerling. 
Derived,  like  the  variants  MidHG.  scher- 
ninc,  OHG.  and  OLG.  seeming, '  hemlock,' 
from  the  equiv.  OHG.  scarno,  m.  ;  the  I  of 
the  OHG.,  MidHG.,  and  ModHG.  forms  is 
dne  to  the  current  G.  suffix  rltttg.  The 
term  is  unknown  to  the  otlier  OTeut.  dials, 
(in  AS.  hijmlic,  hemledc  occur,  E.  hemlock). 

febiefjen,  vb., '  to  shoot,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  schie^en,  OHG.  scio^an ;  the  cor- 
responding vb.  occurs  in  the  same  sense  in 
all  the  OTeut.  dials.  ;  comp.  OSax.  skeotan 
(Du.  schieten),  AS.  sSebtan  (E.  to  shoot),  Ole. 
skjCta,  Goth,  (by  chance  not  recorded) 
*skiutan.  The  root  skut,  '  to  6hoot,'  from 
pre-Teut.  skud,  is  widely  diffused  in  Teut., 
and  corresponds  to  the  Sans,  root  Hud,  'to 
shatter,  excite,'  or  better  with  Sans,  skuyui, 
'  to  leap  forth.'  For  derivatives  see  ©djofj, 
<Scf)»fi,  ©cfyufc,  and  ©djiifce. 

Sd)iff,  n.,  'ship,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  schif,  OHG.  scif,  see/ (gen.  -ffes),  n.  ;  a 
common  Teut.  term  ;  comp.  Goth,  and  OIc. 
skip,  n.,  AS.  slip,  n.,  E.  ship,  Du.  schip, 
OSax.  scip.  The  OHG.  word  also  signifies 
'  vessel,'  being  rendered  in  a  gloss  as  equiv. 


to  its  derivative  OHG.  scipht,  'phiala' 
(comp.  Jfafyn  ;  E.  vessel  in  its  double  sense, 
borrowed  from  Fr.  vaisseau,  '  vessel  (a 
utensil),  ship,'  Gr.  trKa<f>ls,  'bowl,  skiff '). 
The  Gr.  term  with  <ricd(f>os,  'boat,  ship,' 
cannot  be  allied  to  the  Teut.  word,  since 
the  latter  implies  an  Aryan  i  in  the  stem 
syllable.  No  certain  etymological  expla- 
nation can  be  given  of  Teut.  skipa-;  the 
suspicion  that  the  word  Mas  borrowed  at  a 
primit  period  may  not  be  unfounded,  for 
there  are  only  a  very  few  nautical  words 
possessed  in  common  by  several  Aryan  lan- 
guages (comp.  SWaft).  From  OHG.  the 
word  passed  into  Rom.  ;  comp.  Ital.  schifo, 
Fr.  esquif,  '  boat,'  to  which  is  allied  OFr. 
esquiper,  '  to  equip  a  ship,'  with  a  LG.  p, 
ModFr.  e'quiper,  '  to  equip,  endow,'  which 
passed  again  into  Teut. 

§d)Uo  (1.),  m.,  '  shield,  coat  of  arms,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schilt,  OHG.  scUt, 
m.  ;  a  common  Teut.  term ;  comp.  Goth. 
skildus,  m.,  OIc.  skjgldr,  AS.  scyld,  E.  shield, 
Du.  schild,  OSax.  scild.  The  word  first 
signified  '  signboard '  in  early  ModHG. 
The  specifically  Teut.  term  skildu-s  (from 
skeldhus,  skelttcs  1)  cannot  be  traced  farther 
back  ;  it  can  scarcely  be  related  to  fdjaflm 
(Sdufb,  lit.  '  that  which  gives  a  loud  sound 
or  resounds '  1). 

§d)tlo  (2.),  n.,  'signboard,'  ModHG. 
only,  a  variant  of  the  foregoing ;  hence 
©dntbers  (neut.  stem)  in  compounds  such 
as  ©djtiberfjautf,  'sentry-box.' 

fd)ilbevn,  vb.,  'to  paint,  depict,  de- 
scribe,' allied  to  MidHG.  schilt,  'coat  of 
arms';  comp.  MidHG.  schiltcere,  m.,  'ar- 
tist ' ;  the  shields  were  orig.  painted  in  the 
MidflG.  age  of  chivalry  with  coats  of  arms, 
and  even,  according  to  Tacitus,  Germ.  vi. 
("  scuta  lectissimis  coloribus  distinguunt"), 
in  the  OTeut.  heroic  period.  Comp.  Du. 
schilderen,  '  to  paint,  depict,  describe.' 

§d)ilb\>att ,  n.,  'tortoise-shell,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  and  Du.  schildpad, '  tortoise ' 
and  '  tortoise-shell.'  The  early  history  of 
Du.  padde,  'toad,'  E.  puddock  and  OIc. 
padda,  '  toad,'  is  obscure. 

5T> cl> 1 1  f ,  n.,  'rush,  bulrush,  reed,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schilf,  OHG.  scUnf  (m. 
and  n.  ?) ;  unknown  to  the  other  Teut. 
dials. ;  perhaps  it  is  an  early  loan-word 
from  Lat.  scirptts,  '  rush,'  to  which  it  can- 
not be  primit.  allied.  Others,  regarding 
©cfyilf  as  a  genuine  Teut.  word,  connect  it 
with  OHG.  sceliva,  MidHG.  sdulfe,  '  bowl 
of  fruit  and  pulse.' 


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fci)i Merit,  vl).,  'to  change  or  vary  in 
colour,'  ModHG.  only,  a  derivative  of  Mid 
HG.  achiilen,  a  variant  of  schilen,  'to 
squint,  blink.' 

Sd)iMittfl,  nu  'shilling,  money,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sc/iillinc,  OHG.  settling, 
111.,  a  common  Tent,  term  for  a  coin  ;  com  p. 
Goth,  skttliggs,  OIc  skillingr,  AS.  stilling, 
E.  shilling,  Du.  schelling,  OSax.  settling. 
Formed  from  OTeut.  skellan,  '  to  sound,' 
with  the  suffix  -i»ga-,  a  favourite  termina- 
tion in  OG.  names  of  coins  (see  $fennitifl, 
OHG.  cheisuring,  E.  farthing) ;  hence  <Sd)il- 
linfl  is  lit  '  ringing  coin.'  From  Teut.  are 
derived  Ital.  scellino  and  Fr.  escalin,  a  coin 
worth  about  sixpence,  as  well  as  the  equiv. 
OSlov.  sklezi. 

Scfttmittcl,  m.,  'mould,'  from  the  equiv. 
MiuHG.  schimel,  m.y  for  an  older  *schimbel, 
OHG.  *scvmbal,  which  may  be  inferred 
from  the  OHG.  derivatives  *scimbalen,  Ho 
get  mouldy,'  scimbalag,  '  mouldy.'  The 
MidHG.  form  is  due  to  a  confusion  with 
schlme,  m.,  'glimmer';  comp.  Du.  schim- 
melen.  OHG.  *scimbal  has  no  correspond- 
ing form  in  the  other  Teut.  dials. — §d)tttt- 
Tttel,  m., '  white  horsey'  late  MidHG.,  iden- 
tical with  <2d>intmel,  'mucus.' 

Sd)itttmer,  m.,  '{dimmer,'  early  Mod 
HG.,  formed  from  LG.  and  Du.  schemeren, 
'  to  glimmer,  gleam.'  This  is  connected, 
like  MidHG.  schtme,  'glimmer,  lustre,' 
OHG.  scimo,  Goth,  skeima,  'light,  lamp,' 
with  the  root  ski, '  to  shine,  glitter' ;  comp. 
MidE.  schimeren, '  to  shimmer,'  E.  shimmer, 
E.  shim,  '  white  spot,'  Swed.  skimra  (see 
(Socmen). 

§d)impf,  m.,  'insult,  abuse,  affront,' 
from  MidHG.  schimpf  (parallel  form 
schampf),  m.,  'jest,  pastime,  play,  tourna- 
ment.' The  current  meaning  first  appeared 
in  early  ModHG.  ;  yet  the  older  sense 
'jest,'  which  belongs  to  OHG.  scimpf,  Mid 
HG.  schimpf,  was  retained  till  the  17th 
cent.  (Logau) ;  comp.  Du.  schimp,  '  scorn, 
mockery^  MidHG.  schumpfe,  f.,  'para- 
mour' (lit.  'she  who  jests').  The  root 
skimp,  'to  jest,'  which  appears  in  OHG. 
scimpf y  is  wanting  in  the  other  Teut.  dials. 
It  has  been  connected  with  Gr.  aKcmrai, 
'  to  jest,  deride^'  which,  with  its  double 
meaning,  certainly  furnishes  an  analogy 
for  MidHG.  ©cfnmtf. 

5T>d) tnocl.  f.,  '  shingle,  splint,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schindel,  OHG^  scintila,  f., 
formed  from  MidLat.  srindula,  scandula, 
'shingle,'  the  sound  of  which  was  perhaps 


influenced  by  Gr.  o-Yu>baXfj.6s.  The  word 
was  borrowed  from  MidLat.  about  the  6th 
cent.,contemporaneouslywith  3Ufld,3Raurr, 
<fcc.  The  MidE.  form  schingel,  E.  shingle, 
is  peculiar.  The  Rom.  languages  preserve 
the  a-  form,  Lat.  scandula;  comp.  Ital. 
(dial.)  scandola  and  Fr.  e'chandole. 

fchittocit,  vb., '  to  skin,  flay,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schinden,  '  to  skin,  peel,  ill-treat 
severely,'  OHG.  scintan;  a  denominative 
from  a  lost  OHG.  *scind,  n.,  '  hide,  skin,' 
which  may  be  assumed  in  OHG.  from  OIc 
skinn  (see  (Scfyinne),  n.,  'skin,  hide,  fur, 
leather.'  E.  shin,  from  MidE.  skinne  (AS. 
scinn),  is  borrowed  from  Scand.,  since  AS. 
sci,  s6i,  must  have  become  shi  in  ModE. 
Goth.  *skinpa-,  from  pre- Teut.  ske'nto-,  has 
not  yet  been  found  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages. 

gicfotttfeen,  m.,  'ham,'  from  MidHG. 
schinke,  m.,  '  thigh,  ham,'  OHG.  scincho, 
m.y  scincha,  f.,  'tibia,  thigh.'  They  are 
related  by  gradation  to  the  cognates  ad- 
duced under  <2d>enfel,  to  which  Suab.  and 
Alem.  (and  Bav.)  ©dnuife,  OFris.  skunka, 
meaning  '  bone,  thigh,  ham,'  are  also  to  be 
added  as  further  graded  forms.  Its  con- 
nection with  ScfoieHe  is  probable  on  account 
of  the  meaning.  From  the  Teut.  cognates 
Ital.  (dial.)  stinco  (schinco),  'shin-bone,'  is 
borrowed. 

£>d)ittltert,  plur., '  dandruff,  scurf,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  MidG.  and  LG. ;  connected 
with  the  cognates  discussed  under  f<$infcfit ; 
lit.  'that  which  conies  off  in  scales  from 
the  skin  of  the  head ' ;  hence  allied  to  OIc. 
skinn  (from  *skinf>), '  skin  '  1. 

§d)trlhtg,  see  (Sducrttiijj. 

fd)irmen,  vb.,  'to  protect,  defend,'  from 
MidHG.  schirmen,  schermen,  '  to  protect, 
defend,  fight,'  OHG.  scirmen,  '  to  serve  as 
a  bulwark,  protect,'  allied  to  OHG.  scirm, 
scerm,  m.,  '  bulwark,  shield,  protection,' 
MidHG.  sehirm,  scherm,  m.,  'shield,  pent- 
house, shelter,  defence';  to  these  ©dnrm 
and  Befdjirmen  are  allied.  From  Teut.  are 
derived  the  Rom.  cognates  of  Ital.  schermo, 
'  screen,'  schermire,  '  to  fight.'  The  early 
history  of  these  words,  which  are  wanting  in 
the  rest  of  the  Teut.  dials.,  is  obscure  ;  Gr. 
a-Kipov,  'parasol,'  is  perhaps  primit.  allied. 

|cf)trrert,  see  ©efdnrr. 

§d)ifj,  m.,  'ordure,'  a  ModHG.  form 
from  fdjeijjen. 

fd)Icibberrt.  vb.,  'to  slobber,  slaver,' 
ModHG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  and  Du. 
slabben,  '  to  flap,'  slabberen,  '  to  spill.' 


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i*idllad)f,  f.,  'battle,  engagement,' from 
MidHG.  slahte,  slaht,  f.,  •  killing,  slaughter, 
battle,'  OHG.  slahta,  {.,  OSax.  man-slahta, 
f., '  death-blow,  killing' ;  an  abstract  formed 
by  the  fern,  suffix  -td-  (as  in  ©djanbe),  from 
the  Teut.  root  slah,  '  to  slay.'  For  <&djU\<kt 
in  the  sense  of '  sort '  see  @efd)ted)f.  @dj)lad5r, 
*  dyke,  embankment,'  is  also  a  derivative 
of  fd)lagen,  '  to  make  firm  by  beating,' 
which  sense  MidHG.  slahen  may  have  even 
in  the  classical  poets. —  fd)fttd)tcrt,  vb.. '  to 
slaughter,  slay,'  MidHG.  slahten,  OHG. 
slahtdn,  '  to  kill,  slaughter,'  is  a  derivative 
of  <&d)U\i)t  (OHG.  slahta),  with  the  preser- 
vation of  its  more  general  meaning  ;  so  too 
fd)Icid)fer,m.,  'butcher,' MidHG. slahtrere, 
OHG.  slahtdri,  'butcher';  allied  to  E. 
slaughter. 

gdjlacfce,  f-, '  slag,  dross,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  slacJce,  '  scales  that  fly  off  when 
metal  is  struck'  (E.  slag) ;  allied  to  fcf/tacjen. 

gd>raf  (1.),  m.,  S^Idfc,  f.,  '  temple,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sldf, 
m. ;  ©djlafe  is  prop,  the  plur.  of  <Bd){aj, 
referring  to  both  the  temples  (comp.  Lat. 
tempora) ;  Du.  slaap,  '  temple.'  In  AS. 
fmnivpige,  allied  to  OHG.  tinna,  MidHG. 
tinne&mXOHQ.  thinna-bahho,  m.,*  temple,' 
MidHG.  tunewenge,  '  temple'  (comp.  burnt), 
OHG.  dunwengi,  OIc.  punnvange, '  temple.' 
Beneath  these  similarly  sounding  terms 
lies  the  older  Teut.  term  for  'temple.' 

§cf)Iaf  (2.),  m.,  'sleep,  slumber,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sldf,  m.  ;  a 
verbal  abstr.  from  [deafen,  MidHG.  sldf  en, 
OHG.  sldfan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  sleep.'  This 
form  is  peculiar  to  Teut.  in  this  sense,  and 
is  wanting  only  In  OIc,  which  has  pre- 
served sofa  (Teut.  root  swef,  Aryan  swup), 
piimit.  allied  to  Lat.  somnus,  Gr.  vttvos  ; 
Goth,  slips,  '  sleep,'  slepan,  '  to  sleep,'  AS. 
sleep,  E.  sleep,  AS.  sldtpan,  E.  to  sleep,  Du. 
slaap,  slapen,  OSax.  sldp,  sldpan.  Comp. 
also  the  derivatives  with  r,  OHG.  sldfarag, 
MidHG.  sldfrec,  sla>fric,  'sleepy,'  OHG. 
sldfarOn  (and  sldfdn),  MidHG.  sldfvrn,  *to  be 
asleep,  get  sleepy.'  With  the  Teut.  root  slSp, 
'  to  sleep,'  appearing  in  these  cognates,  are 
also  connected  ModHG.  fdjlajf  and  its  Teut. 
correspondences  ;  hence  the  prim,  mean- 
ing of  fd)(afm  is  probably  '  to  be  relaxed.' 
For  further  references  see  under  fdjtaff. 

frf)laff,  adj.,  '  relaxed,  loose,  indolent,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  s£«/(gen.  slaffcs), 
'relaxed,  idle,  impotent';  comp.  LG.  and 
Du.  slap,  'relaxed,  impc tent,'  wlience  Mod 
HG.  frfjlaW,  retaining  the  LG.  p,  is  bor- 


rowed. Goth.  *slapaf  is  perhaps  a  graded 
form  of  the  root  slip,  as  lata-, '  idle,  lazy,'  is 
of  the  root  ISt,  '  to  omit'  (see  lafj).  OSlov. 
slabu,  '  relaxed,  weak,'  and  Lat.  Idbi,  '  to 
glide,'  labare,  '  to  totter,'  have  been  rightly 
compared  with  the  prim.  Teut  slapa-,  're- 
laxed.'    See  fcr/lafcn. 

§d)l<XQ  (1.),  111.,  'sort,  race,  family, 
class'  ;  see  ©e[cf)(ecf;t. 

gdjlctg  (2.),  m., '  stroke,  blow,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  slac  (gen.  slages),  OHG. 
slag,  m. ;  a  verbal  abstr.  of  the  root  slah, 
'  to  strike.'  ModHG.  fcfcl ctftCtt, '  to  strike, 
beat,  pulsate,'  MidHG.  slahen,  OHG.  sla- 
l<an,  '  to  strike' ;  the  g  of  the  ModHG.  vb. 
is  due  to  the  grammatical  change  of  h  to  g. 
Comp.  Goth  slahan,  OIc.  sld  (also  '  to  mow 
down '),  AS.  sledn  (from  sleahan),  E.  to  slay, 
Du.  slaan,  OSax.  slahan, '  to  strike.'  Teut. 
root  slah  (slay),  from  pre-Teut.  sldh;  akin 
to  Gr.  AaKtfo),  Lat.  tacerare,  'to  tear  to 
pieces  or  rags,'  for  slak-1.  A  root  similar  in 
sound  appears  in  Olr.  slechtaim,  sligim,  '  I 
strike '  (root  sleg).     See  @efd)led)t  and  jaMau. 

g>d)Iatnnt,  m.,  'slime,  mud,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  slam  (gen.  slammes),  111. 

§d)lamp,  m.,  'carouse';  see  fdjlemmett. 

§d)lcmge,  f.,  '  serpent,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  slange,  m.  and  f.,  OHG.  slango, 
m.  ;  comp.  OIc.  slange,  m.,  'serpent.'  Du. 
slang;  a  graded  form  of  fdjttngen,  hence 
(Scfyltncjeis  lit.  'that  which  coils.' — fd)lcttt- 
fleltt,  vb.,  'to  wind,  twist,'  ModHG.  only, 
seems  a  diminut.  derivative  of  @cfy(atuje. 

fcfolanh,  adj.,  ' slender,  slim,'  from  Mid 
L"G.  (MidG.)  slanc,  'slim,  lean';  comp. 
Du.  slanh,  '  thin,  nimble ' ;  to  this  OIc. 
slakke  (for  slarike),  '  mountain  slope,'  is  also 
probably  allied.  Goth.  *sianka-  would  be 
connected  with  the  root  sling  in  fd)liiuv-:t, 
like  franf  with  the  root  bring  in  AS.  cringan; 
see  fdjltiigen. 

£d)Iappe  (1.),  f.,  'slipper,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  slaj>pe,  wiiich  is  derived 
from  LG.  slapp,  '  loose.' 

g»d)tappe  (2.),  f.,  'slap;  discomfiture, 
defeat,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  slappe ; 
comp.  MidE.  slappe,  E.  slap;  hence  also  in 
earlier  ModHG.  '  slap  in  the  face.'  From 
a  HG.  *slapfe  is  derived  Ital.  schiaffo, '  slap 
in  the  face.' 

ftblrtppcn.  vb.,  'to  slap,  hang  down, 
go  slipshod,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  and 
Du.  slabben;  see  fd)labb>rn. 

Sd)Iaraffc,  m.,  *  sluggard,  lubber,' for 
earlier  ModHG.  <Sd?(auraffe,  which  is  mrt 
with  as  late  as  the  first  half  of  the  la*t 


Sch 


(    3'o    ) 


Sch 


cent.  ;  from  MidHG.  sldr-affe  (sluder-afe), 
'luxurious,  thoughtless  idler,  sluggard,' 
recorded  in  the  14th  cent,  and  certainly 
of  not  much  earlier  date  ;  the  latter  term 
is  from  MidHG.  sl&r,  'sluggishness,  lazy 
person,'  see  fdjltubmt,  id)lummcnt.  The  first 
detailed  description  of  (Sdjlaraffenlanb,  of 
which  the  earliest  mention  is  made  in  the 
15th  cent,  was  given  in  a  farce  by  Hans 
Sachs  in  1530  A.D. 

fchhui.  adj., '  sly,  crafty,  cunning,'  early 
ModHG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  slU ;  comp. 
Du.  sluir,  '  sly '  ;  akin  also  probably  to  Olc. 
sldgr,  MidE.  sleigh,  E.  sly,  which,  as  Mod 
HG.  errfd?la gen, '  cunning,'  indurates,  is  per- 
haps connected  with  the  root  slah,  'to  strike.' 
It  is  uncertain  how  far  these  terms  are 
due  to  earlier  loan-words,  and  whether  Olc. 
sUegr  is  the  ultimate  source  of  them  all. 

§d)lcutd),  m.,  'leather  bag,  bottle,  or 
pipe,  funnel,' from  MidHG.  slAch,  m.,  'skin, 
slough  (of  a  snake),  leather  bag,  pipe '  ; 
corresponding  to  E.  slough,  Swed.  dial. 
slug.  MidHG.  slAch,  'gullet,  throat ;  gulf, 
abyss,'  is  a  different  word  ;  late  OHG. 
4Hch,  m.,  'yawning  chasm'  (allied  to  fcfylu- 
rfen).  ModHG.  ©djlunb,  as  well  as  Lat 
vordgo,  '  abyss,'  allied  to  vorare, '  to  swallow 
up,'  shows  a  similar  evolution  in  meaning  ; 
comp.  Lat.  faux,  '  gullet,  throat,  abyss.' 

Scf)lrtitd)maul.  n.,  'glutton,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  connected  with  the  cognates 
of  fcfcdirfeii. 

fd)lcd)t,  adj.,  'bad,  base,  mean,'  from 
MidllG.  sleht,  adj.,  'honest,  straight, 
smooth,  simple,  clear,  correct,'  OHG.  sleht, 
'straight,  even,  honest,  simple,  gentle, 
friendly ' ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  slalhts, 
'  even,  straight,'  Olc.  slettr,  'straight,  even, 
smooth,  gentle,'  OFris.  sliacht,  'honest, 
simple '  ;  Du.  slecht, '  honest,  bad.'  MidE. 
and  E.  slight,  since  the  AS.  word  is  not 
recorded,  is  probably  a  Du.  loan-word.  The 
meanings  are  evolved  from  'straight,  even, 
simple '  (see  fdjlidjt  and  fdjUdjten),  and  has 
led  in  ModHG.  to  a  peculiar  development 
in  malum  partem.  The  origin  of  the  com- 
mon Teut  adj.  (or  fo-partic.  ?)  *slehta-  is 
obscure  ;  it  cannot,  on  account  of  its  form 
and  meaning,  be  connected  with  fcfylagen ; 
Gr.  oXiyos,  'trifling,'  does  not  suit  the  ear- 
lier meaning,  'straight,  even,  simple.' 

fd)lcdtcn.  vb.,  '  to  lick,  lap,  be  dainty,' 
from  late  MidHG.  sleeken,  '  to  eat  dainties 
by  stealth';  allied  to  MidHG.  slee,  m., 
'  daintiness,  dainty  mouth,'  and  havenslecke, 
•glutton' ;  OHG.  *sleccJi6nt  'to  be  fond  of 


dainties,'  in  wantin_r,  as  well  as  a  corre- 
sponding term  in  any  of  the  other  OTeut. 
dials.  Not  allied  to  fdblitrfen,  but  an  inten- 
sive form  of  Olc.  sl'ikja,  'to  lick,'  which 
implies  a  Teut.  root  silk,  sloiq. 

Scblcftcl,  m.,  '  mallet,  sledge-hammer, 
drumstick,'  from  MidHG.  slegel,  OHG. 
slegil,  m.,  '  implement  for  beating,  club, 
flail,  hammer';  from  the  root  slah.  'to 
strike.'  Comp,  E.  sledge,  AS.  sleaje,  f., 
'  hammer,'  from  the  same  root. 

Scfttchc,  f„  'sloe,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  slehe,  OHG.  sleha,  f.  ;  a  common  Teut. 
term  ;  comp.  Du.  slee,  AS.  sld,  sldfiae,  f.,  E. 
sloe, Swed. sldn,  Dan.  slaaen,  'sloe' ;  Goth. 
*slaih6,  or  rather  *slaihwo,  are  by  chance 
not  recorded.  The  cognates  are  usually 
connected  with  LG.  slee,  'blunt';  comp. 
OHG.  sU<>,  OSax.  »leo  (Du.  sleeuw,  '  bitter, 
harsh '),  AS.  sldw  (E.  slow),  Olc  sljOr,  sl&r, 
'blunt,'  hence  the  lit.  meaning  of  Sd)Ul)t 
is  perhaps  '  the  fruit  that  makes  the  teeth 
blunt'  Yet  since  the  latter  terms  imply 
Goth.  *slaiwa-,  and  the  former  Goth.*s/oi/<d 
(*slaihw6),  the  explanation  is  dubious.  So 
too,  for  the  same  reason,  is  the  comparison 
with  OSlov.  sliva  (Lith.  slyicas),  '  plum,' 
for  which  we  should  expect  a  Goth  *  sldited 
(though  AS.  sld  points  to  *sldih&). 

fd)lcid)Ctt,  vb.,  'to  creep,  crawl,  slink,' 
from  MidHG.  sltchen,  OHG.  slthhan,  'to 
walk  with  a  light  sliding  motion,  creep' ; 
akin  to  MidHG.  sllch,  m.,  '.-dime,  mud,' 
Du.  slik,  slijk,  'slime,  mud,'  MidE.  slVcen, 
'  to  creep,'  with  which  E.  sleek  and  slick 
are  connected  ;  in  the  other  languages  the 
Teut.  root  silk  (pre-Teut.  allg)  rarely  occur.-. 
— To  this  is  allied  Sd)lcid)C  in  SMtnb- 
fer-teidje,  f.,  'blind-worm,'  MidHG.  blint- 
sliche,  OHG.  blintsltcho.  m.     See  <2d)ltd>. 

Sdjleie,  f.,  'tench,' from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  site,  OHG.  slio,  m.  ;  corresponding  to 
AS.  sltic,  m.,  'tench';  Goth.  *sleiws,  m., 
or  rather  *sleiwa,  m.,  is  wanting.  Perhaps 
the  fish  was  so  named  from  its  slimy  scales, 
so  that  @d)leim  may  be  allied. 

Scfcleter,  m., '  veil,  pretence,'  from  Mid 
HG.  sleier,  earlier  variants  sloier,  slogier, 
m.,  'kerchief,  veil'  (the  MidHG.  term 
floier  is  curious)  ;  comp.  Du.  sluijer,  MidE. 
sleir.  MidHG.  sloier,  first  recorded  in  the 
13th  cent,  is  certainly  a  borrowed  term  ; 
the  assumption  that  it  was  introduced  by 
the  Crusaders  from  the  East  leads  to  no 
definite  result.  Perhaps  it  is  connected 
withOIr.  sr6l,  'silk.' 

Scfoleifc,  f.,  'slide;  slip-knot,  bow  of 


Sch 


(    3»    ) 


Sch 


ribbons,  favour,'  for  earlier  ModHG.  (still 
dial.)  <Sd)(ditfe,  f.,  allied  to  MidHG.  sloufen, 
sloufen,  'to  push,  slip,  dress';  also  Goth. 
slaupjan,  'to  strip  off';  AS.  slilpan,  'to 
glide,  slip '  (E.  slop),  Goth,  sliupan,  '  to 
slip,'  OHG.  sliofan,  MidHG.  sly-fen,  '  to 
slide,  slip.'  The  Teut.  root  slUp,  from  pre- 
Teut.  slub,  contained  in  these  words,  has 
been  connected,  perhaps  rightly,  with  Lat. 
lUbricus  (for  *sl4hricus\  'slippery,'  and 
Lith.  slubnas,  'weak.' 

fd)Ieifett,  vb.,  '  to  slide,  sharpen,  whet,' 
from  MidHG.  sltfen,  '  to  glide,  sink,  grind 
a  weapon,'  &c.  (prop. '  to  sharpen  by  letting 
it  slide'),  OHG.  sltfan,  'to  glide,  sink, 
smooth '  ;  comp.  Du.  slijpen,  '  to  sharpen,' 
AS.  td-slipan,  'to  dissolve,'  to  which  are 
allied  E.  to  slip,  and  slippers  (Ital.  schippire, 
'  to  escape ').  How  the  Teut.  root  slip,  '  to 
glide,  slip,'  is  connected  with  the  equiv. 
root  slUp,  discussed  under  the  preceding 
word,  and  further  also  with  fdjfetcfyen  (root 
silk),  has  not  yet  been  ascertained.  The 
corresponding  factitive  fcfyteicfien,  vb.,  'to 
trail,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sleifen,  lit. 
'to  cause  to  slide  along,'  hence  'to  drag 
along,  trail,'  even  late  MidHG.  eine  burc 
sleifen,  'to  raze  a  city';  com  p.  LG.  and 
Du.  slepen,  'to  drag  along  the  ground, 
trail,'  whence  ModHG.  fd)leppett  is  bor- 
rowed.    See  @djiff. 

Sdjlehtt,  m.,  'sliine,  mucus,  phlegm, 
filth,'  from  MidHG.  slim,  m.,  'slime,  mire, 
sticky  fluid '  ;  OHG.  *sUm  is  wanting. 
Comp.  Du.  shjm,  'slime,'  AS.  slim,  and 
the  equiv.  E.  slime,  OIc.  slim,  n.j  Goth. 
*sleims  is  wanting.  The  root  sll,  'to  be 
smooth,  slippery,' contained  in  these  words, 
which  is  especially  apparent  in  OHG. 
sltmen,  'to  make  smooth, brighten  by  grind- 
ing,' is  closely  related  to  Lat.  Umare,  'to 
file,  polish,  smooth,'  lima,  'file,'  with  which 
probably  Lat.  Uvis  and  Gr.  Aflor,  'smooth,' 
are  also  connected.  In  Lat.  and  Gr.  initial  s 
disappears  before  I.  Perhaps  Lat.  limus, 
'slime'  (see  under  Sefom),  may  be  adduced 
here  ;  comp.  further  @d)leit. 

fd)Iet|jjen,  vb., '  to  slit,  split,  gash,'  from 
MidHG.  sliyn,  OHG.  sltfan,  '  to  split,  tear 
to  pieces,  wear  out ' ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  slttan,  '  to  tear  to  pieces,  Du.  slijten, 
4  to  wear  out,'  AS.  slitan, '  to  tear  to  pieces,' 
to  which  E.  to  slit  is  allied,  OIc.  slUa,  '  to 
tear  to  pieces.'  The  Teut.  root  sift,  '  to 
tear  to  nieces'  (Goth.  *sleitan),  from  pre- 
Teut.slld,  has  not  yet  been  found  in  thenon- 
Teut.  languages.    See  fdjlijjen,  the  intensive 


form.  <£d)letpcn,  wk.  vb.,  as  the  factitive 
of  the  str.  vb.,  is  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
sleiien,  sleitzen,  '  to  tear  to  pieces,  split.' 

JqjlemtttCn,  '  to  carouse,'  from  late 
MidHG.  slemmen,  '  to  squander,'  allied  to 
late  MidHG.  stamp,  'carouse' ;  comp.  Du. 
slemp,  '  dainty  meal,'  slempen,  '  to  carouse,' 
with  which  ©djtempe,  f.,  '  rinsings,'  is  con- 
nected. The  term  is  wanting  in  the  other 
Teut.  languages. 

Sd)Iempe,  f.,  see  fdjfetnmnt. 

fd)tettoern,  vb.,  'to  lounge,  saunter,1 
ModHG.  only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  LG. 
slendern,  Du.  slenderen. — g»d)fcnortan, 
m.,  'old  practice  or  custom,  loafer,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  LG. ;  in  Du.  slender, 
'  sauntering  gait.'  The  d  after  n  represents 
an  older  t,  which  is  correctly  permutated 
in  II G.  fd)ten$eii,  'to saunter';  comp.MidE. 
slenten,  '  to  saunter.' 

fdjenkcrn,  vb.,  'to  sling, fling;  loiter, 
lounge';  from  late  MidHG.  sl$nkern,  'to 
sling,'  allied  to  MidHG.  slenge,  slpiger, 
slenker,  'sling,'  OHG.  slengira,  f.,  'sling' ; 
derivatives  from  a  root  sling  (see  fdjliiigen). 
From  this  was  formed  OHG.  slinga,  f, 
MidHG.  slinge,  f.,  '  sling,'  whence  the 
Rom.  term  Fr.  elingue  was  borrowed  ; 
comp.  E.  sling,  and  see  <£c^Unge. 

gdjleppe,  f.,  '  train  (of  a  dress),  trail,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  slepe,  Du.  sleep, 
1  train.' — fdjleppeit,  '  to  drag  along,  trail' ; 
it  occurs  even  in  MidHG.  ;  from  MidG. 
and  LG.  ;  comp.  LG.  and  Du.  slepen.  See 
fctylftfen. 

§d)leu&cr,  f.,  '  sling,  swing,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  sluder,  f. ;  probably 
borrowed  (whence  ?).  The  equiv.  G.  word 
is  quoted  under  fcfclenfcru. 

fd){cuboro,  vb.,  'to  perform  in  a  slo- 
venly manner,  bungle ' ;  it  is  not  really 
related  to  the  preceding  word,  though  it 
is  instinctively  connected  with  it  by  Ger- 
mans, in  <Sd}(tiibcrprci6,  'undervalue,'  for 
example.  The  vb.  is  allied  to  MidHG. 
slUdercr,  '  he  who  works  hastily  and  negli- 
gently,' which  again,  with  an  excrescent 
dental  (as  in  IjauCun),  is  akin  to  MidHG. 
rfur,  m.,  'bungling,  idling,  idler ';  comp. 
<Sd)laraffe  and  fd)lummmt. 

fd)lcunirt,  adj.,  '  hasty,  speedy,'  from 
Mid  11 G.  sliunec,  OHG.  slAnig,  'quick, 
speedy,'  in  OHG.  also  'thriving.'  A  length- 
ened form  of  Goth.  *slA-na-,  for  which  we 
have,  however,  snA-na-;  the  I  seems  to  have 
been  produced  by  assimilation  on  account 
of  the  suffix  n.     Allied  to  the  OTeut.  root 


Sch 


(    3'2    ) 


Sch 


«7J$,  Mo  hasten,  move  quickly,  turn'; 
comp.  OHG.  sninmo,  AS.  sne&me,  adv., 
*  speedily,  quickly,'  Goth,  sniumundd, 
'hastily,'  AS.  snAde,  adv.,  'quickly';  as 
a  vb.  Goth,  sniumjan,  'to  hasten,'  Gotli. 
sniwan,  '  to  hasten,'  AS.  sne6wian,  '  to 
hasten,'  01c.  snfia,  '  to  turn.' 

£>d)leitfe,  f.,  'sluice,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  LG.  sluse,  Du.  shUs,  'aque- 
duct,' which  is  derived  from  OFr.  escltise, 
ModFr.  e'clusc,  'sluice'  (from  early  Mid 
1  >at .  sdusa,  exclusa).  From  the  same  source 
E.  sluice  is  derived. 

Sd)ltd),  m.,  'byway,  trick,'  from  Mid 
HG.  slich,  m.,  'light,  gliding  gait,' allied 
to  f&ttifyn. 

fd)li<r)f,  adj.,  'plain,  homely,  honest,' 
ModHG.  only,  formed  to  represent  the 
meanings  of  MidHG.  sleht  (see  fd;led)t), 
which  became  obsolete  in  ModHG.  fd)Ied)t, 
from  the  MidHG.  and  OHG.  vb.  slihten, 
'to  make  plain,  smooth  over,'  and  the  Mid 
HG.  abstract  form  slihte,  f.,  'straightfor- 
wardness'; coin  p.  OHG.  slihten,  'to  make 
plain,'  slihtt,  allied  to  sleht,  'straight,  even.' 

ftfjliefcn,  vb.,  see  ©djleife. 

fd)lie||jC»t,  vb.,  'to  close,  shut,  include, 
infer,'  from  MidHG.  slie$en,  OHG.  slio^an, 
'  to  shut,'  OSax..  *sl4tan  (equiv.  to  MidJLG. 
and  LG.  sltlten),  is  attested  by  slutil, '  key ' ; 
Du.  sluiten,  'to  lock  up,'  OFris.  sltita  ; 
further  Northern  E.  sloat,  slot,  '  bolt  of  a 
door.'  In  OIc.  and  Goth,  the  correspond- 
ing vb?.  and  derivs.  are  wanting.  The 
Teut.  root  slttt  certainly  originated  in  pre- 
Teut.  sklud — the  combination  ski  is  not 
tolerated  in  Teut., — and  hence  it  may  bo 
compared  with  Lat.  claudo  for  *sclaudo 
(Aryan  root  Maud,  as  well  as  sklaud),  as  a 
cognate  term.     See  <2cf/lofj  and  @d)lufi>(. 

§cr)Itff,  m,'  sharpening,  grinding,  edge,' 
from  MidHG.  slif  (gen.  sliffes),  m.,  'polish, 
slipping'  ;  allied  to  fd)letfen. 

fcfjlimm,  adj.,  '  bad,  wicked,'  from  Mid 
HG.  slimp,  adj.,  'awry,  aslant,'  whence 
the  adv.  slimbes, ' obliquely';  OHG.  *slimb, 
'  aslant,'  may  be  assumed  from  the  deri- 
vative abstr.  form  slimbi,  'slope.'  The 
moral  signification  of  the  adj.  first  occurs 
in  ModHG.;  a  similar  development  is  seen 
in  Du.  slim,  'bad'  (beside  which  occurs 
slimbeen,  'person  with  bandy-legs').  E. 
slim  and  OIc.  sltumr,  '  vile,'  were  borrowed 
from  the  Continent.  The  remoter  history 
of  OTeut.  slimba-,  '  aslant,  awry,'  from 
which  Ital.  sghembo,  'awry,  bent,'  was  bor- 
rowed at  an  early  period,  is  quite  obscure. 


gchliltflC,  f.,  '  knot,  loop,  noose,  snare' 
ModHG.  only  ;  corresponding  in  form  t> 
MidHG.  slinxje,  'sling,'  f.  (see  fdjlenfcrn  , 
which  meaning  was  retained  in  ModHG. 
till  the  17tli  cent,  (so  too  Span,  eslingua,  Fr. 
4lingue\  On  account  of  its  sense,  how- 
ever, (Scf/lunje  is  not  to  be  derived  from 
this  MidHG.  word,  but  from  the  Mod  HO. 
vb.  —  fd)liuctcn,  vb.,  'to  wind,  twine, 
twist,  sling,'  from  MidHG.  slingen,  Oil*;. 
slingan,  'to  wind,  entwine,  swinj,'  to  and 
fro,'  MidHG.  also  'to  creep,'  OHG.  'to 
move';  comp.  Du.  slingeren,  'to  hurl, 
swing,'  AS.  slingan,  E.  to  sling,  OIc.  sh/ngva, 
'to  throw';  Goth.  *slingwan  (or  rather 
*sleihwan)  is  wanting.  The  prim,  idea 
of  the  root  slivgw,  to  which  both  fefyfenfent 
and  €>d)(an<se  are  allied,  was  'a  revolving, 
swinging  motion.'  The  Teut  root  slingio 
(*slinhw)  originated  in  pre-Teut.  slenk,  as  in 
indicated  by  Lith.  sllnkti,  'to  creep '  (OSlov. 
slaku,  'crooked  '  ?). — gcftlittftcl,  m.,  'slug- 
gard, rascal,  blackguard,'  earlier  ModHG. 
<Scr)tun^eI,  prop,  perhaps  'sneak';  wanting 
in  MidHG.  and  in  the  other  languages. 

fd)Imgen  (1.),  vb.,  'to  twine,  wind.' 
See  the  preceding  article. 

fcrjlingen  (2.),  vb., '  to  swallow,  engulf,' 
a  MidG.  term  introduced  by  Luther,  for 
(UpG.)  MidHG.  slinden,  OHG.  slintan, 
'to  devour';  in  MidG.  nd  changes  to  ng, 
as,  e.g.,  Thuring.  linge,  'Linde'  (linden), 
gebungen,  gcbuufcen  (bound),  schlung,  @d)hutt> 
(gullet).  Comp,  Goth,  fra-slindan,  '  to  de- 
vour,' Du.  slinden,  'to  devour';  further 
corresponding  vbs.  are  wanting  in  OTeut. 
The  Teut.  root  slind,  'to  devour,'  seems  to 
be  cognate  with  the  root  slid,  '  to  slide.' 
See  <2d)litte tt  and  also  @d)lunb.  The  change 
from  fd)linben  to  fd)(iiujm  is  due  to  connect- 
ing the  word  with  fdjtiitgcii  (1);  comp. 
(nnuntet  ivurgen,  '  to  swallow.' 

§d)Iitfen,  m., '  sleigh,  sledge,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  slitte, usually  slite,m.,  OHG. 
slita,  f.,  slito,  m.  ;  comp.  Du.  slede,  MidE. 
slede,  E.  sled,  sledge,  OIc.  slefie,  m.,  'sleigh.' 
From  HG.  is  derived  Ital.  slitta,  '  sleigh.' 
The  Teut.  cognates  are  based  on  a  Teut. 
root  slid, '  to  slide,'  which  is  preserved  in  the 
E.  vb.  and  subst.  slide;  comp.  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  (MidG.)  slUen,  whence  ModHG. 
filial.)  fdjlittcrn,  'to  slide  (on  ice),' AS.  slidan. 
Pre-Teut.  slldh, '  to  slide,'  is  also  attested  by 
Lith.  slidus,  '  smooth  '  (of  ice),  slysti  (root 
slyd),  'to  slide,'  Lett,  slidas,  ' skates,'  and 
Sans,  sridh,  '  to  stumble ' ;  the  root  seems 
to  have  been  often  used  in  primit.  Teut. 


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(    313    ) 


Sch 


times,  and  perhaps  still  earlier,  for  *  to  slide 
(on  ice).'— §d)littfd)llfy,  m.,'  skate,'  Mod 
HG.  only  in  its  present  sense,  for  earlier 
ModHG.  <£djrtttf$uf>.  Comp.  MidHG.  scAri- 
teschuoch,  n.,  '  league-boot,  shoe  for  flying.' 

g»djlif3,  m.,  '  slit,  gash,*  from  MidHG. 
sliz  (gen.  slitzes),  OHG.  sliz,  sliy,  m., '  cleav- 
ing, breach '  (comp.  E.  slit)  ;  allied  to  fdjlct- 
fjeu. —  fdjlitjcn,  vb.,  'to  slit,  gash,  cleave,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  slitzen,  intensive 
of  fc^tci^cn. 

fd)lo{)n>ci(j,  adj.,  see  ©tfjlefje. 

§d)lof?,  n., '  lock,  clasp  ;  castle,  palace,' 
from  MidHG.  sl8$,  n->  'bolt,  band,  lock, 
fetter,  castle,  citadel,'  OHG.  5W3,  n.,  '  lock, 
bolt';  corresponding  to  Northern  E.  slot, 
sloat,  'bolt,  crossbar' ;  allied  to  fdjliefjen. 

Sd)iofic,  f.,  '  hail,  hailstone,  sleet,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sl6$e,  f.,  sl6$  (in.  and 
n.  ?) ;  OHG.  *sl6^a  is  wanting  ;  comp.  Du. 
slote  (OSax.  *sldta),  AS.  *slfit,  *slete,  E.  sleet 
(Goth.  *slauti-  is  wanting).  The  origin  of 
the  cognates  is  obscure  ;  it  is  scarcely  de- 
rived from  the  root  slut,  *to  lock,'  as  if 
hail  were  regarded  as  '  that  which  is  bound 
together  compared  with  the  soft  snowflakes 
and  the  streaming  rain.' — fdjlofjiuctfj, 
or,  by  a  curious  corruption,  fd?(cf»r>eifj,  lit. 
1  white  as  hail '  (MidHG.  wt^er  dan  ein  slo^, 
'  whiter  than  a  hailstone,'  occurs  once). 

§d)lot,  m.,  'chimnev,  flue,  channel,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sldt,  m,,  '  chim- 
ney, fireside,  mouth  of  an  oven.'  A  word 
peculiar  to  MidG. ;  of  obscure  origin. 

fct)Iot fern,  vb.,  '  to  shake,  hang  loose, 
dangle,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  slottern, 
intensive  of  MidHG.  sloten,  'to  quiver.' 
Comp.  Du.  slodderen,  'to  shake';  of  ob- 
scure origin. 

g>d)lud)f,  f.,  'ravine,  gorge,'  ModllG. 
only,  formed  from  LG.,  for  earlier  ModHG. 
and  HG.  (Sdjluft ;  for  LG.  cht,  representing 
HG.  //,  see  facfyt,  befcfowicfyticjeit,  and  Dlidjte. 
MidHG.  (rare)  shift,  'ravine,'  belongs  to 
the  Teut.  root  slup, '  to  slip,'  discussed  under 
©cfrleife. 

fd)Utd).)Ctt,  vb.,  'to  sob,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  sluclczen  ;  prop,  a  frequenta- 
tive of  fd)lnifcit,  which  in  MidHG.  also 
means 'to  sok'  See  fetifjcn  (OHG.  *.il«/i- 
hazzen,  *slucchazzen,  are  wanting). — fd)ht- 
Cttett,  vb.,  'to  gulp  down,  swallow,'  from 
MidHG.  slurkeu,  '  to  swallow,  gulp  down, 
sob';  OHG.  *slucch6n  may  be  inferred 
from  sluccho,  sl&hho  (Kh  as  in  fd)lud)$e  11  ?), 
111.,  '  gormandiscr,  glutton.'  Allied  to  Mid 
HG.  sMchen,  '  to  swallow,  gulp  down,'  and 


side1',  'gullet,  throat ;  sot,  glutton'  (comp. 
ModHG.  <Sd}(aud>maul).  The  Teut.  root 
sink,  not  allied  to  fd)lecfen,  originated  in 
Aryan  sltig,  which  has  been  identified  in 
Gr.  as  \vy  (for  a\vy) ;  comp.  \vyyavofiai, 
Xu£o>,  '  to  have  the  hiccup,  sob/  \vy8r]vt 
*  sobbingly,'  \vy£  (Avyyoj),  '  violent  sob- 
bing, hiccup.'  In  Olr.  the  root  appears 
with  initial  s  as  slug,  '  to  devour.'  Akin 
also  to  ©cbjaud?. 

Sdjltlff,  see  Sdjtudjt. 

|d)(ummcrn,  vb.,  'to  slumber,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  (MidG.)  slum- 
meren,  slumen;  comp.  Du.  duimeren;  AS. 
slumerian,  E.  to  slumber,  AS.  sluma,  Nor- 
thern E.  shorn,  '  to  slumber.'  The  root 
(Alem.  Slune,  MAre,  *to  slumber')  con- 
tained in  these  words  appears  in  Goth. 
slawan  (slawaida),  *to  be  silent,'  in  a  curious 
divergent  meaning,  to  which  MidHG. 
slur,  111.,  'idling,  idler'  (comp.  <Edj(arajfc>, 
is  also  allied.  The  prim,  idea  of  the  whole 
group  is  '  to  be  quiet,  inactive.' 

gd)lmto,  m.,  '  gullet,  throat,  chasm,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  slant,  m., '  gullet, 
throat,  neck,  abyss';  allied  to  MidHG. 
slinden,  ModHG.  fdjlingen  (2),  but  with 
the  preservation  of  the  old  dental,  which 
fd^tmtett  has  changed  into  a  guttural. 

§d)Iupf,  m.,  '  slip,  refuge,  pass,  defile,' 
from  MidHG.  sluff,  'noose,  cord,'  allied 
to  MidHG.  sliipfen,  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
dupfen,  ModHG.  fcfolupfeit,  '  to  slip,'  which 
is  an  intensive  of  MidHG. sliefen,  'to slide, 
slip,'  corresponding  to  Goth,  sliupan,  '  to 
slip';  Lat.  Mbricus  seems  to  be  primit. 
allied  to  it. — fdjlfipfrtft,  adj.  'slippery, 
unstable,' from  late  MidHG.  slup f eric,  'slip- 
pery,' of  which  the  variant  slupfer  occurs. 

fdj  Iftrfcit,  vb.,  'to  sin,  lap,  drink,'  Mod 
HG.  only ;  probably,  however,  its  non- 
occurrence in  earlier  HG.  it  only  an  acci- 
dent (MidHG.  *sliirfen,  OHG.  *slurfen) ; 
according  to  the  HG.  permutation  Du. 
slurpen,  '  to  sip,'  is  allied.  The  stem  is 
not  found  elsewhere  ;  its  origin  is  obscure. 

§d)lftffcl,  m.,  'key,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sliitfel,  OHG.  slu$$il,  m. ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  slutil,  Du.  sleutel.  This 
derivative  of  fcfyltcpm  (Goth.  *slutila-)  is 
wanting  in  E.,  OIc,  and  Goth. 

-»d)luf;.  111.,  'end,  conclusion,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  slif;,  m.,  of  whicli  the 
variant  slo^  occurs  in  slo^rede,  '  syllogism,' 
slo$stcin,  'keystone.'     Allied  to  fdjlifjjcn. 

l"i d) mod),  f.,  '  outrage,  ignominy,'  from 
MidHG.  (rare)  smiich,  smdhe,  usually  smcehe, 


Sch 


(    314    ) 


Sch 


f., '  insult,  abuse,  ignominy '  (to  which  ltal. 
smacco,  'affront,'  is  allied?).  An  abstract 
from  MidHG.  smcehe,  adj.,  'little,  trifling, 
contemptible' ;  comp.  OHO.  smdhi,  adj., 

*  little,  trifling,  base,'  smdhi,  f., '  trifle,  base- 
ness ' ;  also  OIc.  smdr,  '  little,'  and,  with  a 
different  development  of  meaning,  AS. 
smedltc, '  fine,  careful.'  A  similar  variety  of 
meanings  is  seen  in  the  history  of  ModHG. 
flfin,  for  which  weinustassiime(asfoiOHG. 
smdhi)  the  prim,  meaning  of  '  little,  pretty.' 
If  Gr.  fxtKpos,  a-fiiicpos,  represents  *o-ptKp6s, 
OHO.  smdhi  (as  it  corresponding  to*ayxjj- 
Kior)  may  be  connected  with  it.  The  ear- 
lier sense  still  appears  faintly  in  fd)madjten 
and  wfefunacf/ten  ;  comp.  MidHG. versmahten 
(d  or  d\),  'to  pine  away,'  OHG.  gismah- 
teon,  'to  disappear.'  Allied  to  fd)tltacf)ttft, 
adj.,  '  pinin_',  languishing,' from  MidHG. 
(MidG.)  smalUec,  from  MidHG.  (MidG.) 
snuiht,  '  pining  away ' ;  if  these  latter  cog- 
nates contain  a,  they  may  be  connected 
with  ModHG.  smecker,  'slender,  narrow, 
pining.'     See  fcf/maf)en, 

g»d)madi,  see  ftf/merfen. 

Sd)macftc,  f.,  '  smack'  (vessel),  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  LG. 
and  Du.  smak;  E.  smack,  Dan.  smakke 
(comp.  Fr.  semaque)  ;  its  history  and  origin 
are  obscure. 

fcfrma&en,  vb.,  '  to  abuse,  revile,  rail,' 
from  MidHG.  smcehen, '  to  treat  contemptu- 
ously,' OHG.  smdhen,  vb.,  'to  make  small, 
lessen,'  see  ©dnnad).  Allied  to  ModHG. 
fdinu'ibltrf),  adj..  'abusive,'  MidHG.  smce- 
helich,  OHG.  smdlkh,  adj.,  which  are  iden- 
tical with  the  OHG.  adj.  smdhi,  MidHG. 
smcehe,  adduced  under  <Sd)macl). 

fcftmal,  adj.,  '  narrow,  slender,  scanty,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  smal,  adj.,  'small, 
trifling,  slender,  scant}',  narrow ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  Goth,  smals,  '  small,  trifling.' 
AS.  smccl,  'small,  trifling,'  E.  small,  Du. 
smal,  OSax.  smal,  '  small,  trifling.'  The 
ModHG.  sense  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  spe- 
cialisation of  the  older  and  wider  meaning. 
The  word  is  usually  compared  with  OSlov. 
mala,  'small,'  as  well  as  Gr.  p)Xa,  'small 
cattle '  (for  o-p-  ?),  Olr.  mil,  'animal,'  espec. 
since  OIc.  smale,  'small  cattle,'  has  the 
same  meaning.  The  older  and  wider 
meaning  of  the  adj.  is  still  faintly  seen  in 
fcfrmdlen, '  to  put  down  with  reproof ;  comp. 
MidHG.  smeln,  '  to  make  narrower,  lessen.' 

§d)malfe,  f.,  'smalt,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  ltal.   smalto,   or  Fr.   smalt, 

*  glass  of  a  deep  blue.' 


f!?d)mal£.  n.,  '  fat,  grease,  suet,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  smalz,  n.,  'melted  fat 
for  cooking,  grease,  butter'  (comp.  ltal. 
dial,  smalzo,  'butter');  allied  to  fdntufjfn, 
'  to  melt,'  which,  in  the  sense  '  to  cook  with 
fat,'  is  derived  from  ©djmalj. 

g>d)tttcmf,  m.  (Livon.,  LG.,  and  Hess.), 
'  cream,'  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
smant,  borrowed  in  the  15th  cent,  from 
Slav. ;  comp.  Bohem.  smant.  With  Bohem. 
smetana  (Russ.  smetana,  '  cream ')  is  con- 
nected the  dial.  (Siles.,  Bohem.,  and  Austr.) 
Sd)metten,  '  cream,'  to  which  (gdjmetttrling 
is  probably  related. 

f^marofjett,  vb.,  *  to  spunge  on,'  from 
late  MidHG.  smorotzen,  'to  beg,  be  sordid, 
spunge  on.'  On  account  of  the  narrow 
area  and  the  late  appearance  of  the  word, 
its  history  and  origin  are  obscure. 

gd)marre,  f.,  '  slash,  scar,'  ModHG. 
only;  corresponding  to  LG.  smarre;  un- 
known to  the  OTeut.  languages  ;  only  in 
MidHG.  does  a  cognate  smurre,  f.,  '  cut, 
stroke,'  occur.     Of  obscure  origin. 

fdjmafjcrt,  vb.,  '  to  smack  the  lips  in 
eating,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  smutzen, 
which  also  means  '  to  kiss  with  a  smack.' 
The  MidHG.  word  comes  from  an  older 
equiv.  variant  smackezen,  a  derivative  of 
MidHG.  smacken,  '  to  taste,  savour.' 

£5d>tttaud),  m.,  '  thick  smoke,'  from 
MidHG.  smouch,  'smoke,  vapour'  (AS. 
smSS).  Allied  to  a  Tent,  root  smUlc  (pre- 
Teut.  smUg),  'to  smoke';  comp.  AS. 
smedcan,  smdeian,  and  the  equiv.  E.  to 
smoke,  Du.  smnken,  '  to  smoke,'  smook, 
'smoke'  ;  also  LG.  smoken.  Perhaps  Gr. 
o-pi>x<»  (Aor.  (-o-fivy-qv),  '  to  consume  in  a 
smouldering  fire,'  is  allied. 

£>d)mcuto,  m.,  'feast,  banquet';  its 
history  and  origin  are  obscure.  Yet  Du. 
smullen,  'to  eat  or  drink  immoderately, 
carouse,'  smuisteren,  '  to  feast,'  Du.  and 
LG.  smudderen,  smodderen,  '  to  feast,'  are 
probably  cognate.  The  word  is  unknown 
to  the  OTeut  period. 

fcftmccRert,  vb., '  to  taste,  savour,  relish,' 
from  MidHG.  smecken,  smacken, '  to  try  by 
tasting;  savour,  smell,  scent;  perceive'; 
the  meaning  'to  smell'  is  still  partly  re- 
tained by  Alem.  and  Bav.  OHG.  smecchen, 
only 'tota8te'(trans.  andintrans.),  smacchSn, 
'  to  smack  of/  Comp.  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
smac,  m., '  taste,'  Du.  smaak,  AS.  smmc  (cc), 
'  taste,'  smeScan,  '  to  taste,'  E.  smack,  vb. 
and  subst.  In  OIc.  and  Goth,  there  are 
no  corresponding  vbs.  from  the  Teut.  root 


Sch 


(    3'5 


Sch 


smak  (pre-Teut.  smug),  with  which  Lith. 
smagils,1  agreeable,'  lit.  'pliant,'  lias  wrongly 
been  connected  as  cognate  terms. 

§d)tneer,  m., '  f;it,  grease,  smear,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  smer  (gen.  smerwes), 
OHG.  smero  (gen.  smerwes),  n.  ;  comp. 
fcfymieten.  From  the  root  smer,  contained 
in  these  words,  are  derived  Goth.*smair-J>r, 
n.,  '  fat,  fatness,'  Du.  smeer,  '  fat,  grease, 
tallow,'  AS.  smeoro,  E.  smear,  OIc.  smjpr, 
'butter';  also,  with  a  different  meaning, 
Goth,  smarua,  'dirt,  excrement'  (comp. 
its  relation  to  <2cfymcet  and  fdjmteren),  and, 
in  a  figurative  sense,  OHG.  and  AS.  bismer, 
'contumely.'  In  the  non-Teut.  languages 
the  word  has  been  compared,  probably 
without  any  justification,  with  Gr.  jivp<o, 
'  to  trickle.'  pvpov,  *  salve.' 

fd)mcid)Cttt,  vb.,'  to  cares?,  coax,  flatter,' 
from  MidHG.  smeicheln,smeichen, '  to  flatter, 
praise,  extol '  ;  OHG.  *smeihhen  is  want- 
ing ;  comp.  MidLG.  smeken,  Du.  smeeken, 
'to  implore'  (conversely,  Du.  vleijen  sig- 
nifies '  to  flatter').  These  cognates,  which 
have  no  corresponding  terms  in  other  lan- 
guages, probably  belong,  like  the  words 
adduced  under  ©djutinfe,  to  a  Teat,  and 
Aryan  root  smf-w,  '  to  be  insinuating, 
friend  \y,'  to  which  MidHG.  smieren,  smielen, 
'to  smile'  (comp.  ©peicfyel  from  the  root 
splw,  'to  spit'),  is  allied.  In  that  case  E. 
to  smile,  Sans,  smera-s,  'smiling,'  Sans,  root 
smi,  '  to  laugh,'  Lett,  smet,  '  to  laugh,'  and 
OSlov.  smlja,  smijati  sg, '  to  laugh,'  are  pro- 
bably allied.  If  from  its  relation  to  HG. 
abitt  and  E.  glad  it  is  assumed  that  the 
prim,  meaning  of  the  root  smi-w  is  '  to  be 
smooth,'  the  root  smt  (see  ©djrnteb),  '  to 
work  artistically'  (lit.  'to  do  polished 
work'),  may  be  regarded  as  cognate  with 
the  former ;  similarly  OHG.  gi-slihtea 
signifies  '  to  smooth  over,  polish,'  and  '  to 
flatter.' 

fc^mct^cn,  vb.,  'to  smite,  fling,  kick 
(of  horses),'  from  MidHG.  smlyn,  'to  rub, 
strike ' ;  the  latter  meanings  are  the  earlier, 
as  is  shown  by  Goth,  smeitan  (only  in  ga- 
smeitan  and  bi-smeitan),  '  to  spread  over, 
besmear' ;  comp.  AS.  smitan,  E.  to  smite. 
The  meaning  of  ModHG.  fdNneijjen,  com- 
pared with  tliat  of  OHG.  and  MidHG.,  is 
due  to  LG.  and  Du.  influence  ;  comp.  Du. 
smijten,  'to  fling,  throw.'  Yet  it  is  to  be 
observed  that  the' OHG.  and  MidHG.  vbs. 
are  compounded  usually  with  hi,  or  rather 
be  (as  in  Goth,  and  AS.),  hence  the  OTeut. 
root  smlt  probably  signifies  '  to  throw  at.' 


The  corresponding  ModHG.  vb.  fdjtncipeit, 
'  cacare '  (MidHG.  smeizen,  '  cacare '),  is  a 
factitive  of  sml^en.     See  f<^mi|en. 

fd)mcX&etl,  vl>., '  to  melt,  dissolve,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  smeizen,  OHG.  smelzan; 
also  as  factitive  ModHG.  fduneljen,  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  smeizen,  '  to  smelt,  liquefy '  ; 
comp.  E.  to  smelt.  The  pre-Teut.  root 
smeld,  contained  in  these  words  and  in  the 
allied  term  (Scf/maf^,  is  cognate  with  the 
root  meld  (see  2Kal$),  and  Gr.  pcXSo,  'to 
melt.'  From  the  Teut.  cognates  the  Rom. 
terms,  I  tail,  smalto  and  Fr.  ernail, '  enamel,' 
are  usually  derived. 

gdbmcrgct,  m.,  'emery,' early  ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  Ital.  smeiiglio. 

§<i)tncti,  m.,  Sc&merlin,  'merlin,' 
from  MidHG.  smirl,  m.,  smirlin,  '  moun- 
tain falcon,'  OHG.  smirl,  m.,  OIc.  smyrell ; 
loan-words  from  Rom. ;  comp.  Ital.  smerlo, 
smeriglione,  Fr.  emerillon,  'stone-falcon'; 
E.  merlin  comes  from  Fr.  The  Rom.  name 
of  the  bird  is  usually  derived  from  Lat. 
merula,  ' blackbird ' ;  "it  is  said  that  the 
Lat.  word  is  applied  to  a  bird  similar  to 
the  blackbird." 

§d)metle,  f.,  'loach,'  from  MidHG. 
smerl,  smerle,  f.,  '  loach,  groundling ' ;  Mid 
HG.  also  smerlinc,  m.,  and  sm'erltn,  n.  ; 
of  obscure  origin. 

g>djmer3,  m.,  'pain,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  smerz,  m.,  OHG.  smerzo,  xn.,smerza, 
f.  ;  allied  to  OHG.  smerzan,  vb.,  MidHG. 
smerzen,  '  to  smart,  pain,'  AS.  smeortan, 
'  to  pain,  smart,'  E.  smart,  vb.  and  subst. 
MidE.  smerte,  E.  smart,  adj.,  make  it  pro- 
bable that  the  cognates  are  related  to  Lat. 
mordSre,  '  to  bite,'  Gr.  <rpep8v6s,  oyifpSaXtor, 
'  horrible ' ;  the  Aryan  root  smcrd,  Teut. 
smert,  signifies  perhaps  'to  6tick,  bite.' 
Comp.  bitter. 

gicrjmdtctt,  see  Sd)utaiit. 

£d>mef ferlmg,  m.,  '  butterfly,'  Mod 
HG.  only;  in  the  earlier  periods  a  term 
closely  connected  with  ModHG.  Salter  (3wet- 
faltcr)  is  used.  In  most  of  the  ModHG.  dials, 
this  literary  term  is  also  wanting  ;  in  Bav. 
miillermaler  (so  too  in  the  Fulda  dial.)  or 
sommervogel,  Suab.  baufalter  or  weifalter. 
In  other  dials,  occur  SKtlcfybtfb,  SWolfenbicb 
(Westph.  also  mofkentovener,  smantlecker), 
LG.  SButtcrvca,fl  or  Sttttfrfliffle  (AS.  butor- 
fle6ge,  E.  butterfly),  which  may  perhaps  ex- 
plain ModHG.  ©djmcttcvliita,.  The  latter 
term  is  probably  derived  from  McdHG. 
(Sdjmettnt,  'ere  an,'  which,  like  ©dnttftttr- 
lincj,  is  native  to  the  eastern  part  of  Middle 


Sch 


(    3'6    ) 


Sch 


Germany  (see  ©ctymant).  Comp.  further 
Du.  vlinder. 

fd)mcf fern,  vb.,  '  to  hurl,  smash,  bray 
(of  trumpets),  peal  (of  thunder),'  MidHG. 
smetern,  'to  clatter,'  an  onomatopoetic 
word. 

Scfjmteo,  m.,  'smith,'  from  MidHG. 
smit,  OHG.  smid,  m.,  •  worker  in  metal.' 
Goth,  aiza-smipa,  '  smith,'  lit  '  worker  in 
brass,'  and  ga-smij?&n-,  '  to  work  (do  smith's 
work),'  show  tliat  the  HG.  meaning  is  spe- 
cialisation of  the  signification' faber,  worker 
in  art' ;  OIc.  *niio>,  m.,  '  worker  in  metal 
or  wood  ;  comp.  AS.  smijx,  E.  smith,  Du. 
smid.  ModHG.  §d)mtCOC,  t,  based  on 
<2d)mieb,  is  derived  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  smitte,  OHG.  smitta,  f.,  'smithy.' 
which  again  comes  from  Goth.  *smi/?jo  (frj 
became  JjJjj  in  West  Tent.,  and  the  />/>  was 
permutated  to  tt  in  HG.  ;  comp.  Stftid})  ; 
comp.  OIc.  smtiSja,  AS.  smipj>e,  f.,  E. 
smithy,  and  the  equiv.  Du.  smisse.  With 
the  root  sml,  'to  work  artistically  in  hard 
material — wood,  brass,'  preserved  in  Goth. 
*smi-}>a,  m.,  are  connected  OHG.  smeidar, 
'  artist,  artifex  daeilalu*,'  and  the  words  dis- 
cussed under  ©efd)meibe.  Comp.  also  Gr. 
cr/itX?;, '  graving  tool,'  o-fii-vvr},  '  hoe.'  For 
its  supposed  connection  with  other  terms 
see  under  fa)meid)etn. 

fd)mtcgctt,  vb.,  '  to  wind,  incline  ; 
(refl.)  twine,  nestle,'  from  MidHG.  smiegen 
(OHG.  *$miogan  is  by  chance  not  recorded), 
'to  cling  close  to,  contract,  stoop';  comp. 
AS.  smilgan,  'to  creep,'  OIc.  smjuga,  *  to 
creep  through  something' ;  the  prim,  idea 
of  these  cognates,  which  do  not  occur  else- 
where in  Teut.,  is  '  to  press  closely  to  any- 
thing and  to  be  swayed  by  its  movements.' 
Teut.  root  smUg,  from  pre-Teut.  smuk  ; 
comp.  OSlov.  smykati  se,  '  to  creep,'  Lith. 
smukti,  '  to  slide.'  See  fdjtnucfen  and  fd)mcj- 
geln. 

|>d)mtele,  f., '  hair-grass,  bulrush,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  smilehe,  smelehe,  f.  ; 
OHG.  *smelaha,  smilaha,  or  rather  sm'e- 
lawa,  smilawa,  and  Goth.  *smilhwi,  f.,  are 
wanting  ;  allied  to  MidHG.  smelhe,  adj., 
'  narrow.' 

gcfcmtcrcUtert,  plur., '  bribes,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  like  £appalten  (trifles),  with  a 
foreign  suffix  from  a  G.  stem  ;  comp.  also 
©djimilitat.  Allied  to  fdjmteren,  MidHG. 
smirn,  smirwen,  '  to  smear,  salvo,  bribe,' 
OHG.  smirwen,  a  denominative  of  <2d)mccr. 

Scftminhc,  f.,  'paint  (for  the  face), 
rouge,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sminke, 


smicke,  f.,  allied  to  OHG.  smicch'ir,  mihkar, 
adj.,  '  fine,  pretty,'  AS.  smicere,  '  fine, 
pretty.'  These  are  connected  with  fctymci- 
djeltt  (root  smaikwl).  Comp.  Dan.  mature, 
Swed.  smickra,  'to  flatter,'  E.  to  smicker, 
'  to  ogle.' 

25d)tnt(3,  m.,  'blow,  stroke,  trick,'  Hod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  MidHG.  smiz,  'spot' 
(smheyi,  '  to  strike :). 

fcijmif^cit,  vb., 'to  lash,  whip,' from  Mid 
IIG.  smitzen,  '  to  beat  with  rods,  scourge, 
besmear.'  To  this  is  allied  ModHG.  »ei- 
fctnni^t,  'wily,  cunning,'  lit.  'beaten  away.' 

gegmofcer,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  prop. 
'  smoker,'  then  '  book  strongly  scenting 
of  tobacco '  ;  allied  to  LG.  smoken ;  see 
©cfomaud). 

fchmollen,  vb.,  'to  pout,  be  sulky,' 
from  MidHG.  smollen,  'to  be  silent  from 
vexation,  pout.'  also  'to  smile';  a  late 
form  of  MidHG.  smielen,  'to  smile';  see 
fcfymeicfielit. 

^JdjmoIIis.  m.,  'good-fellowship, frater- 
nisation,' ModHG,  only  ;  its  history  is  ob- 
scure, yet  it  seems  to  be  connected  with 
Du.  smullen,  '  to  feast,  gormandise '  (see 
©dmtauS),  smul,  '  feast,  good  cheer.' 

fd)morett,  vb.,  'to  swelter,  stew,  fry,' 
ModHG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  and  Du. 
smoren,  '  to  roast,  stew,'  also  '  to  stifle, 
fume'  ;  comp.  AS.  smorian,  'to  stifle.' 
Those  who  regard  '  to  roast,  stew,'  as  the 
prim,  meaning  of  the  cognates  may  trace 
AS.  smorian  to  Goth,  smuzdn,  and  explain 
ModHG.  <Sdnnaus3  from  some  such  orr_'. 
sense  as  'cook-shop.'  Yet  AS.  and  MidE. 
smor^er,' steam,'  E.  smother,  probablypoints 
to  a  root  with  a  final  r. 

Scbuutdl,  m., '  adornment,  finery,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  in  MidHG.  gesmuc,  'adornment, 
embellishment,'  allied  to  fdjmutfen,  MidHG. 
smikken, '  to  wind,  press  close,  dress,  adorn.' 
The  Teut.  root  smug  (pre-Teut.  smuk)  in 
fdjmtfgen,  of  which  fdjmiirfen  is  an  intensive 
form,  wasf  requently  used  orig.  to  form  words 
signifying  '  to  dress,'  and  is  also  found  in 
the  name  of  a  sort  of  under-garment  or 
shirt,  OHG.  smoccho,  AS.  smocc  (comp.  E. 
smock).  The  adj.  fdjmutf,  '  tidy,  smart,' 
ModHG.  only,  is  derived  from  LG.  (comp. 
North  Fris.  smok),  whence  also  E.  smug  (or 
from  Dan.  smuk). 

fdfinuQQeln,  vb.,  'to  smuggle,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  LG. 
smuggeln;  comp.  Du.  smoklceln,  E.  to  smuggle 
(borrowed  from  the  same  source?).  The 
orig.  word  is  connected  with  the  root  smug, 


Sch 


(    3i7    ) 


Sch 


'to  wind,'  to  which  the  secondary  sense  of 
'  secrecy '  may  belong  ;  comp.  Du.  smuigen, 
1  to  enjoy  oneself  secretly.' 

fd)mim3eln,  vb.,  'to  smile  good- 
naturedly,  simper,'  frequentative  of  Mid 
HG.  smutzen,  smotzen,  *  to  smirk,  smile 
good-naturedly,'  to  which  MidHG.  smiths, 
ModHG.  (dial.)  ©djmuk,  'kiss,'  is  also  pro- 
bably allied.  It  is  perhaps  connected  with 
©djntak,  fd^mafcoi  (from  MidHG.  smackezen). 

§d)mtts,  in.,  'talk,  chaffering,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  from  Hebr.  schSrrvA6lhy  *  news,, 
tales' ;  hence  Du.  smousen,  'to  chaffer'?. 

§d)mutft,  m.,  'dirt,  filth,'  from  the 
eqniv.  MidHG.  smuz  (-tzes),  m.,  allied  to 
MidHG.  smotzen, '  to  be  dirty' ;  also  to  Du. 
smet,  'spot,  dirt,'  smetten,  'to  get  stained,' 
smodderen,  '  to  soil,'  E.  smut,  vb.  and  subst., 
MidE.  bismitten,  bismoteren,  bismudden,  '  to 
stain,  soil.'  It  is  uncertain  whether  these 
words  are  late  graded  forms  of  MidHG. 
smitzen,  'to  rub  over.' 

£»djnabel,  m.,  '  beak,  bill,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  snabel,  m.,  OHG.  snabul, 
m.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  snavel,  'beak, 
trunk '  (of  an  elephant),  sneb, '  beak,'  OFris. 
snavel,  '  mouth.'  To  these,  from  the  rela- 
tion of  2)?a(g  to  fdjmcfjen  (Aryan  root  meld, 
smeld),  the  following  are  also  allied — Du. 
neb,  f.,  '  beak,'  E.  nib,  AS.  nebb, '  beak,  face,' 
OIc.  nef,  n.,  'nose' (as  well  as  snafftr,  'sharp- 
scented  ').  From  Tent,  are  derived  the 
cognates  of  Ital.  niffo, '  snout,  trunk.'  Tent. 
snabja-,  snabala-  (from  an  Aryan  root  s»apy 
nap),  agrees  with  Lith.  sndpas,  '  beak. 
Comp.  fcfyitaWen,  ©djncpfe,  and  ©cfyitcW^ 

gdjnadt,  m.,  'chit-chat,  talk,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  MidG.,  LG.,  and  Du. 
snakken,  'to  chatter,  babble';  to  this  is 
allied  ModHG.  @d)nafe,  '  merry  tale,'  from 
LG.,  also '  merry  fellow.'  Comp.  Du.  snaak, 
'  buffoon.' 

gdjnctfte,  f.,  'jjnat,  midge,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sndke,  m.  and  f.;  the  sounds 
point  to  OHG.  *sndko  (from  the  base 
*sndggo;  comp.  §afcit,  from  the  hase*hdggo). 
The  prop.  LG.  schnake,  f.,  '  water-snake,' 
is  different  from  this  word,  and  corresponds 
to  E.  snake,  AS.  snacu, '  snake,'  OIc.  sndkr, 
snOkr,  '  snake'  (Swed.  snok, '  water-snake '). 

£><f)naUe,  f.,  'buckle,  clasp,'  from  Mid 
HG.  snalle,  f., '  buckle,'  shoe-buckle,'  allied 
1o  MidHG.  snal,  m.,  'quick  movement' 
(for  the  proper  term  for  buckle  see  SRinfen). 
Hence  the  word  is  probably  named  from 
the  rapid  movement  of  the  spring.  See 
the  following  word  and  fcfnicd. 


fc^nttljen,  vb.,  '  to  smack,  snap,  crack,' 
from  MidHG.  snalzen,  intensive  of  MidHG. 
snallen,  '  to  move  with  a  noise  peculiar  to 
the  rapid  movement  of  the  fingers  or  the 
tongue ' ;  allied  to  ©dutaflf. 

fd)ttappen,  vb.,  '  to  snap,  snatch,'  from 
MidHG.  (MidG.) snappen,  'to snap, chatter.' 
The  latter,  like  Du.  snappen  (E.  to  snap), 
is  an  intensive  of  MidHG.  snaben, '  to  snap,, 
snort';  allied  to  the  root  snab  contained 
in  <2d)nabe(. — ModHG.  fdjttawm  (dial.),' to 
limp,'  MidHG.  snappen,  4to  stumble,'  is 
etymologically  distinct  from  this  verb. 

gd)ttappftal)n,m., 'highwayman,' from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  snaphan ;  yet  it 
seems  that  the  word  signified  orig.  a  sort 
of  musket,,  although  this  meaning  is  first 
recorded  at  the  end  of  the  17th  cent.,  and 
hence  is  later  than  '•mounted  highway- 
man,1 which  occurs  even  in  the  15th  cent. ; 
the  signification  '  musket '  was  afterwards 
transferred  to  the  man  armed  with  such 
a  weapon.  Comp.  Du.  snaphmn,  '  gun, 
musket,  bandit.' 

§<f)Xiaps,  m.,  '  dram,  glass  of  gin  or 
brandy,  liquor,'  from  the  equiv.  LG.  snapps, 
which  means  lit.  'draught,  mouthful,'  and 
is  connected  with  fdntajtyen. 

fd)nard)ert,  vb.,  Ho  snore,  snort,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  snarchen,  snarcheln ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  snarren,  '  to  rattle,  crash,' 
like  I)or^ett  to  Ijorcn.  Comp.  Du.  snorke», 
'to  snore,  chatter,  boast';  also  MidE. 
snwr-Un,  '  to  snore,'  with  a  different  inten- 
sive suffix,  E.  to  snort  (comp.  MidHG. 
snar-z,  '  twittering  of  the  swallow,'  also  an 
abusive  epithet),  and  without  a  suffix  MidE. 
snorin  (AS.  *snorian),  E.  to  snore.  From 
the  root  snar  numerous  terms  have  been 
formed  in  imitation  of  sound  (see  also 
fdntavrm  and  fcfytuirren) ;  comp.  Du.  snorren, 
'to  hum,  whiz,  chirp,'  E.  to  snarl,  ami 
snurls,  '  nostrils,' and  in  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages perhaps  Lith.  s»a>glus,  '  snot.' 

fd)ttarrcn,  vb.,  '  to  rattle,  drone,'  from 
Mid  II G.  snarren,  '  to  rattle,  crash,  chatter ' ; 
see  the  preceding  word. — To  this  is  allied 
Sdjnarre,  'landrail,'  ModHG.  only,  in 
MidHG.  snarz,  '  landrail.' 

fchiuil lorn,  vb., *cackle,gabble,chatter,' 
from  MidHG.  snateren,  'to  cackle,  croak 
(of  frogs),  clatter  (of  storks),  chatter' ;  comp. 
Du.  snater,  '  beak,'  snateren,  '  to  chatter, 
boast.'     The  stem  is  not  found  elsewhere. 

fdina ubon.  vb.,  '  to  snort,'  from  Mid 
HG.  (MidG.)  mdben,  'to  snore';  comp. 
Du.  snuiven,  '  to  snort.'    From  the  corre- 


Sch 


(    318    ) 


Sch 


eponding  Du.  sntiven  is  usually  derived 
ModHG.  fdntaufeii,  which,  however,  may 
come  from  Mid  1 1G.  sntifen,  '  to  snuff.'  The 
Tent,  root  is  snxipp,  snlif,  snUb.  Comp. 
Sdjnutfftt. 

£>d)tuutc,  f.,  'snow'  (vessel),  from  the 
equiv.  LG.  snau,  Du.  snaauw,  whence  also 
E.  snow,  Fr.  senate ;  "orig.  a  sh".p  with  a 
beak,  from  LG.  snau, '  beak.' "  lret  comp. 
also  OHG.  snacga,  '  navis  rostrata '  ?. 

Scbvuui^c,  '•>  'snout,  muzzle,  nozzle,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  an  imitation  of  LG.  sn&te, 
Du.  snuit,  *  snout,'  though  wrongly  influ- 
enced in  its  dental  sound  perhaps  by  Mid 
HG.  sniutzen,  ModHG.  fdjneujen  ;  comp.  E. 
snout  and  the  equiv.  MidE.  snoute.  The 
form  with  a  correctly  perinutated  MidHG. 
^,  equiv.  to  ModHG.  sz,  is  preserved  in 
ModHG.  (dial.)  fdjnaupen,  '  to  snarl,  junket, 
suck.'     For  further  remarks  see  fcfyueitjcn. 

g>d)nodto,  f.,  '  snail,  slug,  spiral  stair- 
case,' from  MidHG.  snecke,  m.,  'snail,  tor- 
toise, spiral  staircase,'  OHG.  snecko,  m., 
'  snail ' ;  corresponding  to  LG.  snigge  (Goth. 
*snigga,  m.,  is  wanting).  Goth.  *snagils  is 
implied  by  MidHG.  snegel.  ModHG.  (Hess.) 
Sdjntijfl, '  snail,'  LG.  snagel,  AS.  sucegel,  E. 
sna>l.     Comp.  further  OIc.  snigell,  ' snail.' 

£»d)itoc.  m.,  '  snow,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sue",  OHG.  snio,  m. ;  a  common 
Teut  term  which  may  be  traced  back  to 
OAryan  ;  this  is  all  the  more  remarkable, 
6ince  no  words  common  to  the  Aryan  group 
can  be  adduced  for '  hail '  and  '  rain.'  Goth. 
snaiics,  OIc.  sndir,  AS.  sndw,  E.  snow,  Dm. 
sneeuw.  The  common  Teut.  snaiwa-z,  m., 
'snow,'  from  an  earlier  snoigicd-s  (prior  to 
the  OHG.  permutation  snoighwds)  corre- 
sponds to  OSlov.  snegu,  Lith.  sn'egas, 
'  snow ' ;  allied  to  the  Teut.  root  snlw,  from 
pre-Tent.  snigh,  preserved  in  ModHG. 
fd)n«ien  MidHG.  snien,  OHG.  sniican.  To 
this  corresponds  Lat  ninguere,  '10  snow,' 
and  nix  (nivis), '  snow,'  Gr.  vitrei,  '  it  snows ' 
($  equiv.  to  g'iw\  ace.  vl<f>a,  'snow'  (all 
these  have  lost  an  initial  s  before  n)  ;  Lith. 
snigti, '  to  snow,'  Olr.  snechta,  'snow,'  Zend 
sniz,  '  to  snow.'  The  Sans,  root  snih,  '  to 
become  damp,  melt  away,'  is  divergent  in 
meaning ;  it  must  also  be  noted  that  the 
term  for  '  snow '  differs  in  most  of  the 
Aryan  dials.  (Zend  vafra,  'snow').  Tims 
we  have  a  West  Aryan  and  Pers.  (but  not 
an  Ind.  and  Armen.)  verbal  root  snfyh,  '  to 
snow ' ;  the  term  '  snow '  is  of  more  recent 
ori«in.     See  5Bint«r. 

£d) ncibc,  f., '  (cutting)  edge, snare,  gin,' 


from  MidHG.  snide,  f.,  'edge  of  a  sword  or 
a  knife' ;  allied  to  fdntfiben,  from  MidHG. 
sntden,  OHG.  snidan,  '  to  cut,  carve,  make 
(clothes) ' ;  comp.  Goth.  sneij>ant  '  to  cut, 
reap,'  OIc.  stiitSa,  AS.  snlfran  (obsolete  at 
the  beginning  of  the  MidE.  period),  Du. 
snijden,  OSax.  sntthan,  A  common  Teut. 
vb.  from  the  root  snff>  (mid), '  to  cut,'  which 
has  no  correspondences  in  the  other  Aryan 
languages.  See  fdjnifccii. — gcrjtteiber,  m., 
'cutter,  tailor,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
snidcere,  m.,  is  connected  with  the  meaning 
of  MidHG.  sntden. 

fdjneten,  see  <£d)itee. 

Schttctfe,  f.,  'path  hewn  through  a 
wood,'  in  this  sense  a  MidG.  and  LG.  word, 
in  MidHG.  sneite;  both  are  derived  from 
fd»teit>eit.  The  word  also  signifies  '  noose, 
snare.' 

fcfcnetfefn,  fcfinctbcln,  vb.,  'to  lop, 
prune,'  from  late  MidHG.  sneiteln  (also 
sneiten),  '  to  strip  off  the  branches.'  Allied 
to  fdjneiDen. 

fd^ncll,  adj.,  'quick,  speedy,  hasty,' 
from  MidHG.  snel  (11),  adj., '  quick,  nimble, 
brave,'  OHG.  snel  (11) ;  comp.  OSax.  and 
AS.  snel  (11),  '  fresh,  energetic,  courageous,' 
Scotch  sndl,  '  bitter '  (comp.  E.  keen  in  the 
same  sense,  ModHG.  fufjn),  Du.  snel,  OIc. 
snjallr,  '  eloquent,  capable,  brave.'  The 
earlier  meaning  (comp.  the  ModHG.),  was 
much  more  general,  equiv.  perhaps  to  '  cap- 
able ' ;  comp.  tali.  This  common  Teut. 
adj.,  unknown  only  to  Goth.,  passed  into 
Rom.  ;  comp.  the  cognates  of  Ital.  snello, 
'quick,  lively.'  The  origin  of  the  Teut. 
adj.  is  obscure. — Comp.  @d)nal(e.  ModHG. 
fd)nellen,  vb.,  '  to  jerk,  toss,'  from  Mid 
HG.  Snellen  (pret.  snalte), '  to  send  off  with 
a  jerk  ;  move  on  rapidly.' 

§d)ttepfe,  f.,  '  snipe,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  snepfe,  m.,  OHG.  snepfo,  m.,  snepfa, 
f.  ;  comp.  Du.  snep,  MidE.  snipe,  E.  snipe, 
from  the  root  snlpp.  Also  AS.  suite,  E. 
suite  t  The  HG.  word  passed  as  sgneppa 
into  the  Ital.  dials.  The  origin  of  the  cog- 
nates is  obscure. 

§d)neppe,  f.,  '  nozzle,  spout,'  ModHG. 
only,  a  phonetic  rendering  of  the  earlier 
LG.  snebbe.  Comp.  Du.  sneb, '  beak ' ;  hence 
connected  with  (S$nabc(. 

feftnettjen,  vb.,  'to  blow  one's  nose, 
snuff  (a  candle),'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
sniuzen,  OHG.  sn-tizen ;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  snuiten;  OIc.  snyta.  To  this  @d)nauj« 
is  allied.  The  Teut  root  sn&t  appears  as 
snutt  in  MidHG.  snuz,  '  clogging  of  the 


Sch 


(    319    ) 


Sch 


nose,'  Du.  snot,  *  snot '  (snottolf,  '  snotty 
nose '),  AS.  snot  (tt),  E.  snot.  Allied  to  a 
Teut.  root  s»Up,  in  MidHG.  snudel,  snuder, 

*  stoppage  of  the  nose,'  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
srvAdeii,  'to  snort,  snore.' 

fd)tttegeln,  vl>.,  'to  trim  up,  dress 
smartly,'  ModHG.  only,  allied  to  a  dial, 
©dftiiegef,  '  adornment,  finery '  ;  unknown 
to  the  older  dials.     Of  obscure  origin. 

g»d)mppd)Ctt,  n., '  snap' (of  the  fingers), 
ModHG.  only,  allied  to  fdjnipjKH,  MidHG. 
snip/en,  (MidG.)  snippen,  'to  snap.'  Akin 
to  fdjmppeln,  '  to  snip,  chip,'  formed 
from  LG.  ;  comp.  Dn.  snippelen,  '  to  cut  in 
pieces,  mutilate,  E.  snip. —  fcfjntpptfl.  adj., 
'  snappish,'  ModHG.  only,  formed  from  Du. 
snebbuj,  '  flippant,'  which  is  connected  with 
sneb,  '  beak' ;  allied  also  to  MidE.  Siibbin, 
'  to  blame '  ?. 

§d)m{f ,  m.,  'cut, incision, slice,  fashion,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  snit, '  cut,  wound, 
circumcision,  harvest'  ;  allied  to  fd)neiben. 
So  too  «£d)niffe,  f.,  '  cut,  slice,  chop,'  from 
MidHG.  suite,  OHG.  snita,  f.,  'slice  of 
bread,  morsel.' — gchntfflcutd),  m.,  'chive,' 
from  MidHG. suitilouch,  OHG.  snitilouh,  lit. 

•  leek  for  cutting.' — fchlttf  JCtt,  vb., '  to  cut, 
carve,  chip,'  MidHG.  snitzen,  intensive  of 
fcfyitetben, '  to  cut  in  pieces,  carve.'— §<^nif- 
fler,  m., '  blunder,'  aided  to  jt<$fd)iteibeii,  '  to 
deceive  oneself  1  or  to  <Sd)nijsd,  '  trifle '  ?. 

fd)Xlobetx,  vb.,  'to  snuff,  pant,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  fdntauben  ;  so  too 
fdntobmi,  'to sniff.' 

f<f)tl<5bc,  adj  , 'worthless,  base, vile,  inso- 
lent,' from  MidHG.  sncede,  adj.,  'contemp- 
tible, poor,  pitiable,  trifling,  bad,  arrogant, 
ruthless' ;  in  MidHG.  the  passive  sense  pre- 
ponderates, so  too  in  Luther.  From  the 
17th  cent,  the  modern  active  signification 
'contemptuous'  appears.  OHG  *sn6di  is 
not  recorded  ;  comp.  Du.  snood,  '  ba-e, 
malicious';  OIc.  snaufir,  'poor,  needy,' 
sney<Sa,  'to  rob,'  AS.  besnyjjian,  'to  rob.' 
Akin  to  OIc.  snoftenn,  'thin-haired';  this 
meaning  also  belongs  to  MidHG.  sncede, 
which  is  therefore  identical  in  form  with 
MidHG.  besnoten,  ModHG.  (dial.)  fcefcfynotteit, 
'close,  sparing.'  The  pre-Teut.  root  snaut, 
snilt,  appearing  in  these  cognates,  probably 
meant  orig.  'needy';  it  is  scarcely  con- 
nected perhaps  with  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
sudden  (see  fcpiifiijtn),  '  to  mock,  scorn.' 

Sd)n8rfecl,  m.,  'spiral,  scroll,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  probably  akin  to  OHG.  snarha, 
snaraha,  f.,  f  noose '  ?. 

§d)mtdic,  f.,  '  sheep  with  a  short  tail,' 


ModHG.  only,  formed  from  the  equiv. 
LG.  snucke. 

fdjnuffeltt,  vb.,  '  to  sniff,  smell,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  and  Du.  snuf- 
ftlen,  '  to  smell,'  allied  to  Du.  snuf,  'scent- 
ing '  ;  comp.  E.  to  snuff,  sniff,  to  snivel 
(also  the  subst.  snivel,  AS.  snofl)  ;  see  the 
following  word. 

§d)nupfen,  m.,  'cold  (in  the  head), 
rheum,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  snUpfe, 
m.  and  f.  The  Teut.  root  snUpp  contained 
in  these  words,  with  which  @d)nuppe  and 
OIc.  snoppa,  f.,  'snout,'  are  connected,  is 
identical  with  the  Teut.  root  snuf  (snub) 
in  fdniaubtn  and  fdjnuffclti.  It  may  be  also 
allied  to  the  Aryan  roots  swUp  and  snUt 
(in  fdjiteujen). 

§djttuppc,  f.,  'candle-snuff,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  LG.  snuppe,  lit.  batf 
2d)ueujeu,  'blowing  one's  nose,'  fdjtuujm 
being  also  used  of  'snuffing  a  candle';  comp. 
Du.  snuiten,  '  to  blow  one's  nose,  snuff  a 
candle,'  E.  snuff. 

g»d)ltur  (1.),  f., '  string,  cord,  line,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  siiuor,  f.,  'string,  bond, 
rope ' ;  comp.  Goth,  sndrjd,  f.,  '  basket, 
basket-work/  OIc.  sncere,  '  twisted  cord,' 
Du.  snoer,  'string';  allied  to  the  Aryan 
root  sn6,  snS,  'to  plait'  (comp.  ndfyen),  with 
which  AS.  snS-d,  '  fillet,'  as  well  as  Olr. 
snath,  'thread,' is  connected. 

§d)UUr  (2),  f.  (mostly  obsolete  in  the 
dials.,  e.g.,  Swiss  and  Bav.),  'daughter-in- 
law,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  snur  (snuor^, 
OHG.  snura  (snora),  f. ;  with  this  is  con- 
nected the  equiv.  derivative  MidHG. 
sniirche  (OHG.  *snurihha).  Correspond- 
ing to  MidLG.  snore,  AS.  snoru,  MidE. 
snore  (obsolete  in  E.),  OFris.  snore,  OIc. 
snor,  snor,  *  daughter-in-law '  (Goth.  *snuz&, 
(.,  is  by  chance  not  recorded).  A.  common 
Aryan  term  for 'daughter-in-law' (comp. 
also  other  terms  common  to  Aryan  for 
degrees  of  relationship,  such  as  <S>ol)n, 
Hotter,  &c),  in  the  Aryan  form  snusa 
(Sans,  snuid,  OSlov.  snucha),  an  I  Aryan 
siiusiis,  in  Lat.  nurus  (for  snnsus),  Gr.  wos 
(for  *aw(rvs).  Aryan  snusa,  'son's  wife,' 
lias  been  regarded  as  a  derivative  of  Aryan 
sUnfi-,  'son,'  on  account  of  ©ttyncrin,  the 
Suab.  term  for  Sdniur. 

fdjmtrren,  vb.,  'to  hum,  whiz,  buzz, 
purr '  from  MidHG.  snurren,  '  to  rustle, 
drink  (of  beasts).'  Allied  to  ModHG. 
@d)mirre,  f.,  '  humming-top,  farce,' and  the 
derivative  fdbnitrrig,  'droll';  comp.  OHG. 
snurring,  MidHG.  smirrinc  (also  snurrcere\ 


Sch 


(    320    ) 


Sch 


*  buffoon,  fool' ;  perhaps  9larr,  'fool,'  OHG. 
varro,  is  a  cognate  term.  —  §d)tturrc, 
Schltorrc,  f*,  'snout,  mouth,'  genuine 
UpG.,  though  not  recorded  in  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  ;  lit.  perhaps  *  that  which 
drinks  or  purrs.' 

$d)mue,  f*,  'muzzle*  snout,'  ModHG. 
only*  formed  from  LG.  sn-Atu;  see  (Edniaii^e. 

§d)Obcr,  m.,  'stack,  rick,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schober,  OHG.  scobarr  m.  ;. 
allied,  like  <2cfyaub,  to  fducbeii. 

Sd)Och,  n,  'shock,,  heap,  threescore,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schoe,  m.;  comp. 
OSax.  scok,  'threescore,'  Du.  schok,  'three- 
score.' Orig.  used  perhaps  only  of  sixty- 
sheaves ;  comp.  MidHG.  schocken,  'to  put 
com  in  a  heap,'  schoche, '  rick,'  schoc,  'heap.' 
See  ©ttege. 

fd)0fel,  adj.,  'paltry,'  ModHG,  only,, 
formed  from  Hebr.  sclidfel,  'low.' 

£>d)offe,  m.,  'assessor,  sheriff,  juryman,' 
from  MidHG*  scheffe,  sch$pfe,  scheffen,  m., 
'presiding  judge,  assessor,'  OHG.  sceffin, 
scaffin,  and  sceffino,  with  the  same  sense  ; 
comp  OLG.  scepino,  'assessor,'  Du.  schepen, 
'sheriff.'  The  term  is  not  found  before 
the  time  of  Charlemagne,  who  first  created 
the  office  of  assessor  ;.  yet  the  origin  and 
form  of  the  word  points  to  an  earlier 
period,  although  Goth.  *slcapja  or  *skapeins 
and  the  corresponding  words  in  OIc.  and 
AS.. are  wanting.  Teut.  skapjan  (see  fdjaffen) 
also  signified  'to  arrange*  decree,  decide/ 
hence  ©cfyojff,  lit. '  ordainer '  ?.  From  Tent, 
the  office  and  the  term  applied  to  it  passed 
into  Rom.  as  MidLat*  scabinus ;  comp..  Ital. 
8cabino,  Fr.  echevin. 

<56)OlU  (1.),  f.,  'clod,  floe,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  scholle,  m.,  OHG.  scolla, 
f.,  8collo,  m.  ;  comp.  Du.  schol,  'clod,  floe'; 
prop,  a  partic.  of  the  root  skel,  '  that 
which  is  split,'  and  is  therefore  allied  to 
<2d)alf,  and  with  Goth,  skilja,  'butcher,' 
OIc.  skilja, '  to  divide,  separate ' ;.  also  with 
OSax.  scola,  AS.  s6e6lu  (equiv.  to  E.  slwal). 

gd)0He  (2.),  f.,  'plaice,  sole,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  LQ.;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  schol. 

Sd)5nnrauf,  see  <2d)c((fruut. 

fd)on,  adv.,  'already,  even,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schtin,  schSne,  adv.,  from  schoene,  adj., 
'beautiful';  the  ModHG.  sense  occurs 
very  seldom  in  MidHG.,  and  is  entirely 
unknown  to  the  courtly  poets;  MidHG. 
sch  One,  OHG.  scOno,  'in  a  handsome  man- 
ner,' are  formed  without  the  mutation  of 
(djon  ;  comp.  fajl  from  ft  ft. 


fdjoit,  adj.,  'beautiful,  handsome,  fine,' 
from  MidHG.  schcene,  OHG.  scOni, '  shining, 
bright,  splendid,  beautiful' ;  comp.  OSax. 
skOni,  'shining,  light,  beautiful,' AS.  sl§ne, 
'beautiful,'  E.  sheen.  Orig.  'perceptible, 
worth  seeing,  noteworthy'  (comp.  laut,  lit. 
'  that  which  is  heard ')  ;  a  verbal  adj.  from 
the  Teut  root  skau,  'to  look,'  in  OHG. 
scouwOn  (for  the  formation  of  the  word  see 
rein).  Goth,  has  preserved  only  the  cog- 
nate compounds,  <jv Jjaskaunei,  '  form  of 
God,' and  ibnaskauns,  'of  like  appearance 
with,'  which  imply  a  Qo\h.*skauns, 'form'?. 
At  all  events,  they  show  that  the  modern 
sense  'beautiful'  did  not  orig.  belong  to 
the  word.  With  the  same  root  are  con- 
nected the  words  adduced  under  fenaum 
and  OIc.  skjone, '  dapple-grey  horse,'  skjome, 
'  ray.'     See  fcr/on,  fcf)oncn,  and  espec.  fdjetuen. 

§d)onbctrffpicl*  n.,  'mummery,  car- 
nival play*'  a  corruption  of  MidHG.  scheme- 
bart,.  m.  (also  seheme-houbet),  '  mask,'  con- 
necting the  word  with  the  adj.  [du'ii  ; 
schemebart  is  prop,  'bearded  mask,'  from 
MidHG.  scheme,  m.,  'shadow,  mask.' 

fcfroneit,  vb.,  '  to  take  care  (of),  spare, 
economise,'  from  early  MidHG.  schOncn, 
'to  treat  indulgently,  spare';  comp.  Du. 
schoonen;  a  derivative  of  the  adj.  fdjoii. 
OIc.  skav/nn,, m.,  'shield,'  is  not  allied. 

§d)0.tcr,  m.,  ModHG.  only,  formed 
from  the  equiv.  E.  schooner. 

£>d)00|§,  see  @d)ojj. 

§d)Opf  (I.)*  m.,  'top*  crest,  tuft,'  from 
MidHG.  schopf,  m.,  'hair  on  the  top  of  the 
head,'  OHG.  *scopf,  and  Goth.  *skuppa- 
are  wanting  ;  in  OHG.  and  Goth,  skuft  is 
used,  OIc.  skopt,  '  hair  of  the  head,'  allied 
also  to  OIc.  skupla,  '  old  woman's  hat.' 
In  the  non-Teut.  languages  corresponding 
terms  are  wanting. 

#<i)0pf  (2.),  UpG.  'shed,  stable';   see 

fd)opfe»t,  vb.,  'to  draw  (water,  &c.),' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  schep- 
fen;  comp.  OSax.  skqppian,  Du.  scheppen, 
'  to  draw  (water).'  The  verbal  root  slcap 
does  not  occur  elsewhere  in  this  sense  ; 
the  same  dials,  have  also  corresponding 
noun  derivatives.  Under  <Sd)cffel  a  root 
skap,  'to  contain,'  is  deduced;  with  this 
the  cognates  of  fdiaff.n  are  also  primit. 
allied.     See  @d}cfVeii. 

£>d)6pfcr,  m.,  'creator,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  schepfwre,  OHG.  scepfdri,  allied 
to  MidHG.  scepfen  (scaffan),  'to  create.' 

gchoppe,  m.,  LG.  form  of  <2d}i?jfe. 


Sch 


(    321    ) 


Sch 


gd)Oppett(l.),  m.,' pint,' ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  LG.  sclwpen;  con- 
nected with  MidHG.  schuofe,  f.,  '  scoop '  ?. 

§<f)oppen  (2.),  see  ©djinppen. 

§d)8ps,  m.,  '  wether,  mutton,  simple- 
ton,' an  East  MidG.  and  Bav.  word  (un- 
known to  Hess.,  Ithen.,  and  Francon.), 
from  MidHG.  schope^,  schope^,  m., '  wether, 
mutton' ;  borrowed  in  the  MidHG.  period 
from  Slav.  Comp.  Czech  skopec,  'wether,' 
OSlov.  skopM,  '  eunuch,'  allied  to  skopiti, 
'  to  castrate.' 

§d)Orf,  m., '  scurf,  scab,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  schorf,  OHG.  seorf,  m. ;  corre- 
sponding to  MidDu.  8corf,  ModDu.  schurft, 
AS.  sfyorf,  scurf,  E.  scurf,  Ic.  skurfur, '  scurf, 
scab.'    Comp.  fd)iirfen. 

£»d)0rrtfletn,  m.,  'chimney,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schornstein,  schorstein,  111.  ; 
comp.  Du.  schoorstcen ;  prob.  allied  to  AS. 
sceorian,  '  to  project,'  E.  to  shore,  Du.  schoor, 
'support  brace'?. 

gd)0|jj  (1.),  m.,  '  shoot,  sprout,  sprig/ 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sch.03  (33),  n.r  and 
with  the  same  meaning  even  OHG.  scoj, 
n.,  and  sco^a,  f.  ;  allied  to  the  root  skut, 
'  to  shoot.'  From  the  OHG.  word  with 
the  LG.  dental  is  derived  Fr.  e'cot,  '  stump 
of  a  tree.'  To  this  ModHG.  ©djejjling,  from 
MidHG.  schii'sylinc,  is  allied. 

gcrjojj  (2.),  'tax,  scot,'  from  MidHG. 
(MidG.)  sc/103,  m^  'tax,  rent';  comp.  Du. 
schot,  AS.  steot  (E.  scot),  '  tax,  score.'  The 
great  antiquity  of  the  West  Teut.  cognates 
is  attested  by  the  Rom.  loan-words,  Ital. 
scotto,  '  score,  Fr.  ecot,  '  score.'  The  Teut. 
words  are  formed  from  the  root  skut,  '  to 
shoot,'  which  in  AS.  sceOtan,  '  to  shoot,' 
has  also  the  secondary  meaning,. '  to  contri- 
bute money.' 

$d)Ofj  (3.),  $^OOg,  m.,  'lap,'  from  Mid 
HG.  sc/t6$,  m.,  f.,and  11.,  OHG.  sc6%,  scd^o,  sc6- 

?\a,  m.  ami  f , '  skirt  of  a  garment,  petticoat, 
ap '  (to  this  Lombard,  scoss, '  lap,'  is  allied). 
Comp.  Goth,  skauts,  m.,  '  border,  hem  of  a 
garment,'  OTc.  slcaut,  n.,  'tuft,  corner,  end, 
skirt,'  AS.  sSedt,  'corner,  wedge,  bosom' 
(whence  AS.  s6l)te,  'cloth,'  E.  slieet),  Du. 
sellout;  allied  to  the  root  skut,  *  to  shoot.' 
It  is  uncertain  whether  the  orig.  sense 
waa  a  descending  or  hanging  part  of  the 
dress  or  a  projecting  corner  ot  the  land, 
or  whether,  (as  in  the  similar  cases  of 
ftraufe  and  ©efyren)  the  skirt  was  so  named 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  missile?.  See 
<2d)otc  (2). 
gdjotc,  gcrjauoe,  m., '  simpleton,'  Mod 


HG.    only,  formed   from    Hebr.    sch&e'h, 
'  foolish.' 

5cf)ote  (1.),  f.,  'pod,  cod,  shell,'  from 
MidHG.  schdte,  schotte,  f.,  'pod,  seed-case, 
pericarp';  allied  to  OIc.  skaufter,^  pi., 
'  sheath.'  Connected  with  the  root  sku, '  to 
cover,'  which  is  discussed  under  ©djeuite. 

§d)Ofe  (2.),  f.,  '  sheet'  (of  a  sail),  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du. 
schooten,  AS.  s6edta,  '  pes  veli '  (scedt-ltne, 
'propes'),  E.  sheet.  These  are  identical 
with  HG.  @$og  (3).  The  AS.  word  is 
i  recorded  the  earliest ;  comp.  93eor,  QbU. 
From  LG.  is  also  derived  Ital.  scolta, 
'  cable.' 

fcrjrafftcren,  vb., '  to  hatch  (drawings),' 
ModHG.  only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  Du. 
schrafferen  (Ital.  sgraffiare). 

("crjrcig,  adj.,  '  aslant,  oblique,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  (rare)  schrege  ;  allied 
to  UpG.  ©djracjen,  from  MidHG.  schrage, 
m.,  '  wooden  cross-legs  of  a  table' ;  comp. 
Du.  schraag,  l  aslant,  trestle.'  Probably 
from  an  Aryan  root  skrak,  '  to  be  aslant,' 
which,  with  the  6nal  consonant  modified 
and  nasalised,  appears  as  skrang  in  fd)rdu- 
fcn. 

§d)t'antme,  f.,  'slight  wound  or  scratch,' 
from  MidHG.  schram  (mm),  f.,  'sword, 
wound';  comp.  Du.  schram,  'scratch,' 
OIc.  shdma,  'wound' ;  allied  to  MidHG. 
sc/tramen,  '  to  open,  tear  open,'  schram, 
'  hole.' 

£>d)raitft,  m.,  '  cupboard,  chest,  press,' 
from  MidHG.  schranc  (I),  m.,  'that  which 
shuts  off,  railing,  enclosure,  barrier,  enclos- 
ing, space  shut  off,  cupboard.'  From  the 
meaning  'enclosure,  space  shut  off,'  which 
still  appears  in  the  fern,  form  ©duatiFo, 
the  early  ModHG.  signification  'cupboard ' 
was  developed.  The  corresponding  OHG. 
scrunch,  m.,  'deception,  deceit,'  points  to 
the  vb.  fcfyrdufen,  root  skrank,  '  oblique.' 
The  subst.  does  not  occur  elsewhere ;  in 
Francon.,  Hess.,  and  LG.  <2d)anf  is  used  ; 
in  Swiss  chaSte  or  Safrdti,  Alsat.  spint.  See 
the  following  words. 

gd)  rem  lie,  f.,  'railing,  barrier,  limit,' 
from  MidHG.  schranke,  i'.,  with  the  same 
meanings  as  MidHG.  scliranc,  in.;  see  the 
preceding  word. 

fd)riinftcrt,  vb.,  'to  cross,  entwine,  en- 
close with  a  railing,  limit,'  from  MidHG. 
schrenken,  '  to  lay  aslant,  fence  in,  plait,' 
OHG.  skrenclien,  '  to  lay  aslant,  deceive,' 
MidE.  schrenchen,  '  to  cheat.'  The  root 
implied  is  Teut.  shrank,  Aryan  skrang  (see 


Sch 


(      322       ' 


Sch 


iSdjranf),  which  is  identical  with  the  Aryan 
root  skrak  appearing  in  fcfcrag. 

§d)ratt3,  m.,  'flatterer,  parasite;  slit, 
cleft,'  from  MidHG.  schranz,  in.,  '  hreacb, 
rift,  cleft,  hole,  wound,  slashed  garment, 
an  overdressed  young  man  (witli  slashed 
sleeves,  &c),  fop ' ;  with  the  last  of  these 
varied  meanings  ModHG.  Jpoffcforaiije,  '  flat- 
tering courtier,'  is  connected.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  prim,  meaning  '  rift'  points  to  a 
connection  with  <£d)rtmbt,  so  that  two  roots 
skrant  and  skrand,  have  to  be  assumed  ill 
Teut. 

fd)rappert,  vl>.,  'to  scrape,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  schruppen,  an  intensive 
form  of  Du.  schrapen,  schrabben, '  to  scratch,' 
MidE.  scrapien  (schrapien),  E.  to  scrape, 
OIc.  slcrapa.  From  the  LG.  cognates  OFr. 
escraper,  '  to  scratch  off,'  is  derived.  See 
urther  under  fd)rcpfen  and  fcfyrubfan. 

£>cf)rcuibe,  f.,  'screw,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  schrUbe,  f.  ;  allied  to  Du. 
schroef(E.  screw),  1c.  skrtifa ;  these  terms, 
some  of  which  may  have  been  borrowed, 
and  hence  do  not  correspond  exactly  in 
sound,  are  essentially  ModTeut.  Note 
Suab.  schrauf,  Bav.  schraufen  (compared 
with  Swiss  Str&be).     Origin  obscure. 

£>chrcd»,  m., '  fright,  terror,  scare,'  from 
MidHG.  schrecke,  m.,  allied  to  fcfyrccfen,  vb., 
from  MidHG.  schr'ecken,  OHG.  8<r'ecch&n, 
'to  start  up,  spring  up,  spring,  leap'  ;  the 
early  sense  (comp,  the  evolution  in  mean 
ing  of  jtd)  entfe|cn)  is  preserved  in  the  com- 
pound J&nucbrecfe.  From  this  vb.  comes 
the  causative  schr$cken,  '  to  cause  to  spring 
up,  terrify.'  In  connection  with  the  inten- 
sive form  OHG.  scr'ecchdn,  conip.  further 
OHG.  scricch,  MidHG.  sc/iric(ck),  in., '  start- 
ing up  suddenly,  fright1  ;  Du.  schrikken, 
'  to  frighten,'  Scaud.  skrika, '  to  glide.'  The 
root  is  essentially  HG. 

£»d)ret,  m.,  'cry,  scream,'  from  MidHG. 
schri,  schrei,  OHG.  screi,  in..  '  cry,  call, 
j-hout,'  allied  to  fcforeien,  MidHG.  schrten, 
OHG.  scrtan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  cry  out.'  The 
6tr.  verbal  root  skrf,  which  is  without  doubt 
genuinely  Teut.,  is  wanting  in  the  other 
OTeut.  dials. 

fcfireibeit,  vb.,  'to  write,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  scltriben,  OHG.  scriban; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Du.  schrijven, 
OSax.  srridan,  OFris.  skriva.  Also  with  a 
remarkably  divergen  t  meaning,  AS.  serif  an, 
'  to  inflict  a  punishment,  impose  penance, 
receive  confession,'  E.  to  shrive,  AS.  scrift, 
E.  shrift,  so  too  OFris.  scriea,  '  to  inflict  a 


punishment,' Olc.  skript,  'confession,  pun- 
ishment,' slcnpta,  '  to  confess,  cause  to  con- 
fess, punish.'  In  the  latter  cognates  there 
appears  at  all  events  a  genuine  Teut.  verbal 
root,  skrlb, '  to  inflict  a  punishment,'  which 
was  transferred  by  Christianity  to  eccle- 
siastical affairs  ;  with  this  root  OSax.  bis- 
crifian,  '  to  concern  oneself  about,'  is  also 
probably  connected.  On  the  adoption  of 
Roman  characters,  and  the  introduction  of 
the  art  of  writing  (in  contrast  to  the  earlier 
Runic  system  ;  see  rcipen,  Sud),  and  (Rune), 
Lat.  scribere  was  now  combined  with  this 
genuine  Teut.  vb.,  and  in  the  South  of 
Germany  entirely  supplanted  the  meaning 
of  the  old  scriban  ;  comp.  Sfivief  and  Stnte . 
In  UpG.  especially,  scriban, '  to  write,'  took 
firm  root,  as  might  have  been  expected  ; 
in  E.  the  AS.  vb.  writan  (E.  to  xcrite),  orig. 
used  of  scratching  runes,  was  retained. 

fcftrcten,  see  Scluci. 

§d)rem,  m.,  '  box,  chest,  shrine,  coffin,' 
from  MidHG.  schrin,  m.  and  n.,  'chest  for 
clothes,  money,  or  valuables,  coffin,'  OHG. 
scrini,  n.  ;  comp.  the  corresponding  Du. 
srlirijn,  AS.  serin,  E.  shrine,  Scand.  skrin. 
From  Rom.  and  Lat.  scriniun),  '  box,  ca~e 
for  papers,  &c,  escritoire,'  whence  also  Ital. 
scrigno,  '  clothes-press,'  Fr.  ecrin,  '  casket.' 
The  diffusion  of  the  term  through  the  oid 
West  Teut.  languages  makes  it  probable 
that  the  Lat.  word  was  borrowed  at  an 
early  period, — contemporaneously  with 
8lrd?e,  .ftiile  and  Sacf  ?. 

fcftretfett,  vb.,  ;  to  step,  stride,  stalk,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  schriten,  OHG. 
scritan.  MidHG.  also  '  to  leap  into  the 
saddle.'  Comp.  OSax.  skriSan,  sMdan, '  to 
stride,  go'  {li-scridun,  'to  dissolve'),  Dn. 
schrijden, '  to  stride,'  AS.  scrtfSan, '  to  stride, 
go,  wander'  (whence  E.  to  stride  is  allied  ?), 
OIc.  skrffia,  '  to  crawl,  glide.'  The  signi- 
fication of  the  OTeut.  verbal  root  skrifr 
(skrld),  Aryan  skrtt,  was  at  first  general 
(perhaps  '  to  move  slowly'),  in  contrast  to 
the  special  sense  in  ModHG. 

§d)riff,  f., '  writing,  letters,  inscription,' 
from  MidHG.  schrift,  OHG.  skrift,  f.,  a 
verbal  abstract  from  fduraben,  connected 
with  Lat.  scriptum. 

fcfjnll,  adj.,  'shrill.'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  LG.  schrell;  comp. 
MidE.  schrillen,  E.  to  shrill,  AS.  scralletan, 
4  to  sound  loudly,'  Scand,  skrolta, '  to  sound 
loudly.'     Teut.  and  Aryan  root  skrel,  skral. 

§dbrtff,  m.,  'step,  stride,  gait,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schrit,  OHG.  scrit,  m.  ;  a 


Sch 


(    323    ) 


Sch 


verbal  abstract  from  fd)reiten  ;  in  OHG. 
also  scriti-mdl,  -we'3,  '  step.' 

fcfjroff,  adj.,  'rugged,  rough,  steep,' 
ModHG.  only,  allied  to  MidHG.  schrof(v), 
schroffe,  schrove,  m.,  'rocky  cliff,  stone 
wall';  allied  to  early  MidHG.  schruffen, 
'  to  split,'  OHG.  screvdn.  'to  cut  into'  (scr'e- 
vanga,  '  incision  '),  MidHG.  schraf,  '  rocky 
cliff,'  AS.  scrcef,  '  cave.' 

fd)r5pfen,  vb.,  '  to  crop  young  wheat, 
tap  (trees),  cup,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  schrepfen,  schrqffen  ;  comp.  AS.  screpan, 
'  to  scratch ' ;  also  LG.  schrappen,  prop,  an 
intensive  form.  The  prim,  meaning  of  the 
Teut.  root  skrep  is  'to  scratch,  cut  into' 
(to  this  fdjarf  is  allied?).  ltd.  scaraffare, 
'  to  snatcli  away,'  is  borrowed  from  HG. 

!T>d) rof ,  n.,  '  block,  log  of  wood,  shot, 
groats,'  from  MidHG.  schrdt,  m.,  'cut,  in- 
cision, piece  cut  or  sawed  off,'  OHG.  scr6t, 
'  cut ' ;  allied  to  fdnoteu,  MidHG.  schrdten, 
OHG.  Serbian,  '  to  hew,  cut,  cut  off,  hack 
to  pieces,'  MidHG.  also  '  to  cut  out  clothes ' 
(whence  schr6tcere,  '  tailor,'  and  the  proper 
name  <Sd)v6ter),  '  to  roll,  revolve.'  Comp. 
Scand.  skrjCSr,  'torn  book,'  AS.  screadian, 
'  to  cut,'  E.  to  shr>d,  to  which  also  AS.  scrtid, 
'  dress,'  E.  shroud,  are  allied.  Root  skrUd 
from  skrUt  ?.  With  this  is  connected  Lat. 
scr  Atari,1  to  examine,'  to  which  A  B.scrudnian 
and  OHG.  scrotOn, '  to  examine,'  are  allied  1. 
ModHG.  ^ornfdjvi'tev,  'horn-beetle,'  from 
MidHG.  schroztel,  lit.  'gnawer.' — fdjrSftQ, 
in  tin  »erfrf)rotta,cr  93aum,  '  a  tree  from  which 
four  posts  can  be  made,'  early  ModHG. 
only,  is  probably  connected  with  OHG. 
viorscS^i,  'four-cornered'  ;  comp.  MidDu. 
vierscoot,  '  square-built,  thick-set,'  earlier 
LG.  vierschotig,  'four-cornered';  comp. 
@d)o§  (3). 

fill nt Mien,  vb.,  'to  scrub,  rough-plane,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du. 
fchrobben, '  to  scour,'  E.  (borrowed)  to  scrub. 
Probably  connected  with  fd}rappen. 

-uhnillc.  f.,  '  freak,  whim,'  early  Mod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  Du.  schrollen,  'to  re- 
vile, be  discontented.' 

fdjrumpfcn,  vb.,  Ho  shrink,  shrivel, 
crumble,'  from  MidHG.  sc/irimpfen,  '  to 
wrinkle';  allied  probably  to  E.  shrimp, 
Du.  schrompelen,  Swed.  skrumpa,  Dan. 
skrumpe  (E.  scrimp).  Besides  the  Teut. 
root  shrimp  contained  in  these  cognates 
there  is  al.-o  an  equiv.  Teut.  root  rimp  (see 
rutnpfen),  kiimp  (comp.  Du.  krimpen,  AS. 
crimpan,  '  to  shrivel '),  as  well  as  shrink,  in 
AS.  striucan,  E.  to  shrink. 


Qdyrutlbe,  f.,  '  cleft,  gap,  crevice,'  from 
MidHG.  schrunde,  f.,  '  rift,  notch,  rocky 
cave ' ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OHG.  scrunta, 
scruntunna,  scruntussa.  Allied  to  OHG. 
scrintan,  MidHG.  schrinden,  'to  burst,  fly 
open,  crack.'  Teut.  root  skrend,  from  pre- 
Teut.  slcri'iit;  comp.  Lith.  shentu  (skresti), 
'  to  form  into  a  crust.' 

§<$)ltb,  m., '  shove,  push,  thrust,'  from 
MidHG.  schup,  m.  ;  allied  to  fdjieben. 

rdjtid)fern,  adj.,  'shy,  timid,  bashful,' 
early  ModHG.  only,  allied  to  fcr/eit,  root 
slcuh  (skeuh)  ?.  It  may  be  connected  even 
with  the  abnormal  OHG.  skihtig,1  shy,'  but 
we  must  assume  the  influence  of  MidHG. 
sc/duhen  on  the  stem  vowel ;  see  fdjeu. 

C>d)ltff ,  in.,  '  wretch,  rascal,  scamp,' 
ModHG.  only,  formed  from  LG.  schuft,  Du. 
schuft,  which  is  usually  derived  from  LG. 
schuf  tit,  '  thrust  out' ;  comp.  Du.  schavuit, 
'  rascal,'  lit. '  scrape  out ' ;  hence  <2cfyuft,  lit. 
'  offscouring'?. 

§cf)ttl),  in.,  '  shoe,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  schuoch  (/<),  OHG.  scuoh,  m.  ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  word  ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OSax. 
skdli,  Du.  schoen,  AS.  sfytih,  E.  shoe,  OIc. 
sk6r,  Goth,  skdlis,  m.,  which  point  to  pri- 
niir.  Teut.  sk6ha-,  sk6l-wa-,  from  pre-Teut. 
*skoqos.  A  pre-Teut.  verbal  root  si (?q  (skdq) 
appears  in  Goth,  skSvjan,  OIc.  skdrva,  '  to 
go,'  and  in  fcfyicfeit  ;  hence  2<f>uf),  '  walking 
gear'?.     See  further  (Sdjujlet. 

£6)\if)\l,  m.,  'horned  owl,'  ModHG. 
only,  borrowed  from  Fr.  chouette  (Ital. 
ciovetta),  '  screech-owl,'  and  influenced  by 
Uf/it,  '  horned  owl.' 

£d)ulo,  f.,  'debt,  crime,  guilt,'  from 
MidHG.  schult  (d)  and  sclndde.  OHG.  sculd, 
sculda,  f.,  'obligation,  debt,  culpability, 
sin'  ;  comp.  OSax.  sculd,  f.,  'debt,  culpa- 
bility, sin ' ;  AS.  styld, '  guilt,  sin.'  An  old 
verbal  abstract  from  the  root  skal,  which 
appears  also  in  Lith.  skold, '  guilt,'  skllti,  '  to 
get  into  debt,'  ami  skeleti,  '  to  be  indebted,' 
as  well  as  in  Pruss.  skallisnan,  'duty'; 
Lat.  scelus  does  not  appear  to  be  connected 
with  it. 

gd)ltlc,  f.,  'school,'  from  MidHG. 
xchuole,  {.,  'school,  university,'  OHG. 
scuola,  f.,  'school';  comp.  Du.  school,  AS. 
sc6l  (scdlu),  E.  school  (OIc.  skSle,  'school,'  is 
of  E.  origin).  Borrowed  at  the  same  period 
as  the  ecclesiastical  words  from  Lat.  scdla, 
as  pronounced  in  Rom.  sc6la  (with  regard 
to  Lat.  6  see  fcrufen) ;  comp.  SSrtef,  £em,  and 
Urieficr.— J5d) flier,  m.,  '  scholar,  pupil,' 
MidHG.  scliuolcere,  OHG.  scuoldri. 


Sch 


(    324    ) 


Sch 


£>d)uUcr,  f., '  shoulder,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  »eW«',  OHG.  scultarra,  f.,  corre- 
nxmding  to  Du.  schouder,  AS.  scublor,  E. 
sltouhler,  Dan.  skulder,  Swed.  sJculdra.  This 
undoubtedly  genuine  Teut.  word  is  want- 
ing in  Goth. ;  its  origin  is  obscure. 

jr>cf)ulibctfj,  m.,  •  chief  magistrate,'  from 
MidHG.  schultlui^e  (schultheitze),  m.,  'he 
who  assigns  duties,  judge,' OHG.  sculthei^d, 
scuHheitzo,  m.,  'tribunus,  praefectus,  cen- 
turio.'  It  is  remarkable  that  "this  term, 
purely  judicial  in  its  etymological  origin, 
should  have  been  transferred  to  captains 
of  an  army"  in  OHG.,  and  "that  this  judi- 
cial term  does  not  appear  in  the  older  laws, 
except  in  the  Lombardic,  although  it  has 
been  diffused  from  the  Middle  Ages  till  the 
present  day  throughout  the  greatest  part 
of  Germany."  Comp.  LG.  schnlte,  from 
schuldhete,  Du.  scnout  (from  schoMhete),  'vil- 
lage magistrate,'  Fris  skeldata,  skelta;  AS. 
sSyldhcka;  the  compound  is  wanting  in 
Goth.  The  ModHG.  form  @d)ulje  (also  as 
a  proper  name  ;  comp.  LG.  Schulte)  is  based 
on  MidHG.  schuldheize  (as  well  as  -hei$e), 
OHG.  schuldheizo  (as  well  as  -hei^o),  and 
ultimately  on  Goth.  *haitja  (tj  produces 
tz,  but  ti  changes  into  51,  see  @ru|e,  2Bct- 

£>d)Ul3,  see  the  preceding  word. 

e>cfrun6,  m.,  '  otfal,  refuse,  excrement,' 
ModHG.  only,  recently  derived  from  fdjiu- 
reit.     Orig.  perhaps  '  filth  of  the  sewer.' 

gchupf,  m.,  '  push,  jerk,'  from  MidHG. 
schupf,  m.,  'swing,  rocking  movement,' 
allied  to  MidHG.  schupfen,  'to  waver,* 
OHG.  scupfa, '  see-^aw' ;  intensive  forms  of 
fducbcn. 

§d)ttppc,  f.,  'scale (of  fish,  &c.),'from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  schuoppe  (schuope.  schuppe), 
m.,  OHG.  scuoppa,  f.  Comp.  Du.  schoh, 
'  scale ' ;  a  derivative  of  the  Teut  root  skab 
(sk6b),  '  to  shave,  scrape.' 

§6)i\X)pc,  f., 'spade,  shovel,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  East  MidG.  and  LG.  schuppe; 
comp.  Du.  schup,  schop,  'shovel,  spade/ 
allied  to  fd)uj?fnt. — §6)iippcn,  '  spade  (at 
cards),'  is  identical  with  <Sd)uW>e,  and  is 
formed  on  the  model  of  Fr.  pique.  Comp. 
Du.  8choppen,  '  spade  (at  cards).' 

gchuppett,  §choppCtt,  m.,  'shed, coach- 
house,' ModHG.  only,  formed  from  MidG. 
and  LG.  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  s6ypen.  E. 
dial,  shippen,  'stable' ;  in  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  schopf,  schof  (Bav.  and  Ahm.  ©djovf), 
'structure  without  walls,  penthouse,  vesti- 
bule.'   Comp.  AS.  sfyoppa,  '  hall,  hut,'  E. 


shop  (from  AS.  is  also  probably  derived 
Fr.  echeppe,  '  booth  '). 

C>d)ur.  f.,  ' shearing,  vexation,  fleecing.' 
from  MidHG.  schuor,  m.  and  f.,  'shearing,' 
a  graded  form  of  the  root  ikcr,  slcdr,  '  to 
shear.' 

fcfturen,  vb.,  'to  stir,  poke,'  from  Mid 
HG.  schiirn,  '  to  urge  on,  irritate,  stir  (the 
fire)' ;  allied  to  MidHG.  schorn,  'to  sweep 
together,'  MidHG.  schor,  OHG.  scora  (Goth. 
ska6r6),  '  shovel.' 

fthiirfen,  vb., '  to  scratch,  scrape,  dig,' 
from  MidHG.  schiirfen,  schurpfen,  '  to  cut 
up,'  to  which  schiirfcere,  'flayer,  execu- 
tioner,' OHG.  scurfen,  '  to  cut  up,'  and  AS. 
screpan,  sceorpan,  are  allied.  Probably  con- 
nected with  the  root  skrep,  sherp,  '  to  be 
sharp.'    See  fdjjarf,  fcfyraWeit,  and  fefyrcpfen. 

§d)Uffte,  m.,  'rascal,  knave,  villain,' 
ModHG.  only,  allied  to  OHG.  fir-scurgo, 
'rascal,'  which  is  connected  with  fir-scuri- 
gen,  '  to  thrust  away.' 

§chur3,  m.,  gicburae,  f.,  'apron,'  from 
MidHG.  schurz,  m.,  '  shortened  garment, 
apron' ;  allied  to  OHG.  scurz,  'short,' AS. 
sfyort,  E.  short,  whence  also  MidHG.  schiir- 
zen,  'to  shorten,  tuck  up  the  dress  under 
the  girdle  to  make  it  shorter  below,  gird 
up.'  A  Teut.  derivative  skurtjdn  is  also 
indicated  by  AS.  *scyrfe,  E.  shirt,  OIc. 
skyrta,  '  shirt '  (OIc.  skorta,  '  to  be  in  want 
of).  These  genuinely  Teut.  cognates  imply 
a  Teut.  root  skrt  (MidHG.  scherze,  m., 
'  piece  cut  off'),  which  has  not  yet  been 
found  elsewhere.  With  regard  to  the 
union  of  this  word  with  Lut.  cv.rlus  in 
some  languages,  see  under  fur}. 

§chufjTeI,  f.,  'dish,  platter,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sc/tii^el,  OHG.  scu^Ha, 
f.  j  comp.  Du.  schotet,  '  dish,'  AS.  scutel, 
OIc.  skutell,  m.,  '  dish,  small  table.'  With 
regard  to  the  meaning  see  Xtfd),  with  which 
it  was  borrowed,  probably  contemporane- 
ously (about  the  6th  cent.)  with  the  adop- 
tion of  Roman  cookery,  from  Lat.  scutul  1, 
seutella,  'small  dish.'  Comp.  further  from 
the  same  source  AS.  scutel,  E.  scuttle;  also 
Fr.  eiuelle  (seutella),  Ital.  scodella,  '  bowl.' 

^fhttflcr,  m.,  'shoemaker,  cobbler,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  schuoch-sAtcere,  m.  ; 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  also  merely  sAldri, 
stltcere,  in.,  'cobbler';  corresponding  to 
AS.  sMire,  Northern  E.  and  Scotch  souter. 
Borrowed  from  Lat.  sator.  with  a  G.  suffix 
denoting  the  agent ;  sdtdri,  as  a  genuine 
Teut.  derivative  from  the  Teut.  root  sfw, 
'  to  sew,' discussed  under  Saitut  and  Saulc, 


Sch 


(    325    ) 


Sch 


is  not  probable.  The  genuine  G.  word  for 
the  UpG.  ©fuller  is  MhlHG.  schuoch- 
wiirhte  (allied  to  roirfctt),  which  has  been  ] (re- 
served only  in  the  proper  names  ©dutdjart 
or  @d)ubert. 

ScOttf},  m., '  shot,  report,  charge,'  from 
MidHG.  schu$  (33),  OHG.  scut,  (33),  m., 
1  shot' ;  allied  to  the  root  shut,  *  to  shoot.' 
See  fdjiefjm. 

§(f)i\te,  f.,  '  barge,  ferryboat,'  ModHG. 
only,  derived,  like  Du.  schuit  and  E.  skute, 
from  OIc.  skiita,  f,  '  small  swift  boat.'  Al- 
lied to  the  root  shut, '  to  shoot '  (see  fdjtejjcn). 
With  regard  to  ModHG.  ii  comp.  93ftfe. 

C»cl)utt,  m.,  'rubbish,  refuse,  debris,' 
ModHG.  only ;  in  MidHG.,  schiit,  f.,  '  allu- 
vium, deposition  (of  soil),  rubbish ' ;  allied 
to  ModHG.  fcfyufdett,  '  to  shed,  pour,  dis- 
charge, heap  up,'  MidHG.  schiiten,  '  to 
shake,  swing,  shed ' ;  OHG.  scutten,  scuten 
(Ital.  scotolare, '  to  beat  flax ') ;  comp.  OSax. 
skuddian,  'to shake, convul3e,'Du. schudden, 
'  to  shake,  convulse.'  Teut.  root  skud, '  to 
convulse,  shake,'  with  which  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  schiitteln,  OHG.  scutildn,  and  Mod 
HG.  fcfyutteni  are  connected  as  frequenta- 
tives.     See  fdjaubeni. 

C>d)tt  1 ),  m.,  '  protection,  defence,  dike, 
fence,'  from  MidHG.  schuz  (tz),  m.,  '  sur- 
rounding with  a  dike,  protection,'  allied  to 
ModHG.  fdjiifren. 

del) ill, 'jo,  in.,  '  marksman,  archer,'  from 
MidHG.  schiilze,  m.,  'cross-bowman,'  also 
late  MidHG.,  '  beginner,  young  pupil '  (to 
which  ModHG.  SlSB&fdjiifce,  'pupil  be- 
ginning to  read,  tyro,'  is  allied) ;  OHG. 
8cuzzo,  m.,  '  sagitarius '  (equiv.  to  AS. 
scylta,  Goth.  *skutja).  Allied  to  the  root 
slut ;  see  fefyiefjen. 

fd)iU/jon,  vb.,  'to  protect,  guard,  de- 
fend, shelter,'  from  MidHG.  schiitzen,  'to 
embank,  dam  up,  protect,'  which,  accord- 
ing to  MidHG.  beschiiten,  'to  protect/  im- 
plies OHG.  *skutis6n.  The  prim,  meaning 
is  evident  from  MidHG.  schiite,  schiit,  f., 
'  earth-wall,' which  is  identical  with  <Sd)utt. 

I'd) nut d),  adj.,  'weak,  infirm,  feeble,' 
from  MidHG.  suach,  adj.,  '  low,  poor,  de- 
spised, weak,  infirm'  ;  wanting  in  OHG. 
as  well  as  in  the  other  Teut.  dials.  The 
usual  derivation  from  a  Teut.  root  swelc, 
'  to  swell '  (fcfylr-ad),  orig. '  that  which  has  lost 
its  savour '),  must  be  abandoned  ;  fd)wad) 
is  rather  allied  to  ficd),  so  that  the  Teut. 
roots  suk,  sivak,  are  to  be  assumed  (comp. 
the  following  word). 

g><fytvabcn,  gcfjroabcm,  m.,  '  vapour, 


damp,  exhalation,'  from  MidHG.  swadem, 
swaden,  m., '  vapour ' ;  allied  to  North  Fris. 
swesh,  AS.SM;ac)ttZ,m.,'smoky  vapour,'  OHG. 
swedan,  *  to  burn  slowly  with  a  smoky 
flame.'  The  Teut.  root  swefi  contained  in 
these  words  seems  to  correspond  to  the 
root  sup  contained  in  ftebett  (comp.  suk, 
swak,  under  the  preceding  word  ;  see  toll). 

§<f)XV>abxon,  f.,  'squadron,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  Ital.  squad- 
rone  (Fr.  escadron). — fcf)U>a5romeron, 
see  fd)tt>d{seit. 

g>crjtt>ager,  m.,  '  brother-in-law,'  from 
MidHG.  and  MidLG.  swdger,  m.,  'brother- 
in-law,  father-in-law,  son-in-law'  (with 
regard  to  the  variation  in  meaning  see 
Dlejfe) ;  OHG.  *sicdgar  is  not  recorded  ;  a 
specificallyG.  word,  unknown  totheOTeut. 
dials.  Since  the  word  is  cognate  with 
©djnwljer  and  ©djnueijer,  and  has  also  an 
archaic  gradation,  an  Aryan  form  swekr6-s 
may  be  assumed  for  Sdjtraget  (note  OIc. 
svmra,  from  *swdhrjon,  '  mother-in-law '). 
See  the  following  word. 

§d)t»af)Cr,  m.,  'father-in-law,'  from 
MidHG.  sweher,  OHG.  swehur,  m.,  'father- 
in-law,'  late  OHG.  also  '  brother-in-law ' ; 
comp.  AS.  sweOr  (from  sueohor),  'father- 
in-law'  (obsolete  even  at  the  end  of  the 
AS.  period),  Goth,  swaihra,  '  father-in- 
law.'  A  piimit.  Teut.  and  old  Aryan 
word,  with  the  primary  form  swekros, 
swehuros;  comp.  Gr.  envpos,  Lat.  socer  (for 
*s/cecuro-),  Sans,  pvdeuras  (for  *svafuras), 
OSlov.  swh%  Lith.  szeszuras,  'father-in- 
law.'  The  orig.  sense  of  the  common  Aryan 
word  cannot  be  ascertained  ;  it  is,  how- 
ever, cognate  with  (Sd)UM^fr  (Aryan  swikrds) 
and  ©djUKJlcr  (Aryan  sw&6).  Correspond- 
ing to  the  now  almost  obsolete  (sdjwdfycr, 
there  has  existed  from  primit.  Teut.  times 
a  fern,  swekru, '  mother-in-law,' just  as  from 
Sans,  fvacru  (for  *svupru)  are  derived 
Lat.  socrds  (for  *swecrus),  Gr.  iievpd  (the 
Goth,  form  must  have  been  *8ivigrus,  f., 
for  which  sicaihrd  is  used).  The  word  was 
current  in  AS.  as  sweger,  which  also  became 
obsolete  at  an  early  period.  Only  in  G. 
was  it  retained,  OHG.  sicigar,  MidHG. 
swiger,  f.,  '  mother-in-law,'  from  which 
ModHG.  constructed  the  tautological  com- 
pound <Sd)nnti\cnnutter,  while  the  corre- 
sponding ModHG.  masc.  (ScfinuNjcrvatrr, 
formed  from  the  latter,  supplanted  the 
old  term  @d)tvdf)fv  ;  similarly  we  have  the 
compounds  <Sdnin«a,crdtent,  sfcbn,  dedjtfr, 
&c.     It  is  evident  that  the  mother-in-law 


Sch 


(    326    ) 


Sch 


plays  a  more  important  r61e  in  marriage 
than  the  father-in-law. 

Scfjnxtlbe.  f.,  'swallow,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  swalwe,  OHG.  swalawa,  f. ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  term ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  Du.  zwaluw,  AS.  sweatee,  E.  swal- 
low, OIc.  svala  (gen.  svglu),  f.,  'swallow.' 
No  certain  explanation  can  be  given  of 
the  prim,  form  snoalw&n,  f.  ;  perhaps  it 
represents  swalgwdn-,  pre-Teut.  swalkudn, 
to  which  Gr.  oKkvw  is  also  traced. 

§d)tt)aldj,  m.,  'yullet,  opening  in  a 
furnace,'  from  MidHG.  swalch,  m., '  gullet,' 
allied  to  fdwrfjen. 

Cubman.  m.,  '  swell,  billow,  flood,' 
from  MidHG.  swal  (11),  in.,  'swollen  mass'; 
allied  to  fdnvellett. 

Scbummm,  m.,  '  sponge,  fungus,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  swam  (mm),  swamp 
(b),  m.,  OHG.  swam  (mm),  swamb,  m.  ; 
comp.  Goth,  swamms,  '  sponge,'  Olc. 
svappr,  'sponge.'  Within  these  groups, 
which  are  very  possibly  connected  together, 
we  must  distinguish  three  words,  probably 
of  different  origin,  of  which  the  Goth,  stems 
were  swamma-,  *sioamba-,  and  *swampu-. 
In  ModHG.  ©cfnrautm  the  first  two  forms 
have  been  united  ;  to  the  second  form  Gr. 
<ro/i0rfr  (for  a-Fo-),  '  spongy,  loose,  porous,' 
is  piimit.  allied  ;  the  first  is  formed  from 
fd)imnmteit. 

§cfrtt>cut,  m.,  'swan,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  swane,  swan,  m.,  OHG.  sioan,  m. 
(swana,  f.)  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  zwaan, 
AS.  swgn,  E.  swan,  OIc.  svanr,  m., '  swan ' ; 
Goth.  *swans  is  by  chance  not  recorded. 
Probably  allied  to  the  Sans,  root  svan,  '  to 
rustle,  resound '  (comp.  ^»a()tt,  allied  to  Lat. 
canere),  Lat.  sonare  (for  *svonare)  ;  prop, 
only  of  the  singing  swan?. — fdfwctnen, 
vb.,  'to  presage,  forebode,'  ModHG.  only, 
lit. '  to  have  a  presentiment,'  like  the  swan 
that  sings  before  its  death. 

g>d)tt>cmg,  m.,  only  in  the  phrase  tin 
©durante  feitt.  '  to  be  in  vogue,'  from  Mid 
HG.  swane  (g  or  k),  m.,  '  swinging  motion, 
swinging,  stroke,  cut'  ;  allied  to  fd)»ingeti. 
fc^ It) anger,  adj.,  'pregnant,  teeming,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  swanger,  OHG. 
swan  gar  ;  comp.  Du.  zwanger,  'pregnant,' 
but  AS.  swgngor,  'awkward,  idle';  the 
latter  meaning  makes  the  derivation  from 
idjroittcVMt  improbable.  AS.  has  also  the 
curious  form  swgncor;  see  fdjttunf. 

Scbtncmh,  m..  '  prank,  drollery,  farce,' 
from  late  MidHG.  stcanc  (g  or  jfc),  m., 
'  prank,  trick,  an  anecdote  about  it,'  iden- 


tical with  MidHG.  swane,  'swing,  8trok>', 
cut'  (see  @d)roang),  OHG.  swanch,  m.,  allied 
to  swingan  (just  as  OHG.  chlanch  to  chlin- 
gan ;  see  Jftaiuj). 

fd)Uianh,  adj.,  'staggering,  unsteady,' 
from  MidHG.  swane  (k),  adj.,  '  pliant,  thin, 
slender' ;  so  too  the  equiv.  MidHG.  swan- 
kel,  AS.  swgncor,  OIc.  svang-r;  allied  to 
the  root  swink,  swing,  in  fdjnuingen  ;  hence 
fd)ir>attf  is  lit  'easily  swung,  pliant'  With 
the  Teut.  coguates  Ital.  sguancio,  '  wry- 
ness,'  has  been  connected. 

§d)tt>ctttfl,  m.,  '  tail,  trail,  train,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sivanz,  m.  (for  OHG. 
*swanz  a  form  zagal,  MidHG.  zagel,  equiv. 
to  E.  tail,  is  used).  Through  the  medium 
of  the  intensive  forms  swangezen,  swankzen, 
MidHG.  swavz  is  connected  with  febnun^en  j 
MidHG.  swansen,  'to  shake  to  and  fro,' 
Du.  swanselen,  '  to  reel.' 

£5d)tt>ctre,  f.,  'ulcer,  boil,  sore,'  from 
MidHG.  sw'ir,  OHG.  swtiro,  m.,  '  physical 
pain,  disease,  swelling,  ulcer';  allied  to 
MidHG.  sicern,  OHG.  sw'eran,  '  to  hurt, 
pain,  fester,  ulcerate.'  The  root  swer 
orig.  perhaps  *  to  press,  torment ' ;  comp. 
the  Sans,  root  svr,  'to  torment,  injure.' 
See  fd)tt>et  and  ©efd)n>ur. 

§d)tt>ctrm,  m.,  'swarm,  cluster,  throng,' 
from  MidHG.  swarm,  OHG.  swaram,  m., 
'  swarm  (of  bees) ' ;  allied  to  the  Sans,  root 
svar,  '  to  rustle,  resound.'  Comp.  AS. 
swearm,  '.swarm  (of  bees),'  E.  swarm,  OIc. 
svarmr.    See  fdjwirren. 

£d)tt>ar1e,  f..  'thick,  hard  skin  ;  rind, 
bark,'  from  MidHG.  swarte,  su-art,  f., '  hairy 
scalp,  hairy  or  feathered  skin'  (OHG. 
*swarta,  f.,  is  by  chance  not  recorded).  A 
common  Teut.  word  ;  comp.  Du.  zwoord, 
'bacon  rind,'  OFris.  swarde,  'scalp,'  AS. 
swear  J,  MidE.  sward,  'skin,'  OIc.  svgrfir, 
'scalp,  skin,  whale-hide' ;  Goth.  *swardus, 
f., '  scalp.'  Origin  obscure.  Note  the  evo- 
lution in  meaning  of  E.  sicard,  Scand. 
jarfian-svgrfjr,  gras-svgrtSr,  D&n.jard-,  grbn- 
sicosnl. 

fd)W<Xt$,  adj.,  'black,  swarthy,  gloomy,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  swarz,  'dark- 
coloured,  black';  a  common  Teut.  term, 
most  of  the  words  denoting  colour,  except 
the  recent  loan-words,  being  part  of  the 
primit  Teut.  vocabulary  (comp.  $ct&,  vet, 
braun,  &c.) ;  Goth,  swarts,  OIc.  svartr,  AS. 
sweart,  E.  swart,  Du.  zwart,  OSax.  swaH. 
OIc.  sorta,  '  black  colour,'  sorte,  '  black 
cloud,'  and  Surtr  are  in  a  different  stage 
of  gradation.     The  common  Teut  swarta- 


Sch 


(    327    ) 


Sch 


is  usually  connected  with  Lat.  sordes  (for 
*svordes1),  'dirt,'  and  sudsum  (for  *suar- 
sum),  'black  colour,  dirty  spot';  Lat. 
surdus,  '  deaf,'  has  also  been  referred,  but 
with  less  probability,  to  the  root  sword, 
surd,  'dark.' 

fdjwaf^ett,  vb.,  'to  chatter,  prate,  gos- 
si p,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  swetzen,  allied 
to  MidHG.  swaz(tz),  'talking,  chattering'; 
an  intensive  form  of  a  Teur.  root  swaf>. 
Comp.  MidHG.  sicadern,  swatem,  'to  chat- 
ter, rustle,  clatter,'  of  which  the  simply 
ModHG.  fd)toabromeren  is  a  Kom.  deriva- 
tive. There  is  no  relation  to  Lat.  suadere. 
Origin  obscure. 

fd)tvcben,  vb.,  '  to  soar,  hover,'  from 
MidHG.  sweben,  OHG.  swebSn,  '  to  soar, 
move  to  and  fro  in  or  on  water  or  in  the 
air'  :  allied  to  OIc.  svtfa,  'to  rove,  ramble,' 
OHG.  sweibdn,  MidHG.  sweiben,  'to  soar, 
roam.'  The  Aryan  root  swifi,  'to  move.' 
on  which  these  words  are  based,  had 
also  a  variant  swib  preserved  in  ModHG. 
fcfyweifett. 

§d)Xt>efel,  m.,  '  brimstone,  sulphur,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sicevel,  swebel, 
OHG.  sueval,  sicebal,  m. ;  the /of  the  Mod 
HG.  form  can  only  be  explained  by  the 
influence  of  LG.,  as  is  shown  by  the  double 
forms  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  A  common 
Teut.  word  ;  comp.  Du.  zwavel,  AS.  swefi, 
Swed.  sivafvel,  Goth,  sicibls,  'sulphur.'  Lat. 
sulpur  (for  *suplur  ?)  is  probably  not  allied. 
If  the  OTeut.  swebloz, '  sulphur,'  is  a  primit. 
loan-word,  it  may  perhaps  be  connected 
with  the  old  Aryan  root  swep,  'to  sleep' 
(Sans,  sv&pnas,  Lat.  somnus,  Gr.  vm>os,  AS. 
swefn)  ;  comp.  AS.  swebban,  '10  kill,'  Olc. 
svdefa,  'to  kill,  lull  to  sleep';  ©dnvefd 
mav  then  be  lit.  'stifling,  killing,  soporific 
stuff.' 

§d)tt>cif,  m.,  '  tail,  train,  suite,'  from 
MidHG.  sweif,  m.,  'rotation,  encircling 
band,  trimming  of  a  garment,  tail,'  OHG. 
sweif,  OIc.  sveipr, '  encircling  band' ;  allied 
to  OHG.  siceijan, '  to  cause  to  rotate,  turn.' 
With  the  Teut.  root  swaip,  Gr.  <rd/3>;, '  horse- 
tail,' cannot  be  connected.  See  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

f"d)tt>ctfcit,  vb.,  'to  roam,  rove,  wander,' 
from  MidHG.  sweifen,  OHG.  sweifav,  'to 
cause  to  rotate,  swing,  wind ' ;  comp.  AS. 
swdpan,  '  to  swing,  sweep,  tear,'  E.  to  swoop, 
to  sweep,  to  which  AS.  and  E.  swift,  Du. 
zweep,  and  LG.  swipe,  '  whip,'  are  allied. 

fq)tDetften,  vb.,  '  to  keep  silence,  be 
silent,'   from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  swtrjen, 


OHG.  swigSn;  comp.  OSax.  swlgdu,  Du. 
swijgen,  OFris.  swtgia,  AS.  swtgian,  '  to  be 
silent.'  The  connection  with  Gr.  o-Tyda, 
o-lyq,  '  silence,'  is  undoubted,  in  spite  of 
the  abnormal  correspondence  of  Gr.  y  to 
Teut.  g  (for  k)  ;  we  must  assume  a  double 
Aryan  root  swig,  swlq  (the  latter  for  the 
West  Teut.  words).  ModHG.  fd)rceta,ett, 
vb.,  '  to  silence,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
sweigeu,  'to reduce  to  silence,'  is  a  factitive 
of  the  foregoing  fcfyfreiijeit. 

§d)tt>eitt,  n.,  '  pig,  hog,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  swin,  n.  ;  correspond- 
ing to  the  equiv.  OSax.  swtn,  Du.  zwijn,  AS. 
swtn,~E. swine,  OIc.  svin,  Ooth.  swein.  These 
imply  a  primit.  Teut.  sxcino-m,  n.,  'pig,' 
which  must  have  been  orig.  adimin.  of  (Scut, 
'  sucking  pig,  young  pig '  (the  OTeut.  suffix 
-tna-  was  a  favourite  one  in  designating 
the  young  of  animals  ;  see  JJitcfylciit  and 
5uf(eu),  in  the  form  of  su-tna-m,  'the  young 
of  the  sow'  (primit.  Teut.  sti,,  'sow').  On 
account  of  the  great  prolificness  of  pigs,  and 
hence  the  immense  number  of  young  pigs, 
the  dimin.  was  used  for  the  species?. 

§cbtt)ci|^,  m.,  'sweat, perspiration,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stcei$,  m. ; 
MidHG.  also  'blood,'  a  meaning  stifl  cur- 
rent among  sportsmen  (so  too  fdjtoeijjen, '  to 
bleed ')  ;  OSax.  swet,  '  sweat,'  AS.  swdt, 
'  sweat,  blood,'  E.  sioeat,  Du.  zweet.  For 
the  Teut.  root  swit,  swait,  Aryan  swoid, 
swld,  see  under  fcfynMJjen ;  comp.  San?. 
sveda-s,  m.,  Lat.  sudor  (from  *svoidos), 
'  sweat.'  To  this  is  allied  fdjTOeiJjen, 
vb.,  'to  begin  to  melt,  weld,  from  Mid 
HG.  sweiben,  sweitzen.  '  to  weld,'  OHG. 
sweiben,  '  to  roast,  broil.' 

fq)tt>oIcn,  vb.,  '  to  burn  slowly,  smoul- 
der,' ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  For  the 
Teut.  root  swel  in  OHG.  suilizdn,  '  to  bum 
slowly,'  and  AS.  sicelan,  '  to  glow,'  see 
under  fd)tmi(. 

f<f>n>elftcn,  vb ,  '  to  guzzle,  carouse, 
revel,'  from  MidHG.  sxvelgen,  swelhen,  '  to 
swallow,  gulp  down,  drink,'  OHG.  swelgan, 
swelahan, '  to  swallow,  gulp  down ' ;  comp. 
OSax.  far-swilgan,  '  to  gulp  down,'  Du. 
zwelgen,  '  to  swallow,'  zwelg,  'draught,'  AS. 
swelgan,  E.  to  swalloxo,  OIc.  svetgja,  'to 
swallow';  Goth.  *suiUian  is  wanting.  A 
Teut.  root,  swelh  (swelg  by  grammatical 
change),  from  pre-Teut.  swellc,  is  not  found 
elsewhere.     See  (£d)n?ald). 

Sd)U>ctfe,  f., '  threshold,  sill,'  from  Mid 

HG.  sv'$lle,  f.  and  n.,  '  beam,  threshold.' 

I   OHG.  Itefln,  m., '  threshold' ;  Goth.  *ncaVi\ 


Sch 


(    328    ) 


S.h 


4  threshold,'  is  wanting.  Comp.  AS.  syll, 
f.,  E.  sill,  and  the  eiiuiv.  OIc.  syll,  svill,  f. ; 
allied  to  Ooth.  ga-suljan, '  to  establish,'  root 
swol,  sill,  'to  establish ' ;  conip.  Lat.  solea  (for 
*svo'ea)  I  Akin  also  to  OHG.  sul,  «  pilhu- '  L 

fcfjwcllcu,  vb.,  '  to  swell,  rise,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sivellen,  OHG.  swellan; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OSax.  snellan, 
Du.  zwellen,  AS.  swellan,  E.  to  swell,  OIc. 
svella ;  Goth.  *sieillan  is  wanting  ;  for  the 
Tent,  root  swell,  sicel,  see  Scfcauelf.  To  this 
is  allied  the  vb.  fcfniKllen, '  to  swell,  expand ' 
(trans.),  from  MidllG.  and  OHG.  swollen, 
'  to  cause  to  swell,'  a  factitive  of  fdnveKcn. 
See  ©efdwuljl. 

fcrjiDcmmcn,  vb., '  to  wash,  soak,  water,' 
from  MidHG.  sicemmen,  'to  cause  to  swim, 
dip  in  water,  wash  in  it';  a  factitive  of 
jdmumutcn. 

gdjunmgel,  m.,  'pendulum,  clapper, 
beam,'  from  MidHG.  swgngel,  swenkel,  m., 
'  that  which  swings,  pendulum.'  See  the 
following  word  and  jdnuiitijen. 

fcfjroentlClt,  vb., '  to  swing,  wave  to  and 
fro,  brandish,'  from  MidHG.  swe.nken,  '  to 
swing,  hurl,  roam,  soar,'  OHG.  sw$nc/ten, 
'to  strike';  comp.  Du.  zwenken,  'to  swing,' 
AS.  swenfyan, '  to  strike,  worry,'  and  allied 
to  the  root  swink,  swing,  in  jcfcnntnjeu  ;  comp. 
flingcn  with  regard  to  the  change  of  k  to  g 
at  the  end  of  the  root. 

fcf)tt>cr,  adj.,  'grievous,  heavy,  difficult,' 
from  MidllG.  swcere,  adj.,  OHG.  sicdri, 
sicdr,  adj.,  '  heavy,'  with  the  adv.  form 
OHG.  swdro,  MidHG.  swdrey  OSax.  swdr, 
Du.  zwaar,  AS.  sw&r,  swdr,  OIc.  svdrr, 
'  heavy.'  Akin  also  to  Goth,  swers,  '  hon- 
oured, respected,  weighty,  as  it  were,  for 
heart  and  sense'?.  See  hncfytifl,  ©eaurf)t. 
Comp.  Lith.  sweriu  (sverti), '  to  lift,  weigh,' 
swarus,  '  heavy,'  svOras,  svdras,  '  weight.' 

§d)lX>ett,  n.,  'sword,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidllG.  and  OHG.  swert,  n.  ;  a  common 
Teut.  term  ;  comp.  tlie  equiv.  OSax.  swerd, 
Du.  zwaanl,  AS.  sweord,  E.  sword,  OIc. 
svertS.  Goth.  *swairda-,  n.,  is  wanting, 
halrus  being  used.  This  latter  term  is 
the  earliest  recorded  in  Teut. ;  it  is  pre- 
served in  old  West  Teut.,  almost  exclu- 
sively in  old  compounds,  and  is  connected 
with  Sans,  cdru,  m.,  '  missile,  spear.'  The 
later  OTeut.  term  *swerda-  has  no  corre- 
spondences in  the  non-Teut.  language?. 

£»($n>erfel,  n.,  '  sword-lily,  fleur-de- 
luce,  iris,'  from  MidHG.  swertek,  OHG. 
swertala,  f.,  a  derivative  of  ©durevt,  in  imi- 
tation of  Lat.  gladiolus. 


gcfjroefier,  f.?  'sister,'  from  MidHG. 
swester,  OllG.  swester,  f.  ;  a  common  Teut. 
and  also  primit.  Aryan  word.  Comp.  Goth. 
swistar,  OIc.  sgster,  AS.  sweoxtor,  E.  sister, 
Du.  zuster,  OSax.  swestar.  The  common 
Teut.  stem  swstr-,  originated  in  Aryan 
8wesr-  (comp.  (Strom  for  the  insertion  of  t 
in  sr),  nom.  sing,  swe'16;  comp.  Sans,  svasr-, 
nom.  sing,  svasd,  Lat.  soror  for  *swes6-r, 
OSlov.  seslra,  Lith.  sesti  (for  *swesd).  The 
orig.  meaning  of  the  cognates,  as  in  the 
case  of  Skuber,  Aryan  bhratd  (brahlr),  can- 
not be  discovered  ;  yet  ©dnuafyer,  @cf/nnea.cr, 
and  (Sdjma aer  (Aryan  swekuros,  swekru,  swek- 
r6s)  are  similar  in  sound,  so  too  OIc.  swiljar, 
'  husbands  of  two  sisters,'  OSax.  swiri, 
'  nephew,  sister's  child '  (Aryan  sue*jo-1), 
&C,  whose  common  component  swe-  signi- 
fied '  own,  his,'  according  to  Sans,  sva,  Lar. 
suits;  comp.  fetit.  For  tlie  Aryan  terms  of 
consanguinity  comp.  Qiater,  SKuttcr,  &c. 

§d)tvibb0QCn,  m., '  stone  arch,  arcade, 
flying  buttress,'  from  MidHG.  swiboge, 
OHG.  swibogo,  m. ;  the  ModHG.  form  is 
an  early  corruption,  connecting  sweiboge, 
which  had  become  obscure  even  in  Mid 
HG,  with  fdjttcbm  and  ©cant.  OHG. 
swibogo,  '  arched  vault,'  if  this  too  is  not  a 
corruption,  appears  to  be  either  an  old  de- 
rivative from  the  root  sivib  (see  fdt)wrf>cii), 
hence  Goth.  *swib-uga,  or  a  compound  of 
OHG.  bogo, '  bow,  arch,'  with  a  prefix  sivi-, 
the  meaning  of  which  is  certainly  not  clear  ; 
comp.  Goth,  stoi-kunfis,  '  manifest,'  OIc. 
sve-viss  (I),  svi-daufir  (?),  AS.  sweo-tol. 

|"d)ttnd)tigen,  see  befcfjiMdjtignt. 

§d)t»teger,  f.,  *  mother-in-law,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  swiger,  OHG.  swigur 
(AS.  swiger),  f. ;  Aryan  swekru;  see  under 
(Sdnvdfyev. 

gd)tt>tele,  f.,  'hard  skin,  weal,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  swil,  m.  and  n.,  OHG. 
swilo,  m.,  sioil,  n.  ;  Teut.  *swiliz,  pre-Teut. 
*swelos,  n.,  is  to  be  assumed  ;  allied  to 
tlie  root  steel  in  fdjrocflen,  <2dniutljh  ©djuucle, 
lit.  '  swelling.' 

fcfjttrierifl,  adj.,  'difficult,  hard,'  from 
MidHG.  swiric  (g),  in.,  '  full  of  sores  or 
ulcers,'  a  derivative  of  <2d)h?dre ;  instinc- 
tively connected  by  Germans,  however, 
with  fdnuer,  and  hence  transformed  in 
meaning. 

fcrjunmrnett,  vb.,  '  to  swim,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sunmmen,  OHG.  swimman; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OSax.  swim- 
man,  Du.  zwemmen,  AS.  swimman,  E.  to 
swim;  OIc.  symja  points  to  Goth.  *$umja>i 


Sch 


(    329    ) 


Sac 


(pret.  swam^.  Akin  also  to  Goth,  sicamms, 
'  sponge,'  swumfsl,  m.,  '  pontl.'  Tiie  Teut. 
root  sw'em,  stim,  appears  also  in  @unb  ; 
conip.  also  OIc.  svamla,  MidHG.  swamen, 
'  to  swim.'  In  the  non-Teut.  languages 
the  root  swem,  sUm,  '  to  swim,'  has  not  yet 
been  found. 

fd)ttrino,  see  gefdjnmtb. 

fcbumtbcln,  vb.,  'to  be  dizzy  or  giddy,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  swinddn,  OHG. 
swintildn,  allied  to  MidHG.  svnndel,  'giddi- 
ness, veriigo,'  equiv.  to  OHG.  siointilbd  and 
swintilunga.  Further  akin  to  fd)UHnbeu, '  to 
dwindle  away,'  hence  MidHG.  also'to  faint, 
become  unconscious.' 

fcfjttnrtoett,  vb.,  'to  vanish,  dwindle 
away,  decay,  perish,'  from  MidHG. swinden, 
OHG.  swintan, '  to  vanish,  pass  away,  grow 
lean,  become  unconscious,  faint' ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  snindan  (wanting  in  E.), 
'  to  vanish ' ;  probably  allied  to  a  root  swl 
(like  Goth,  standan  to  the  root  stdl).  The 
root  swl  appears  in  OHG.  swinan,  MidHG. 
swhien,  'to  decrease,  disappear,  grow  lean, 
become  unconscious,'  OIc.  svlna,  '  to  sub- 
side,' svia, '  to  abate,'  OIc.  svlme,  AS.  svtma, 
Du.  zwijm, '  giddiness,  vertigo.'  In  the  non- 
Teut.  languages  the  root  sul, '  to  decrease,' 
has  not  yet  been  authenticated  ;  the  com- 
parison with  Gr.  ai-vojxai,  '  I  plunder, 
damage,'  is  dubious. — g>d)rr>mbfud)f,  f., 
'consumption,' MidHG.  swiutsuht,  swinsuht 
(allied  to  sivinen),  also  swindelunge. 

fd)nrinflett,  vb.,  '  to  swing,  brandish, 
wave,'  from  MidHG.  swingeiu,  sicinlcen, 
OHG.  swingan  (swinchan  1),  '  to  swing, 
throw,  hurl,  strike,  scourge,  vault,  fly, 
soar';  corresponding  to  OSax.  swingan, 
'  to  vault,'  AS.  swingan,  '  to  scourge,  fly, 
flutter,'  E.  to  swing;  from  Goth.  *swigg- 
wan  was  funned  swaggwjan,  'to  swing 
about.'  Under  fdjnxuif  and  fdjwettfcti,  an 
Aryan  root  siccnk,  sweng,  was  adduced  ; 
AS.  stcincan,  E.  to  snmlc,  is  a  variant  of 
AS.  swingen,  E.  to  swing  ;  comp.  Du.  zwen- 
hen,  'to  swing.' 

§d)nrive,  f.,  'stake' ;  see  £iui!Vc». 

fd)tt)irrcrt,  vb.,  '  to  whiz,  whir,  chirp,' 
ModHG.  only,  allied,  like  @d)warm,  to  a 
root  sicer,  'to  rustle,  drink  (like  beasts).' 

fd)r»it3cn,  vb.,  '  to  sweat,  perspire,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  switzen,  OHG. 
swizzenj  .Goth.  *switjnn  is  wanting.  The 
Teut.  root  stott,  Aryan  swtd,  is  primit. 
Aryan,  as  was  observed  under  <&d)\vti$ 
(a  common  Aryan  root  for  'to  freeze'  is 
wanting;  comp.  SBintcr,  <2d;ncf,  ftfttttt,  and 


(Sommcr) ;  comp.  Sanj.  svidyd-mi,  from  the 
root  smd,  '  to  perspire,'  Gr.  Ibia,  '  I  per- 
spire,' ISpobf,  '  perspiration,'  for  o-Fib-,  and 
further  Lat.  sMare,  'to  perspire'  (toT*swoi- 
dare),  Lett,  swidrs,  '  perspiration. 

fd)tt>orcn,  vb.,  'to  swear,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  swern,  swerjen,  OHG.  sweren^ 
swerien;  a  specifically  Teut.  word  (like 
(Sib) ;  comp.  Goth,  swaran,  OIc.  sverja, 
AS.  swe.rian,  E.  to  swear,  Du.  zweren,  OSax. 
swerian,  '  to  swear.'  The  Teut.  root  swar 
contained  in  these  words  had,  however,  a 
wider  sense  orig.  than  the  one  given,  for 
traces  in  particular  dials,  lead  us  to  infer 
that  'to  answer'  was  the  meaning  of  the 
root ;  comp.  OIc.  svgr,  n.  plur.,  '  answer,' 
svara,  vb.,  'to  answer,'  in  the  legal  sense 
also  '  to  give  security,'  andsvar,  n.,  '  legal 
decision,'  AS.  andswam,  f.,  '  answer,'  E.  to 
answer  (see  Sltthvcrt),  OSax.  andswor,  '  vin- 
dication.' The  prim,  idea  of  the  Teut  root 
swar  is  therefore,  perhaps,  '  to  be  respon- 
sible ' ;  it  has  been  compared  to  Lat.  rc- 
spondeo  from  spondeo. 

(ct)ttml,  adj.,  'sultry,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  swAl ;  comp.  Du.  zwoel,  'sultry,' 
AS.  swdl  (Goth.  **w6L%  is  wanting)  ;  allied, 
like  fd>rc>elen,  to  OHG.  swilizzdn,  '  to  burn 
slowly,'  AS.  for-swSlan,  '  to  burn,'  OIc. 
svdtla,  '  thick,  choking  smoke.'  The  root 
swel,  swul,  appears  also  in  Lith.  svilti,  '  to 
smoulder,'  svihis,  'glimmering,'  svilmis, 
'  burnt  smell,'  and  in  Lett,  swelt,  'to  singe.' 
Deriv.  <2d;nntlitdt,  'sultriness,'  with  a  Lat. 
ending  like  gawalim  and  @d)mieralicii. 

§d)tt>ulff,  f.,  'swelling,  bombast,'  from 
MidHG.  swulst.  geswulst,  OHG.  giswulst,  f., 
'swelling'  ;  allied  to  fdnwllcn. 

l~ulmntmi.  m.,  'swing,  vibration,  soar- 
ing, Bight,'  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
stvunc  (</),  m. ;  allied  to  i"d)ttHii<jen. 

Cu'bumr,  m.,  '  swearing,  oath,  curse,' 
ModHG.  only,  in  MidHG.  found  only  in 
the  compound  meinswuor,  'perjury,  in 
OHG.  only  in  eidswuor,  '  oath ' ;  allied  to 
fdjivorcn. 

§ebcnbaum,  m.,  'savin  (species  of 
juniper),'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  seven- 
bourn,  OHG.  sevina,  sevinboum,  formed 
from  Lat.  sabtna  (arbor  Sabiiw,  lit  '  Sabine 
tree');  corresponding  to  AS.  safine,  E. 
savin. 

Sod),  n.,  'coulter,'  from  MidHG.  seek, 
OHG.  sell  (hh),  n.,  'mattock,  ploughshare' 
(Goth.  *.ni7,-(»-  is  wanting);  allied,  like 
6i$rf  and  2cn"c,  to  a  Teut.  root  sell,  seg, 
sck,  from  Aryan  sek,  seg. 


Sec 


33o    ) 


Seh 


fcd)5,  num.,  'six,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  sehs;  a  common  Teut  and  priniit. 
Aryan  num.  ;  comp.  OSax.  sehs,  Du.  zes, 
AS.  and  E.  six,  OIc.   sehs,  Goth,   saihs ; 

Srimit.  Aryan  seks  (and  sweks).  Comp. 
ans.  SaS,  Zend  ^iras"",  Gr.  e£,  Lat  sex,  W. 
chwech,  OSlov.  Sestl. 

§cd)tcr,  m.,  'two  pecks,'  from  MidHG. 
sehter,  sister,  sihster,  in.,  'a  dry  measure,' 
OHG.  sehtdri,  sehstdri, '  two  pecks  (about)' ; 
derived,  like  OSax.  sister,  from  Lat.  sextarius, 
whence  also  AS.  sister,  Ital.  sestiere,  Fr. 
setter. 

Sccfccf.  ID.,  '  pursi',  bag,  pocket,'  from 
MidHG.  seckel,  OHG.  secchil,  m.,  '  purse'  ; 
diinin.  of  @acf,  Lat.  sacellum  ;  comp.  OFr. 
mchel,  E.  satchel. 

§CC,  m.  and  f.,  'lake,  sea,'  from  MidHG. 
si,  m.  and  f.,  'sea,  lake,  ocean'  (the  masc.  prer 
dominates,  and  is  used  without  distinction 
in  all  the  senses)  ;  OHG.  sio,  m., '  sea,  ocean,' 
and  in  these  significations  occur  OSax.  sio, 
Dn.  zee,  f.,  AS.  sd>,  m.  and  f.,  E.  sea;  OIc. 
seer,  m.,  'ocean';  Goth,  saiws,  m.,  'lake, 
marsh.'  The  common  Teut. *saiui-, '  ocean, 
lake,'  does  not  belong  to  any  Teut.  verbal 
stem  ;  Lat.  saevus,  '  savage '  (Gr.  dtdXof , 
'  mobile'),  seems  to  be  allied  (@cc,  lit.  'the 
savage  element').  While  <See  is  peculiar 
to  Teut.,  SRcer  is  common  to  some  of  the 
West  Aryan  languages. 

fcelc,  f.,  'soul,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
sile,  OHG.  sila  (siula),  f. ;  a  word 
peculiar  to  Teut  Comp.  Goth,  saiivala,  f., 
OIc.  sala,  f.,  AS.  said,  s&wul,  f.,  E.  soul, 
Du.  ziel,  OSax.  sSola,  f.  The  origin  of  the 
priniit.  Teut.  saiwold,  f., '  soul,'  is  obscure  ; 
it  may  be  allied  to  @fe  (@eclf,  lit.  '  that 
which  moves ') ;  comp.  Gr.  aloXos.  Its 
connection  with  Lat.  saeculum,  '  age,  gene- 
ration' (lit.  'vital  power'?),  is  equally 
possible ;  comp.  Sans,  dyu,  '  vital  power,' 
similar  to  Lat.  aevum,  '  age,  time.' 

§cgcl,  n.,  '  sail,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sege',  OHG.  sigal,  m.  ;  comp.  OSax. 
segel,  n.,  Du.  zeil,  n.,  AS.  segel,  m.  and  n., 
E.  sail,  OIc.  segl,  n.,  'sail'  (Goth.  *sigla- 
is  not  recorded).  The  word  cannot  have 
been  borrowed  from  Lat.  sagulum,  'mili- 
tary cloak,'  on  account  of  the  sounds,  and 
because  no  other  OTeut.  nautical  expres- 
sions have  been  derived  from  Lat. ;  besides, 
sagulum  is  not  a  naut.  term.  <Se$el  (Teut. 
*segla-)  looks  very  much  like  a  Teut.  term 
(comp.  SD?aji),  yet  the  root  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. From  the  Tent,  cognates  Fr.  cin- 
gler  and  Span,  sivglar, '  to  sail,'  are  derived. 


^CflClt,  m.,  'blessing,  blis*,  enchant- 
ment,' from  MidHG.  s'egen,  OHG.  s'egan, 
n.,  'sign  of  the  cross,  blessing  resulting 
from  it,  magic  swll';  borrowed  on  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  (see  Jtreu^, 
?lltar,  and  $rtfjrev)  from  Lat.  signum ;  so 
too  OHG.  seganSn,  '  to  bless,'  OSax.  si:gn6n, 
'  to  bless,'  lit.  '  to  make  the  sign  of  the. 
cross,'  from  Lat.  stgndre.  AS.  s'egen,  '  ban- 
ner, military  emblem,'  must  have  been 
borrowed  at  an  earlier  period  from  Lat. 
signum;  with  the  e  of  the  Teut  words 
comp.  the  Olr.  loan-word  se'n,  as  well  as 
Ital.  segno  (Fr,  enseigne). 

fel)<m,  vb., '  to  see,  look,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sehen,  OHG.  sehan;  a  common 
Teut.  vb.,  and  in  this  sense  peculiar  to  this 
group.  Oomp.  Goth,  saihwan,  OIc.  sjd, 
AS.  se6n  (from  *seohan),  E.  to  see,  Du.  zien, 
OSlov.  sehan,  '  to  see.'  The  common  Teut. 
root  sehw  (with  grammatical  change  segw, 
sew),  from  the  pre-Teut.  seq,  closely  agrees 
in  sound  with  tlie  Aryan  root  seq, '  to  follow, 
pursue,  accompany ' ;  comp.  Sans,  sac,  '  to 
escort,  promote,'  Gr.  tnto-dai,  '  to  follow,' 
Lat.  sequi,  Lith.  sclrti,  'to  follow'  ;  the  as- 
sumption that  these  words  are  primitively 
allied  presents  no  difficulty  (lience  fcften  is 
perhaps  lit.  '  to  follow  with  the  eyes '). 
The  supposition  that  the  term  is  connected 
with  Lat.  secare,  '  to  cut'  (Aryan  root  sek, 
'  to  penetrate'  ?),  is  untenable. 

§ef)tie,  f.,  'sinew,  tendon,  nerve,  string 
(of  a  bow),'  from  MidHG.  sine,  senewe,  f., 
'  sinew,  string  (of  a  bow),  nerve,'  OHG. 
senawa,  {.,  *  sinew '  ;  comp.  Du.  zenuw,  AS. 
sinu,  f.,  and  the  equiv.  E.  sinew,  OIc.  sin, 
f.  ;  Goth.  *sinawa,  f.,  is  wanting.  The  word 
is  usually  connected  with  Sans,  sndva-s,  m., 
'  sinew'  (the  Teut.  words  would  also  imply 
a  Sans.  *sandva-) ;  its  kinship  with  Gr. 
w-es,  '  sinew,'  is  improbable. 

fel)nett,  vb.,  '  to  long,  yearn,'  from  Mid 
HG.  senen, '  to  long, inspire  with  longing'  ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  sene,  f.,  '  yearning,  long- 
ing.' Unrecorded  in  OHG.  and  the  other 
OTeut.  dials,  perhaps  only  by  chance  ;  of 
obscure  origin,  but  probably  genuine  Teut. 

fef)r,  adv.,  '  very  greatljr,  very  much ' 
(unknown  to  Suab.  and  Bav.,  arcj,  redjt,  ijar 
being  used),  from  MidHG.  sire,  sir,  adv., 
'with  pain,  painfully,  powerfully,  very  ' ; 
OHG.  and  OSax.  siro,  'painfully,  with  diffi- 
culty, violently' ;  adv.  form  of  OHG.  and 
OSax.  ser,  '  painfully,'  AS.  sdr,  adj.,  'pain- 
ful, wounding.'  Allied  to  the  substs.  Goth. 
sair,  AS.  sdr,  'pain'  (E.  sore),  OSax.  sir, 


Sei 


(    33i     ) 


Sei 


OHG.  and  MidHG.  sir,  n.,  'pain';  from 
the  OTeut.  adj.  is  derived  Finn,  sairas, 
'sick.'  The  common  Teut.  saira-  seems,  like 
Olr.  sdeth,  s6eth,  'hurt,  disease,'  to  point  to 
a  root  sai,  'to  pain.'  The  earlier  mean- 
ing is  preserved  by  Suab.  and  Bav.  sir, 
'wounded,  painful,'  and  serfedvett,  'to 
wound' ;  comp.  Du.  zee?;  'injured,  injury, 
sickness,  scab.' 

feicfjen,  vb.,  '  to  make  water,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  seichen,  OHG.  seihhen; 
allied  to  ModHG.  ©eicfoe,  '  urine,'  and  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  seiche,  f.,  seich,  m.,  OHG. 
seih,  m.  ;  Goth.  *saiqjav,  '  to  make  water,' 
is  wanting;  with  these  ficfcm,  'to  ooze,' 
and  LG.  siketi,  'to make  water'  (Teut.  root 
saik,  sain),  are  connected.  The  Aryan  root 
siq,  mentioned  under  fei^cn,  appears  in 
OSlov.  as  slcati,  with  the  same  meaning, '  to 
make  water' ;  comp.  OSlov.  ski,  m., '  urine.' 

fetd)f ,  adj.,  '  low,  shallow,  flat,'  from 
MidHG.  sihte,  adj.,  'low,  shallow'  ;  OHG. 
*sihti  not  recorded  ;  probably  allied  to 
iutfen,  hence  lit.  '  where  the  water  has  sunk 
into  the  ground,'  or  '  that  which  has  sunk, 
or  is  low'  ;  scarcely  akin  to  fetljeit,  lit. 
'  where  it  gently  flows'  ?. 

e»Ctoe,  £,  '  silk,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  side,  OHG.  sida,  f.  ;  derived  from 
MidLat.  sila,  'silk,'  like  OHG.  chrtdo, 
from  Lat.  cveta.  The  d  of  the  HG.  words 
must  be  explained  by  the  soft  mute  of  the 
Horn,  languages,  appearing  in  Span.,  Prov. 
and  North  Ital.  seda  and  Ital.  seta,  'silk' 
(Fr.  soie),  just  as  in  Span,  greda,  'chalk,' 
compared  with  Ital.  creta  (comp.  @dM). 
MidLat.  sita,  crita  (i  closed ;  see  ?Preit?, 
$ein,  ©peife,  and  fctern),  may  have  been 
borrowed  about  the  10th  cent.  From  Lat. 
sita  (lit.  '  bristle ')  Olr.  sita  is  also  derived. 
For  the  assumption  that  the  Phoenician 
town  of  Sidon  furnished  both  the  material 
and  the  name  <SeiDe,  or  rather  Lat.  sita, 
there  is  no  historic  proof.  In  E.  another 
term  is  used,  AS.  seole,  seoloc,  E.  silk,  to 
which  the  equiv.  OIc.  silke,  n.,  is  allied. 
It  is  usually  assumed  that  these  latter 
terms  come  from  the  Lat.,  in  which  sericus 
(Ir.  siric)  means  '  of  silk ' ;  i  hey  must,  how- 
ever, especially  since  their  forms  can 
scarcely  be  deduced  from  the  Lat.,  be  more 
fittingly  connected,  like  OSlov.  Sdku,  m., 
'  silk,'  with  an  Eastern  term  ;  comp.  Mon- 
gol, sirgek,  '  silk.'  The  Seres,  from  whom 
the  Greeks  obtained  their  term  a-ypucSt 
(Lat.  siricus),  adj.,  cannot,  aa  an  East 
Asiatic  people,  be  regarded  as  the  imme- 


diate source  of  the  North  Europ.  loan- 
words. 

§eibel,  n.  and  m., '  pint,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  sidel,  stdeltn,  n.  ;  from  Lat. 
sttula  (Ital.  secchia,  'pail'), '  bucket,'  whence 
alsoOlr.  sithal;  with  regard  to  the  lengthen- 
ing of  Lat.  I  to  MidHG.  i  in  an  open  syllable, 
see  ©dude,  and  for  d  representing  t,  see  <Seibe. 

£>C\belbctfl,  m.,  '  spurge-laurel,  meze- 
reon,'  derived  under  the  influence  of  ©cioe 
(on  account  of  the  fine  hast  ?)  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zUelbast  (also  zltzelbast),  m., 
called  also zilant ;  origin  obscure.  Perhaps 
zidel-ireide,  'rearing  of  bees,'  is  allied. 

§eife,  f.,  'soap,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  seife,  OHG.  seifa,  f.  (OHG.  also 
'resin')  ;  comp.  Du.  zeep,  AS.  sdpe  (hence 
OIc.  sdpa),  E.  soap;  Goth.  *sai}>j6  is  im- 
plied by  OHG.  seipfa  (Suab.  and  Swiss 
(Seipfe),  and  by  the  Finn,  loan-word  saip- 
pio.  OHG.  seifa,  AS.  sap,  'resin,' might 
suggest  the  assumption  that  @eife  belongs, 
like  AS.  sipan,  MidHG.  stfen,  and  Du.  zij- 
pelen,  '  to  trickle,'  to  the  Teut.  root  sip, 
to  which  Lat.  sibum, '  tallow,'  is  usually  re- 
ferred. But  Pliny  says  that '  soap '  (sdpo) 
was  an  invention  of  the  Gauls,  "Gallornni 
hoc  inventum  rutilandis  capillis  ;  fit  ex 
sebo  et  cinere  .  .  .  apud  Germanosmajore 
in  ustt  viris  quam  feminis."  The  Lat.  sdpo 
of  Pliny,  however,  is,  like  its  derivatives 
Fr.  savon,  Ital.  sapona,  none  other  than  the 
Teut.  *saip6 ;  perhaps  soap  (the  Romans 
were  not  acquainted  with  it)  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  Teut.  invention.  Yet  it  is 
remarkable  that  Pliny  speaks  of  soap  only 
as  a  "  pomade  for  colouring  the  hair."  The 
term  sdpo,  'soap,'  was  not  frequently  used 
in  Lat.  until  the  4th  cent.  Another  Teut. 
word  for  soap  is  represented  by  E.  lather, 
AS.  let'ttior,  OIc.  lauftr. 

jT>ctf)C,  f.,  'straining,  strainer,  colander,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  slhe,  OHG.  stha, 
f.  Allied  to  fcibeti,  'to  strain,  filter,'  from 
MidHG.  silten,  OHG.  sthan,  'to  strain, 
filter,  trickle ' ;  comp.  Du.  zijgen,  '  to  filter 
through,  decay,  faint,'  AS.  se6n  (from 
*sthan),  ( to  strain,'  and  the  equiv.  OIc. 
sfrt.  Identical  with  these  are  MidHG. 
sigen,  OHG.  and  AS.  sigan,  '  to  fall  down, 
trickle.'  Teut  root  sfh,  sthw  (with  gram- 
matical change  sfg,  sfw),  from  pre-Teut. 
sfq,  '  to  trickle  down ' ;  comp.  OSlov.  slcati, 
'  to  make  water,'  Sans,  sic,  '  to  pour  out ' 
(Gr.  iKfxas,  '  moisture '  ?).  An  equiv.  Teut. 
root  sue  is  also  indicated  by  ModHG.  feid)en, 
itnfftt,  and  ftrfrrn. 


Sei 


(    332    ) 


Sal 


<5cU,  n., '  rope,'  from  MidHG.  and  OIIG. 
si'if,  11.,  '  rope,  cord  '  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  sil,  AS.  sdl,  OIc.  seil,  Goth.  *sail, 
11.,  '  rope'  (from  insailjan,  '  to  lower  or  let 
down  with  cords ').  A  common  Teut.  word 
sailo m,  which,  like  the  equiv.  OSlov.  silo, 
is  derived  from  the  widely  diffused  Aryan 
root  si,  '  to  bind.'  Comp.  the  Sans,  root 
si,  ' to  bind,'  setu,  '  bond,  fetter,'  Gr.  l-fids, 
'  strap,'  and  l-povuL,  '  well-rope,'  Lett,  sinu, 
'to  bind';  also  OHG.  si-lo,  MidRG.^sil, 
111.,  '  traces  of  draught  cattle ' ;  OSax.  simo, 
'  strap,'  Olz.  slme.    See  ©cite  and  <Sifte. 

£>cim,  in.,  '  strained  honey,  sweetness,' 
from  MidHG.  seim  (honecseim),  OHG.  seim 
(honangseim),  m.,  'virgin  honey';  comp. 
Da.zeem;  OIc. seimr,hunangsseimr,  'honey- 
comb.' On  account  of  this  divergence  of 
meaning  in  Teut.  the  connection  of  the 
word  with  Gr.  alfia,  '  blood  '  (lit.  'juice '  ?), 
is  improbable.  It  may  be  allied  to  the 
cognates  discussed  under  @eil)?» 

fcin,  poss.  pron., '  his,  its,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  (also  OSax*)  sin;  comp.  Goth. 
seins, '  his' ;  allied  to  Goth,  si-k, '  himself,' 
formed  with  the  poss.  suffix  -ina-  like  mcin 
and  bein.  Comp.  fid) ;  the  further  discus- 
sion of  the  word  belongs  to  grammar. 

fcitt,  anomal.  vb.;  its  tenses  are  formed 
from  various  stems.  The  Teut  prim, 
steins  are  es,  -s,  with  the  same  meaning 
(OHG,  MidHG,  and  ModHG.  ist,  OHG. 
and  MulHG.  sint,  ModHG.  iuib ;  rabj. 
mood,  OHG.  and  MidHG.  si,  ModHG.  fet ; 
inf.  MidHG.  sin,  ModHG.  fetn ;  comp. 
Goth.  3rd  pers.  sing,  ist,  plu.  sind ;  optat. 
sijau;  AS.  and  E.  3rd  pers.  sing,  is,  3rd  pers. 
plur.  AS.  sind) ;  corresponding  to  the 
Aryan  root  es  in  Lat.  es-t,  Gr.  tori,  Sans. 
ds-ti,  Lat.  sunt,  sim,  Sans,  sdnti,  &c.  Tlie 
second  stem  begins  with  b,  ModHG.,  Mid 
HG.,  and  OHG.  bin,  OSax.  bium,  AS.  beo, 
'  I  am '  (AS.  also  '  I  shall '),  connected  with 
the  stem  of  Lat.  fio,  Gr.  (f>va>,  Sans,  bh -&, 
*  to  become.'  For  the  third  stem  (of  gchjcfen 
and  nxtr)  see  under  SSefen.  Further  details 
belong  to  grammar. 

feif ,  prep,  and  conj.,  '  since,'  from  Mid 
HG.  sit,  prep,  and  conj., '  since,'  adv., '  since 
then,'  OIIG.  sld,  adv.,  'since  then,  later,' 
conj.  'since,  as,  because,'  prep,  'since.' 
Comp.  OSax.  sift  (also  siSor),  '  later,  after- 
wards, since  then,  if  ;  orig.  a  compar.  adv. ; 
comp.  Goth.  J>anaseij?s,  '  further,'  allied  to 
seifcus,  '  lute.'  As  new  equiv.  compare, 
comp.  also  OSax.  sitS-or,  OHG.  slddr,  Mid 
HG.  sfder.     MidHG.  sint,  a  variant  of  sit, 


is  implied  by  (internal  ;  E.  since  is  based  on 
MiilE.  sithens,  sithen,  AS.  siiSSdn. 

Incite,  f.,  'side,  flank,  page.1  from  Mid 
HG.  site,  sit,  OIIG.  sUa  (sitta),  f.,  'side'; 
comp.  Du.  zijde,  f.,  'side,'  and  the  equiv. 
AS.  side,  E.  side,  OIc.  sifta,  f.  ;  Goth.  *seidd 
(*seidj6),  f.,  is  wanting.  Allied  to  OIc. 
sffir,  '  hanging  down,'  AS.  sid,  adj.,  'wide, 
large, extended'? — fctfs,  ineitterfetta,  aubet;, 
jjenfeiW,  &c,  with  adv.  s  from  MidHG.  -sit 
in  einsit,  ander-sit,  jensit,  which  are  accus. 
advs. 

Sekl,  m.,  'Canary wine, sack,' ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  Du.  sek,  which,  like 
E.  sack,  is  said  to  have  been  formed  from 
Ital.  vino  secco. 

fclb,  felbcr,  felbff,  pron., 'self-same, 
self,  himself,'  &c,  from  MidHG.  selp  (6), 
OHG.  selb,  pron.,  'self,  himself,' &c. ;  comp. 
OSax.  self,  Du.  zelf,  AS.  sylf,  OIc.  sjalfr, 
Goth,  silba,  'self,  himself,'  &c.  A  pron. 
peculiar  to  Teut,  which  signified  lit  per- 
haps 'master,  possessor'  (thus  Sans,  pitis, 
'master,'  is  similar  to  Lith.  pats,  'self'). 
Comp.  Olr.  selb,  f.,  'possession'?. 

felig,  adj.,  '  happy,  blessed,  deceased, 
late,'  from  MidHG.  sozlec,  OHG.  sdlig,  adj., 
'  happy,  blessed,  blissful,  salutary' ;  length- 
ened by  the  suffix  -tg  from  an  older  *sdl, 
which  was  preserved  in  MidHG.  sulliche, 
'in  a  lucky  manner';  comp.  Goth,  sils, 
'good,  suitable,'  AS.  sddig,  'good,  happy, 
OHG.  sdlida,  MidHG.  sozlde,  f.,  'happi- 
ness, welfare.'  Goth,  sels  is  usually  com- 
pared with  Gr.  oAoy  (Ion.  ovKos),  '  whole,' 
from  solvos,  ovX(,as  a  greeting,  Sans,  sarva  s, 
'whole,  all,'  Lat.  sollus,  'whole.' — fetig,  in 
the  ail js.,  just  as  ttiibfelig,  faumfeUg,  and  mu()- 
fettg,  has  nothing  to  do  with  OHG.  sdlvj, 
since  it  is  a  suffix  of  the  neuts.  £rub;~al, 
©aumfal,  3Wuf)fa(.  In  substs.  of  this  kind 
-sal  itself  is  a  suffix  formed  from  OHG. 
isal  (gen.  -sles),  which  appears  in  Goth,  as 
-isl,  n. 

gelferie,  m.,  'celery,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  ceieri. 

feltetl,  adj.  and  adv.,  'rare,  rarely,'  from 
MidHG.  selten,  OHG.  seltan,  adv., '  rarely'; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  AS.  s'eldan, 
adv.,  E.  seldom,  OIc.  sjaldan,  OFris.  sielden, 
adv.  The  corresponding  adj.  is  OHG. 
seltsdni,  MidHG.  seltseene  (AS.  seld-sSne), 
'  rare,  strange,'  the  suffix  of  which  has  been 
supplanted  in  ModHG.  by  the  more  fami- 
liar ;fam.  In  Goth.  sildaleUcs,  'wonder- 
ful,' to  which  is  allied  Goth,  sildaleikjan, 
'  to  be  astonished '  (akin  to  AS.  sylltS,  E. 


Sem 


(    333    ) 


Seu 


silly).  Cognate  terms  in  the  non-Teut. 
languages  are  wanting. 

Qemmel,  m.,  'roll,'  from  MidHG. 
s'e'mel,  sem.de  (also  simel),  OHG.  s'emala, 
simila,  f.,  •  fine  wheat  flour  or  bread,  roll ' ; 
a  word  peculiar  to  HG.,  allied  to  OHG. 
semon,  '  to  eat.'  Lat.  simila,  '  wheat  flour,' 
whence  also  Ital.  semola,  Fr.  semoule,  *  bran 
from  fine  wheat  flour,'  has  been  influenced 
by  the  HG.  word. 

fcmperfret,  adj.,  'free-born,  entitled  to 
act  as  assessor  of  the  synod,'  from  Mid 
HG.  sempervrt,  '  subject  only  to  the  empe- 
ror and  empire,  authorised  to  hold  a  synod 
or  to  take  part  in  it.'  Allied  to  MidHG. 
sent,  m.,  'senatus,  diet,  imperial  diet,'  also 
'  ecclesiastical  assembly,'  like  OHG.  senot 
(Lat.  syuodus) ;  MidHG.  sempcere,  sentbcere, 
prop.,  '  authorised  to  take  part  in  a  synod.' 

fcnbctt,  vb.,  '  to  send,  dispatch,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  senden,  OHG.  senten; 
a  common  Teut.  vb.  ;  comp.  Goth,  sandjan, 
AS.  se.ndav,  E.  to  send,  Du.  zenden,  OSax. 
spidian,  OIc.  senda,  '  to  send.'  Factitive 
of  a  lost  OTeut.  *sinfcan,  '  to  go,  travel ' ; 
thus  fenbett  is  lit.  'to  cause  to  go.'  Comp. 
©cfinbe  and  ftnnen. 

§cnesbaitm,  m.,  'senna  (tree),'  Mod 
HG  only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  Fr.  s4n4 
(E.  senna),  Ital.  sena.  The  ultimate  source 
is  Arab.  sana. 

§enefd)an,  m.,  'seneschal,  high  ste- 
ward,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  seneschalt, 
sineschalt,  m.,  which  is  derived  from  Rum.  ; 
comp.  the  cognates  Fr.  senechal,  Ital. 
siuiscalco  (MidLat.  siniscalcus),  '  high  ste- 
ward.' The  Rom.  words  are  based  on  an 
OTeut.  word  (Goth.  *sinaskalks,  'head  ser- 
vant') ;  comp.  Goth,  sinista,  'eldest,' which 
is  primit.  allied  to  Olr.  sen,  Lat.  senex, 
senior,  Lith.  se"nas,  Sans,  sdnas, ' old.'  With 
regard  to  the  second  part  of  the  compound 
comp.  ©djalf  (and  2JJarfd)a(l).  The  invari- 
able tat  the  end  of  the  MidHG.  word  is 
remarkable. 

§Cllf,  m.,  '  mustard,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  s'enf,  senef,  m.,  OHG.  s'enaf,  m. ; 
corresponding  to  Goth,  sinap,  AS.  senep, 
'mustard.'  The  other  dials,  have,  like 
Rom.,  the  term  SKcflevt.  It  cannot  be  de- 
termined through  what  medium  Gr.  and 
Lat.  o-ivani,  sinapi,  '  mustard,'  were  intro- 
duced at  so  early  a  period  that  the  Goth,  and 
HG.  terms  correspond  ;  but  since  they  are 
not  genuine  Aryan  words,  it  is  possible  the 
South  Teutons  and  Grajco-Itals.  obtained 
them  independently  from  the  same  source. 


fettflen,  vb.,  '  to  singe,  scorch,'  from 
MidHG.  spigen,  '  to  singe,  burn,'  lit.  '  to 
cause  to  singe  or  crackle' ;  a  factitive  of 
MidHG.  and  ModHG.  singen,  with  a  pecu- 
liar development  of  meaning,  which  is 
shared  by  the  E.  to  singe,  from  AS.  *sgn- 
gean. 

gonfcel,  mM '  plumb-line,' from  MidHG. 
seiikel,  m.,  '  plumb-line,  lace,'  also  '  anchor, 
drag-net,'  OHG.  sencltil,  '  anchor,  drag-net.' 
Allied  to  fenfett,.  MidHG.  senken,  OHG. 
senchen, '  to  lower'  (factitive  of  ftnfm ;  comp. 
OSax.  senkian,  Goth,  sagqjan,  'to  lower,  let 
down '). 

.SertttC,  m.,  '  cowherd,'  ModHG.  only, 
MidHG.  *senne  is  not  recorded,  but  in 
late  MidHG.  (rarely),  senncere,  'herdsman, 
cowherd.'  The  antiquity  of  the  ModHG. 
term  is  attested,  however,  by  OHG.  senno, 
m.,  'herdsman,'  as  well  as  by  late  MidHG. 
senne-,  'pasture  on  the  Alps.'  On  account 
of  the  restriction  of  the  cognates  to  UpG. 
the  origin  of  the  word  is  mot  quite  certain  ; 
it  is  usually  connected  with  (Salute  (Goth. 
*sana,  '  cream,'  *sanjay '  cowherd '). 

§ettfe,  f.,  'scythe,'  from  MidHG.  sSnse, 
s'igense,  OHG.  segansa,  f.,  '  sickle,  scythe ' 
(for  the  suffix  see  9U)te) ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  *segasna  (segisna),  Du.  zeissen, 
'  scythe.'  From  a  Teut.  root  seg,  '  to  cut ' 
(see  @da,e),  whence  OIc.  sigfir,  AS.  sigtSe, 
sifie,  f.,  E.  scythe,  LG.  sicht ;  primit.  allied 
to  Lat.  secare  and  securis,  Aryan  root  sek, 
'  to  cut.' 

gettte,  f.,  'herd,'  ModHG.  only;  allied 
to  ©eime. 

§effel,  m.,  'settle,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  s'e^el,  OHG.  setfal,  m. ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  setl,  E.  settle,  Goth,  sitls, 
m.,  'seat,  stool.'  A  derivative  of  the  Teut. 
root  set,  '  to  sit,'  like  Lat.  sella,  for  *sedla 
from  sideo;  comp.  also  Gr.  ?8pa,  from 
ZC°nah  OSlov.  sedlo,  'saddle,'  from  sesti, 
'  to  sit  down  '  ;  comp.  ftcbetn. 

g>cff  cr,  m.,  '  bushel,'  of  the  same  origin 
as  @ed>tcr. 

feUJrjaff,  adj.,  'settled,  stationary,  re- 
siding,' from  MidHG.  se^haft,  '  settled, 
residing,'  allied  to  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sl$ 
'  seat,  residence ' ;  akin  to  ftfcen. 

fetxevx,  vb.,  'to  set,  put,  place,'  from 
MidHG.  selzen,  OHG.  sesszen,  '  to  set,  cause 
to  sit '  ;  an  OTeut.  factitive  of  fifcett.  Comp. 
Goth,  satjan  (whence  Ital.  sagire,  Fr.  saisir), 
AS.  saltan,  E.  to  set,  Du.  zetten,  OSax.  stftian, 
OIc.  setja,  'to  Bet.' 

Scud)C,   f.,   '  epidemic,   plague,'  from 


Sou 


(     334     ) 


Sie 


MidHG.  siitche,  OHG.  siuhht,  f.,  '  disease ' ; 
abstract  of  fic(f>. 

fcuf^cn,  vb.,  '  to  sigh,  lament,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  siufzen,  siuften;  the  z  of 
the  MidHG.  form  is  due  to  the  influence 
of  the  intensives  in  -zen;  in  OHG.  stiftdn, 
stifte&n,  'to  sigh,'  allied  to  MidHG.  stift, 
'sigh.'  The  latter  is  an  abstract  from 
OHG.  stifan,  'to  drink' ;  hence  feuften,  lit. 
'drawing  in  the  breath';  it  is  related  to 
faufen,  as  fdjludjjen  is  to  fcfolurfen.  Note, 
however,  E.  to  sob,  MidE.  sobbin,  AS.  *sob- 
bian,  'to  sob,  sigh,'  which  may  be  allied 
to  OHG.  stiftedn. 

fid),  pron.,  'himself,  herself,'  &c,  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.sic/f,  ace.  and  dat.,  OHG. 
sih,  ace. ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OLG. 
and  Goth,  sik,  ace.  Comp.  Lat.  se,  Gr.  i, 
OSlov.  sg,  ace,  'himself,'  &c.  (seb$,  dat., 
like  Lat.  sibi)  ;  Sans,  sva,  'own,'  Lat.  smes, 
Gr.  coy,  Ss.  Hence  even  in  Aryan  there 
existed  a  reflex,  pron.  sve-,  se-.  Further 
details  belong  to  grammar. 

£>id)d,  f ,  'sickle,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sichel,  OHG.  sihhila,  f. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  zikkel,  AS.  sicol,  E.  sickle.  It 
is  perhaps  borrowed  from  Lat.  secula  (Ital. 
segolo,  'bill,  hedging  bill').  On  account  of 
the  agreement  of  the  E.  with  the  G.  term, 
it  must  have  been  introduced  in  the  5th 
cent.,  which  date  also  explains  the  permu- 
tation of  Lat.  k  to  HG.  ch.  On  the  other 
hand,  (Sidjel  and  its  cognaU-s  may  be 
regarded  as  genuine  Tent,  words  (Teut. 
sikil6-) ;  the  G.  word  looks  like  a  diminu- 
tive of  ModHG.  <Scd),  which  points  to  Teut. 
s'eko-,  and  more  remotely  to  the  Aryan  root 
seg,  sole  (see  ©enfe). 

fidjer,  adj.,  'sure,  certain,  trusty,'  from 
MidHG.  richer,  OHG.  sihhUr,  'careless, 
unconcerned  ;  sure,  protected,  confident' ; 
to  these  are  allied  OSax.  and  AS.  sicor, 
'free  from  guilt  and  punishment,'  MidE. 
siker,  Du.  zeker  (OHG.  sihhorS-,  'to  jus- 
tify, protect,  promise,  vow,'  OSax.  sicor6n, 
'to  set  free').  It  is  based  on  the  common 
West  Teut.  loan-word  Lat.  sectirus  (pho- 
netic intermediate  form  sSctirux,  the  accent 
of  which  was  Germanised  when  the  word 
was  borrowed)  ;  comp.  Ital.  sicuro,  Fr.  stir. 
The  term  was  naturalised  in  G.  before  the 
7th  cent.,  as  is  shown  by  the  permuta- 
tion of  k  to  ch.  Was  it  first  introduced 
through  the  medium  of  legal  phraseology  ? 
Comp.  OHG.  sihhordn,  'to  justify,  pur- 
gare.* 

§td)t,  f.,   'sight,'  from   MidHG.  siht, 


('.,  '  appearance,  view  '  ;  verbal  abstract 
from  fefyen  ;  comp.  E.  sight,  from  to  see. 

fid) ten,  vb.,  'to  sift,  winnow,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  LG.  sichten,  earlier  Du. 
zichten, '  to  sift '  ;  these  are  derived  from  an 
older  siften,  with  a  LG.  change  of  ft  to  ht ; 
ModDu.  ziften,  with  an  abnormal  ft  (for 
gt),  is  based  on  zeef,  'sieve.'  Comp.  AS. 
siftan,  E.  to  si/t.  A  derivative  of  the  root 
sib,  'to  sift' ;  see  <2>ieb. 

fidtern,  vb., '  to  trickle,  drop,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  ?.  Comp.  AS.  sicerian, '  to 
trickle,  ooze' ;  allied  to  jncfoen  and  ftnfen 
(Teut.  root  slk,  si/t,  from  Aryan  sig,  sik). 

fie,  pron.,  'she,  her,  it,  they,  them'; 
from  MidHG.  sie,  si  (si),  nom.  and  ace. 
sing,  f.,  nom.  and  ace.  plur.,  m.,  f.,  and  n., 
OHG.  siu,  sT,  nom.  sing,  f.,  sti,  nom.  and 
ace.  plur.  For  further  details  see  gram- 
mars. 

§teb,  n.,  'sieve,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sip  (b),  OHG.  sib,  n.;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  zeef  (and  zift)  ;  AS.  sife,  n.,  E.  sieve; 
derived,  like  siftan,  'to  sift'  (see  jtcfoten), 
from  a  root  sib  (seb),  which  is  not  found 
elsewhere. 

fieben,  num.,  'seven,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  siben,  OHG.  sibun;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth,  sibun,  AS.  seofon,  E.  seven, 
Du.  zeven,  OSax.  sibun,  '  seven '  ;  orig. 
septn.  Like  all  units,  a  common  Aryan 
word  ;  comp.  Sans,  saplan,  Gr.  eVi-a,  Lat. 
septem,  OSlov.  sedml,  Olr.  secht,  'seven.' 
The  t  of  the  Aryan  prim,  form  septn-  dis- 
appears in  primit.  Teut.  between  p  and  n. 

(ted),  adj.,  'sickly,  infirm,'  from  MidHG. 
siech,  OHG.  sioh  (hh),  adj.,  'sick';  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  siok,  Du.  ziek,  AS.  se6c, 
E.  sick,  OIc.  sj&kr,  Goth,  sinks,  '  sick.'  The 
OTeut.  term  for  'sick,  ill,'  compared  with 
the  ModG.  word  frant ;  comp.  the  differ- 
ence in  meaning  between  ModHG.  jted) 
and  @eud)e.  To  this  @itd)t  is  allied  (and 
fd)tt>ad)  ?),  as  well  as  Goth,  siukan,  str.  vb., 
'to  be  weak.'  A  pre-Teut.  root  sug  is 
wanting. 

(tebeltt,  vb.,  '  to  settle,  establish,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sidelen ;  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  sedel,  OHG.  sedal,  m.  and  n.,  'seat, 
settle,  residence,'  a  variant  of  @ejjc(,  Goth. 
sitls  (*si/>ls).  There  are  several  examples 
of  the  change  of  tl  to  f>l  (parallel  to  that 
of  tn  to  Jm  in  Soben).    Comp.  also  (Sinjtebel. 

fieben,  vb., '  to  seethe,  boil,  stew,'  from 
MidHG.  sieden,  OHG.  siodan,  '  to  seethe, 
cook';  comp.  Du.  zieden,  AS.  seaman,  E. 
to  seethe,  OIc.  sj&6a,  'to  seethe,  cook.'     In 


Sie 


(     335     ) 


Sin 


Goth,  the  only  allied  term  is  saups,  in., 
'  offering '  (01c.  saufir, '  sheep,'  prop.  '  sacri- 
ficial animal').  An  Aryan  root  sub  seems 
to  he  wanting  in  the  cognate  languages. 

f&iebler,  m.,  'setiler';  comp.  (Sinftebel. 

§icci,  m.,  'victory,  triumph,  conquest,' 
from  tiie  equiv.  MidHG.  sige,  also  sic  (</), 
OHG.  sigi,  sigu,  m.  ;  a  common  Tent, 
word  ;  com]).  Goth,  sigis,  OIc.  sigr,  AS. 
segor  and  sige,  Du.  zege.  The  great  anti- 
quity of  the  Teut.  stem  segoz,  sigiz,  is 
attested  hoth  by  the  proper  names  Segi- 
merus,  Segi-mundus,  and  Segestes,  men- 
tioned by  Tacitus,  and  by  the  terms  in 
the  cognate  languages  ;  Aryan  s/fghos,  n., 
'prevailing  might,'  is  implied  also  by  Iucl. 
sdhas  and  Zend  hazanh,  'power,  might, 
victory.'  Comp.  Sans,  sah,  '  to  overpower, 
vanquish,  conquer,'  to  which  Gr.  e^w  (aor. 
€-<rx-ov)  and  Olr.  segaim,  '  I  attain,'  are 
closely  allied. 

§ie$ei,  n.,  'seal,  signet,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  sigel,  m.  (wanting  in  OHG.)  ; 
in  the  classical  period  MidHG.  insigel,  in- 
sigele,  OHG.  indgili,  n.  It  cannot  be  de- 
termined whether  MidHG.  sigel,  which 
was  substituted  for  the  latter  term,  was 
borrowed  at  a  later  period  from  Lat.  sigil- 
lum,  or  whether  it  was  formed  again  from 
MidHG.  besigelen  (OHG.  bisi/elen), '  to  seal,' 
and  entsigelen  (OHG.  infsigilen),  'to  un- 
seal' ;  nor  is  it  known  how  OHG.  insigili 
is  related  to  Lat.  sigillum.  In  Goth,  a  term 
sigljd,  n.,  occurs. 

§iele,  f,  'brace,  strap,'  from  ihe  equiv. 
MidHG.  site,  OHG.  silo;  the  latter  is  allied 
to  the  root  si,  '  to  bind,'  in  @eil :  on  the 
MidHG.  variant  s#  are  based  ModHG.  @t((, 
li.,  and  Side,  f. 

Oiitrifl,  in., '  sexton,  sacristan,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sigriste,  OHG.  (also  OLG.) 
sigristo;  borrowed  during  the  OHG.  period 
contemporaneously  with  ^riefler,  prebigen, 
and  especially  with  Jfrifter  and  9Rc jjncr,  from 
Lat.  sacrista,  whose  MidLat.  variant  segris- 
ta(nus)  leads  to  OFr.  segretain  (in  ModFr. 
sacristain,  Ital.  sagrestano,  E.  sexton). 

Silbc,  f.,  'syllable,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  siibe,  earlier  sillabe,  OHG.  sillaba,  f.  ; 
borrowed  from  Lat.  and  Gr.  syllaba,  pro- 
bably at  the  same  period  as  (Sduile,  and  the 
words  relating  to  writing,  such  as  33vief  and 
fcfyretbeit. 

Silbcr,  n.,  'silver,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  silber,  OHG.  silbar,  earlier  silabar,  n.  ; 
a  common  Teut.  word  with  corresponding 
forms ;   comp.   Goth,   silubr,  AS.    seolofer, 


seolfor,  E.  silver,  Du.  zilver,  OSax.  silabar. 
This  primit.  Teut.  term  is  pre-historically 
connected  (comp.  ©otb)  with  the  equiv.  Slav, 
cognates,  OSlov.  slrebro,  Lith.  sidabras. 
The  implied  *silotro-  is  certainly  not  an 
Aryan  word  ;  perhaps  the  Teutons  adopted 
it  in  their  migration  from  a  non-Aryan 
tribe  and  transmitted  it  to  the  Slavs.  The 
Lat.-Gr.  term  argcntum,  apyvpos,  seems, 
like  the  equiv.  Sans,  rajatd  (in  the  Vedas 
silver  is  unknown),  to  point  to  a  primit. 
Aryan  term  of  which  Teut.  has  retained  no 
trace.  Another  non-Aryan  word  of  pre- 
historic Teut.  is  §anf. 

§tlf,  n.,  'tether,  string'  ;  see  ©tele,  so 
too  ©ille. 

gtmmetr,  n.  '  half  a  bushel,'  for  earlier 
ModHG.  and  MidHG.  siimmer,  whose  vari- 
ants siimber,  sumber  (siimbrin),  lead  to  OHG. 
sumbir  (sumbrin).  '  basket.'  The  suffix  in 
occurs  in  several  terms  denoting  vessels 
(see  .Mel) ;  the  syllable  ber  in  MidHG. 
siimber  recalls  (Sinter  and  Buber. 

gimpef,  m.,  'simpleton,' ModHG.  only, 
from  the  adj.  limpet,  which  comes  from  Fr. 
simple. 

§ims,  m.  and  n.,  'cornice,  shelf,  mantel- 
piece,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sim$,  simvi, 
OHG.  simi$  (OHG.  simi$stein,  'capitel- 
lum')  ;  a  corresponding  *simito-  is  wanting 
in  the  other  Teut.  languages ;  its  pre- 
historic existence  is  proved  by  its  kinship 
with  Lat.  sima,  '  ogee,  moulding.'  To  Mid 
HG.  sime$  belongs  the  prop,  collective 
gesime^e,  ModHG.  ©cjtmtf.  The  derivation 
from  Fr.  cymaise  (Gr.  Kvp.driov)  is  incon- 
ceivable. 

£>mcut.  m.,  '  lady's  mantle  ' ;  the  ear- 
lier ModHG.  variants  ©inbau  and  ©tnbatve 
point  to  MidHG.  and  OHG.  *sintou,  whose 
lit.  sense,  'ever-dew'  (see  ©ituuiui),  charac- 
terises the  plant  more  simply  than  the  terms 
Saubefjalt,  lit. '  dew-holder,'  and  £aui'd>lujyel, 
lit.  'dew-key,'  which  are  applied  to  it. 

finfcflul,  see  ©fuitfhit. 
nflClt,  vb.,  'to  sing,  chant,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  singen,  OHG.  and  OSax. 
siagan;  a  common  Teut.  vb.  occurring  in 
the  same  sense  in  all  the  dials.  ;  comp. 
Goth,  seggwan,  OIc.  syngra,  AS.  singan.  E. 
to  sing,  Du.  zingen  (yet  Goth,  also  '  to  read,' 
OHG.  also  '  to  crow ').  The  Teut.  root 
singw,  which  appears  also  in  @amj,  &c,  is 
only  doubtfully  related  to  some  terms  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages ;  it  is  said  to  be  pri- 
mit. allied  to  fajjen  (Teut  root  sag,  from 
Aryan  seq),  and  to  this  there  is  no  phonetic 


Sin 


(    336    ) 


Sma 


objection.  It  is  more  probably  connected 
with  Gr.  outfit),  '  voice,  speech,  oracle,'  if  a 
pre-historic  root  sengh  be  assumed.  Comp. 
ten  $tn,  and,  for  other  Teut.  artistic  expres- 
sions, Sicto  and  J&avfe. 

gjingrfitt,  n.,  'periwinkle,'  ModHG. 
only,  prop,  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  AS.  and 
MidE.  singrSne,  Olc  si-grasnn,  •  semper- 
viva';  sin, '  always,'  is  an  OTeut.  prefix  con- 
nected with  Lat.  sem-per.  Comp.  <Sunb- 
flut. 

(tnfccn,  vb.,  'to  sink,  fall,  abate,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sinhen,  OHG.  sinchan; 
a  common  Teut.  str.  vb.  (for  its  causative 
see  feitfen).  Comp.  Goth,  sigqan,  Olc.  sokkva, 
AS.  sincan,  E.  to  sink,  Du.  zinken,  OSax. 
sincan.  The  a-root  senq,  contained  in  these 
words,  seems  to  have  originated  in  an  i-root 
siq,  which  appears  in  the  parallel  form 
nhw  in  ModHG.  fetfyen,  as  well  as  OHG. 
s'igan,  MidHG.  stgen,  '  to  drip.'  The  pre- 
Teut.  root  sig,  siq,  appears  in  OSlov.  slcati, 
'  to  make  water,'  s\6t,  '  urine,'  as  well  as  in 
Sans,  sic,  'to  wet,  pour  out,'  whose  pres. 
appears  in  a  nasalised  form  sincati.  Mod 
HG.  feifjen  is  based  upon  Teut.  saik,  pre- 
Teut  sig. 

S»inn,  m.,  'sense,  meaning,  import,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sin 
(nn),  m.  ;  comp.  OFris.  sin.  It  cannot  be 
borrowed  from  Lat.  sensus,  since  a  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  str.  vb.  sinnen  co-exists  with 
the  subst.  The  corresponding  OHG.  vb» 
sinnan  signifies  only  '  to  travel,  strive,  go' ; 
which  certainly  suggests  that  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  sinnen  derived  its  meaning  from 
OHG.  sin,  '  sensus.'  The  relation  of  OHG. 
sin,  '  sensus,'  to  simian,  '  to  set  out,  go  in 
any  direction,'  may  be  inferred  from  its 
early  history.  The  root  of  OHG.  sinnan 
is  the  same  as  that  of  Teut.  sinjxh,  '  way, 
journey'  (comp.  ©cftttbe),  sinnan  being  based 
on  a  pre-historic  sentno-.  In  Lat.  sentire, 
'  to  feel,'  the  Aryan  root  sent  (comp.  Ir.  set, 
'  way ')  has  an  abstract  meaning  (see  feijeit), 
which  is  also  shared  by  OHG.  sinno-. 
From  the  OHG.  word  the  equiv.  Rom.  cog- 
nate Ital.  senno  is  derived. 

(Infernal,  conj.,  'since,  whereas,'  from 
MidHG.  siiitemdl,  for  sint  dem  mdle,  'since 
then.'     Comp.  feit. 

§infer,  m., '  dross  of  iron,  scale,'  from 
MidHG.  sinter  (sinder),  OHG.  sintar,  m., 
'  slag,  slack' ;  comp.  Olc.  sindr,  AS.  sinder, 
'  slag,  dross'  (E.  sinter  is  a  HG.  loan-word). 
References  in  the  non-Teut.  languages  are 
uncertain. 


§ippc,  f.,  'kin,  kindred,  family,'  from 
MmIIG.  sippe,  OHG.  sippa,  f.,  'consan- 
guinity '  ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
OSax.  sibbea,  AS.  sibb,  Goth,  sibja.  The 
pre-historic  form  sebhyd  indicates  a  kinship 
with  Sans,  sabhd,  '  tribe,  tribal  union,  kin.' 
In  Olc.  mythology  Sif  is  worshipped  as  the 
goddess  of  the  family,  and  espec.  of  mar- 
riage— gippfeftaff,  from  MidHG.  sip- 
schaftr  f.,  equiv.  to  MidHG.  sippe. 

§it f  C,  f.,  '  custom,  manner,  good-breed- 
ing,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  site,  m. 
(rarely  f),  OHG.  situ,  m. ;  a  common  Teut. 
word  ;  comp.  the  equiv.  Goth,  sidus,  Olc. 
sitSr,  AS.  sidu  (wanting  in  E.),  Du.  zede, 
OSax.  sidu.  It  is  very  probably  allied 
piimit.  to  Gr.  Z6a>,  gen.  edtos  (Aryan  prim, 
form  se'dhos),  '  custom,'  but  its  connection 
with  Gr.  c-pos,  'true,'  is  less  likely. 

§ifftd),  m.,  'parrot,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sittich,  m.,  beside  which  MidHG. 
and  ModHG.  psittich  also  occurs.  Borrowed 
in  the  OHG.  period  from  Lat.  and  Gr.  psit- 
tacus,  contemporaneously  with  *|]ifau. 

(tfjCtt,  vb.,  'to  sit,  fit,  suit,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  siizen,  OHG.  sizzen  (from 
*sizzean,  earlier  *sittian) ;  a  primit  Teut. 
and  also  common  Aryan  str.  vb.  from  the 
Aryan  root  sed,  Teut.  set.  Comp.  Goth. 
sitan,  AS.  sittan,  E.  to  sit,  Du.  zilten,  OSax. 
sittian,  '  to  sit,  be  seated.'  It  corresponds 
to  Sans,  sad,  Gr.  e^opm  (for  *<re8/o-),  Lat. 
sfaleo,  OSlov.  se,dg  (sesti).  For  the  corre- 
sponding causative  see  fcjjen.  It  is  un- 
necessary to  adduce  further  derivative 
from  this  very  large  Aryan  class  (such  as 
Lat.  sldo,  Gr.  I8pva>,  Lat.  sella,  &c). 

§ix,  i.  (in  the  asseveration  bet  twiner 
(Sir,  'in  faith,  forsooth1),  ModHG.  only; 
early  history  obscure. 

gj&tjje,  "f.,  'sketch,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  Ital.  schizzo,  which  comes 
from  Lat.  schediuml.     Comp.  also  3ettrf. 

gftlanc,  m.,  'slave,'  from  late  MidHG. 
slave,  sklave,  m.,  '  slave,'  prop.  '  a  captive 
of  war.'  Derived  from  the  national  desig- 
nation S(a»e  (MidLat.  Sclavus,  Slavus)  dur- 
ing the  G.  war  of  annihilation  against  the 
Slavs.  AS.  wealh,  'Celt'  and  'slave,'  is 
similarly  derived.  The  G.  word  Sffave 
passed  into  other  Teut. and  Rom.  languages ; 
comp.  Du.  slaaf,  E.  slave,  Fr.  esclave,  Ital. 
schiavo. 

g»fcrupel,  m.,  'scruple,'  early  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  Lat.  scrujmlus. 

25 marao,t>,  m., '  emerald,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  smaragd  (smardt),  m. 


So 


(    337    ) 


Sol 


A  learned  term  formed  from  Lat.  smarag- 
dm. 

fo,  adv.,  '  thug,  so,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  sd  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  sd,  which 
seems  to  represent  *swd,  although  its  rela- 
tion to  AS.  swd  (E.  so)  and  Goth,  swa, 
'  thus,'  cannot  be  accurately  ascertained. 
Comp.  att,  a(fc,  and  fold).  The  early  history 
of  this  pronom.  adv.  ('in  this  way')  is  ob- 
scure ;  the  fact  that  it  assumed  the  function 
of  a  relative  (i.e.,  was  used  as  a  conjunction) 
corresponds  to  a  similar  change  in  the  use 
of  ber  ;  sd  appears  as  a  relative  particle  in 
MidHG,  but  rarely  in  OHG. 

$ocfco,  f.,  'sock,'  from  MhlHG.  soc  (tk), 
sccke,  OHG.  soccho,  m<,  'stocking';  bor- 
rowed like  Du.  zok,  E.  sock,  OIc.  solclcr, 
from  the  Lat.-lioni.  term  soccus  (Ital.  socco, 
'  light  shoe  worn  by  comedians,'  Fr.  soc). 
It  was  introduced  contemporaneously  with 
the  term  derived  from  Lat.  #Ator(see  ©djit; 
ftcv)  and  with  <Sot;U  (2).— gocfcel,  m., 
'plinth,'  ModHG.  only,  formed  from  Fr. 
socle  (Lat.  socculus). 

§ot>,  m.,  usually  ©ctbtcniien,  'heartburn,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sdt  {d),  in.  and  n., 
which  lit.  means  '  bubbling,  boiling,'  a  de- 
rivative of  MidHG.  sieden.  Hence  Mod 
HG.  (Sob,  signifying  '  broth,  well,'  as  well 
as  the  local  name  ©obett. 

foferrt,  conj.  (tnfofern), '  so  far,  in  case,' 
even  in  MidHG.  s6  verre. 

g»of)Ie  (1.),  f.,  ModHG.  only,  formed 
like  the  equiv.  E.  sole,  Swed.  sola,  from  the 
Lat.-Rom.  term  solea,  'flat  fish';  comp. 
Fr.  sole,  Ital.  soglia.  Is  the  term  @d)olle 
(Du.  schol)  derived  from  the  same  source  1 

§o\)U  (2.),  f.,  '  sole  (of  the  foot),'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sol,  sole,  OHG.  sola, 
f. ;  borrowed  contemporaneously  with  ©ccfe 
prior  to  the  OHG.  period  from  Lat.  *s8la 
(a  variant  of  sdlea),  which  is  implied  by 
Ital.  suolo,  Fr.  sole,1  sole.'  Lat.  sdlea,  whence 
Ital.  soglia,  Fr.  seuil,  'threshold,'  is  pro- 
bably the  source  of  Goth,  sulja,  'sole.'  Tlie 
prim,  kinship  of  OHG.  sola  with  Lat.  8'dea 
(Gr.  vXtd)  is  conceivable  if  ©djwtfle  is  allied. 

JT»or)n,  m.,  'son,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  sun,  earlier  OHG.  sunn, 
m.  ;  a  common  Tent.,  and  further  a  com- 
mon Aryan  word  (comp.  £od)ter,  ^ater,  and 
SWnttev) ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  sunns,  AS. 
sunu,  E.  son,  Du.  zoon,  OSax.  sunu.  To  these 
Sans,  xihtu,  Zend  hunu,  OSlov.  synu,  and 
Lith.  stiniis,  'son,'  are  primit.  allied.  The 
root  sH  (comp.  Sans.  sA,  '  to  give  birth  to'; 
see  @aa),  contained  in  this  stem  stt-ntt; 


also  forms  the  base  of  Gr.  vlos  (dial,  vlvs), 
'  son,'  which  points  to  Aryan  sU-nU-  (suiu>-). 
Comp.  @d)ttur. 

(ofd),  pron.,  'such,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  solich,  solh  (sidich),  OHG.  sulih,  solih 
(hh  and  single  h) ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
sulic,  and  Du.  zulk.  Just  as  AS.  swd  and 
Goth,  swa  represent  HG.  and  LG.  sd,  so  AS. 
swyl6 (E.  such),  and  Goth,  swaleiks,  'such,' 
represent  sidik.  For  the  form  and  mean- 
ing of  the  Teut.  suffix  W;o  (liho-)  comp. 
lid)  and  h>etd)<r. 

Golb,  m.,  '  pay,  salary,'  from  MidHG. 
solt  (d),  in.,  'reward  for  service  done,'  also 
'  that  which  is  to  be  performed,  duty,  ser- 
vice.' It  first  appears  in  MidHG.  about 
1200  A.D.,  and  is  derived  from  Fr.  solde, 
'soldier's  pay,'  which  is  prop,  the  coin, 
Lat.  solidus,  Ital.  soldo  (ModFr.  sou)  ;  yet 
the  double  sense  in  MidHG.  can  only 
be  explained  by  the  influence  of  the  vb. 
fodett. — £>olottf,  m.,  'soldier,'  an  early 
ModHG.  loan-word,  based  on  Ital.  soldato, 
whence  also  Fr.  soldat  (E.  soldier  conies 
from  OFr.  soldoier) ;  in  MidHG.  the  term 
soldencere  with  a  Teut.  sutlix  was  used,  and 
signified  'paid  warrior,  mercenary.' 

follcn,  vb.,  'to  owe,  be  in  duty  bound, 
be  said  to,'  from  MidHG.  soln  (scholn), 
OHG.  solan  (scolon),  pret.  pre?.,  'to  owe, 
be  obliged,  be  allowed,  become,  be  in- 
debted, be  fitting.'  The  corresponding 
abstract  ©d)uft>,  f.,  'debt,  guilt,'  proves, 
like  Goth,  shilan,  '  to  be  indebted,  be 
bound  to  pay,'  that  skal,  '  to  owe,'  is  the 
root  (the  loss"  of  the  guttural,  by  which  the 
1st  per.  slcal  became  sol  in  OHG.  anil  Mid 
HG.,  is  surprising).  From  this  root  a  pret. 
pres.  common  to  Teut.  was  formed,  which 
assumed  the  function  of  an  auxiliary  vb. ; 
comp.  E.  shall  and  Du.  zal.  For  further 
details  see  grammars. 

gidller,  m.,  '  upper  room,  garret,  bal- 
cony,' from  MidHG.  soke  (solre),  m.,  '  fiat 
roof,  floor  in  the  first  storey,'  OHG.  soleri 
for  sol&ri,  orig.  sdidri,  from  Lat.  sdldrium, 
'  flat  house-top,  terrace,  balcony,'  whence 
also  OSax.  soleri,  Du.  zolder,  E.  soUar, '  open 
gallery  or  balcony,  loft,  garret'  (AS.  solor). 
Corresponding  to  OFr.  solier,  '  granary,' 
Ital.  8ol<ijo,  solare,  'ceiling.'  The  word 
was  borrowed  prior  to  the  OHG.  period, 
contemporaneously  with  ©pcidjfr,  Jfclttr, 
iii.uicr.  and  BfafL 

§olper,  m.,  'brine,  picklo,'  prop,  a  Lower 
Rhen.  word,  whose  first  component  is  Du. 
solt,  ?salt' ;  probably  Du,  soltbrijn,  '  brine, 


Som 


(    338    ) 


Spa 


pickle/ appears  in  the  compound,  which  has 
also  been  regarded  as  identical  with  (Salpehr. 

Som  mer.  m., '  summer,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sumer,OilG.  sumar,  m.  ;  common 
to  Teut.  in  a  similar  form  ;  comp.  Du. 
zomer,  AS.  sumor,  E.  summer,  OIc.  sumar. 
Sans,  samd,  'year,'  Zend  ham,  'summer,' 
Armen.  amain,  'summer'  (but am,  'year'), 
Olr.  mm,  samrad,  Cymr.  ham,  haf,  '  sum- 
mer,' are  cognate  terms  with  dillerent  suf- 
fixes.    Comp.  2enj,  ©inter,  and  #«bjt. 

fonoer,  prep., '  without,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sunder,  which  is  prop,  an  adv., 
'  aside,  separately,'  but  in  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  it  is  frequently  a  conj.,  '  but,  rather.' 
Comp.  OHG.  suntar,  adv.,  '  separately, 
especially,  but,'  Goth.  sundr6,  'separated, 
alone,'  AS.  sundor,  E.  asunder,  Du.  zonder, 
1  without.'  Allied  to  Gr.  arep,  '  without,' 
from  the  prim,  form  snterl.  With  this 
word  is  connected  bffonberS,  from  MidHG. 
besunder,  'separately,singly.' — fonberbar, 
adj., 'peculiar,  strange,  odd,'  from  MidHG. 
sunderbarre,  '  distinguished,'  Conberlicf), 
adj.,  '  special,  peculiar,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  sunderllch,  '  singly,  especially,  dis- 
tinguished ' ;  fonbertt,  vb.,  '  to  separate, 
sever,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sundem. 
OHG.  sun'ar6n;  fonbern,  conj.,  'but,' 
from  MidHG.  suntern,  a  variant  of  sunder, 
1  but,  meanwhile.' 

Sonne,  f.,  '  sun,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sunne,  OHG.  sunna,  f.  ;  a  common 
Teut.  term  ;  comp.  Goth,  sunnd,  f.  and  n., 
AS.  sunne,  f.,  E.  sun,  Du.  zon,  OSax.  sunna, 
f.  In  OSax.  and  OHG.  (MidHG.)  sunno 
(sunne)  also  occurs  as  masc,  which  is  simi- 
lar to  OHG.  ster-no,  md-no  (see  ©tent). 
OIc.  s6l  (corresponding  to  Goth,  souil,  AS. 
s6l),  the  otdy  term  used  in  Mod.  Scand.,  is 
primit.  allied  to  Lat.  s6l,  Gr.  fjXios,  '  sun,' 
which,  like  Sans,  svar, '  sun,'  are  based  on  an 
Aryan  root  saw,  sU,  '  to  give  light'  ;  on  this 
root  the  common  Teut.  term  sunndn-  may 
also  be  based.— gonnabenb,  m.,  'Satur- 
day,' even  in  MidHG.  sundbint,  sunnen- 
dbent,  OHG.  sunndn-dband  (also  ©amStacj, 
OHG.  sambaytac).  MidHG.  dbent  is  fre- 
quently used  of  the  eve  of  a  festival.  In 
AS.  the  corresponding  sunnan-defen  is  used 
only  of  the  'eve  of  Sunday.'  It  follows  from 
what  has  been  said  under  gajhtacfct  that  the 
name  of  a  part  of  the  day  was  in  G.  applied 
to  the  whole  day.  According  to  the  article 
©amStag,  a  native  term  for  Saturday  seems 
to  have  been  wanting  among  the  Teutons 
(perhaps  they  had  orig.  a  week  of  only  six 


days).  Moreover,  (gonnabenb  is  really  Mid  G. 
and  LG— gomtfajj,  m.,  'Sunday,'  from 
MiilHG.  sun-tac,  sunnen-tac,  OHG.  tun- 
nUntag,  seems  to  have  been  even  the  pie- 
Christian  term,  as  may  be  inferred  from 
the  agreement  with  OSax.  sunnun-datj,  Du. 
zondag,  E.  Sunday  (but  OIc.  drOttensdagr, 
'  Lord's  day ').     Comp.  2>}pntiuv 

Court,  adv.,  'else,  otherwise,  formerly,' 
from  MidHG.  su7ist,  sust,  earlier  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  sus, '  thus '  (the  change  in  mean- 
ing from  '  thus '  to  '  else '  is  generally 
explained  by  the  ellipse  of  a  negative 
particle).  OHG.  and  OSax.  sus,  Du.  zus, 
'thus,'  seem  to  be  of  the  same  stem  as 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  s6. 

§orge,  f.,  '  care,  anxiety,  sorrow,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sorge,  OHG.  soraga, 
f.,  whose  Franc,  variant  sworga  makes  it 
probable  that  the  word  was  derived  from 
an  Aryan  root  swerk  (to  which  Olr.  sere, 
'  love,'  is  allied  ?)  or  Aryan  swergh  (comp. 
Lith.  serge'ti, '  to  guard ').  Yet  the  forms  ill 
the  other  Teut.  dials,  have  not  the  w;  comp. 
Goth,  saurga,  AS.  sorh,  E  sorrow,  Du.  zorg, 
OSax.  sorga.  Nothing  certain  can  be  as- 
serted concerning  the  early  history  of  the 
word. 

§orf  C,  f.,  '  sort,  kind,  species,'  ModHG. 
only,  formed  from  Ital.  sorta. 

fpaljen,  vb.,  'to  spy,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  spehen,  OHG.  speMn.  This  word 
and  the  OHG.  and  OSax.  adj.  spdhi,  Mid 
HG.  spathe,  'prudent,  skilful'  (and  Du. 
bespieden,  '  to  spy '  1),  are  the  sole  relics  of 
the  OTeut.  root  speh,  'to  see,'  which,  through 
Lat.  spec  in  speculum,  conspicio,  adspectus, 
as  well  as  through  Sans,  spac,  '  to  see '  (Gr. 
<TK(ir-TG>  for  *<nrtKT(0  ?),  is  proved  to  be 
primit.  Aryan  (Aryan  root  spek).  From 
the  Teut.  cognates  those  of  Ital.  spiare, 
Fr.  4pier,  'to  spy  out'  (Ital.  spione,  Fr. 
espion,  'spy,'  whence  E.  spy),  were  bor- 
rowed at  an  early  period. 

fpaiten,  vb., '  to  split,  cleave,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spalten,  OHG.  spaltan; 
comp.  MidLG.  spglden,  MidDu.  spalden, 
'to  split.'  A  str.  vb.  peculiar  to  the  Teu- 
tons of  Middle  Europe,  and  based  on  an 
Aryan  root,  sphult ;  comp.  Sans,  sphut, 
sphat  (for  sphlt),  '  to  crack '  (causat.  '  to 
split').  Probably  connected  with  MidHG. 
spelte,  'lance  splinter,'  Goth,  spilda, 'tablet,' 
OIc.  spjald,  '  tablet.' 

Span,  m.,  'shaving,  chip, splinter,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  spdn,  m.,  'chip,'  Du. 
spaan,  'chip,  blade  of  an  oar,'  AS.  sp6n, 


Spa 


(     339     ) 


Spe 


K.  spoon,  as  well  as  OIc.  sp6nn,  spdnn, 
'  splinter  of  wood,  snoon,'  attest  the  double 
sense  of  prim  it.  Teut.  spe*nu-,  of  whose 
early  history,  on  account  of  the  want  of 
cognate  terms  in  the  non-Teut.  languages, 
nothing  can  be  definitely  ascertained.  The 
connection  with  Gr.  o-nd-drj,  'spoon  for 
stirring'  (see  @paten),  is  uncertain. 

Qpanfevkel,  n.,  'sucking  pig.'  a  dimi- 
nutive of  MidHG.  spenvarch,  n.,  'sucking 
pig'  (also  in  MidHG.  spen-sA-,  -swtn). 
The  first  component  is  MidHG.  spgn,  f., 
'breast,  milk,'  on  whose  equiv.  variant 
spime,  spiinn",  MidHG.  spunneverchelin, 
'  sucking  pig,'  is  based.  Comp.  Du.  speen, 
'udder,'  and  OHG-  spunni,  f.,  'breast,' 
whose  root  is  perhaps  the  same  as  that  of 
fpattmn  ;  akin  also  to  Lith.  spends,  '  teat.' 

£»pimfle,  f.,  'clasp,  buckle,  bracelet,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spangC)  OHG. 
spanga,  f. ;  ft  common  Teut.  term  ;  comp. 
OIc.  spgng,  AS.  spange, '  clasp '  (to  which  E. 
spangle,  prop,  a  diminutive,  is  allied),  Du. 
spang.     Its  early  history  is  obscure. 

§pa\\ne,  f.,  '  span,'  from  MidHG. 
spanne,  OHG.  spanna,  f.,  'width  of  the 
outstretched  hand '  (from  this  Ital.  spanna 
and  Fr.  empan,  'a  measure  of  length,'  are 
borrowed);  allied  to  fpannett,  'to stretch, 
expand,  span,'  MidHG.  spannen,  OHG. 
spannan,  str.  vb.,  which  corresponds  to 
Du.  spannen,  AS.  spannan,  E.  to  span. 
The  root  span,  '  to  draw,'  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  cognates  discussed  under 
©panffrfet  and  ©efpcnft,  perhaps  even  with 
those  of  fpinneii. 

fpcitetl,  vb.,  'to  save,  economise,  lay 
up,'  from  MidHG.  spam,  OHG.  spar6n, '  to 
save,  spare,  preserve,  lay  up.'  Denomin. 
of  OHG.  spar,  '  thrifty '  (AS.  span;  for 
which  fparfant,  '  thrifty,'  first  occurs  in 
ModHG. ;  MidHG.  sp$rt!che,  'in  a  frugal 
manner,'  is  the  corresponding  adv.,  but  it 
was  changed  in  ModHG.  into  an  adj., 
fpavticfy,  'frugal');  in  OHG.  sparhenti,  AS. 
spozrhende,  'thrifty.'  Comp.  Du.  sparen, 
AS.  spariav,  E.  to  spare,  OIc.  spara.  No 
connection  with  Gr.  a-napvos,  'scarce,  few. 
seldom '  (allied  to  o-ndpa, '  to  sow,  scatter '), 
is  conceivable. 

£>pai\]cl,  m.,  'asparagus,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spargel ;  the  latter  was 
formed  from  Lat.  asparagus,  which  was  also 
the  source  of  the  equiv.  Du.  aspersie,  Fr. 
asperge,  Ital.  sparagio.     Note  Swiss  sparse. 

fporltd),  see  fpartn. 

£>  pa  iron,  m.,  'spar,  rafter,'  from  Mid 


HG.  sparre,  OHG.  sparro,  m., '  pole,  beam ' ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  and  E.  spar,  OIc. 
sparre, '  beam.'  There  are  no  cognate  terms 
in  the  non-Teut.  languages.     See  fperott. 

£>pctfl ,  m.,  'jest,  joke,  fun,' ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  Ital.  spasso,  'pleasure,  pastime.' 

fpitf ,  adj.  and  adv.,  'late(ly),  backward,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spate,  OHG.  spdti, 
adj.  (but  MidHG.  spate,  OHG.  spdto,  adv.) ; 
comp.  Du.  spade,  '  late.'  Goth,  preserves 
only  spediza,  'later.'  and  spidists,  'latest, 
last,  least.'  The  Teut.  sped-  cannot  be 
traced  farther. 

Spat,  m.,  'spar'  (mineral),  from  Mid 
HG.  spdt,  m.,  'foliated  stone,  splinter,' 
whence  Du.  spaath,  Fr.  spath,  and  Ital. 
spato,  '  felspar,'  seem  to  be  derived.  Its 
origin  is  obscure,  as  in  the  case  of  Oitaq. 

jjjpaietl,  m.,  '  spade,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
MidHG.  spate  may  be  inferred  from  the 
MidHG.  and  ModHG.  dimin.  spatel,  'little 
shovel';  the  implied  OHG.  *spato  agrees 
with  OSax.  spado,  Du.-  spade  (spa),  AS. 
spada,  E.  spade.  These  OTeut.  cognates 
are  primit.  allied  to  Gr.  o-naBr),  '(blade  of 
a)  sword.'  Ital.  spada,  'sword'  (to  which 
Fr.  epe'e  is  allied),  is  usually  derived  from 
Gr.  rather  than  from  Teut. 

iT>paf},  in.,  'sparrow,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  spatz,  m.  ;  a  pet  term  pecu- 
liar to  HG.,  and  allied  to  MidHG.  spar  (see 
©perling).  The  assumed  orig.  connection 
with  the  equiv.  Lat.  passer  (for  *spat-ter  ?) 
is  less  probable. 

fpaftieven,  vb.,  'to  walk,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spalzieren.  Borrowed  in 
the  13th  cent,  from  Ital.  spaziare, '  to  roam.' 

£>pcd)f ,  m.,  '  woodpecker,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  speht,  in.  ;  Du. 
specht  and  E.  speight,  '  woodpecker,'  are  G. 
loan-words  ;  also  OHG.  and  MidHG.  speck 
(from  a  Teut.  specca  are  derived  OFr. 
espeche,  Mod  Fr.  epeiche, '  woodpecker').  Pro- 
bably cognate  with  Lat.  pteus,  'wood- 
pecker' ;  the  name  is  said  to  mean 
'  speckled,'  and  is  usually  connected  with 
Lat.  pingo,  '  I  paint,'  pidtis  (Gr.  itoikiXos), 
'  ornate,'  or  with  E.  speck,  AS.  specca, '  spot' 
If  OHG.  speht  (Du.  specht)  be  not  allied  to 
Iiat,  pic  us,  it  may  be  referred  as  'spy, 
watcher,'  to  the  root  of  fpdljf",  '  to  spy.' 
Deriv.  (gpeffarr,  equiv.  to  Spelites  hart,  lit. 
'  woodpecker's  forest.' 

£>pcch.  m.,  '  bacon,  lard,  fat,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spec  (ck),  OHG.  speech,  m. ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  »pek,  AS.  spic,  OIc. 
spiky  n., '  blubber.'    A  piimit.  Teut.  term, 


Spe 


(    340    ) 


Spe 


which   is   usually    connected   with   San-. 
.  'fat,'  Gr.  may,  'fat,'  Zend  pivahli, 
'  bacon,'  the  w  being  assumed  to  be  changed 
into  q  (see  fecf  and  Spcidjfl). 

e>pccr,  m.,  '  si>ear,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  sper,  m.  ;  common  to  Teut., 
with  the  corresponding  terms,  OIc.  spjgr, 

Slur.,  '  spear,'  AS.  spire,  E.  spear,  Du.  spew, 
•Sax.  sper  (from  Teut.  sper  is  derived  OFr. 
espier).  It  is  uncertain  how  the  word  is  con- 
nected with  Lat.  sparus,  'hunting-spear' ; 
it  may  be  cognate,  or  the  two  languages 
may  have  borrowed  it  from  a  third.  Its 
relation  to  Spavrcn  and  Spent  is  doubtful. 

e>petd)C,  f., '  spoke,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  speiche,  OHG.  speihha,  f. ;  a  West 
Teut.  word  ;  comp.  AS.  space,  E.  spoke, 
Du.  speek,  OLG.  spica,  'spoke.'  Its  con- 
nection with  OHG.  spahha,  'chip,  stick,' 
Du.  spaak,  '  rafter,'  is  not  certain,  Speid)e 
is  derived  from  a  primit.  Teut.  spik;  so 
too  the  cognates  of  ModHG.  gpeid)er- 
nciQet,  whose  first  component  is  ModHG. 
(simply  MidG.)  spicher,  m.,  '  nail.'  This 
corresponds  to  Du.  spijker,  '  nail,'  OIc.  spik, 
'  spike,  Sprig,'  and  E.  spike. 

§peiq)el,  m.,  '  spittle,  Faliva,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  speichel,  OHG.  speiMilla, 
speilihila,  f.  ;  allied  to  Du.  speekstl  (Goth. 
*spaikuldr ?),  'spittle.'  It  is  uncertain  in 
what  way  these  cognates  are  connected  with 
the  root  spiw,  'to  spit'  (see  fpeieu  and 
fpucfen). 

§petd)er,  m.,  'granary,  corn-lo ft,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  spicher,  OHG.  spxhhei  i 
(spihhdri),  m. ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
sptkdri  and  Du.  spijktr.  The  permutation 
of  the  medial  k  to  hit  in  HG.  indicates  that 
the  word  was  borrowed  before  the  8th  cent, 
(see  ©pelt).  Lat.  sptcdrium,  'granary,'  was 
probably  introduced  in  the  4th  cent,  from 
the  South  of  Europe  with  the  art  of  build- 
ing in  stone  (see  teller,  also  Softer  and  3ifgrf); 
it  is  remarkable,  however,  that  the  word 
rarely  occurs  in  the  Rom.  languages ;  Speid)c r 
is  also  wanting  in  Bav.    Comp.  also  SpeiaV. 

fpetctt,  vb.,  'to  spit,  vomit,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spien,  OHG.  sptuan,  str. 
vb.  ;  a  root  vb.  common  to  Teut.  and  found 
also  in  other  Aryan  languages.  Comp.Golh. 
speiwan,  OIc.  spyja,  AS.  and  OSax.  tpiwan, 
E.  spew  and  Du.  spuiven,  '  to  spit ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  the  equiv.  Lat.  spuo,  Gr.  irrva>, 
Lith.  spiduju,  OSlov.  ptjujq,  Sans.  Sthir. 
Speidjcl  and  ipettfccu  are  also  connected 
probably  with  this  common  Aryan  root 
spin;  '  to  spit.' 


petfe,  f.,  '  food,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  sptse,  OHG.  sptsa,  f. ;  borrowed  in  the 
beginning  of  the  9th  cent,  from  Ital.  and 
MidLat.  spSsa  for  spensa  (with  regard  to 
OHG.  i  for  Lat.  6,  see  Jyeiev  and  Seite). 
Comp.  Ital.  spesa,  'expenditure,  expenses' 
(whence  Spffen),  from  Ital.  spe'ndere,  '  to 
spend '  (see  fpfttbeit),  equiv.  to  Lat.  expendere. 
Speife  may  have  been  borrowed  contempora- 
neously with  SdnnTd ;  comp.  further  Goth. 
mSsa  and  OHG.  miasa,  from  Lat.  inensa. 

£pcif,  gpela,  m.,  'spelt,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spelte,  spelze,  OHG.  spelta, 
spSlza,  f.  ;  corresponding  to  AS,  E.,  and 
Du.  spelt.  The  OHG.  form  spelza  (equiv.  to 
AS.  spelt)  was  borrowed,  as  the  z  indicates, 
prior  to  the  OHG.  period  (perhaps  con- 
temporaneously with  <Ep«icr/er,  $  flange,  and 
fod)en)  from  Lat  and  Ital.  spelta,  while  the 
OHG.  variant  spelta  points  to  Ital.  spelda. 
Comp.  also  with  these  Fr.  epeautre,  f  spelt' 

fBpenbe,  f.,  '  spending,  alms,'  from  Mid 
HG. spende,  OHG.  sp'enta,  {.,  'present,  gift, 
alms/  ModHG.  fpenben,  vb., '  bestow  as 
a  gift,  spend,  distribute,'  from  MidHG. 
spenden,  OHG.  spentdn,  '  to  distribute  gra- 
tuitously,' which  was  borrowed  about  the 
7th  cent,  from  MidLat.  and  Ital.  speiidwe 
(equiv.  to  Lat.  expendere),  '  to  spend '  (to 
which  ModHG.  Sptife  belongs) ;  allied  to 
E.  to  spend. 

£>pettgler,  m., '  tinker,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  spengeler  ;  a  derivative  of  MidHG. 
spfngel  and  sponge,  'metal  ornament,  clasp.' 

gSperbet",  m.,  '  spar  row-hawk,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sperwxre,  sparware,  OHG. 
sparwdri,  m.  (comp.  Du.  spencer).  A  de- 
rivative of  the  Teut.  sparua-,  'sparrow' 
(see  Sperling) ;  hence  sparudri  is  lit.  '  bird 
of  prey  that  lives  on  sparrows'  (in  MidHG. 
also  spri7ir.e,  {.,  'female  sparrow-hawk'). 
OIIG.  sparwdri  is  a  compound  of  aro, 
'eagle ' ;  comp.  OHG.  mUs-ari,  chranuh-ari, 
and  AS.  gds-heqfoc,  mUs-heafoc,  spear-heafoc 
(:  sparrow-hawk,'  like  OHG.  sparw-ari). 
OHG.  aro,  'eagle,'  may  appear  as  ari  in  the 
second  part  of  a  compound.  From  Teut.  are 
derived  the  Rom.  terms,  Ital.  sparaviere,  Fr. 
tfpervier. — §perberb<Utm,  m.,  '  service- 
tree,'  is  a  corruption  of  MidHG.  sperboum, 
the  origin  of  which  is  obscure. 

Spcrli net,  m.,  'sparrow,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sperline  (g),  a  dimin.  of  MidHG. 
spar,  OHG.  sparo,  m.,  '  sparrow '  (comp.  E. 
starling,  allied  to  ModHG.  Staar),  which 
represents  the  common  Teut.  name  of  the 
bird.     Comp.   Goth,   sparua,   OIc.  spgrr, 


Sp9 


(    341     ) 


Spl 


AS.  spearwa,  E.  sparroio  (in  Dii.  rnosch, 
musch ;  for  the  LG.  term  see  Sfmittg).  Of 
this  stem  eparw-,  which  is  based  on  the 
root  spor,  'to  sprawl'  (see  <Eyovn),  <2pa|5 
seems  to  be  a  pet  form  ;  note  also  Franc, 
(sperf,  '  sparrow '  (in  Snab.  and  Bav.  the 
usual  term  is  <2>ya£).     Comp.  (gpcrber, 

fpcttetl,  vb.,  '  to  bar,  obstruct,  fasten,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  spefren  (pret. 
sparte,  OHG.  sparta),  wk.  vb.,  lit.  'to  pro- 
vide with  spars.'    Deriv.  of  Syavmt. 

fpcuf  )cn,  vb.,  '  to  spit,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  spiutz-n,  an  intensive  of  fpeitn,  to  which 
ModHG.  fpfijjeii,  equiv.  to  E.  to  spit,  and 
AS.  spyttan,  is  also  allied. 

gpegerei,  f., '  spice,  groceries,'  from  late 
MidHG.  specerte,  f.,  which  is  formed  from 
Ital.  spezieria. 

fptcftett,  vb.,  '  to  lard  ;  provide  richly,' 
a  ModHG.  derivative  of  €>perf. 

Spiectcl,  m.,  'mirror,  looking-glass,  re- 
flector,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spieael, 
OHG.  spiagal,  m.  (comp.  Du.  spiegel).  The 
OHG.  term  is  derived,  with  a  change  of 
gender,  from  MidLat.  spigulum  (equiv.  to 
Lat.  speculum),  to  which  Ital.  speglio  (also 
specchio),  '  mirror,'  points.  The  word  must 
have  been  borrowed,  on  account  of  the 
change  of  vowejs,  prior  to  the  OHG.  period. 
OTeut.  has  a  peculiar  word  for  'mirror'; 
comp.  OHG.  scAchar,  lit.  'shadow  con- 
tainer,'from  OHG.  sett  wo,  AS.  sMa,  'shadow,' 
in  Goth,  skuggwa,  '  mirror.' 

£»picf ,  n.,  '  play,  game,  sport,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  spil  (gen.  spiles), 
n.,  'jest,  pastime,  pleasure' ;  allied  to  fyic- 
Ifii, '  to  play,  sport,  gamble,'  MidHG.  spiln, 
OHG.  spil6n,  wk.  vb.,  'to  amuse  oneself  ; 
comp.  Du.  spelen,  AS.  spilian,  OIc.  spilt, 
'  to  play.'  There  are  no  undoubted  cog- 
nates in  the  non-Teut»  languages. 

Spiefj  (1.),  m., '  spear,  lance,  pike,'  from 
MidHG.  spie^,  OHG.  spioy,  in.,  'warrior's 
or  hunter's  spear';  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  Goth  *spiuto>  (whence  OFr.  espict, 
'spear'),  OIc.  spjdt,  n.  (in  AS.  »pre6t,  see 
Soviet).  Cognate  terms  in  the  non-Tent, 
languages  are  wanting. — ModHG.  Syifjj- 
gcfcilf,  '  accomplice,'  lit.  '  comrade  in  arms.' 

C»pief;  (2.),  m.,  'spit'  (cooking),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  tpij,  (tren. 
spikes),  m.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  spit, 
AS.  spitu,  E.  spit.  These  cognates,  whence 
the  equiv.  Horn,  term,  Ital.  spito,  are  con- 
nected with  the  adj.  fpi|,  of  which  AS. 
sjrilu  is  a  sulwt.  form,  ©jjicf  (Fr.  /poU)  is 
ajso  used  in  the  sense  of  '  dags  or  crocnes 


of  a  stag,'  a  meaning  not  found  in  the  earlier 
periods ;  yet  ModHG.  ©pic  fjer  (OHG.  5^550, 
spizzo,  '  hinnulus '),  '  young  stag,'  and  the 
borrowed  Fr.  term  epois,  '  trochings  of  a 
stag,'  implies  the  existence  of  such  a  mean- 
ing.    See  fpi$. 

gpiUe,  f.,  see  gpinfcef. 

gptUittfl,  m., '  large  yellow  plum,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  spillino,  spinlinc  (g),  m. 
Probably  connected,  like  OHG.  spenala, 
MidHG.  spend,  *  pin,'  with  a  primit.  Teut. 
sptna-,  '  thorn,'  which  is  cognate  with  Lat. 
spina,  'thorn'  (comp.  Ital.  spillo,  'pin'). 

QpiVlbel,  f., '  spindle,  distaff,  pivot,  pe«:,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spinnel,  OHG. 
spinnala,  f.  ;  the  ModHG.  variant  ©pitlr, 
MidHG.  spille,  is  based  upon  MidHG. 
zpinle. — ModHG.  gjptmte,  f.,  'spider,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spinne,  OHG. 
spinna  f.,  lit.  'spinner.' — fptnnett,  vb., 
'  to  spin,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spinnen, 
OHG.  spinnan,  str.  vb. ;  common  to  Teut. 
in  the  same  sen=e.  Comp.  Goth,  spinnan, 
OIc.  spinna,  AS.  spinnan,  E.  to  spin,  Du. 
spinnen.  While  the  cognates  of  ModHG. 
twfcen  are  common  to  Teut.,  those  of  fpinnm 
have  only  Lith.  plnti,  'to  plait'  (flfntis, 
'cord'),  and  OSlov.  peti,  'to  stretch,'  con- 
nected with  them  ;  comp.  the  pre-Teut. 
roots  pen  and  spen,  which  occur  also  in 
gahti?.  It  is  also  frequently  assumed  that 
fptntten  and  fyamtnt  are  allied. — ModHG. 
§p\X\nctVChe,  f., '  cobweb,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  spinnewep,  -weppe,  OHG.  spinnUn 
weppl,  m. 

gptott,  m., '  spy,'  from  Fr.  espion ;  see 
fpAgtn. 

$ptfrtl,  Spiff  cl,  n.,  'hospital,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  spitdl  and  spitel,  n.  ; 
which  is  derived  from  Lat.  hospitdle. 

fpif3,  adj.,  'pointed,  acute,  sharp,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  spitz,  spitze,  OHG. 
spizzi;  Goth.  *spitj-  (nom.  *spitus)  is  want- 
ing; comp.  (Spicfi  (*2).  No  corresponding 
term  is  found  in  the  non-Tent.  languages, 
— §ptf3,  m.,  '  Pomeranian  dog,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  an  adj.  used  as  a  subst. 

fpleifjon,  vb.,  'to  split,  cleave,'  from 
the  equiv.  Mid  HG.  splt^en  ;  corresponding 
to  E.  to  split  and  the  equiv.  Du.  splijten  ;  an 
OTeut  root  vb.  which  does  not  occur  else- 
where. To  this  is  allied  ModHG.  §pltf- 
ter,  nt., 'splinter,'  from  MidHG.  splitter, 
m.  and  f.  (Goth.  *splitra- ;  an  old  tr  in 
HG.  18  not  permutated  ;  comp.  ixtttx,  trot, 
and  jiffttn),  but  in  MidHG.  a  term  spelter, 
'splinter,'  connected  with  fyaltcn,  is  mostly 


Spo 


(     342     ) 


Spr 


used.  Coinp.  Da.  splinter,  and  the  equiv. 
E.  splint,  splinter,  derived  from  the  nasalised 
root. 

§por,  ni.,  '  mould,'  allied  to  MidHG. 
spar,  *  dry,  rough,'  OHG.  sp&ri,  '  mellow, 
rotten ' ;  cognate,  terms  are  wanting. 

g>porn,  m.,  gporen,  plur., '  spur,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  spor,  spore,  OHG.  sporo, 
m.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  spoor,  AS.  spofa, 
spura,  E.  spur,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  spore. 
From  the  Teut.  cognates  are  derived  the 
Rom.  terms,  Ital.  sprone  and  Fr.  eperon, 
'  spur.'  Tent,  sporo,  m.,  'spur,'  is  based  on  a 
str.  verbal  root  sper, '  to  kick,' which  is  pre- 
served in  ModHG.  (Spur,  fpuren,  and  E.  to 
spurn.  Comp.  OHG.,  OSax.,  and  AS.  spur- 
nan,  '  to  tread,'  with  which  Sans,  sphur,  '  to 
kick  away,'  Gr.  o-iralpa>,  *  to  struggle '  (Lat. 
sperno,  '  I  despise,'  has  a  figurative  sense), 
and  Lith.  spirti, '  to  tread,'  ate  primit.  allied. 
Comp.  also  ©petting  (lit.  '  sprawler '  ?). 
Since  the  orig.  sense  of  the  Aryan  root 
sper  is  '  to  kick,'  ©peer  cannot  be  connected 
with  it. 

e>porf  cltt,  plur., '  fees,  perquisites,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  the  equiv.  Ital. 
sportula. 

£>potf,  m.,  'mockery,  banter,  scorn, 
laughing-stock,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
spot  (iren.  spottes),  m.,  '  mockery,  scorn,  dis- 
grace ' ;  its  early  occurrence  in  OHG.  shows 
that  it  is  a  genuine  HG.  word.  It  is  re- 
markable that  the  LG.  dials,  have  a  medial 
tt  in  the  corresponding  words  ;  comp.  Du. 
spot,  OIc.  spott,  n.,  '  mockery.'  ModHG. 
and  MidHG.  spotten,  'to  mock,  scoff  at,' 
OHG.  spottdn,  equiv.  to  Du.  spotten  and 
OIc.  spotta.  The  cognates  seem  to  imply 
a  Goth.  *spuj>]}6n  (for  Goth.  />/>,  equiv.  to 
HG.  tt,  see  <&&}mieht),  whose  origin  cannot 
be  discovered.  Lat.  sputum  is  scarcely 
allied. 

§pvctd)e,  f.,  'speech,  language,  utter- 
ance,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sprdche, 
OHG.  sprdhha.  An  abstract  of  fprechen 
(comp.  AS.  sprce£),  'to  speak,  say,  utter,' 
which  comes  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spr'e- 
chen,  OHG.  sprehhan,  a  str.  vb.  peculiar  to 
the  West  Teut.  languages ;  comp.  OSax. 
sprekan,  Du.  spreken,  AS.  sprecan.  The 
corresponding  E.  to  speak  (and  speech),  from 
AS.  specan  (and  spceS),  points  to  a  Teut. 
root,  spek,  which  appears  also  in  MidHG. 
spehten,  '  to  chatter.'  The  Teut.  root  sprek 
has  no  cognates  in  the  non-Teut.  languages  ; 
it  is  perhaps  related  to  Sans.  spMrj,  '  to 
rustle.'    For  an  obsolete  term,  also  mean- 


ing '  to  speak,'  see  under  SBeicfytt ;  the  cur- 
rent term  in  the  UpG.  dials,  is  reben. 

g»prcf)C,  f.,  'starling,'  ModHG.  only, 
prop,  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  OSax.  sprd,  Du. 
spreeuw,  North  Fris.  sprian,  'starling.' 
Origin  obscure.  From  an  OTeut.  dial,  the 
equiv.  OFr.  esprohon  was  borrowed. 

fpveitert,  vb.,  '  to  spread,  strew,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  spreiten,  wk.  vb.,  'to  un- 
fold ' ;  a  primary  form  also  occurs,  MidHG. 
spriten,  spriden,  'to  spread.'  Comp.  Du. 
spreiden,  spreijen,  AS.  sprdedan,  E.  to 
spread.  The  Teut  root  sprljj  has  not  yet 
been  found  in  the  non-Teut.  languages  ; 
no  connection  with  breit  is  possible. 

fpretflCtt,  vb.,  '  to  spread  open,  stride,' 
earlier  ModHG.  fpreufcen,  lit.  '  to  stretch 
upwards  like  a  prop  or  buttress,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  spriutzen  (sjwiuyn),  '  to 
prop,  support.'  Allied  to  MidHG.  tpriuj,, 
f.,  'buttress,'  which  is  derived  from  the 
stem  of  fpuefiert. 

§prettgel,  ra.,  '  sprinkling  brush  ;  dio- 
cese, jurisdiction,'  from  MidHG.  sprengel, 
m.,  'brush  for  sprinkling  holy  water, 
sprinkle,'  with  a  remarkable  change  of 
meaning. —  fprenflert,  vb., '  to  burst,  break 
open,  blow  up,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
sprengen, '  to  cause  to  spring,'  is  a  causative 
of  fprirtgert. 

§pvetikel  (1.),  m.,  '  springe,  noose, 
snare,'  ModHG.  only,  from  LG.  ;  comp. 
Du.  sprenkel,  'loop  in  a  cable.'  The  lat- 
ter, like  OHG.  sprinka,  MidHG.  sprinkr, 
f.,  *  bird-trap,'  is  based  on  a  prim,  form 
springjd,  from  which  E.  springe  is  also 
derived.  This  prim,  form  is  probably 
cognate  with  Lith.  springti,  'to  choke,' 
sprangus,  i  choking,'  Lett,  sprangdt,  '  to 
cord,  confine.' 

gprenfeel  (2.),  m., '  speck,  spot,'  from 
MidfiG.  (MidG.)  sprenkel,  sprtnkel,  m., 
'  spot,'  for  which  in  MidHG.  a  form  spreckel 
without  a  nasal  is  used  (also  *spriinkel  in 
spriinkeleht, '  spotted '),  allied  to  Ic.  sprekla, 
Swed.  sprakla,  '  little  spot,'  Swiss  sprigel, 
Spragel.  These  cognates  may  be  connected 
with  E.  to  freak,  freckle,  and  further  with 
Gr.  irepicvos,  Sans,  prcni,  '  spotted,  varie- 
gated,' if  sprek  (spreg)  and  prek  (preg)  be 
regarded  as  the  Aryan  roots  (with  regard 
to  the  interchange  of  sp  and  p,  comp.  that  of 
st  and  t  under  broffetn  and  ©tier).  In  that 
case  there  would  probably  be  no  historic 
connection  between  fprenfeln  and  fprtngen. 

gpreu,  f.,  '  chaff,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  spriu  (gen.  spriuwes),  n. 


Spr 


(     343     ) 


Spu 


A  specifically  HG.  word,  which,  like  Mid 
HG.  sprcewen,  MidDu.  spraeien  (Goth. 
*sprSwjan),  '  to  emit  sparks,  fly  as  dust, 
scatter,'  is  based  on  a  Teut.  and  an  Aryan 
root  sprSw, '  to  emit  sparks,'  of  which,  how- 
ever, no  further  traces  can  be  found  (see 
further  fprur)en).  The  corresponding  LG. 
word  is  represented  by  the  cognates,  E. 
cliaff  and  Du.  kaf. 

J»prid)n>ort,  n.,  {  proverb,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sprichwort,  n.  (the  form 
©ptucfytocrt  first  occurs  in  early  ModHG. 
only),  lit.  '  uttered  word.' 

gptieqel,  with  the  variant  gpiruflel, 
m.,  '  support  of  an  awning,  tilt,'  a  ModHG. 
word  of  the  MidG.  group ;  not  recorded, 
probably  only  by  chance,  in  the  earlier 
periods.  No  cognate  terms  have  as  yet 
been  found. 

fpviefoen,  vb„  '  to  sprout,  shoot  forth,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  spriezen  (OHG. 
*sprio^anl),  str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  Du. 
spruiten,  AS.  sprAtan,  and  E.  to  sprout. 
From  this  Teut.  root  sprUt,  •  to  grow  up,' 
are  derived  E.  to  sprit,  '  to  sprout'  (AS. 
spryttan),  as  well  as  AS.  spre6t,  '  pole,  shaft,' 
equiv.  to  Du.  spriet,  'javelin,  spear,  bow- 
sprit,' whence  ModHG.  ©priet  in  ©ugfpriet. 
Comp.  further  fprijjcn  and  ©proffe.  No  terms 
undoubtedly  cognate  are  found  in  the  non- 
Teut.  languages. 

fpringett,  vb., « to  spring,  leap,  jump,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  springen,  OHG. 
springan,  str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  OSax.  springan,  Du.  springen,  AS. 
springan,  E.  to  spring,  Goth.  *spriggan. 
From  this  common  Teut.  vb.,  to  which 
ModHG.  Sprung,  m.  (MidHG.  and  OHG. 
sprung),  is  allied,  the  cognates  of  Ital. 
springare,  '  to  jog,  swing  one's  legs,'  are 
derived.  An  allied  Aryan  root  sprgh,  with 
a  nasal  exists  in  Gr.  o-iripxevBai, '  to  hasten,1 
o-Trfpxvos,  '  hasty.' 

fptitjett,  vb.,  earlier  fprfifcen,  '  to  spirt, 
squirt,  syringe,  spout  forth,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  spriitzen,  whence  Ital.  spruzzare  and 
sprizzare  were  borrowed  ;  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  spriitze,  ModHG.  Sprite,  f., '  syringe, 
squirt '  ;  derivs.  of  the  Teut.  root  sprut, '  to 
grow  up,  shoot  forth '  (see  fpriejjen).  Comp. 
E.  to  sprit,  'to  spirt'  and  '  to  sprout.' 

fprdbe,  adj.,'hrittle ;  shy,  coy,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  corresponding  to  ModFlem.  sprooi, 
early  ModDu.  spru,  MidE.  spr$J>e,  '  infirm, 
brittle.'  The  adj.,  an  old  formation  (like 
Hebe  and  mube)  from  the  Teut.  root  sprite, 
*  to  be  scattered  as  dust'  (see  ©preu),  is  not 


recorded,  probably  only  by  chance,  in  the 
earlier  periods  of  the  language. 

£>profTe,  f.,  'shoot,  sprout ;  rung,'  from 
MidHG.  sprotfe,  OHG.  sprozzo,  m.,  'rung.' 
This  meaning  is  probably  derived  from  an 
older  signification  ('  twig ')  ;  comp.  OIc. 
sprote,  '  twig,  rod,  staff,'  AS.  sprota,  '  twig.' 
These  terms  are  connected  with  the  Teut. 
root  sprUt  in  fpriejjen,  of  which  ©projj, 
'sprout,'  is  a  ModHG.  derivative;  from 
the  latter  ©prejjltng  is  derived. 

Qprolte,  f.,  'sprat,'  prop,  a  LG.  word, 
which  corresponds  to  the  equiv.  Du.  sprot, 
E.  sprat,  and  AS.  sprott.  Its  earlier  history 
has  not  been  ascertained. 

$px\X&),  m.,  'saying,  adage,  sentence, 
judgment,'  from  MidHG.  spruch,  m.,  'that 
which  is  uttered,  word,  speech ' ;  a  Mid 
HG.  derivative  of  the  vb.  fpredjen. 

fprixfyen,  vb.,  'to  emit  sparks,  sparkle,' 
first  recorded  in  ModHG.,  but  MidHG. 
*spriiejen,  OHG.  *spruowen,  are  to  be  as- 
sumed. Its  connection  with  MidHG. 
sprozwen,  '  to  fly  as  dust,'  and  ModHG. 
©preu,  leads  to  the  root  sprlw  (sprdw),  '  to 
be  scattered  as  dust ' ;  see  further  fprobe. 

fpuc&ert,  vb.,  ( to  haunt '  (of  a  ghost), 
ModHG.  only  ;  its  early  history  cannot  be 
discovered  ;  how  it  is  connected  with  the 
root  splw  (see  fpeten)  is  uncertain. 

§puh,  m.,  'spectre,ghost,'ModHG.  only, 
prop,  a  LG.  word  ;  it  is  unknown  to  UpG. 
(the  strictly  HG.  form  ©pud)  occurs  in  early 
ModHG.) ;  comp.  LG.  and  Du.  spook,  from 
Teut.  spauka-.  Allied  to  Swed.  spok, ' scare- 
crow,' Dan.  spog,  'joke,  fun,'  Norweg.  spjok, 
'  ghost '  (E.  spook  is  of  Scand.  origin).  It 
is  uncertain  whether  the  word  is  related 
to  Lith.  spugulas,  '  splendour.' 

g>pule,  f.,  'spool,  bobbin,'  from  MidHG. 
spuole,  m.,  'spool,  tube,  quill,'  OHG.  spuola, 
f.,  spuolo,  m.,  'spool';  corresponding  to 
Du.  spoel,  E.  spool.  From  the  Teut.  cog- 
nates are  derived  the  Rom.  terms,  Ital. 
spuola,  '  shuttle,'  OFr.  fyolet,  '  spindle.' 
Connected  with  the  root  spa,  '  to  draw,' 
adduced  under  fpamten  and  fpiimen?. 

fpi'tlcn,  vb.,  'to  rinse,  wash,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  spuelen,  OHG.  spuoleu,  wk. 
vb. ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Du. 
spoelen,  AS.  spilan.  Its  connection  with 
the  preceding  word  is  not  clear. — The  cor- 
responding collective  g»pfitirf)f,  n.,  'dish- 
wash,  swill,'  is  based  on  MidHG.  spiielach 
(OHG.  *spuolah%). 

£>puno,  m., '  bung,  bunghole,  channel,' 
from    MidHG.  spunt  (gen.  spunUu),  m., 


Spu 


(     344    ) 


Sfa 


'bungliole,  valve  in  the  tube  of  a  pump.' 
Tlie  persistent  t  of  tlie  Mi<lHG.  inflected 
form  points  of  itself  to  the  foreign  origin 
of  the  term,  and  still  more  ao  the  MidHG. 
variants  puiict  and  pfunt,  as  well  as  Mod 
HG.  (dial.)  $iuit  and  ©unbe  (as  to  the 
period  when  the  word  was  borrowed,  conip. 
23etn).  Du.  spon,  spun,  '  bung,'  and  Fr. 
Londe,  'sluice,  plug,'  London,  'bung,'  are 
corresponding  term*,  derived  from  tlie  Mid 
HG.  words,  which  are  based  on  Lat.  puncla, 
*  prick,  puncture,  opening  made  in  a  pipe.' 
With  regard  to  the  *  of  MidHG.  spunt, 
comi>.  Ital.  spuntone,  'spontoon,'  spuntare, 
1  to  blunt,'  allied  to  Lat.  punctum. 

§pilt,  f., '  track,  trace,  footstep,  vestige,' 
from  MidHG.  spar  (spur),  n.  and  f.,  'foot- 
step,' beside  which  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  spor  occurs  ;  connected  with  the 
Teut.  and  A  ryan  root  spur  (see  Spent),  '  to 
tread.'  To  this  is  allied  the  ModHG.  deno- 
minative fpaictt,  '  to  trace,  investigate,  dis- 
cover,' from  MidHG.  spiirn,  OHG.  spuren, 
spurren,  and  spurien,  wk.  vb.,  lit. '  to  follow 
in  search  of  the  track  of  game,'  then  '  to 
go  in  quest  of,  trace,  examine.'  This 
figurative  sense  recurs  in  all  the  Teut.  lan- 
guages (comp.  Du.  speuren,  AS.  spyrian, 
OIc.  spyrja),  and  is  probably  a  relic  of  the 
terms  used  by  OTeut  hunters. 

fpttf en,  vb.,  '  to  speed,  make  haste,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  *spu»ten  (not  re- 
corded), OHG.  spuotdn  ;  allied  to  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  spuot,  f.,  'success,  dispatch,' 
which  is  the  abstract  of  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
spuon  (spuoan),  'to  succeed,  be  successful' 
(tViiicu  is  wanting  in  Suab.  and  Bav.).  To 
the  same  cognates  E.  speed,  from  AS.  spid, 
'success'  (AS.  spdican, '  to  make  progress'), 
Du.  spoed,  '  haste,'  spoeden,  '  to  hasten.' 
With  the  root  spd  (spe)  contained  in  these 
words,  Sans,  sphd, '  to  swell,  grow,  thrive,' 
and  OSlov.  spfjy  (spZti),  '  to  be  successful,' 
are  connected ;  so  too  perhaps  Lat.  spa- 
tium. 

fpiif^cit,  vb.,  equiv.  to  fpeufcnt. 

plant,  m.,'  state,  country,  pomp,  show,' 
ModHG. only,  borrowed,  like  Du.  staat,gnu{ 
E.  state,  from  Lat.  status,  whence  also  Fr. 
e'tai  and  Ital.  stato.  The  meaning  '  dis- 
play' also  belongs  to  Fr.  e'tat.  Stact  is  a 
totally  different  word. 

Citob,  m.,  'staff,  stick,  staff-officers,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stap  (gen.  stales), 
m.,  'stick,  prop,  staff' ;  a  common  Teut. 
word,  represented  also  by  Goth,  stafs  (h), 
AS.  staf,  E.  staff,  Du.  sfa/("comp.  also  JSudj- 


itare  under  53ud)).  Its  relation  to  the  simi- 
larly sounding  OHG.  vb.  staLfai,  'to  be 
stiff,'  leads  to  an  Aryan  root  stap,  'to  be 
firm,'  which  is  implied  by  Sans,  stha 
*  to  cause  to  stand,  erect,'  or  to  Aryan  stabk 
in  Lith.  stdbas,  stoLras, '  statue,'  stlLas,  ■  »;aff, 
buttress.' 

§tad)cf ,  m., '  sling,  prickle,  goad,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  (very  rarely)  stachd, 
OHG.  stahhulla  (dacchuila),  f.  ;  a  rather 
late  derivative  of  ftecr/eii. 

Sf  a£>cl,  m., '  barn,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  stadel,  OHG.  stadal,  m.;  an  old  deri- 
vative of  the  Aryan  root  std,  'to  stand,' 
prop,  signifying  'standing-place';  comp. 
Lat.  stabulum,  '  stable,'  allied  to  stare, 
'to  stand,'  Sans,  sthdtra,  'standing-place,' 
allied  to  sthd,  'to  stand.'  Comp.  ©d;tuire 
also. 

£>fabett,  m,  'bank,  shore,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stade,  OHG.  stado,  m.  ; 
corresponding  to  Goth,  stap,  AS.  stap, 
OSax.  slath,  'bank.'  The  common  Teut. 
stem  stapo-  (with  which  ©efiafce,  ModHG. 
only,  is  connected)  is  formed  from  the 
Aryan  root  std  (see  jlcfjm  and  ©tatte),  and 
signifies  'bank'  in  the  sense  of  'terra 
firma.'  ©taten  is  the  genuine  HG.  word 
for  the  prop.  MidG.  and  LG.  Uftr. 

§faM,  f.,  'city,  town,'  from  MidHG. 
stat,  f.,  'place,  situation,  spot,  locality, 
town,'  OHG.  stat,  f.,  '  place,  spot.'  Prop, 
identical  with  ©tatt  and  ©tdtte  (the  mean- 
ing 'town'  was  first  developed  in  the  Mid 
HG.  period  ;  the  earlier  term  was  SMiro., 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  Lure,  f.).     See  ©tutt.' 

§f  affel,  f.,  '  rung  ;  step,  degree,'  from 
MidHG.  staffel  (sldffel,  usually  stapfel), 
m.  and  f.,  'grade,  degree,'  OHG.  storTnl 
(stapfal),  in.,  staffala,  f., '  foundation,  basis, 
step.'  A  derivative  of  the  Teut  root  stap, 
'to  go'  (in  ©tapfe  and  ©tufe)  ;  allied  to 
the  LG.  cognates  of  ©tafcl. 

§faffef te,  f.,  '  courier,  special  mes- 
senger,' ModHG.  only  ;  see  ©tapff. 

Stcthf,  m.,  'steel,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  stahel,  m.  and  n.  (contracted  stdl,  with 
the  variant  stachel),  OHG.  stahal  (stdl, 
*stahhal)  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  staal,  AS. 
stf/le,  st-jli,  n.,  E.  steel,  and  the  equiv.  OIc 
stdl  (Goth.  *stahla-\  n.  A  pre-Teut.  form 
staklo-  is  implied  by  the  cognate  OPruss. 
stahla,  'steel.  Other  corresponding  terms 
are  wanting  in  the  Aryan  languages  (so 
too  in  the  case  of  ©elb  and  ©ilbcr  the  Teut. 
terms  are  related  only  to  the  Slav.). 

Slctkett,  m.,  'stake,  pale,  boat-hook,' 


Sta 


(    345    ) 


Sta 


ModHG.  only,  prop,  a  LG.  word ;  comp. 
Du.  staak,  AS.  slaca,  E.  stalce^  and  the  equiv. 
OSw.  stahi.  From  these  cognates,  -which, 
like  ©tadjet,  are  connected  with  ftedjcn,  the 
equiv.  Rom.  class  of  Ital.  stacca  is  derived. 

§fall,  m.,  'stall,  stable,  sty,'  from  Mid 
HG.  stal  (11),  m.  and  n., '  standing  or  dwell- 
ing place,  spot,  stable,'  OHG.  stal  (11),  m., 
'stable,  spot' ;  prop,  identical  with  (Stelle. 
The  two  senses  of  the  OHG.  word  are  rami- 
fications of  a  prim,  meaning,  'standing- 
place.'  Corresponding  to  Du.  slal, '  stable, 
stall,'  AS.  steall,  'stable,  standing-place,' 
E.  stall.  The  cognates  (whence  also  fW(eu) 
are  connected  wiih  the  Aryan  root  stal, 
appearing  in  ©tufyl.  From  Tent,  stallo- 
are  derived  the  Rom.  cognate8,  Ital.  stallo, 
'  spot,'  Fr.  dial,  '  butcher's  bench,'  4tau, 
'butcher's  stall,'  Ital.  stalla,  'stable,'  Ital. 
Stallone,  Fr.  dalon,  and  the  equiv.  E. 
stallion. 

£>famm,  m.,  'stem,  trunk,  stock,  tribe,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stain  (mm),  m., 
'  trunk,  pedigree,  race,  reason,  cause ' ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  stam,  AS.  stemn  {stmfri), 
E.  stem  (see  ©tcuou),  OIc,  stafn.  The  im- 
plied Tent,  stamno-  (hardly  for  stabno-, 
allied  to  ©tab),  a  derivative  of  the  Aryan 
root  sta,  'to  stand,'  is  equiv.  to  Ir.  tamon 
(for  *stamon-),  'pedigree,'  and  Gr.  or&fivos, 
'  wine  jar,'  the  meaning  of  which  recalls 
ModHG.  ©tdnber. 

ft  annuel  it,  vb.,  'to  stammer,  stutter,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  stammeln,  stame- 
len,  OHG.  stammaldn,  stamaldn.  A  deri- 
vative of  OHG.  stammal,  stamal,  'stam- 
mering,' on  whose  earlier  variant  stamm- 
er, stam-ir  (nom.  sing,  masc.),  is  based 
OHG.  stammen,  stamen,  '  to  stammer.' 
Comp.  the  Goth.  adj.  stamms,  OIc.  stamr, 
'stammering,' and  also  fhnnnt.  The  prop. 
LG.  jkmmerit  agrees  with  Du.  stameren,  E. 
to  stammer  (comp.  AS.  stumor,  'stammer- 
ing ').  For  the  root  stam,  '  to  check ' 
(ftanutuln,  'to  falter  frequently'),  see  un- 
iVftiim  and  jlemmeit. 

flaminen,  vb.,  '  to  originate  (from), 
descend,  proceed,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  stammen;  allied  to  ©tantnt. 

ffampfett,  vb.,  'to  stamp,  pound,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  stampfi  n,  OHG.  stamp- 
f&n;  a  derivative  of  ModHG.  ©tampf,  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  stampf,  'punch';  comp. 
Du.  stampen,  E.  to  stamp,  OIc  stappa  (for 
*stampa),  'to  stam p,  push.'  From  these 
cognates  Ital.  stampare,  Fr.  4tamp  r,  'to 
impress,' Ital. stampa,  'stamp,  impression,' 


and  Fr.  estampe,  are  borrowed.  Akin  to 
©tempel  and  jtumpf.  The  Teut  root  stamp 
(stump), '  to  push,'  contained  in  these  words, 
seems  to  be  connected  with  Gr.  or^9w,  '  I 
tread '  (and  Sans,  stamba, '  post '  ?).  Comp. 
©taufe  and  ©tempet. 

§1 anb,  m., '  state,  position,  rank,  stand,' 
from  MidHG.  stant  (d),  m.,  'state,  condi- 
tion ' ;  from  the  root  stand  (see  jtebeit). 

gtlanbavle,  f.,  '  standard,  banner,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  stanthart  (standert\ 
m.  Borrowed  in  the  13th  cent,  from  OFr. 
estendard  (Fr.  Jtendard),  'flag,'  or  prefer- 
ably from  the  equiv.  Ital.  stendardo,  which 
is  based  on  Lat.  extendere.  From  the  same 
source  E.  standard  is  derived. 

§fanbcr,  m.,  '  hij^h  desk,  pole,  water- 
cask,'  ModHG.  only;  a  LG.  word  ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  stander,  'pillar';  allied 
to  ©tanb. 

fianotq,  adj.,  '  standing,  stationarv, 
constant,'  ModHG.  only  (MidHG.  and 
OHG.  syndic  in  compounds  like  tnfldnbio,) ; 
allied  to  ©tanb,  '  continuance.'  Comp. 
bestpidec,  'continuous,'  an  adj.  occurring 
even  in  MidHG. 

£>fano,e,  f.,  'pole,  stake,  curb-bit,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  stange,  OHG.  stanga, 
f. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  and  E.  stang, 
OIc.  stgng,  f.,  '  pole.'  From  the  Teut.  cog- 
nates is  derived  the  Rom.  class  of  Ital. 
stanga,  'pole.'  Teut.  stangS  is  usually 
connected  with  the  Teut.  root  sting  (see 
jlecfycn),  preserved  in  E.  to  sting.  For  a  simi- 
lar development  of  meaning  see  ©tafen. 
Deriv.  ©Stengel. 

£>f  apcl,  m., '  support,  stocks  (for  ships),' 
ModHG.  only,  a  LG.  word,  corresponding 
to  HG.  ©taffcl.  Comp.  Du.  stapet,  'heap, 
staple-town,'  E.  staple  (hence  Fr.  etape, 
'  depot,  emporium').  "  The  development  of 
meaning  in  the  cognates  ranges  through 
the  meanings  'support  (AS.  stapol),  foun- 
dation (OHG.  staffol),  frame,  heap,  piled- 
up  goods.'"     See  the  following  word. 

£>tapfc,  m.,  '  footprint,  footstep,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  stapfe,  OHG.  stapfo 
(staffo),  m.;  allied  to  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
stepfen,  also  MidHG.  stapfen,  OHG.  stapj&n, 
'  to  tread,'  which  corresponds  to  the  AS. 
str.  vb.  stappan.  Comp.  Du.  stap,  'step,' 
stappen,  'to  step,'  and  the  E.  word  step. 
The  Teut  verbal  root  stap,  'to  tread,  step, 
go,'  to  which  ©tafjfel  and  ©tuft  are  allied, 
appears  in  a  nasalised  form  in  the  cognate 
ftamvffit.  From  Teut.  is  borrowed  Ital. 
staffa,  'stirrup,'  whence  staffetta,  'courier,' 


Sta 


(    346    ) 


Sta 


is  derived.  Since  the  Aryan  root  stab  may- 
have  had  a  variant  slap,  it  i9  possible  that 
OSlav.  stopa,  'track,'  is  primit.  allied  to 
©tapfe. 

§far,  m.,  'starling,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  star,  m.,  OHG.  stara,  f.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  star,  steam,  E.  stare,  OIc. 
stare,  starre,  'starling';  primit.  allied  to 
Lat  sturnus.  E.  starling  indicates  the  de- 
rivation of  ModHG.  ©perttna,  (OHG.  sparo). 
— §fatr,  m.,  'cataract'  (of  the  eye),  has 
been  deduced  in  Mod  I J  G.  from  MidHG. 
starblint  (d),  OHG.  slarablint  (comp.  Du. 
staarblind),  adj.,  'blind  from  a  cataract,' 
which  has  no  connection  with  the  name  of 
the  bird,  since  it  more  probably  belongs  to 
the  same  root  as  ModHG.  flatten  (OHG. 
starin),  'to  look  fixedly,  stare.'  In  AS., 
besides  starblind,  a  curious  form,  pArblind 
occurs,  the  first  component  of  which  is  AS. 
ptir,  '  bittern ' ;  comp.  Gr.  ykavKafia,  from 
y\av£,  '  owl.'  Hence  the  instinctive  con- 
nection between  the  name  of  the  bird  and 
the  disease  is  quite  comprehensible. 

flctrn,  adj., '  strong,'  from  MidHG.  stare 
(and  starch),  OHG.  stare  (and  starah),  adj., 
'strong,  vigorous,  big';  corresponding  to 
OSax.  stark,  Du.  sterk,  AS.  stearc,  E.  stark, 
OIc.  sterkr.  To  the  same  Teut.  root  stark 
belong  by  a  different  gradation  Goth,  gas- 
taurknan,  'to  become  parched,  wither  away,' 
OIc.  storJcna,  '  to  curdle,'  OHG.  storchanen, 
'  to  become  fixed,  hard ' ;  hence  perhaps 
'  fixed '  is  the  primit.  meaning  of  the  root. 
Lith.  stregti,  '  to  stiifen,  become  numb,' and 
ModPers.  suturg  (base  *strga),  '  strong,'  are 
primit.  allied.  Deriv.  ModHG.  ©tdrfe,  f., 
'starch'  (note  the  E.  word). 

gtdrltc,  f.,  '  heifer,'  ModHG.  only,  pro- 

Eerly  a  LG.  word.  Scarcely  allied  to  Mod 
[G.  ©tier ;  connected  rather,  like  MidHG. 
ster,  OHG.  st'ero,  '  ram,'  with  Goth,  staira, 
'sterile,'  which  is  primit.  allied  to  Gr. 
oretpor,  oTfpuf)os,  '  sterile,'  Lat.  sterilis, 
Sans,  start,  'sterile.'  Connected  with  the 
following  word. 

flarr,  adj.,  'fixed,  staring,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  probably  a  LG.  word.  Comp.  the 
rare  MidHG.  starren,  '  to  become  fixed,' 
allied  to  the  Teut.  root  ster,  star,  with 
which  the  cognates  of  ©tar  and  ©tdrfe  are 
connected.  With  these  comp.  Sans,  sthira, 
'firm,  strong,'  Gr.  orfoeo's,  'hard.' — Mod 
HG.  flttrrcit,  vb.,  'to  look  fixedly,  stare,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  starn,  OHG.  starSn, 
which  is  more  closely  connected  with  ©tar 
than  with  ftart. 


§fatf,  f.,  'place,  stead,'  from  MidHG- 
and  OHG.  stat,  f.,  '  place,  spot'  ;  from  the 
plur.  (OHG.  st(ti,  MidHG.  stete)  is  derived 
ModHG.  ©tdtte,  f.,  '  place,  site.'  Corre- 
sponding to  Du.  stede,  st^S,  '  spot,  place, 
small  town.'  The  ModHG.  prep,  fiatt 
(comp.  fraft)  is  properly  an  oblique  case  of 
the  subst. ;  in  MidHG.  (very  rarely)  an... 
slete,  '  in  place  of,'  &c.  ModHG.  $u  flatten 
(as  in  the  phrase  ju  flatten  fcinmen, '  to  serve 
one's  turn,  be  useful ')  is  not  connected  with 
this  word  ©tatt,  but  is  based  on  MidHG. 
stat,  OHG.  stata,  f.,  'convenient  spot  or 
period,  occasion,  help ' ;  hence  even  in  Mid 
HG.  ze  staten,  OHG.  zi  statu,  '  at  a  suitable 
time,  for  assistance.'  With  this  is  asso- 
ciated ModHG.  cjeflatten,  MidHG.  gestaten, 
OHG.  gistatdn,  '  to  permit,'  lit.  '  to  furnish 
a  good  opportunity.'  OHG.  stata  is,  like 
stat  (gen.  steti),  a  verbal  abstract  of  flefien. 
— ModHG.  ftuttftnten,  '  to  take  place,'  from 
MidHG.  state  jinden,  'to  find  a  good  op- 
portunity.'— ficxtUid),  adj.,  '  stately,  mag- 
nificent, considerable,'  a  ModHG.  deriva- 
tive of  MidHG.  stat,  'good  opportunity.' 

Sfcutb,  m,  'dust,  spray,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  stoup  (gen.  stovbes),  m. ; 
also,?  by  a  different  formation,  ModHG. 
©eftupp,  MidHG.  stiippe,  OHG.  stuppi, 
'dust,'  which,  like  Goth,  stubjus,  is  con-, 
nected  with  fliebcn,  '  to  fly  as  dust,  scatter.' 

§f  cutd)C,  f.,  '  veil,  sleeve,  muff,  mitten,' 
from  MidHG.  stuche,  OHG.  stAhha,  f.,  'the 
broad  pendant  sleeve  on  a  woman's  dress, 
kerohief,  veil,  cloth,  apron';  correspond- 
ing to  AS.  stocu,  '  long  sleeve,  OIc  st&ka. 
The  Rom.  cognate,  Fr.  dui  (Ital.  astwxio), 
'case,'  has  been  derived  from  a  Teut. 
*stdkjo.  Teut.  stukS  (stukjo)  is  usually 
connected  with  a  pre-Teut.  root  stUg  ;  OLG. 
stAkan,  Du.  stuiken,  '  to  pile  up,  push,'  and 
Lith.  stugti,  '  to  look  aloft.' 

£>faubc,  f.,  '  shrub,  bush,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stUde,  OHG.  studa,  f.,  a 
specifically  HG.  word,  wanting  in  the  other 
Teut.  dialects.  Its  genuine  Teut.  origin 
is,  however,  undoubted.  It  seems,  like 
ftct)cn,  to  belong  to  a  primitively  cognate 
Aryan  root  sta,  which  appears  in  Gr.  <rrv\os, 
'  pillar,'  and  otvg>,  '  to  look  fixedly,'  and 
also  in  jiujjen. 

flatten,  vb.,  '  to  dam  in,  stow  away, 
pack,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stowwerij 
'  to  put  a  stop  to,  arrest,  restrain '  (properly 
identical  with  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stouwen, 
'  to  abuse,  rate,  accuse'  h.  Allied  to  Mod 
HG.  ffaimett,  'to  be  amazed'  (orig.  a  Swiss 


Sta 


(    347    ) 


Ste 


word,  adopted  as  a  literary  term  in  the  last 
century),  which  is  wanting  in  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  For  the  early  history  of  ftauen  and 
flaunett  the  older  periods  give  no  further 
clue,  yet  comp.  root  stu,  '  to  look  fixedly,' 
under  ©taube. 

§faupc,  f.,  'rod,  scourge,'  from  Mid 
HG.  (MidG.)  sttipe,  '  post  to  which  a  cri- 
minal is  bound  and  beaten  with  rods'; 
hence  ftdnpen,  '  to  flog,  scourge,'  which 
occurs  in  ModHG.  only.  Corresponding 
to  OFris.  sttipa,  '  public  chastisement  with 
the  rod.'     Early  history  obscure. 

ftcd)Clt,  vb.,  'to  prick,  stab,  engrave,' 
from  the  eqniv.  MidHG.  steehen,  OHG. 
stehhan,  str.  vb.  From  this  strong  verbal 
root  stek,  which  is  preserved  in  MidEur. 
Teut.  (OSax.  st'ekan,  Du.  steken,  OFris. 
steka) ;  comp.  fticfett,  ©tetfen,  and  ©tid)d. 
By  passing  from  the  i  class  into  the  e  class 
this  root  (comp.  bitten)  originated  in  an 
older  form  silk,  pre-Teut.  stig,  which  has  a 
variant  tig,  '  to  be  sharp,'  in  the  non-Teut 
languages.  Comp.  Sans,  tij,  '  to  be  sharp, 
sharpen '  (tigmd,  '  pointed,  sharp '),  Gr. 
oTi'v/ia, '  prick,  point,'  from  <7Tt'fa>, '  to  mark 
with  a  pointed  instrument,  prick,'  Lat. 
instigare,  '  to  goad  on,  incite.'  Whether 
these  are  connected  further  with  a  prehis- 
toric root  stile,  stink  (see  ©tattge),  is  uncer- 
tain.— £>focftcn,  m.,  'stick,  staff,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stecke  (steche),  OHG.  steccho 
(st'ehho),  m.  Corresponding  to  AS.  sticca, 
E.  stick  ;  lit.  perhaps  '  pricker,'  like  ©tattle, 
allied  to  E.  sling. — ModHG.  flcdten,  wk. 
vb.,  '  to  stick,  fix,  put,  place,  conceal,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  sleeken,  '  to  fasten  by 
sticking,  fix  firmly,'  lit.  '  to  make  some- 
thing stick';  a  recent  factitive  of  jledjeu 
(properly  *stakjan  for  *staikjan,  from  the 
root  stik).  From  the  intransit  meaning  of 
MidHG.  sleeken, '  to  remain  fast,'  is  derived 
theequiv.  ModHG.  flccfoit,  sir.  vb.,  'to stick, 
remain  fast,  be  fixed.'  The  Rom.  cognates, 
Ital.  stecco,  'thorn,'  ttecea,  'staff,'  Fr.  eti- 
quette, '  ticket '  (on  goods,  &c),  are  based 
on  derivatives  of  the  Teut.  root  stik,  stele, 

g>tea,  m.,  'path,  narrow  wooden  bridge,' 
from  the  eqniv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stee 
(gen.  st'eges),  m.  ;  allied  to  jldgen  ;  also  dia- 
lectical ly  ©tege,  f.,  equiv.  to  ©tiege,  'stair.' 
— ModHG.  ^tcflrcif,  m.,  '  stirrup,'  from 
the  eqniv.  MidHG.  stegreif,  OHG.  stegareif. 
An  OTeut  term,  as  is  Bhown  by  the  cor- 
respondence between  HG.  and  AS.  stigerdp, 
E.  stirrup,  OIc.  stigreip ;  lit. '  rope,  ring  for 
mounting  a  horse'   (the  term   ©teigbugd, 


'stirrup,'  eqniv.  to  Du.  stijgbeugel,  is  un- 
known to  MidHG.  and  OHG.  See,  how- 
ever, Sugel). 

ff  ef)ett,  vb., '  to  stand,  remain,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stSn,  str.  vb. ; 
besides  the  root  stai,  which  may  be  deduced 
from  this  verb,  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stdn 
indicates  another  root.  The  form  of  this 
root  stai  (std)  was  extended  to  stand  (sta/?), 
from  which  most  of  the  dialects  form  the 
pres.  stem ;  comp.  Goth,  standan,  AS. 
standan,  E.  to  stand  (E.  to  stay  is  derived 
from  Rom.  ;  comp.  OFr.  estaier),  OHG. 
stantan,  MidHG.  (rarely)  standen.  The 
pres.  stem  was,  in  the  Teut  group,  formed 
from  the  root  stand  (staj>),  while  the  sub- 
stant.  derivatives  were  chiefly  based  on  the 
Aryan  root  std  (comp.  ©tabt,  ©tatt,  jidig). 
This  recurs  (as  in  the  case  of  fommrn,  gdjen, 
jtfcen)  in  all  the  Aryan  languages  in  the 
same  sense.  Comp.  Sans,  sthd,  Gr.  t  rdvat, 
Lat.  stdre,  OSlov.  stati,  '  to  stand.' 

ffchlcn,  vb.,  'to  steal,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  stein,  OHG.  stelan;  a  common 
Teut.  str.  vb.  Comp.  Goth,  stilan,  OIc 
stela,  AS.  stelan,  E.  to  steal  (to  which  stealth 
is  allied),  Du.  stelen,  OSax.  stelan,  '  to  steal.' 
The  root  is  confined  to  Teut,  and  corre- 
sponds only  partly  to  Gr.  ar(plaK<o,  'to 
rob' ;  perhaps  the  Teut.  I  instead  of  the 
Gr.  r  is  due  to  fyefyfen  (on  account  of  the 
frequent  combination  of  tjdjlen  and  fleljlen). 
A  vb.  corresponding  to  the  Gr.  k\(ittc<>,  '  to 
steal,'  is  preserved  in  Goth,  (conqi.  Goth. 
hlifan,  '  to  steal'). 

(leif,  adj.,  'stiff, rigid,  pedantic,  formal,'' 
from  MidHG.  sltf,  'stiff,  fixed,  upright, 
brave,  stately';  probably  a  MidG.  anil 
LG.  word.  Comp.  Du.  stijf,  AS.  stif  (E. 
stiff),  OIc.  sttfr,  'fixed,  stiff.'  The  Teut. 
root  stif,  in  these  cognates,  occurs  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages  as  stip;  Lat  stipes, 
'stake,  stick,'  Lith.  stiprus,  'Btrong,  firm,' 
stipti,  '  to  become  stiff.'    Comp.  also  ©tiff. 

iMctit,  m.,  '  path,  footway,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  site  (»en.  stiges), 
m. ;  allied  to  ftettfcn,  '  to  mount,' which  is 
based  on  the  equiv.  MidHG.  sttgen,  OHG. 
stigan,  str.  vb.  The  vb.  is  common  to  Teut 
in  the  same  sense  ;  comp.  OSax.  stigan,  Du. 
stijgen,  AS.  stigan  (E.  to  sty),  Goth,  steigan. 
The  Teut.  root  stig  (comp.  also  ©teg,  fleil) 
corresponds  to  the  widely-diffused  Aryan 
root  stigh,  '  to  step,  stride,'  which  appears 
in  Sans,  (rare)  stigh,  'to  step,  stride,  Gr. 
(rrfi'x0^  'to  go,'  Lat.  vestigium,  'track,  trace,' 
OSlov.  stignaii,   '  to  hasten ' ;  hence  the 


Ste 


(    348    ) 


ate 


meaning  of  the  verbal  root  lias  been  modi- 
lied  in  Teut.— The  vb.  ff  eiflern,  '  to  raise, 
increase,  put  up  to  auction,'  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  steigen, '  to  cause  something 
to  ascend,  to  elevate  or  extol  something,' 
occurs  in  early  ModHG.  only  ;  hence  the 
vb.  means  lit '  to  cause  something  to  mount 
in  price.' 

flcil,  adj.,  '  steep,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.*t«t7,  the  variants  of  whicli,  steigel, 
OHG.  steigal,  prove  the  origin  of  jletf  (lit. 
'mounting')  from  the  cognates  discussed 
under  Stenv  Comp.  Du.  steil,  AS.  stcegl, 
s'&ger,  'steep' ;  to  the?e  are  allied  OHG. 
stecchal,  stehhal,  MidHG.  steckel  (stechel), 
'  steep,'  Bav.,  Alsat,  MidHG.,  and  LG. 
Stickel,  'steep'  (in  the  UpG.  dialects  jleil 
seems  to  be  entirely  unknown). 

Sfctn,  m.,  'stone,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  stein,  m. ;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  stains,  OIc.  steinn,  AS.  stdn,  E. 
stone  (to  which  E.  dial,  steen,  *  stone  vessel,' 
from  AS.  stdene,  'pitcher'  is  allied  ;  comp. 
OHG.  steinna,  'pitcher'),  Du.  steen,  OSax. 
sthu  The  common  Tent  staino-  is  related 
pre-historically  to  OSlov.  stina,  '  wall ' 
(steninu,  'rocky,  stony'),  as  well  as  to  Gr. 
aria,  <tt7ov,  '  pebble.' — gtchtmct )C,  see 
under  SWcfce  (1). 

.Sfcifj,  111., 'rump, buttocks'  (with  MidG. 
ei  instead  of  eu),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  stiuz  (hence  also  the  early  Mod 
HG.  variant  Steujj),  m.,  corresponding  to 
Du.  stuit.  It  is  probably  l>ased  on  a  Teut. 
ttlwot-,  which  is  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  stica, 
'  plough  handle.' 

§f ctlc,  f.,  '  place,  spot,  situation,  office,' 
from  MidHG.  stal,  m.,  '  standing-place ' 
(comp.  ©tall),  or  more  probably  a  recent 
derivative  of  fte«cu,  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
stellen,  'to  put  up,  erect,  fix,  establish,' 
a  denominative  of  Teut.  stallo-,  standing- 
place,'  discussed  under  (Staff.  From  the 
Aryan  root  stel,  'to  stand'  (an  extended 
form  of  Aryan  sta,  see  fteljcn),  comp.  Stufyl 
and  Stiel,  and  especially  Gr.  errtAAw, '  to  put, 
send,'  oroXor,  '  expedition,'  Sans,  sthtina 
(for  sthulna),  '  pillar,'  sthal, '  to  stand  firm.' 
To  this  word  jtiffen  and  Stoffe  are  also 
allied. 

£>tcl%c,  f.,  *  stilt,  wooden  leg,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stelze,  OHG.  stelza,  f. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  stelt,  Dan.  styUe,  Swed. 
stylta,  and  the  equiv.  E.  stilt.  Probably  a 
genuine  Teut.  word,  the  early  history  of 
which  is,  however,  obscure. 

ficmmcn,  vb., '  to  stem,  check,  oppose,' 


from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stemmen  (stemtv), 
'to  check,  restrain,  cause  to  stand.'  For 
the  root  stam,  see  under  ftommeln,  fhitnm, 
uuocflum. 

Sfempel,  m.,  'stamp,  die,  pestle,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  properly  a  LG.  word,  of  whicli 
the  HG.  form  is  stempfel;  comp.  Du.  stem- 
pel,  allied  to  flampfen. 

§fcnftel,  m.,  'stem,  stalk,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  Stengel,  OHG.  stengil;  a 
diminutive  of  Stange. 

ffcppcrt,  vb.  'to  quilt,  stitch,'  from  Mid 
II G.  steppen,  '  to  prick  here  and  there,  sew 
in  rows,  stitch';  an  intensive  form  from 
the  root  of  (Stiff. 

fterhen,  vb.,  'to  die,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  sterben,  OHG.  sterban,  str.  vb., 
corresponding  to  OSax.  sterban,  Du.  sterven, 
AS.  steorfan, '  to  die,'  E.  to  starve.  In  East 
Teut.  this  term  is  wanting  (comp  the  root 
discussed  under  tot).  Olc,  however,  pre- 
serves a  corresponding  starf.  n..  '  work, 
trouble,  effort,'  to  which  star/a,  'to  take 
pains,'  and  stjarfe,  '  tetanus,  locked  j aw,' 
are  allied.  The  parallel  development  of 
Gr,  01  Kafjiovres,  '  the  dead,'  from  Kdjxvu>, '  to 
take  pains,'  shows  that  we  may  assign,  on 
the  basis  of  the  Scand.  words,  the  primary 
meaning  'to  torment  oneself  to  the  West 
Teut.  sterban.  Unfortunately  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  Tent,  root  sierb  is  obscure.  For 
the  primit.  Aryan  root  for  'to  die'  see 
under  SDJorb. 

£>ferfte,  f.,  'cow';  see  Starfe. 

£tcrlivtfl,  m.,  from  MidHG.  sterline  (a), 
111.,  'ajxnn,'  whence  E.  sterling.  The  Mid 
HG.  word  sterline  (stozrline)  indicates  by 
its  formation,  which  is  similar  to  that  of 
5Pfeiuuna,  and  Stifling,  that  it  is  an  old 
word  ;  its  early  history  is,  however,  obscure. 

£fern,  m.,  '  star,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG  sterne,  OHG.  sterno,  m.  (OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  variant  stern) ;  comp.  Goth.  stairnS,  f., 
OIc.  stjarna,  f.,  'star.'  OHG.  ster-no seems 
to  be  linked  with  OHG.  sun-no,  md-no, 
like  Goth,  stairnd,  f.,  with  Goth.  sun-n6,  f.  ; 
the  earlier  MidHG.  variant  sterre,  OHG. 
and  OSax.  st'&rro,  lead  to  Du.  ster,  star,  AS. 
steorra,  E.  star.  The  primary  stem  ster  is 
common  in  the.  same  sense  to  the  Aryan 
group  (comp.  SWoub  and  Sonne)  ;  to  it  cor- 
respond Sans,  star,  Zend  sUire,  Gr.  d<rnjp, 
uo-rpov,  Lat  Stella  (for  *sterula).  Whether 
this  root  ster  belongs  to  the  Aryan  root 
str,  'to  scatter'  (Stem,  lit.  'dispenser  of 
light '  ?),  or  to  the  Sans,  root  as,  '  to  throw ' 
(Stern,  lit '  thrower  of  rays'  ?),  is  altogether 


Ste 


(    349    ) 


Sti 


.uncertain.  To  this  is  allied  the  ModHG. 
collective  ©eftiut,  n.,  '  stars,  constellation,' 
from  MidHG.  gestirne,  OHG.  gistirni. — 
e>fertt,  m.,  'stern,'  ModHG,  only,  conies 
iiom  the  equiv.  E.  stern  (OIc.  stjorn),  a  de- 
rivative of  the  root  of  fleueut. 

§fer3,  m.,  '  tail,  rump,  plough  handle,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  sterz, 
in.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  staart,  AS.  steort, 
E.  start.  A  Teut.  root  stert,  'to  project'  or 
'  to  turn '  (see  jliirjen),  has  heen  assumed  to 
explain  the  cognates;  others  connect  it 
with  Gr.  (rrdpOrj,  'prong,  projecting  point.' 

fief ,  adj.,  '  fixed,  stable,  constant,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG  state,  OHG.  stdti,  adj. 
(see  the  following  word) ;  a  verbal  adj. 
from  the  root  sta  in  jlefyeu  (lit.  '  that  which 
can  stand ').  To  this  is  allied  fXefs,  adv., 
'steadily,  constantly,  always,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  states,  properly  a  gen.  of 
the  adj. 

ft ct it},  adj.,  '  constant,  continual,'  from 
MidHG.  stcetec  (</),  with  the  variant  state 
(OHG.  stdti),  adj.,  'firm,  constant,  stable' ; 
properly  a  verbal  adj.  of  jlel)en.  Comp. 
the  preceding  word. 

^ieitev  (1.),  f.,  '  aid,  tax,  duty,  impost,' 
from  MidHG.  stiure,  OHG.  stiura,  f., '  duty, 
tax,'  properly  '  aid,  contribution,  support, 
help.'  With  these  general  meanings  the 
following  word  is  connected. 

§teuer  (2.),  n., '  rudder,  helm,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  (MidG.)  stiure,  n.  ; 
properly  a  LG.  word,  originally  belonging 
only  to  the  Teutons  on  the  sea-coast  (in 
OHG.  stiura,  f.,  '  rudder,  stern ') ;  comp. 
stuur,  '  rudder,'  AS.  stedr,  n.  (E.  stern,  see 
under  ©tern),  OIc.  styre,  n.,  'helm.'  To 
this  is  allied  jleueni, '  to  steer,  pilot,'  which 
originated  under  the  influence  of  the  sub- 
stantive ©teuer,  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
stiuren,  'to  guide,  lead,  support';  comp. 
L)u.  stieren,  sturen,  AS.  styran,  E.  to  steer, 
and  the  equiv.  OIc.  styra  (Goth,  stiurjan), 
'  to  fix  firmly,  maintain.'  These  cognate.*, 
on  account  of  their  undoubted  connection 
with  ©tcuer,  f.,  'duty'  (lit  'support'?), 
have  been  linked  with  OIc.  Starr,  'stake,' 
and  the  equiv.  Gr.  crravpos. 

Slid),  m.,  'prick,  thrust,'  from  MidHG. 
stick,  OHG.  stih  (hh),  m.,  'prick,  point' 
(comp.  Goth,  stiks,  'period  oi  time'),  from 
the  root  stik  (see  jlecfteii).  To  this  Sf  id)el , 
XQ.y  'graving  tool,  graver,'  from  MidHG. 
stichel,  OHG.  stihhil,  m.,  'sting,' is  allied. — 
|t  id)cln,  vb., '  to  prick,  stitch,'  is  an  inten- 
sive of  ftedjen  by  association  with  Stidj. 


fiidtcn,  vb.,  '  to  stitch,  embroider,'  from 
MidHG.  sticken,  OHG.  sticchen  (from  Teut. 
*stikjan),  wk.  vb.,  'to  pierce,  thrust,  stitch, 
embroider.'  Originally  a  variant  of  stikan, 
'  to  pierce,'  from  the  root  stik  (see  fled)en, 
@ttd)) ;  comp.  E.  to  stitch,  from  AS.  *sticcan, 
Du.  stikken. — To  this  cifitcfen,  '  to  choke, 
suffocate,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ersticken, 
OHG.  irsticchen,  is  allied. 

(Xtcben,  vb.,  'to  fly  as  dust,  scatter, 
disperse,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  stieben, 
OHG.  stiuban,  str.  vb.  Allied  to  Du.  stuiven, 
and  the  cognates  of  ©taitb ;  see  the  latter 
and  fiobern. 

§iicfs  in  compounds  is  preserved 
throughout  the  Teut.  group  only  as  the 
first  component ;  comp.  MidHG.  stief- 
bruoder,  -kind,  -muoter,  -sun,  -swester,  -tohter, 
-valer;  OHG.  stivf-bruoder,  -chint,  &c.  (Du. 
stief-broeder,  -kind,  &c).  Corresponding  to 
AS.  steop-sunu,  -fader,  E.  step-father,  &c. ; 
OIc.  stjhpfdSer.  That  the  word  was  used 
by  itself  at  an  earlier  period  is  indicated 
by  the  derivatives  OHG.  stiufen,  irstiufen, 
bistiufen,  '  to  rob  one  of  his  relatives 
(parents  or  children),'  AS.  tistypan,  'to 
rob.'  All  further  clue  to  its  early  history 
is  unfortunately  wanting. 

§ticfcl,  m.,  '  boot,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  stivel,  stivdl  (OHG.  stivdl  V),  m. ;  the 
MidHG.  variant  stivdl  points  clearly  to  a 
loan-word  from  the  equiv.  Ital.  stivdle,  m. 
(for  v  equiv.  to  MidHG.  v,  f,  comp.  SJertf, 
Jlafio}),  lit.  'a  light  summer  covering  made 
of  leather  for  the  feet'  (from  MidLat. 
astivale,  'pertaining  to  summer').  The 
word  was  borrowed  in  HG.  (it  does  not 
occur  in  the  other  Teut.  dialects),  probably 
in  the  12th  cent. 

Sticflc  (1.),  f.,  'stair,  staircase,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stiege,  OHG.  stiega,  f.  ;  the 
same  as  <2>teg ;  the  broken  MidHG.  ie  is 
similar  to  MidHG.  tciege,  'cradle,'  and 
schiec,  '  awry '  (see  fd)iff). 

§iicflC  (2.),  f.  (dial.  @tcig),  in  the  sense 
of k  score,'  has  been  derived  from  the  allied 
MidHG.  stige,  f.,  'stall  for  small  cattle' 
(Swed.  stia, '  pigsty '),  it  being  assumed  that 
a  stall  contained  twenty  sheep.  Yet  it  is 
remarkable  that  the  Crim.  Goth,  stega  was 
used  in  the  16th  cent,  in  the  sense  of 
'  score ' (comp.  <&<f)od ;  E.  score,  lit  '  notch ' ; 
Du.  snees,  'score,'  lit.  'row,  series'). 

St  toil  I  if  v  m., 'goldfinch,'  from  theequiv. 
MullIG.  sttgliz,  stigeliz  (tz),  m.  ;  a  Slav. 
loan-word  ;  comp.  Czech  ttehlec  {stehlk), 
'  thistle-finch,'  and  al>o  tfiffrifc. 


Sti 


(    35o    ) 


Sto 


St icl,  ra..  '  handle,  stalk,  pedicle,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stil,  m. 
Phonetically  the  assumption  that  the  word 
was  borrowed  from  Lut.  stilus,  'style'  (for 
writing),  is  possible.  It  is  more  probable, 
however,  that  the  words  are  prinut.  allied, 
on  account  of  AS.  stela,  steola,  *  handle ' 
(E.  diminutive  stalk),  and  of  Gr.  o-rfXew, 
(TT<Xfx°y.  '  handle.'  The  cognates  of  ©tall, 
©telle,  and  fh(l  may  also  be  primit.  allied. 

Stier,  m.,  ■  bull,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  stier,  OHG.  stiorj  a  common  Teut. 
terra  ;  corap.  Goth,  stiur,  AS.  ste6r,  E.  steer, 
Du.  stier.  The  remarkable  variant  OIc. 
J>j6rr,  Dan.  tyr,  Swed.  tjur,  points  to  pre- 
Teut.  teuro-  and  steuro- ;  to  this  OSlov. 
turn,  '  bull,'  Zend  staora,  '  draught  cattle,' 
and  the  Sans.  adj.  sthHra,  '  great,  mighty ' 
(OIc.  stdrr,  OHG.  stAri),  are  perhaps  allied. 
Gr.  ravpos  (whence  Lat.  taurus)  is  based, 
as  is  indicated  by  Olr.  tarb,  on  a  primit. 
form  tarwos. 

(Iter,  adj., 'staring,'  ModHG.only ;  allied 
to  ftarr. 

§ftff  (1.),  m.,  'peg,  tack,  style,  pencil,' 
from  Mi'iHG.  stift  (stefc),  m.,  'sting,  thorn, 
peg,'  OHG.  stift,  m.,  '  peg.'  A  specifically 
HG.  word,  which  is  probably  derived  from 
the  Aryan  root  stip, '  to  project,'  appearing 
in  jleif.  Lat.  sttpes, '  stake,  trunk  (of  a  tree),' 
has  also  been  connected  with  the  same 
root. 

Stiff  (2.),  n.,  '  charitable  foundation, 
monastery,'  from  early  MidHG.  stift,  m. 
and  n., '  foundation,  establishing,  building, 
ecclesiastical  foundation,'  also  'founding, 
regulation,  arrangement,'  to  which  MidHG. 
stiften,  '  to  found,  build,  arrange,  regulate, 
devise,  contrive,  cause,'  is  allied.  While 
the  subst.  is  unknown  to  OHG.,  the  OHG. 
vb.  stiften  occurs  with  the  same  meaning 
as  the  MidHG.  vb.  (comp.  D11.  sticht, 
stichten).  The  lit  of  AS.  stihtan, '  to  regu- 
late, incite,'  is  abnormal  ;  like  OIc.  ste'tt, 
'  stone  floor,  foundation,  it  seems  to  point 
to  a  Teut.  root  stihw,  '  to  build,  found.' 
The  meaning  of  these  cognates  precludes 
any  connection  with  <Stift  (1). 

ffill,  adj.,  'still,  silent,  quiet,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  slille,  OHG.  (OSax.)  stilli; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Du.  stil,  AS. 
stille,  E.  still  (adj.  and  adv.).  A  derivative 
of  the  Aryan  root  stel, '  to  stand '  (see  <Staf(, 
fttHen,  and  @tcf(e),  with  which  Sans,  slhdnu 
(for  sthalnu),  'standing,  immovable,'  is  also 
allied. — ftiltcn,  vb., '  to  still,  pacify,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  stillen,  '  to  cause  to  be 


still,  bring  to  a  standstill'  (E.  to  still),  is  s 
derivative  of  jlitt. 

§f  immc,  f.,  '  voice,  6ound,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stimme,  OHG.  slimma,  {., 
of  whioh  the  older  variant,  stimna,  cor- 
responds to  OSax.  stemna  (stemma),  AS. 
stemn,  stefn  (E.  dial,  steven,  'noise,  cry'), 
Goth,  stibna,  'voice.'  It  is  uncertain  whe- 
ther *stebn6-  or  stib»6-  is  the  older  form. 
The  connection  with  Gr.  aropa,  '  mouth,' 
is  dubious. 

fiitthen,  vb.,  'to  stink,'  from  MidHG. 
stinken,  OHG.  stinchan.  In  OHG.  and 
early  MidHG.  the  verb  signifies  'to  emit 
a  smell,'  and  may  even  mean  '  to  give  forth 
a  fragrant  odour';  in  MidHG.  the  modern 
meaning  prevails.  In  AS.  too,  slincan  may 
mean  'to  emit  a  fragrant  odour'  or  'to 
stink';  comp.  E.  to  stink.  This  West 
Teut.  meaning,  'to  emit  a  (pleasant  or 
unpleasant)  smell'  (and  also  'to  perceive 
by  smell,  to  scent'),  can  scarcely  be  recon- 
ciled with  Goth,  stigqan,  '  to  push,'  and 
Scand.  stokkva, '  to  leap,  squirt,  hasten.'  It 
is  probably  more  closely  connected  with 
Gr.  rayy6s,  'rancid'  (comp. Gr.  ravpos,  equiv. 
to  Goth,  stiur). 

SJtnt,  f.,  'forehead,  brow,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stirne,  OHG.  stirna  (for 
*sternja),  f.  ;  a  specifically  HG.  word  (yet 
also  in  AS.  steornide,  '  frontosus '  ?),  for 
which  Du.  voorhoofd,  AS.  foranhedfod,  E. 
forehead  (OIc.  enne,  Goth.  *an}?i,  OHG. 
endi,  equiv.  to  Lat.  antiae),  occur.  In 
Bav.,  ^>irn  is  generally  used  instead  of 
©tirii.  The  form  *sternj6-  has  been  con- 
nected with  Gr.  oripvov,  '  breast,'  while 
'broad'  is  assumed  to  be  the  intermediate 
idea,  which  is  deduced  from  the  root  ster, 
in  Lat.  sternere  and  Gr.  arpibvwpi, '  to  spread 
out ' ;  comp.  OSlov.  strana,  '  district.' 

ffdbmt,  vb.,  'to  fly  about,  drift,  drizzle,' 
ModHG.  only,  allied  to  earlier  ModHG. 
©tober,  m.,  MidHG.  stouber, '  hound,'  which 
is  derived  from  MidHG.  stouben,  '  to  scare 
up,  start  up,  chase  away'  ;  the  latter  is  a 
factitive  of  fliebett.  To  this  is  allied  Mod 
HG.  ©eflobfr,  n.,  'drifting,'  formed  from 
MidHG.  stouben,  'to  raise  dust.' 

flocrjcn,  vb.,  ModHG.  only,  equiv.  to 
E.  to  stoke;  a  derivative  of  the  Aryan  root 
stug,  'to  push,  thrust,'  discussed  under 
Stocf. 

gifocfc,  m.,  '  stick,  staff,'  from  MidHG. 
sloe  (ck),  OHG.  stoc  (cch),  m.,  '  stick,  staff, 
trunk'  (of  a  tree,  &c.) ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  stok,  AS.  stocc,  E.  stock,  OIc  stokkr. 


Sto 


(    3Si     ) 


Sto 


The  primary  meaning  'stake,  club,  stick,' 
leads  to  the  Sans,  root  tuj,  '  to  brandish  or 
hurl  weapons,  set  in  violent  motion'  (for 
Sans,  t,  equiv.  to  Teut.  st,  comp.  ©tier). 
From  Teut.  are  derived  the  Rom.  class, 
Ital.  stocco,  '  rapier.'    Allied  also  to  @turf. 

£>toff,  m.,  'stuff,  material,  matter,' Mod 
HG.  only,  borrowed,  like  Du.  stof,  E.  stuff, 
from  Rom.  Comp.  the  equiv.  Fr.  e'toffe, 
Ital.  stoffa,  f.,  the  origin  of  which  has  not 
been  explained. 

§foffeI,  m.,  'foolish  fellow,'  an  abbrev. 
of  (£(>riiicr>() ;  comp.  SUiefce  and  9tiipef. 

fld^ncn,  vb., '  to  groan,'  ModHG.  only, 
properly  a  LG.  word.  Comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  stenen,  AS.  slunian,  OIc.  stynja.  The 
verbal  root  sten,  'to  groan,'  is  common  to 
Teut;  comp.  Sans,  start,  'to  rustle,  roar,' 
Gr.  ardvu,  'to  groan,  roar,'  OSlov.  stenja, 
'  to  groan.'  The  root  sten  is  a  variant 
of  the  Aryan  root  ten,  discussed  under 
bomtent. 

§iolte,  f.,  gioltett,  m.,  'prop,  post, 
gallery  (of  a  mine),'  from  MidHG.  stolle, 
OHG.  stollo,  m.,  'support,  post.'  Derived, 
like  @ta((,  fallen,  and  jlifl,  from  the  root  slal, 
which  appeals  also  in  Sans,  sthtind.  The 
latter  points,  like  OHG.  stollo  (from  *stol- 
no-),  to  Aryan  stelnd,  'post';  for  11  from 
In  comp.  vo((  and  SBolle. 

fiotperit,  vb.,  '  to  stumble,  trip,'  early 
ModHG.  only,  an  imitative  form  like 
fyctyent. 

ftolfl,  adj.,  'proud,  haughtv,  arrogant,' 
from  MidHG.,  late  OHG.  stolz,  'foolish, 
arrogant,  stately,  splendid,  magnificent, 
high-minded.'  The  assumption  that  the 
word  was  borrowed  from  Lat.  stultus, 
'  foolish,'  whence  Ital.  stolto,  'foolish,' does 
not  meet  the  case,  for  OFr.  estoiU,  'arro- 
gant, bold,'  is  borrowed  from  pre-IIG. 
*stolto-,  the  meaning  of  which  is  scarcely 
explicable  by  Lat.  stultus/  only  MidHG. 
stolz,  'foolish,'  shows  the  influence  of  the 
Lat.  atid  Ital.  signification.  Teut.  *stolto- 
is  considered  to  be  cognate  with  <2>tet}f. 
E.  stout  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  Mid 
Du.  stout  (for  stolt),  with  a  different 
development  in  meaning.  —  iT> tol ',,  m., 
'  pride,'  is  a  subst  lately  formed  from  the 
adj. 

§l3pfcl,  $f  8pfcl,  m.,  '  stopper,  cork,' 
a  ModHG.  derivative  of  ftopfett,  vb.,  '  to 
stuff,  cram,  mend,'  MidHG.  stopfen,  OHG. 
*stopf6n,  of  which  a  variant  stopp&n,  wk. 
vb.,'to  stuff,'  occurs ;  to  the  latter,  Du.  stop- 
pen,  AS.  forstojipian,  E.  to  stop,  correspond. 


The  assumption  that  the  word  was  bor- 
rowed from  MidLat.  stuppare,  'to  stop 
with  tow '  (from  Lat.  stuppa,  '  tow ' ;  comp. 
Ital.  stoppare,  Fr.  e'toupper),  is  open  to  objec- 
tion. It  is  more  closely  related  to  Mid 
HG.  stupfen,  stiipfen,  OHG.  stopf&n,  'to 
pierce.'  With  the  implied  Aryan  root 
stup  (tup)  is  connected  Sans,  stump  (tump), 
'  to  pu-h,  thrust'  (Gr.  tvtttko 1). 

gxoppel,  f.,  'stubble,'  properly  a  MidG. 
and  LG.  form  ;  in  genuine  HG.  we  have 
UpG.  Stupfel,  from  MidHG.  stupfel,  OHG. 
slupfila,  f. ;  comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  stoppel, 
E.  stubble,  and  OSwed.  stubb.  Whether  the 
cognates  are  borrowed  from  Lat.  stipula 
(late  Lat  stupila,  equiv.  to  Ital.  stoppio, 
Fr.  dtouble,  'stubble')  is  uncertain;  nor 
has  it  been  decided  what  connection  there 
is  between  the  Teut.  word  and  its  non- 
Teut  representatives  (such  as  OSlov.  sttblo, 
'stubble').  On  the  other  hand,  the  root- 
syllable  of  <Stcppct  with  that  of  jlcpfen  may 
point  to  Aryan  stup,  'to  prick,  pierce,'  or 
rather  it  may  witli  OIc.  st&pa,  '  to  pro- 
ject' (to  which  E.  steeple,  from  steep,  is 
allied),  be  traced  back  to  primary  meaning, 
'  to  stand  out  rigid,  jut,  project'  It  might 
also  be  connected  with  the  nasalised  cog- 
nates of  ©tump,  which,  with  Swiss  stubes, 
E.  stub,  and  OIc.  stufr,  stufe,  'stump,'  pre- 
sume a  Teut.  root  stUp,  stub,  '  to  hew  off.' 

ft  oppen,  vb.,  '  to  stop,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
borrowed,  like  other  nautical  terms,  from 
LG.     Comp.  E.  to  stop  and  23crb. 

gfSpfef,  m.,  see  ©topfef. 

§>f5r,  m,  'sturgeon,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  store,  stiire,  OHG.  sluro,  sturio, 
m. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  steur,  AS.  styrja 
(styra).  The  Teut.  term  sturjo  passed  in 
tlie  form  sturio  (MidLat.)  into  Rom.  ; 
comp.  Ital.  storione,  Fr.  esturgeon,  whence 
the  equiv.  E.  sturgeon.  The  origin  of  the 
Teut.  word  is  obscure. 

jMord),  m.,  'stork,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  storch  (variant  store,  whence  <StcrF, 
common  to  UpG.  and  West  Thuring.) ; 
OHG.  storah  (hh),  also  store,  m. ;  comp.  AS. 
store,  E.  stork,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  storkr. 
Its  prehistoric  connection  with  Gr.  ropyos, 
'  vulture,'  is  dubious.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Slav,  cognates,  OSlov.  sttrJcii,  Russ. 
sterchii,  '  stork,'  must  have  been  borrowed 
from  OTeut 

ftorcn,  vb.,  'to  stir  up,  disturb,  poke, 
rake,'  from  MidHG.  stceren,  OHG.  stCren 
(4&rren  from  *st6rjan,  *staurjan),  wk.  vb., 
1  to  scatter,  destroy,  annihilate ' ;  to  these 


Sto 


(    352    ) 


Str 


are  allied  North  Fris.  stiaren,  and  with 
gradation  AS.  styrian,  E.  to  stir,  but  hardly 
the  cognates  of  jlmicn.  The  early  history 
is  obscure. 

§forrcrt,  m.,  '  stump  of  a  tree,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  storre,  OHG.  storro,  m., 
which  is  connected  with  OHQ.  stoirin,  Mid 
HO.  storren,  '  to  stand  out,  project '  (Goth. 
andstaurran,  'to  grumble,  murmur' ;  root 
star,  see  flarr.  To  this  is  allied  ficrrig,  adv., 
'  stubbornly,  obstinately,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
lit.  '  clod-like,  of  the  nature  of  a  clod.' 

ftoftcn,  vb.,  '  to  push,  thrust/  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  sloven,  OHG.  stfyan,  str. 
vb.,  corresponding  to  Goth,  stautan,  OSax. 
stOtan,  Du.  \stooten.  The  common  Teut. 
strong  verbal  root  staut  corresponds  in  non- 
Teut.  to  an  Aryan  root  tud,  by  gradation 
taud,  which  appears  in  Lat.  tundo, '  to  beat, 
bruise,  stun'  (Lat.  tildes,  'hammer'),  and 
the  Sans,  root  tud,  '  to  push,  thrust ' ;  for 
Teut.  st,  equiv.  to  Aryan  ty  comp.  (Stier  and 
(Stcrcfy.     See  the  following  word. 

ffottertt,  vb.,  'to stutter,  stammer,' Mod 
HO.  only  (in  Swab,  gaksen,  Austr.  Stuckezen), 
formed  from  MidG.  and  LG.,  in  which 
stottercn  (so  too  in  Du.)  is  an  intensive  of 
stoten,  '  to  push,  thrust '  (jlottern,  lit.  '  to 
stumble  repeatedly ')  ;  corresponding  to 
E.  to  stutter.     See  the  preceding  word. 

Sfol3,  m.,  'stump  of  a  tree/  ModHG. 
only  ;  early  history  obscure. 

firacft,  a<lj.,  '  extended,  direct,  tense/ 
from  MidHG.  strac  (ck),  '  straight,  tight/  to 
which  ModHG.  flrarfg,  adv.,  'straightway, 
immediately/  from  MidHG.  strackes,  is 
allied  ;  so  too  ModHG.  flrecfm,  'to  stretch, 
extend.' 

§f TClfe,  f.,  '  punishment,  penalty,  fine/ 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  (rare),  strafe,  f. ; 
OHG.  *strdfa,  f.,  is,  like  the  verb  corre- 
sponding to  ModHG.  and  MidHG.  strdfen, 
'  to  punish/  not  recorded.  The  cognates 
are  specifically  HG.  (whence  Du.  straf), 
and  are  wanting  in  the  other  Teut.  dialects. 
The  late  appearance  of  the  word  does  not 
prove  that  it  was  borrowed.  The  history 
of  the  cognates  is  obscure. 

ftroff,  adj.,  'stretched,  trnse,  tight/  from 
MidHG.  (rare)  straf  (ff),  'tense,  strict'; 
probably  a  LG.  word  corresponding  to 
Du.  straf.  Its  early  history  is,  however, 
obscure.  It  has  been  supposed  that  Ital. 
strappare,  'to  tear  out/  is  borrowed  from 
Teut.  by  assuming  a  root  strap,  'to  draw'  ; 
hence  ffrajf,  lit.  'drawn  tight'?. 

§lvaf)l,  m.,  'ray,  beam/  from  MidHG. 


strdl,  strdle,  m.  and  f.,  OHG.  strata,  f., '  arrow, 
flash  of  lightning'  (OHG.  donerstrdla, '  flash 
of  lightning') ;  corresponding  to  Du.straal, 
AS.  street,  '  arrow.'  These  West  Teut.  cog- 
nates (whence  Ital.  strale,  '  arrow ')  are 
closely  connected  with  OSlov.  strila, '  arrow ' 
(whence  Russ.  streld,  'arrow/  hence  <2trflifcf, 
lit.  'marksman,  archer').  To  these  are 
allied  flratjlen, '  to  beam,  radiate '  (occurring 
in  ModHG  only),  and  also  the  following 
word. 

C>f  ruble,  f.,  'comb/  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  strati,  m.,  to  which  ModHG.  and 
MidHG.  stralen,  'to  comb,'  is  allied  ;  the 
equiv.  OHG.  vb.  strdlen  (*strdllen,  *stra- 
lian)  presumes  also  for  OHG.  a  subst.  strdl, 
meaning '  comb.'  It  is  not  improbable  that 
the  separate  teeth  of  the  comb  were  re- 
garded as  arrows,  rays. 

£>frttf)tte,  f.,  'skein,  hank/  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stren,  strene,  OHG.  streno, 
m.,  corresponding  to  MidDu.  strene,  Du. 
streen.  Its  connection  with  the  preceding 
word  is  uncertain. 

fframm,  adj.,  *  dense,  vigorous,  huge.' 
ModHG.  only,  a  LG.  word  ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  stram,  North  Fris.  striam,  '  bolt 
upright.' 

ftrampcltt,  vb., '  to  kick,  struggle,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  orig.  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  Du. 
strompelen,  'to stumble,  stagger.'  Its  early 
history  is  obscure. 

;Stranb,  m., '  strand,  beach,'  from  late 
MidHG.  (MidG.)  sirant  (d).  m.,  adopted  as 
a  literary  term  from  LG.  ;  comp.  Du. 
strand,  AS.  strand,  E.  strand,  OIc.  strgnd. 
These  cognates,  from  which  OFr.  e'train  is 
borrowed,  cannot  be  traced  farther  back. 
To  this  is  allied  the  ModHG.  flranfcen,  equiv. 
to  Du.  stranden,  E.  to  strand.     Comp.  lifer. 

§f  rang,  m.,  '  rope,  string,  halter,  trace/ 
from  MidHG.  stranct  strange,  m.  and  f., 
OHG.  Strang,  m.,  '  string,  rope ' ;  comp. 
Du.  streng,  AS.  string,  E.  string,  OIc.  strengr, 
'  string,  strap.'  This  Teut.  strangi-  seems 
to  be  the  adj.  ftvnta.  (lit.  'strong'),  used  as  a 
subst.  Yet  Strang,  like  Gr.  o-rpayydXr], 
'  string/  and  Lat.  stringere, '  to  draw  tight,' 
might  be  connected  with  an  Aryan  root 
streak  (streng),  '  to  turn.' 

£>f tafoc,  t, '  street,  road/  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  strdle,  f.,  OHG. strd$a,  f.  ;  a  com- 
mon West  Teut.  term  ;  comp.  Du.  straat, 
AS.  street,  E.  street,  OSwed.  strata,  'road/ 
ModSwed.  strdt  (OIc.  strevti  and  OSwed. 
strati  .'ire  derived  from  OE.\  The  form 
strata, '  street/  was  borrowed  in  the  1st  cent. 


Str 


(    353    ) 


Str 


(perhaps  contemporaneously  with  *J?funb, 
©acf,  SEUuitje,  &c.)  from  MidLat.  strdta  (scil. 
via,  lit.  '  paved  road ')  before  the  Lat.  t  was 
softened  to  d  in  Kom.  ;  comp.  Ital.  strada, 
Span,  estrada,  Fr.  (dial.)  dre'e,  to  which 
01  r.  srdth, '  street/  is  allied. 

ftrauben,  vb., '  to  ruffle  or  bristle  up, 
resist,'  from  MidHG.  *striuben  (for  which 
striubeln  occurs),  OHG.  strubtn,  wk.  vb., 
also  MidHG.  strtiben,  OHG.  strAbin,  'to 
stand  motionless,  look  fixedly,  rise  aloft, 
bristle  up,  resist.'  Comp.  MidHG.  strap  (b), 
'  bristling  up,'  strobeleht,  strubeleht,  ■  bristly.' 
To  this  fimfeu  is  allied.  In  the  non-Teut. 
languages  indubitable  cognates  of  the 
genuine  Teut.  root  str&b,  *  to  be  coarse/  are 
wanting  ;  yet  comp.  Gr.  <Trpv<pv6s,  '  bitter, 
firm,  stout'?. 

%>lv<X\X<f),  m.,  'shrub,  bush,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  strUch,  m.  (to  which  the 
ModHG.  collective  ©ejlrdudj  is  allied) ; 
wanting  in  OHG.  Corresponding  to  Du. 
etruik,  'shrub'  (also  3>u.  stronk,  'shrub/ 
equiv.  to  LG.  @tnmf,  with  a  nasalised  root 
syllable).  The  stem  is  not  found  in  other 
languages  ;  the  relation  of  the  cognates  of 
ModHG.  ftraudjeht  is  dubious. 

flraucftelrt,  vb.,  'to  stumble/  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  str&cheln,  an  intensive  form 
of  OHG.  strAhhSn,  struhhSn,  '  to  stumble' ; 
it  corresponds  to  the  equiv.  Du.  struikelen. 
To  this  is  allied  the  root  vb.  OIc.  strj&ka, 
Ho  stroke,  rub';  but  ModHG.  ©traucfy  is 
scarcely  connected  with  this  Teut.  root 
strUk,  'to  glide'  (at  all  events  ftraudjeftt  is 
not '  to  entangle  oneself  fat  bushes ').  It  is 
uncertain  whether  Gr.  arptvytadai, '  to  grow 
tired/  is  a  cognate. 

gfraufj  (1.),  m., '  quarrel  conflict,  fight/ 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  strA$,  m.  ;  to  this 
MidHG.  striu^en,  '  to  resist/  AS.  strAlian, 
'to  quarrel/  is  allied. 

gtraujj  (2.),  m.,  '  crest,  tuft,  nosegay/ 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  *stril^,  m., 
which  may  be  inferred  from  gestriuy  and 
siriuxach,  '  cluster  of  bushes.' 

giiraujfi  (3.),  m.,  'ostrich/  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  strdi,  m. ;  it 
seems  to  be  rather  a  corruption  of  late  Lat. 
s'ruthio,  '  ostrich/  on  which  AS.  strata  is 
based  (comp.  Ital.  struzzo,  Fr.  autruche, 
whence  E.  ostrich),  than  a  permutation  of 
pre-HG.  *struto-.  The  word  may  have  been 
borrowed  contemporaneously  with  $fait. 
On  the  other  hand,  a  direct  connection  with 
Gr.  arpovdiov,  or  rather  f)  pcydXr]  arpovdos, 
'ostrich'  (arpovdos,  'sparrow'),  is  impos- 


sible. Moreover,  it  is  remarkable  that  the 
Germans  say  SBocjef  ©traujj,  in  the  same 
way  as  the  Fr.  autruche  (Span,  av-estruz) 
from  avistrutio,  is  linked  with  Lat.  avis. 

ftrebett,  vb.,  'to  strive,  struggle,  en- 
deavour/ from  MidHG.  str'eben,  wk.  vb., 
'  to  move  violently,  exert  oneself,  contend.' 
The  OHG.  strong  verb  corresponding  to 
the  non-recorded  wk.  vb.  *streben  would 
be  *strtban  (*strifan  ?),  as  is  assumed  by  the 
Rom.  loan-words.  Comp.  OFr.  estriver, 
'  to  fight,  wrestle/  estrif,  '  contest/  whence 
E.  to  strive,  strife,  are  borrowed. 

ftve&en,  vb., '  to  stretch,  extend/  from 
MidHG.  strecken,  OHG.  strecclien,  wk.  vb., 
'  to  straighten,  make  tense,  extend,  stretch' ; 
corresponds  to  Du.  strelcken,  AS.  streUean, 
E.  to  stretch.  The  corresponding  adj.  firacf 
(comp.  also  OHG.  straccMn,  'to  be  ex- 
tended '),  points  to  a  Teut.  root  strak  (for 
srak,  a  variant  of  rak  in  tetfeit  ?),  which  is 
perhaps  connected  with  the  root  of  ©tramj 
and  jfrenge.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the 
HG.  cognates  are  borrowed  from  Ital. 
straccare,  '  to  exhaust,  fatigue.' 

ffretcf)en,  vb.,  'to  rub/  from  MidHG. 
strtchen,  str.  vb., '  to  smooth,  make  strokes, 
draw,  rub,  besmear/  OHG.  strlhhan,  str. 
vb.,  '  to  rub.'  To  this  is  allied  the  Mod 
HG.  wk.  vb.  ftteicr/en,  from  MidHG.  streichen 
(OHG.  streihhdn),  wk.  vb., '  to  graze,  touch, 
stroke/ as  well  as  ModHG.  ©tretd),  in.,  from 
MidHG.  stretch,  m., '  blow,  cut,  stroke/  and 
ModHG.  <Stri4,  m.,  from  MidHG.  and 
OHO.  strich,  m.,  'stroke,  line'  (comp.  Goth. 
striirs).  The  correspondences  in  the  other 
Teut.  dialects  are  Du.  striken,  AS.  strican, 
E.  to  strike  (whence  stroke).  With  the  pre- 
Teut.  root  strig  are  connected  Lat.  stringere, 
'  to  strip  off,  unsheatlt,  touch,  graze  slightly/ 
Lat.  striga,  '  stroke/  OSlov.  strigy  {striSti), 
'  to  shear,  cut  off.' 

§f retfert,  m., '  stripe,  streak/  from  late 
MidHG.  streif,  m.,  l expedition/  allied  to 
MidHG.  streifen  {streipfen),  wk.  vb.,  '  to 
glide,  march,  roam' ;  comp.  Du.  strippen, 
1  to  strip  off  leaves '  (streep, '  stripe,  streak, 
stroke').     Further  cognates  are  wanting. 

ftreifctt,  vb.,  '  to  graze  slightly,  6trip 
off/  from  MidHG.  stroufen  (stroufm),  wk. 
vb.,  besides  which  a  rare  form,  striefeu, 
'  to  skin,  flay,  chastise/  occurs.  OHG. 
*stroufen  and  Goth.  *straupjan  are  also 
indicated  by  Du.  slroopen,  'to  strip,  strip 
off  leaves,  make  predatory  excursions,'  AS. 
bestr^pan,  E.  to  strip.  ModHG.  ftrduben  is 
also  more   remotely   allied.      Prehistoric 

Z 


Str 


(    35*    ) 


Str 


cognates  of  the  Teut  root  straup  are  want- 
ing. For  ModHG.  ei,  equiv.  to  MidHG. 
tfu,  see  (Sdjltife. 

§trcti,  ni.,  '  dispute,  quarrel,  strife,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  strit, 
m. ;  allied  to  ModHG.  fkeiten,  MidHG. 
striten,  OHG.  strttan,  str.  vb.,  'to  quarrel, 
fight.'  OHG.  einstriti,  '  stubhorn,'  OSax. 
slrid,  'zeal,'  and  OIc.  strtftr,  'stubborn, 
severe,  strong,'  show  that  @trcit  has  gone 
through  the  same  development  of  meanings 
as  JJrieg  (lit.  'exertion');  OIc.  str%6,  n., 
'  pain,  grief,  oppression,'  is,  however,  re- 
markable (yet  com  p.  the  cognates  of  Mod 
HG.  tapfcr).  Pre-historic  cognates  of  the 
Teut.  root  strld  (for  strt  ?,  sri  ?)  are  wanting ; 
yet  com  p.  Sans,  sridh,  'enemy.' 

ftrcnct,  adj.,  '  strict,  severe,  stern,'  from 
MidHG.  strange,  adj.,  OHG.  strpiyi,' strong, 
brave,  hard,  unfriendly'  (to  which  the  adv. 
MidHG.  strange,  OHG.  strango,  is  allied) ; 
comp.  OSax.  Strang,  Du.  streng,  AS.  and 
E.  strong,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  slrangr.  Its 
connection  with  Strang  (jfrtitgt,  lit. '  tense') 
has  been  already  suggested,  yet  comp.  also 
Lett,  stringt,  'to  grow  tight,  withered.' — 
flrcngcn(in  anjfrengen\  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  strengen,  '  to  press,  urge,'  is  a  nomi- 
nal verb. 

£>freit,  f.,  'litter,  bed  of  straw,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  strou,  f.,  allied  to  ffreuen, 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  strouwen(strouwen), 
OHG.  strewen  (strouwen),  wk.  vb.  To  this 
correspond  Goth,  straujan,  OSax.  str^wian, 
Du.  strooijen,  AS.  streowian,  E.  to  strew. 
The  common  Teut.  straujan  (to  which 
Strcf)  is  allied),  whence  Ital.  sdrajarsi,  '  to 
stretch  away,'  is  borrowed,  is  connected  in 
some  inexplicable  manner  with  the  Aryan 
root  ster  {str5),  in  Lat.  stemere,  Gr.  aropiv- 
vvpi,  oTprnvvvpi,  and  the  Sans,  root  str,  '  to 
strew.' 

f  frier),  see  fireidjm. 
f  rich,  m., '  string,  cord,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  stric  (ck),  m.  Its  con- 
nection with  (Strang  or  jfreiefcru  is  dubious  ; 
it  is  rather  related  to  Sans,  sraj,  '  winding, 
twisted  ornament,'  or  Sans,  rajju,  'string' 
(for  Teut.  str  from  Aryan  sr,  comp.  Sdjroefhr, 
(Strom,  and  ftrecfen). — ModHG.  ftrichen.  'to 
knit,' from  MidHG.s<ricfen,OHG.  stricchen, 
4  to  lace,  clasp,  plait,'  is  proljably  a  deriva- 
tive. 

§iricacl,  m.,  'currycomb,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  strigel,  OHG.  strigil,  m. ; 
to  this  jfriegeln,  '  to  comb,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  strigelen,  is  allied.     The  word  is 


borrowed  from  Lat.  strigtlis, '  scraper  (used 
by  bathers),  flesh-brush'  (Itnl.  stregghia, 
streglia,  Fr.  e'trUle,  *  currycomb ').  It  is 
scarcely  related  directly  to  ffreid^u  (Aryan 
root  strik,  strig). 

§f rieme,  m.  and  f., '  stripe,  streak,  scar,' 
from  MidHG.  strieme  (streime,  strime),  m., 
'stripe';  OHG.  strimo  (to  which  slrimil, 
MidHG.  strtmel,  is  allied),  '6tripe,'  is  an 
isolated  relic  of  a  Teut-Aryan  root  strt, 
which  is  not  found  elsewhere. 

ffrippe,  f.,  'string,  strap, band,'  a  MidG. 
LG.  form  for  the  genuine  MidHG. 
striipfe.  Yet  comp.  also  Swiss  itruppe, 
'  strap.' 

Qttobel,  m.,  '  pine  cone,  strobile,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  MidHG.  strobelen,  OHG. 
strobal&n.    See  flrdubftt. 

§frof>,  m.,  '  straw,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  str6  (gen.  strawes,  strauwes, 
str6wes),  n.  ;  a  common  Teut.  word.  Comp. 
Du.  stroo,  AS.  streaw,  E.  straw,  OIc.  strd 
(Goth.  *straioa-),  n.  Its  connection  witii 
tfreuen  is  evident,  yet  its  exact  relation  is 
uncertain  (Stroh,  lit.  '  hangings,  embossed 
paper '  ?). 

§frotlt,  m.,  'stream,  torrent,  current,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  strdm  (strotim), 
OHG.  stroum;  common  to  Teut.  in  the 
form  straumo-.  Comp.  OSax.  str&m,  Du. 
stroom,  AS.  stredm,  E.  stream,  and  the  equiv. 
OIc.  strawmr.  Teut.  straumo-  for  srou-mo- 
is  based  on  the  Aryan  root  srtl  (srou),  '  to 
flow,'  which  appears  in  Gr.  peo>  (for  *<rpfFa> ; 
pvffis,  'flowing,'  for  sru-t i-s),  Sans,  root  sru, 
'  to  flow,'  Olr.  sruth,  '  river,'  and  sruaim 
(base  sroumen),  'stream.'  For  the  evolu- 
tion of  Aryan  sr  to  str  see  (Sdnvejlet  and 
Stricf. 

firof  jert,  vb.,  '  to  be  puffed  up,  teem, 
boast  of,'  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
strotzen,  wk.  vb.  The  Teut  root  strut, 
which  is  not  widely  diffused,  appears  in 
E.  strut  (to  which  OIc.  J>rdtenn,  '  swollen,' 
is  allied  ;  comp.  OIc.  kjorr,  equiv.  to  HG. 
Sticr).  To  this  ModHG.  Straufj, '  contest,' 
with  the  evolved  meaning  '  to  swell  with 
anger,'  and  its  cognates  are  allied  ?. 

*5frubel,  m.,  '  eddy,  whirlpool,  vortex,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  strudel,  m. 
A  graded  form  from  OHG.  stredan,  str.  vb., 
'  to  roar,  bubble'  ;  Lat.  strtJere,  'to  whiz,' 
is  not  connected  with  the  HG.  cognates. 

g»f  rumpf,  m., '  stocking,'  from  MidHG. 
strumpf,  m.,  '  stump,  trunk  (of  a  tree,  of  a 
body).'  These  meanings  of  the  MidHG. 
word  show  that  it  is  equivalent  to  the  fol- 


Str 


(    355    ) 


Stu 


lowing  word  (*strumpo-  for  *strunqo-  ?). 
The  ModHG.  sense  results  from  the  origi- 
nally current  compound  J&ofenjlrumpf  (hence 
lit.  '  the  end  of  the  hose,  short  hose '). 

§>f  rUttR,  m., '  trunk,  stem,  stump,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  strunc,  m.,  which, 
like  the  preceding  word  and  ©traud),  points 
to  a  Teut.  root  strQk.  It  corresponds  to 
Du.  stroiik. 

ftruppift,  adj., '  rough,  bristly,  scrubby,' 
see  ftrduMn.  ©ejfrupp, ' brambles,  bushes,'  is 
a  collective  term  formed  from  it  in  ModHG. 

Shtbe,  f.,  '  room,  chamber,'  from  Mid 
HG.  stube,  OHG.  stuba,  f.,  'room  with 
means  for  heating,  sitting-room,  bath- 
room'; common  to  OTeut.;  comp.  Du.  stoof, 
'  foot-stove,  drying-room,'  AS.  stofa,  E. 
stove,  OIc.  stofa,  '  room,  bathroom  with  a 
stove.'  Although  the  Romance  origin  of 
the  cognates  is  impossible  (Ital.  stufa,  Fr. 
te,  '  sweating-room,  stove,'  are  certainly 
borrowed  from  Teut),  this  does  not  prove 
that  the  words  are  genuinely  Teut.  The 
word  stuba  was  adopted  in  Finn,  as  tupa,  in 
Lith.  as  stubd;  comp.  OSlov.  istUba,  izba, 
Hung,  szoba,  Turk,  soba,  l  room.'  The  pri- 
mary meaning  of  the  Teut.  word  is  '  heated 
room,'  as  may  be  inferred  from  Du.  stoven, 
'to  stew,  warm  up'  (whence  Ital.  stufare, 
Fr.  et urer,  'to  foment'). 

glixbev,  m.,  ^JJafettffufeer,  m., '  fillip,' 
ModHG.  only,  allied  to  LG.  stubben,  *  to 
push.'  In  the  sense  of  'stiver'  (a  coin), 
the  word,  which  first  occurs  in  ModHG., 
is  obscure  ;  it  is,  however,  met  with  as  Du. 
stuiver  and  Swed.  styfver. 

JT>  t  iich,  n., '  piece,  article,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  stiicke,  OHG.  stucchi,  n.  ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  word  ;  comp.  OSax.  stukki,  Du. 
stuk,  AS.  sty66e,  OIc.  stykke,  n.,  '  piece.' 
Allied  to  ©tecf,  and,  like  the  latter  word, 
probably  means  lit.  '  that  which  is  cut  off 
or  hewn  to  pieces.'  The  secondary  mean- 
ing '  bark  '  of  OHG.  stucchi  is  indicated  by 
Ital.  stucco,  '  gypsum,  stucco,'  whence  again 
ModHG.  ©tttcf,  '  stucco,'  m.,  ©tucfatur,  f., 
'  stucco-work.' 

iMufe,  f.,  '  step,  degree,  grade,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  stuofe,  OHG.  stuofa,  f.,  both 
oi  which  are  rare  (comp.  Du.  stoep,  '  thres- 
hold ').  A  graded  form  from  the  root  stap, 
'  to  go '  (AS.  stdpol,  '  footprint '),  which  ap- 
pears in  ModHG.  ©taffel  and  E.  to  step. 
Comp.  also  Xtitt  in  the  sense  of  ©tufe. 

flufcn,  ftofen,  vb.,  'to  cook  slowly,' 
Mod  HG.  only,  from  LG.  Comp.  Du.  stoven 
under  ©tute. 


§fttr>I,  m.,  '  chair,  seat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  stuol,  m. ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  st6l,  Du.  stoel,  AS.  stdl,  E.  stool, 
OIc.  st6ll.  A  common  Teut.  noun,  derived 
from  the  Aryan  root  std,  '  to  stand '  (see 
jleljen),  or  from  the  Aryan  root  stal,  'to 
put,  place'  (see  fteUnt),  hence  ©tufyf,  lit. 
'  stand,  frame '  ?.  It  corresponds  in  the  non- 
Tent,  languages  to  Lith.  pastdlas,  'stand, 
frame,'  OS  lov.stolii,  'seat,  throne,'  Gr.  o-rTJXt], 
'pillar.' 

§lulpe,  f.,  'pot-lid,  coat-cuff,' ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  Comp.  Du.  stulp,  '  lid  of 
a  stewpot,'  and  stulpen*  'to  cover  with  a 
lid,'  whence  ModHG.  fiufpcn,  '  to  put  on  a 
lid '  (stelpen, '  to  check,'  to  which  OIc  stOlpe, 
'  post,'  is  allied).     Early  history  obscure. 

ftumm,  adj.,  'dumb,  silent,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  (and  OSax.) 
stum  (mm);  corresponding  to  Du.  stom, 
'  dumb.'  Its  connection  with  the  cognates 
of  jtammetn  (root  sfam)  is  undoubted.  Mid 
HG.  stemmen,  OHG.  stemmen  (from  stam- 
jan),  'to  stop,  check'  (comp.  fiemmm  and 
ungeftiim),  shows  that  ftammcln  and  jtirmm 
fein  mean  lit.  '  to  falter  (in  speaking).' 

gitummel,  m.,  '  stump,'  from  MidHG. 
stummel,  stumbel,  OHG.  stumbal,  m.,  '  piece 
cut  off,  stump' ;  properly  an  adj.  used  as 
a  subst.,  from  OHG.  stumbal,  MidHG. 
stumbel,  '  mutilated.'  Tnis  word  is  based 
(like  the  equiv.  OHG.  and  MidHG.  stumpf, 
adj.  and  subst.  ;  see  Stumpf)  on  a  pre-Teut. 
root  sthmb,  '  to  mutilate,' which  appears  in 
Lith.  stimbras,  '  stump,'  stambras,  stembrys, 
and  stembras, '  stem,  stalk,'  stdmbas, '  trunk, 
stump,'  stambds, '  coarse.' — To  this  setfium- 
me(n,  vb.,  '  to  mutilate,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  verstumbelen,  OHG.  stumbilOn,  is 
allied. 

Stump,  m.,  'stump,'  a  LG.  form  for 
HG.  ©tumpf,  MidHG.  and  OHG.  stumpf. 
Corresponding  to  Du.  stomp,  E.  stump  (also 
OIc.  stdft, '  stump '  ?).  (ModHG.  Stumper, 
'  bungler,  blunderer,'  lit.  '  mutilated  per- 
son,' is  also  properly  LG. ;  comp.  Du. 
stomper).  The  adj.  ftumpf, '  lopped,  docked, 
blunt,'  comes  from  the  equiv.  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  stumpf;  Du.  stomp,  'blunt.'  Its 
connection  with  ©tummel  is  certain  ;  be- 
sides the  Teut.  root  stumb  (Aryan  stemp), 
in  ModHG.  ©tummel,  we  have  to  assume 
an  equiv.  root  stump  (Aryan  stemb),  which 
appears  in  Lith.  stambras,  'stump.'  — 
^tumpcr,  m.,  'bungler,  blunderer,' early 
ModHG.  only,  is  a  derivative  of  the  LG. 
form  ©tump. 


Stu 


(    356    ) 


Sud 


flttmpf,  a<ij.,  Bee  the  preceding  word. 

gifuncc,  f.,  'hour,  tune,  league,' from 
MidHO.  stund*,  OHG.  stunta,  f.,  'time, 
period  of  time'  (the  ModHG.  signification 
'hora'  first  occurs  in  late  MidHG.,  the 
primary  meaning  was  '  undefined  period '). 
Corresponding  to  OSax.  stunda,  AS.  stund, 
E.  dial,  stound,  OIc.  stund,  'space of  time'  ; 
Du.  stand, '  moment'  The  pre-historic  con- 
nections of  the  word  (perchance  with  ©taut, 
gt  jlanbtn  ;  hence  ©tuube,  'rest,  repose  '  ?) 
are  uncertain. 

ff  upfett,  vb., '  to  poke,  push,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  stupfen  (stiipfen).  See 
under  flopfett. 

fhtren,  vb., '  to  stare  at,'  ModHG.  only. 
A  graded  form,  from  ftavr. 

§ttt*OT,  m.,  '  storm,  tumult,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  stui-m,  m., '  tempest,  fight ' ; 
comp,  Du.  storm,  AS.  and  E.  storm,  and 
the  equiv.  OIc.  stormr.  From  the  common 
Teut.  storm  (sturm)  are  derived  the  Eo- 
mauce  cognates,  Ital.  stormo,  '  concourse, 
encounter,  quarrel,'  which  proves  the  pri- 
mitive use  of  the  word  in  the  figurative 
sense  of  '  fight '  (E.  stour  is  based  on  the 
corresponding  OFr.  estour).  The  Teut. 
root  slur  is  a  relic  of  the  Aryan  root  ser  (sr 
from  stur"i),  to  which  Gr.  6pfifj,  'attack, 
impact,'  Sans,  root  sr,  '  to  stream,  hasten,' 
belong  (for  str  from  sr,  see  @d)wefler  and 
©tiont).  Others  prefer  to  regard  the  word 
as  primitively  cognate  with  Lat.  sternere, 
'to  throw  down.' 

fiftrjen,  vb., '  to  hurl,  overturn,  over- 
throw, sink,  plunge,'  from  MidHG.  stilrzen, 
OHG.  sturzen  (from  *sturzjan,  *sturtjan)> 
wk.  vb.,  '  to  hurl,  sink,  turn,  cover  by  in- 
verting' ;  corresponding  to  Du.  storten* 
Allied  probably  to  E.  to  start  (to  startle> 
from  AS.  steartlian).  The  early  history 
of  the  Teut.  root  stert  (to  which  <Sterj  is 
allied  ?)  cannot  be  traced  farther  back. 

glufe,  f.,  'mare,'  from  MidHG.  stuot, 
f., '  breeding  stud, mare'  (for  the  evolution 
of  a  collective  meaning  see  .Ramerab  and 
grauenjitnmer),  OHG.  stuta,  f.,  'drove  of 
horses.'  Corresponding  to  AS.  st6d,  equiv. 
to  E.  stud,  AS.  stida  (E.  steed),  'stallion' ; 
OIc.  st6$,  'stud,  number  of  horses,'  and 
stedda  (from  *stdidda),  f.,  '  mare  * ;  comp. 
also  MidE.  stott, 'horse.'  ModHG.  ©eftfir,n., 
'  stud,'  is  a  recent  collective  form.  OSlov. 
stado,  Lith.  stodas,  'drove  of  horses,'  are 
clearly  related  to  the  Teut  cognates,  but 
they  may  with  as  good  reason  be  regarded 
as    loan-words ;    yet    comp.    Lith.    st6ne, 


'stable'  (for  horses).  The  whole  of  the 
cognates  are  connected  with  the  Aryan 
root  std,  'to  stand'  (OHG.  atuota,  lit 
'stock'?  'stable'?). 

rtufaen,  vb., '  to  stop  short,  hesitate,  be 
startled,  to  cut  short,'  from  late  MidHG. 
stutzen,  wk.  vb., '  to  Bcare  away '  ;  allied  to 
MidHG.  stutz,  'push,  impact'  (Teut.  root 
staut,  see  jtofjen)  ;  comp.  Du.  stuiten,  '  to 
check,  rebound.'  —  gutter,  m.,  'fop, 
dandy,'  ModHG.  only,  lit.  '  one  who  wears 
gay  clothes.' — flufjig,  adj.,  'curtailed, 
stubborn,  startled,'  is  also  allied. 

ftftfjcn,  vb.,  'to  prop,  support,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  (under-)stiitzen,  OHG. 
(untar-)stuzzen ;  allied  to  MidHG.  and  Mod 
HG.  stiiize.  OHG.  stuzzen,  from  *stutjan, 
points  to  a  Teut  root  stut,  besides  which 
OHG.  studen,  OIc.  styftja,  '  to  fix  firmly, 
prop,'  and  AS.  stuftu,  studu, '  post'  (E.  stud), 
presume  a  Teut.  root  stujj  (stud).  The 
early  history  of  the  cognates  is  obscure. 

fud)cn,  vb.,  '  to  seek,  search,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  suochen  (siiechen),  OHG. 
suohhcm  (suohhen) ;  a  common  Teut.  verb, 
properly  strong.  Comp.  Goth.  s6kjan,  AS. 
sican,  E.  to  seek  (and  to  beseech),  Du.  zoeken, 
OSax.  s&kian, '  to  seek.'  The  strong  verbal 
root  sdk,  from  Aryan  sdg,  has  primit.  cog- 
nates in  Gr.  fjyiofiai,  '  to  lead,'  and  espe- 
cially in  Lat.  sdgire,  '  to  trace  out,'  and 
Olr.  sdiyim,  '  to  seek.'  To  these  are  allied 
the  cognates  of  ©ad&e. 

§ucf)f,  f.,  'sickness,  disease,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  suht,  f.  ;  an  ab- 
stract formation  from  Goth,  siulcan,  str. 
vb.,  'to  be  ill*;  see  judj  (and  fdm>ad>  ?). 
Corresponding  to  Goth,  sauhts,  OIc.  s6tt  (E. 
only  sick),  Du.  zucJU  (and  ziekte).  The  Ger- 
mans often  instinctively  connect  ©udjt  with 
fudjen  (hence  ©ttdjt  na<$  ettt?a$,  'rage  for 
something '). 

fttcncln,  vb., '  to  suckle,'  ModHG.  only, 
intensive  of  faugen. 

§ft&,  see  (Suben. 

fuoeln.  vb., '  to  splash,  soil,  daub,'  from 
late  MidHG.  sudeltn,  'to  dirty'  ;  lit  per- 
haps 'to  cook  badly'  (MidHG.  sudel,  'keeper 
of  a  cookshop*)  ;  allied  to  fieben. 

iSuoert,  m.,  'south';  the  strictly  HG. 
form  is  @unb,  which  survives  in  the  proper 
names  @unbgau,  ©unbbcim,  &c.  \  comp. 
OHG.  sundwint,  'south  wind,'  sundarwint 
(MidHG.  sundericinl).  Yet  the  simple 
form  of  the  word  became  obsolete  at  an 
early  period  in  UpG.  (the  term  used  being 
Sffltttag),  the  names  of  the  other  cardinal 


Suh 


(    357    ) 


Sus 


points  being  also  unknown.  The  loss  of 
the  n  in  ©iiben  (MidHG  sunden,  OHG. 
sundan)  points  to  the  adoption  of  the  word 
from  LG.  The  primit.  Teut  stem  simp-, 
'south,'  is  also  assumed  by  OIc.  sunnan, 
AS.  stifian,  'from  the  south,'  AS.  sA<S,  Du. 
zuid,  OSax.  sdth, '  south.'  Tlie  term  simp-, 
'south,'  is  as  specifically  Teut.  as  Shorten 
and  SDejlen.  Whether  sun}>-  is  derived 
from  sun-,  in  Goth,  sun-no, '  sun,'  and  means 
lit.  'sun-side,'  is  not  certain  (yet  note  Often 
as  'dawn-side'). 

§it^nc,  f.,  'atonement,  expiation,  re- 
conciliation,' from  MidHG.  (rare)  siiene 
(mostly  suone),  f.,  '  atonement,  reconcilia- 
tion, sentence,'  OHG.  suona,  f.,  '  sentence, 
court,  reconciliation.'  To  this  is  allied 
ModHG.  fu^nen,  vb.,  '  to  atone  for,  expiate, 
conciliate,'  from  MidHG.  siienen,  OHG. 
suonen,  'to  conciliate,  reconcile,  equalise' 
(OHG. '  to  judge ').  OHG.  suona,  '  court,' 
and  OIc.  s6n,  '  sacrifice,'  appear  to  be  con- 
nected with  a  root  san,  '  to  set  up,'  from 
which  Lat.  sdnus,  'healthy,'  and  ModHG. 
gefunb  may  have  been  derived.  Deriv. 
oevfcl)nen,  '  to  reconcile.' 

§ut3C,  e>fil3e,  f.,  'pickle,  brine,  pickled 
or  salted  meat,'  from  MidHG.  sulze,  siilze, 
OHG.  sulza  (from  *sultja),  f.,  'salt  water, 
pickled  sausage,'  comp.  OSax.  sullia,  '  salt 
water,'  Du.  zult,  'pickled  meat';  un- 
doubtedly a  graded  form  of  (Safy.  From 
the  Teut.  word  is  derived  Ital  soldo,  'pre- 
serve, pickles.' 

futtttttCtt,  vb., '  to  hum,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  summen,  wk.  vb. ;  an  onunia- 
topoetic  form. 

e>Utttpf,  m.,  'swamp,  bog,  marsh,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  sumpf  (wanting  in 
OHG.,  in  which  sumft  is  used).  Corre- 
sponding to  Du.  somp,  and  with  an  old 
gradation  E.  swamp  (dial.  sump).  OHG. 
giswumft  and  Goth,  smimfsl,  '  pond,'  are 
differently  derived.  Its  connection  with 
fdjnnmmen  (Sumpf,  'porous  soil'?)  is  very 
dubious  ;  it  is  preferable  to  connect  it  with 
OIc  svoppr,  '  sponge.'  The  Teut  root  was 
probably  swemp ;  E.  dial,  swanky, '  marshy,' 
may  point  to  an  orig.  swenq. 

£>ltnb,  m.,  'sound,  strait,'  early  Mod 
IIG,  only,  a  MidG.  and  LG.  word  ;  comp. 
AS.  sund,  E.  sound,  OIc.  sund,  •  sea,  strait.' 
The  connection  with  Goth,  suiidrd,  'sepa- 
rated '  (see  fonbertf),  is  open  to  objection  on 
account  of  the  meaning  (@nnb,  lit  'divi- 
sion between  countries  and  islands'  ?).  It 
is  preferable  to  link  it  with  AS.  and  OIc. 


sund,  n.,  'swimming,'  which  is  an  abstract 
of  fcfynnmmen  (sunda-  for  swm-to-,  allied  to 
the  root  swem) ;  by  this  assumption  @unb 
is  regarded  as  '  the  place  where  one  can 
swim,' 

e»unoe,  f.,  *  sin,  offence,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  siinde,  OHG.  suntu,  suntea  (base 
*sundi),  f.  Corresponding  to  OLG.  sundia, 
Du.  zonde ;  the  equiv.  AS.  synn  (E.  sin) 
is  based  on  the  primary  form  *sunj6  for 
*sundjd;  OIc.  syjift  also  points  to  a  Goth. 
*sunidi.  Pre-Teut.  siontid-,  swenetid-,  be- 
long to  a  pre-Teut.  root  sicen,  sun,  which, 
with  a  dental  suffix,  appear  also  in  Gr. 
Srq,  'guilt,  damage,'  Lat.  sons, ' guilty,'  son- 
ticus,  'injurious.' 

gfittofluf,  f.,  'the  Flood,'  is  an  early 
ModHG.  corruption  of  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  sin-vluot,  which  means  lit. 
'  great  universal  overflow.'  The"  term  sin-, 
which  appears  only  in  OTeut  compounds, 
signifies'general, constantly,  always  (comp. 
©tncjrun,  '  periwinkle '),  in  Goth,  sinteins, 
'  daily,  everlasting,'  AS.  symble,  OSax. 
simbla,  OHG.  simblum,  'always.'  Comp. 
Lat.  sem-per,  'always.' 

gltppe,  f.,  'soup,  broth* ;  late  MidHG. 
suppe  (soppe),  f.,  '  broth,  sauce,  soup' ;  pro- 
perly a  MG.  and  LG.  word,  the  pp  of  which 
would  be  represented  hy  pf  in  genuine  HG. 
Allied  to  the  root  sUp,  'to  drink' ;  comp. 
MidHG.  supfen, '  to  sip,  drink'  (Du.  soppen, 
E.  to  sop),  and  ModHG.  faufen.  Comp.  Du. 
sop  and  soep.  The  LG.  word  passed  into 
Romance  ;  comp.  Ital.  zuppa,  'wine  soup,' 
Span,  sopa,  Fr.  soupe,  whence  the  equiv. 
E.  soup  [OYr.  souppe,  ' sop '). 

furrcn,  wk.  vb.,  •  to  hum,  buzz,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  an  imitative  word. 

fu|fj,  adj.,  'sweet,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  siiene,  adj.  (also  rno^e,  svmoy,  adv.), 
OHG.  suo^i  (swuo$i),  adj.,  a  common  Teut. 
term,  occurring  also  in  the  other  Aryan 
languages.  Comp.  OSax.  swo"ti,  Du.  zod, 
AS.  swtite,  E.  sioeet,  OIc.  s&tr,  Goth.  *sw6tus 
(for  which  silts  is  found),  '  sweet.'  The 
Teut.  sw6t-u,  from  Aryan  swdd-fc,  is  based 
on  an  Aryan  root  swcfd ;  comp.  Sans,  svddfi, 
'sweet,  delicious,'  and  the  root  svad,  'to 
taste  nice'  (svdd, '  to  be  rejoiced'),  Gr.  nfiuc, 
'  sweet,'  and  iJHofiau,  '  1  rejoice '  (J}6ovn, 
'  pleasure,'  &vbavw,  '  to  please '),  Lat  sudvts 
for  *suddvis,  *  sweet '  (also  suddere,  '  to 
advise,'  lit.  'to  make  tasty,  pleasant'?). 
In  tlie  Teut.  group,  AS.  swdtan,  Scotch 
sicats,  '  beer,'  may  be  allied  ;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  primary  verb  corresponding  to 


Sut 


(    35S    ) 


Tan 


Aryan  swddti-,  '  sweet,'  was  lost  at  an  early 
period  in  Teut 

Sutter,  m.,  '  sea-adder,'  early  ModHG. 


only,  from  late  MidHG.  sutteren,  '  to 
boil  over ' ;  allied,  like  MidHG.  @ubrf,  to 
fteben. 


T. 


cabcxh,  m.,  •  tobacco,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
orig.  an  American  word  (like  Jtartcjfef),  now 
found  in  all  modern  languages  ;  comp.  D11. 
tabak,  E.  tobacco,  Fr.  tabac,  Ital.  tobacco, 
Span,  tabaco ;  '  properly  the  roll  through 
which  the  smoke  of  the  prepared  plant  was 
imbibed.' 

caocf .  m.,  '  blame,  censure,  reproof,' 
from  MidHG.  tadel,  m.  and  n., '  fault,  stain, 
defect  (bodily  or  mental).'  The  word  is 
recorded  at  a  remarkably  late  period — the 
end  of  the  12th  cent — but  this,  of  course, 
does  not  prove  that  it  was  borrowed.  The 
Teut.  root  daj?  {dad  ?)  contained  in  it  has 
been  compared,  probably  without  just 
grounds,  with  Gr.  T<o0da>  (root  dh6dh),  '  to 
deride,  mock.' 

%afei,  f.,  'table,  tablet,  slab,'  from  Mid 
HG.  tavel,  tavele,  f., '  tablet,  picture,  table,' 
OHG.  tavala  (tabala,  tabel'a),  f.,  'tablet'  ; 
borrowed  during  the  OHG.  period  from 
Lat.  tabula,  tabella.  Even  in  the  pre-HG. 
period  Lat.  tabula  passed  into  HG.  and 
was  normally  permutated  ;  comp.  OHG. 
zabal,  MidHG.  zabel  (see  <&<fyaty).  It  cor- 
responds to  the  Romance  cognates,  Ital. 
tavola,  '  table,  tablet,  board,  picture,'  Fr. 
table  (E.  table). — 'gafelrunoe,  f.,  '  Round 
Table,'  like  the  equiv.  MidHG.  tavelrande 
(especially  of  King  Arthur) ;  an  imitation 
of  Fr.  table  ronde. 

"gag,  m., '  day,  daylight,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  tac  (g),  m.  ;  common 
to  Teut.  in  the  form  dago- ;  comp.  Goth. 
dags,  OIc.  dagr,  AS.  dceg,  E.  day  (also  to 
dawn),  Du.  and  OSax.  dag.  This  specifi- 
cally Teut.  word  represents  the  stem,  almost 
obsolete  in  Teut,  of  the  equiv.  Lat.  dies, 
Sans,  dina,  OSlov.  dtnl  (Goth,  sin-teins, 
'daily,'  see  (Sunfcflut).  To  explain  Teut. 
dago-  (to  which  AS.  ddgor,  OIc.  d<vgr,  from 
ddgoz,  dSgiz,  are  allied),  it  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  Sans,  root  dah  (for  Aryan 
dhSgh,  dhogh  1),  '  to  burn '  ;  this  appears 
further  in  Lith.  degti,  'to  burn,'  dagos, 
dagd,  'harvest'  (also  in  Sans,  dhar,  n., 
'day'?).  Hence  the  base  dhdgho-s,  com- 
mon to  G.  Sag  and  Lith.  ddgas,  means 


perhaps  '  the  hot  period  of  the  day  or  year ' 
(comp.  Dflern  as  a  proof  that  names  for 
periods  of  the  day  and  year  may  be  iden- 
tical). £ag  in  G.  denoted  originally  only 
the  light  period  of  the  day ;  the  day  of 
twenty-four  hours  was  called  9tadjt. — t'ctft- 
ltd),  adj.  and  adv.. '  daily,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tageltch  (t$gelich),  adj.,  tagelichen 
(tege-liches),  adv.,  OHG.  tagalih,  adj.,  taga- 
lihhin,  tagollhhes,  adv.  The  adj.  has  been 
formed  from  the  adv.,  which  is  again  a 
combination  of  two  words,  as  in  the  phrase 
(allaro)  tago  gilth  (hes)  ;  for  gilih  in  the 
sense  of '  every,'  see  tndmtiglid)  ;  tago  gilifthes 
(lit.  '  on  each  of  the  davs ')  is  an  adverb 
genit.  like  OHG.,  MidHG.,  and  ModHG. 
des  tages.     See  further  pertetbigeit. 

'Sahcl,  n., '  tackle,'  ModHG.  only,  adop- 
ted, like  many  nautical  terms,  from  LG.  ; 
comp.  the  equiv.  Du.  takel,  E.  tackle,  Dan. 
takkel,  Swed.  takel.  The  literal  meaning 
of  this,  which  is  peculiar  to  maritime 
dialects,  was  '  implements  (in  general),' 
which  leads  to  kinship  with  Goth,  taujan, 
'  to  make '  (comp.  tooijen,  '  to  adorn,'  E. 
tool). 

£afg,  m., '  tallow,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
LG.  (talg),  hence  unknown  to  Swab,  and 
Bav.  ;  allied  to  Du.  talk,  AS.  *lealg,  E. 
tallow,  OIc.  tolgr.  Teut.  talgo-  (tolgo-) 
cannot  be  traced  farther  back  ;  yet  note 
AS.  twig, '  colour'  (see  @eife).  It  is  scarcely 
connected  with  Goth,  tulgus,  'firm'  (ZaUj, 
lit. '  that  which  has  become  solid '  ?).  The 
proper  HG.  (UpG.)  word  is  Unfd)litt. 

*{|anb,  m.,  '  toy,  trifle,  bauble,'  from 
MidHG.  tant,  m.,  'idle  talk,  tricks'  (to 
which  MidHG.  tauten,  'to  play  a  practical 
joke,'  is  allied). — {Sdnoelri,  f.,  'toying, 
trifling,  dawdling,'  ModHG.  only,  is  a  de- 
rivative of  ijdttb  (in  MidHG.  once  only 
tenterte).  In  OHG.  only  a  corresponding 
tantardn,  '  to  be  mentally  perplexed,'  is 
recorded.  No  further  light  can  be  thrown 
on  the  HG.  stem  tant. 

%axiQ,  m.,  'sea- weed,'  ModHG.  only, 
formed  from  the  equiv.  Scand.  pang  (Dan. 
tang),  whence  also  E.  tang,  tangle. 


Tan 


(    359    ) 


Tau 


^cmn,  m.,  see  the  following  word. 

"Sonne,  f.,  '  fir  tree,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tanne,  f.,  OHG.  tanna,  signifies 
'  fir  tree,  oak,'  hence  the  primary  idea  of 
the  word  is  usually  •  forest  tree '  (see  (Sidje, 
33udje).  This  is  supported  by  ModHG. 
3ann,  m.,  from  MidHG.  tan  (nn),  m.  and  n., 
'forest'  (OHG.  tan-$sil,  'wild  ass J),  which 
seenis  to  be  based  on  a  collective  significa- 
tion of  $anne.  The  early  history  of  the 
HG.  cognates  (to  which  ODu.  d^nvia,  Du. 
den,  '  fir  tree,'  is  allied^  is  uncertain.  Its 
connection  with  Gr.  odpvos,  '  thicket,'  is 
dubious. 

Qcmtc,  f., '  aunt,'  ModHG.  only,  formed 
from  Fr.  tante;  for  the  genuine  G.  words 
preserved  dialectically  see  93afeand  2Rulntte. 

ftttt^,  m.,  'dance,  ball,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tanz,  m.,  to  which  MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  tanzen  is  allied,  The  word  was 
first  adopted  in  the  11th  cent.  In  OHG. 
the  verbs  were  sahdn  (which,  like  AS. 
sealtian,  was  borrowed  at  an  early  period 
from  Lat.  saltdre),  and  the  genuine  Teut. 
tdmdn  and  leihhan  (comp.  8eid)).  The  late 
appearance  of  MidHG.  tanzen  tends  to  show 
that  it  is  a  loan-word  ;  it  is  based  on  the 
equiv.  Komance  cognates,  Ital.  danzare 
(Br.  danger,  whence  E.  to  dance,  and  Du. 
dansen).  It  is  true  that,  considering  the 
late  period  at  which  it  was  borrowed,  the 
HG.  t  compared  to  Ital.  d  is  abnormal. 
The  Komance  cognates  are  themselves  of 
Teut.  origin,  which  has  been  sought  in 
OHG.  dansSn,  *  to  draw '  (allied  to  Goth. 
pinsan;  see  flebunfen). 

iapfer,  adj., '  brave,  valiant,  bold,'  from 
MidHG.  tapfer  (dapfer,  tapfet),  '  firm, 
pressed,  full,  weighty,  important'  (only  in 
late  MidHG.  'brave'),  OHG.  tapfar,  'heavy, 
weighty,  important  ;  comp.  Du.  dapper, 
'brave,  much,'  E.  dapper.  The  connection 
in  meaning  with  OSlov.  dobli,  '  strong, 
able,'  debelu,  'stout,'  and  dobru,  '  beautiful, 
good,'  is  quite  clear,  but  it  is  difficult  to 
show  how  it  is  related  to  the  correspond- 
ing OIc.  dapr,  'sad' ;  note,  however,  Mod 
HG.  breifl,  '  bold,  audacious,'  OHG.  dristi, 
OLG.  thrlsti,  compared  with  Lat.  trhtis. 

^appe,  f.  (in  Swab,  and  Alem.  SDopen, 
m.),  '  claw,  paw,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
*tappe  (only  tdpe  is  recorded),  f. ;  origin  and 
early  history  obscure.  To  this  is  allied  Mod 
HG.  li'ippifcl),  adj.,  'awkward,  clumsy,' 
since  MidHG.  tappe  (tdpe)  occurs  also 
as  '  uncouth,  loutish  person '  ;  hence  also 
ModHG.  tiippcn,  vb.,  '  to  flounder  along, 


grope  one's  way,'  lit  '  to  behave  awk- 
wardly.' 

^ant hctppc,  f., '  magic  cap,'  see  StaW* ; 
the  first  component  is  OTeut.  darni, 
'  secret,'  OHG.  tarni,  AS.  dyrne.  To  this 
MidE.  ddren,  'to  conceal  oneself,'  is  allied. 

gafdje,  f.,  'pocket,  pouch,  wallet,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  tasche  (tesche),  OHG. 
tasca,  f.  An  obscure  word,  the  relation  of 
which  to  the  equiv.  Romance  cognate  Ital. 
tasca  cannot  be  defined.  The  origin  of 
the  word  and  the  history  of  its  further 
diffusion  is  unknown. 

■gaffe,  f.,  'cup,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
Fr.  tasse  (comp.  Ital.  tazza,  from  Arab. 
tassah,  '  bowl '). 

f ctffcn,  vb.,  '  to  touch,  fumble,  grope,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  tasten,  wk.  vb. 
Borrowed  about  1200  a.d.  from  the 
Romance  cognate  Ital.  tastare  (Fr.  tdter), 
'  to  feel,  fumble,'  which  is  based  on  a  Lat. 
*taxitare  (allied  to  late  Lat.  taxare,  '  to 
touch  sharply'). 

%<xl%e,  f.,  'paw,  claw,'  from  MidHG. 
tatze,  f.,  '  hand,  paw.'  The  origin  and  his- 
tory of  this  word,  which  cannot  be  traced 
farther  back,  are  obscure. 

^cm  (l.X  n.  (unknown  to  Swab,  and 
Bav.),  '  rope,  cable,'  ModHG.  only ;  pro- 
perly a  LG.  word,  based  on  OIc.  taug, 
'  cord,  rope '  (whence  E.  tow,  Du.  touw). 
The  latter  is  connected  with  the  Teut.  root 
tuh  (tang),  in  ModHG.  jiefjen.  From  the 
LG.  word  Fr.  touer,  'to  tow  a  ship,'  is  de- 
rived. For  the  words  borrowed  by  HG. 
from  LG.  see  ©tranb,  Soot,  &c. 

t$cm  (2.),  m.,  'dew,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  tou  (gen.  touwes),  n. 
(MidG.  also,  m ) ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  OSax.  dau,  Du.  dauw,  AS.  dedvo,  E. 
dew,  OIc.  dqgg  (Goth.  *daggwa  is  wanting), 
whence  E.  (dial.)  dag.  Teut.  dauwo-,  from 
pre-Teut.  dhdwo-,  is  generally  connected 
with  the  Sans,  root  dhdv,  'to  run,  flow, 
stream.' 

taub,  adj.,  'deaf,  torpid,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  toup  (b), '  deaf,  insensible,  stupid, 
foolish,  mad  ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
dau/s  (b),  '  callous,'  AS.  deaf,  E.  deaf,  and 
the  equiv.  Du.  doof  Since  the  meanings 
of  the  OHG.  and  MidHG.  adj.  border  on 
those  of  OHG.  and  MidHG.  tump  (see 
bumm),  the  two  words  are  certainly  con- 
nected. The  assumed  relation  (see  bumm) 
to  the  Aryan  root  dhubh,  'to  be  blunt, 
obtuse,  deafened,'  preserved  in  Gr.  Tvtf>\6s, 
'  blind.'  leads  further  to  tcbm  and  its  co '- 


Tau 


(    36o    ) 


Tau 


nates.  Mod  HG.  feetanfcett,  •  to  deafen,  stun,' 
from  MidllO.  touben,  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
touben,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  deprive  of  sensation 
or  strength,  to  annihilate,'  supports  the 
assumed  primary  meaning. 

caube,  f-,  'dove,  pigeon,'  from  the 
eqaiv.  MidHG.  tube,  OHG.  tuba,  f.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  the  equiv.  Goth. .dtibd,  AS. 
diife,  E.  dove,  Du.  duif.  This  common 
Teut.  term  (tor  which  Goth,  ahaks,  AS. 
culufre,  'dove,'  are  also  found)  has  been 
connected  with  a  Teut.  root  dub,  'to  dive,' 
which  appears  in  AS.  dp/an,  E.  to  dive, 
Saubc  being  regarded  as  orig.  '  water-dove.' 
It  is  more  probably  related  to  Olr.  dub, 
'black,'  duibe,  'blackness';  comp.  Gr. 
71-Aeia,  '  wild  pigeon,'  from  7reAidj,  '  dark 
blue.' — 'tScutber,  m.,  '  male  pigeon,'  for 
which  tiuber  occurs  in  MidHG. 

fdUOJCtt,  vl>.,  'to  dip,  dive,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  tiichen,  wk.  vb.,  OHG. 
tuhhan,  str.  vb.  ;  comp.  Du.  duiken,  '  to 
dive,  duck,'  E.  to  duck  (whence  also  R  duck, 
AS.  dUce) ;  see  further  butfen.  Other  terms 
derived  from  the  Teut.  root  duk, '  to  stoop, 
dive,'  are  wanting.  The  connection  of  the 
word  with  taufenis  improbable. — ^cmcfjcr, 
in.,  '  diver '  (bird),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
iuldmre,  OHG.  ttihhdri,  m. 

fatten,  vb.,  '  to  thaw,'  from  MidHG. 
touwen,  touwen,  OHG.  douicen,  de,wen  (d6an), 
wk.  vb., '  to  dissolve' ;  comp.  Du.  dooijen, 
AS.  f>dwan,  E.  to  thaw,  OIc.  freyja.  With 
ModHG.  Saimunfc,  m.,  '  thaw  wind,'  comp. 
Du.  dooij,  E.  thaw,  OIc.  Jyeyr.  If  the  Teut. 
root  Jjaw,  '  to  dissolve '  (comp.  wrauett), 
exhibited  in  all  these  words,  has  originated 
in  J>agxc,  equiv.  to  Aryan  tgq,  Gr.  ttjko>,  '  to 
melt,'  rciKcpos,  'liquid,'  may  be  counted  as 
cognates.  Yet  the  Teut.  words,  as  well  as 
Osset.  t'ayun,  '  to  thaw,'  may  point  to  an 
Aryan  root  taw. 

tlcutfe,  f.,  '  baptism,  christening,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  toufe,OH.G.toufa(toufi), 
f. ;  allied  to  taufcn,  vb., '  to  baptize,  christen,' 
MidHG.  toufen,  toufen,  OHG.  toufen  (from 
*toufjan).  The  primary  meaning  of  the 
vb.  is  preserved  by  MidHG.  toufen,  'to  dip 
under/  which  is  properly  a  causative  of 
ticf.  Goth,  daupjan,  OLG.  ddpian,  Du. 
doopen,  exhibit  the  Christian  meaning, 
which  AS.  represented  by  fulwian  (fuhcihf, 
'  baptism ') ;  comp.  OIc.  kristna,  '  to  bap- 
tise? In  its  relation  to  the  history  of  civi- 
lisation toufen  is  as  difficult  to  determine  as 
§eibe  (which  see).  It  cannot  be  positively 
affirmed  whether  the  MidEurop.terni  daup- 


jan  "  has  been  restricted  in  meaning  solely 
because  the  Goths,  who  were  first  to  receive 
Christianity,  rendered  the  Gr.  word  |3a7r- 
t'i&ui  by  the  corresponding  daupjan;  this 
word,  as  the  designation  of  the  first  sac- 
rament, was  then  adopted  from  them 
(with  §eitt,  J?ird}e,  *JJfaffe,  and  Xcufd)  by 
the  Western  Teutons,  and  was  so  firmly 
rooted  among  the  latter  that  the  AS.  mi>- 
sionaries  could  no  longer  think  of  sup- 
planting it  by  their  corresponding  verb 
fulwian."  Perhaps,  however,  the  OTeut. 
daupjan  had  even  in  the  heathen  acquired 
a  ritual  sense  which  fitted  it  to  become  the 
representative  of  the  Christian-Komance 
baptizare  (It.  baitsim). 

f  augen,  vb.,  '  to  be  of  use,  be  good  or 
fit  for,'  from  MidHG.  tugen,  OHG.  tugan 
(pres.  sing,  tone),  pret  pres., '  to  be  capable, 
useful,  suitable,  to  be  of  use,  to  suit.'  Cor- 
responding to  OSax.  dugan,  '  to  be  capable, 
be  of  use,'  Du.  deugen,  '  to  be  of  use,'  AS. 
dugan,  OIc.  duga,  Goth,  dugan,  '  to  be  fit, 
of  use.'  The  Teut.  verbal  root  dug  (daug) 
might, like Lith.da%, ' much,' dauksiyiti,  'to 
increase,'  point  to  Aryan  dhugh  (Gr.  tv\tj, 
'  fortune,'  rvyxdva, '  I  am  fortunate '  ?).  To 
this  are  allied  tud)tt<$  and  £u\jent>. 

^aumct,  m.,  'reeling,  staggering, 
frenzy,'  from  MidHG.  iUmein  (tUmen,  tu- 
melieren),  '  to  reel,  stagger,'  OHG.  tumalSn 
(ittmdn), '  to  turn.'  From  the  OHG.  and 
MidHG.  variant  with  ii  is  derived  tummeltt 
(comp.  also  Sftehrtcmutd).  The  Teut.  root 
dii  contained  in  these  words  leads  to  kin- 
ship with  the  Sans,  root  dhu,  '  to  storm 
along,  put  in  violent  motion,  shake.' 

CCUtM),  m.,  'exchange,  barter';  Mod 
II G.  only  ;  in  late  MidHG.  (15th  cent.)  we 
meet  for  the  first  time  with  rostiuschmre, 
'  horse-dealer '  (comp.  Du.  paardentuischer), 
and  vertfischen,  '  to  exchange.'  The  word 
is  properly  LG.  ;  comp.  Du.  tuischen,  '  to 
barter.'  How  taufdjett,  '  to  deceive,'  from 
late  MidHG.  tiuschen  (tfischen),  'to deceive, 
make  game  of  some  one '  (late  MidHG. 
tilsch,  'mockery,  joke,  deception'),  is  con- 
nected with  this  word  is  not  clear. 

fcutrcno,  n.  and  m.,  '  thousand,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  tusend  (tdsunt),  OHG. 
t/isunt,  d&sunt;  corresponding  to  "Goth. 
fcdsundi,  AS.  f>A$end,  E.  thousand,  Du. 
duizmd,  OSax.  thdsind.  While  the  lower 
numerals  up  to  a  hundred  are  common  to 
all  the  Aryan  languages,  the  term  for  a 
thousand  occurs  elsewhere  only  in  the  Slav. 
group  ;   comp.  OSlov.  tysqita,  Lith.  tiik- 


Tee 


(    361    ) 


Teu 


stautis.  The  primary  meaning  and  further 
history  of  the  Slav.-Teut.  word  tUsnti, 
tusonti,  can  no  longer  be  discovered  ;  per- 
haps Slav,  borrowed  this  word  in  prehis- 
toric times  from  Teut.  (in  Sans,  sahasra, 
Zend  hazanhra,  Gr.  xiXtot  for  *x.i<rkioi, 
equiv.  to  gheslio-;  in  Lat  mllia,  equiv.  to 
Gr.  pvpia).— 'gaufettbgfiloenkrauf,  n., 
'centaury,'  ModHG.  only,  an  erroneous 
version  of  the  Lat.  centaurea  (as  if  it  were 
a  compound  of  centum  and  aurum.  It  is 
really  Gr.  Kfvravoiop). 

Qeet,  m.  and  n.,  '  tar,'  early  ModHG. 
only,  a  LG.  word  (unknown  to  Swab,  and 
Bav.) ;  comp.  Du.  teer,  AS.  teoro  (tynoe),  E. 
tar,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  tiara  (to  which 
OIc.  tymoV.'pine- wood,' isallied).  TheHG. 
form  Ijeljr  is  recorded  in  the  ModHG.  period 
in  Hess.  These  cognates  meaning  '  tar '  are 
old  derivatives  of  a  Teut.  word  trewo-, 
'  tree '  (comp.  Goth,  triu,  E.  tree),  which 
is  based  upon  Aryan  derw-,  dorw-  (dru), 
'  tree,  wood ' ;  comp.  Gr.  6pv?,  •  oak '  (86pv, 
'spear'),  OSlov.  drevo,  'tree,  wood,' and 
the  equiv.  Sans,  ddru  (dru) ;  see  also  Xxc§. 
Xav  means  lit.  'the  thick  oil  from  trees' 
(especially  from  resinous  pine-trees  ?) ; 
comp.  Lith.  darva,  '  pine- wood,'  and  Lett. 
darwa,  'tar.' 

©etd),  m.,  '  pond,  pool,'  from  MidHG. 
ttcli,  m.,  '  fish-pond,  pond'  (it  is  uncertain 
whether  OHG.  dih,  '  eddy,  whirlpool,'  is 
the  same  word.  The  LG.  cognates  of  Mod 
HG.  2)eid)  seem  to  be  connected  ;  AS.  dU, 
E.  ditch,  dike  (OIc  dike\  border  on  the 
meaning  of  £cid).  Teut  dilco-  (from  dhi- 
ghn-1)  may  be  primit.  allied  to  Gr.  ridyos 
(from  dh'tghos  ?),  n.,  '  pond,  bog.' 

ic\Q,  adj.,  '  mellow '  (of  fruit),  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  teicj  allied  to  the  follow- 
ing word. 

'iSctft,  m.,  '  dough,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
II G.  and  OHG.  teic(g),  m.  ;  corresponding 
to  Du.  deeg,  AS.  ddh,  E.  dough,  and  the 
equiv.  OIc.  deig,  n. ;  a  derivative  of  a  Teut. 
root  dig,  '  to  knead,'  from  which  the  adj. 
Mg  and  ModHG.  Jievjef,  'stewpan,'  are  de- 
rived. A  more  general  meaning  is  exhi- 
bited by  Goth,  dcigart,  '  to  form  from  clay,' 
which  is  derived  from  Aryan  dhfgh,  and 
is  connected  with  Sans,  dih,  '  to  bedaub, 
cement,  besmear.'  To  these  are  also  allied 
Lat  figuhi8,  '  potter,'  fingere,  '  to  form,' 
figura, '  shape,'  Gr.  reixos,  roix°s  (for  6(ixps, 
dolvas),  '  wall.' 

■gcil,  m.  and  n.,  'part,  share,  portion,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  teil, 


m.  and  n.  ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  duils, 
daila,  f.,  OSax.  dil,  m.,  Du.  deel,  n.,  AS. 
ddel  (ddl\  and  E.  deal  (dole).  Teut.  dai-li 
(lo)  seems  to  point  to  an  Aryan  root  dhai 
(see  tifgen),  which  is  proved  by  OSlov.  dllu, 
'  part.'— feUcn,  wk.  vb.,  'to  divide,  shared 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  teilen 
(Goth,  dailjan),  is  a  denominative,  liko 
OSlov.  deliti,  'to  share.'  —  ieils,  adv., 
'  partly,'  first  used  as  an  adv.  in  ModHG. 
—The  ModHG.  suffix  del  in  ©rittel,  SBiertel, 
&c,  is  based  upon  MidHG,  teil  (drilleil, 
vierteil,  &c. ;  see  also  Urtcl  from  Urteit). 

feller,  m.,  '  plate,  salver,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  teller,  teler  (telur),  m. ;  the 
word  was  borrowed  in  the  14th  cent,  from 
Ital.  tagliere  (Fr.  tailloir\ '  chopping  board,' 
which  belongs,  like  Ital.  tagliare  (Fr.  tail- 
ler),  '  to  cut  to  pieces,'  to  Ital.  taglia,  '  in- 
cision' ;  comp.  Fr.  detail. 

■©cntpct,  m.,  '  temple,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tempel,  m.  and  n.,  OHG.  tempalr 
n. ;  borrowed  during  the  OHG.  period  (with 
ecclesiastical  words  like  JKcjler,  3l(tar,  &a) 
from  Lat.  templum.  A  Teut.  word  used  in 
pre-Christian  times  for  the  same  idea  was 
OSax.  alah,  AS.  colli,  Goth.  alhs. 

^ClXtlC,  f-,  'threshing-floor,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  tenne,  p.,  f.,  and  m.,  OHG. 
tenni,  n.  No  corresponding  word  occurs  in 
this  sense  in  the  allied  Teut.  dialects.  It 
has  been  connected  with  AS.  denu, '  valley,' 
AS.  and  E.  den;  but  £emte  is  rather  a  de- 
rivative of  £anne  (lit.  '  made  of  fir'). 

'©cppid),  m.,  'carpet,  tablecloth,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OllG.teppxch.tebcchi 
m.  and  n. ;  borrowed  probably  in  the  8th 
cent,  from  Romance.  The  variants  OHG. 
and  MidHG.  tqppld,  tqpplt,  point  imme- 
diately to  Ital.  tappeto,  Lat  tapetum,  or 
rather  tapit-  (Fr.  tapis).  ModHG.  Zai>ttt 
£apctc,  and  tapqicren  are  more  recent  loan- 
words ;  comp.  Ital.  tajvpezzare, '  to  paper '  (a 
room). 

'©erne,  f.,  '  three  winning  numbers  (in 
a  lottery),'  ModHG.  only,  from  the  equiv. 
Ital.  terno. 

t eucr,  adj., '  dear,  costly,  precious,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  tiure,  tiur,  OHG.  tiuri ; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OSax.  diuri, 
Du.  duur,  AS.  dtfre,  dedre,  E.  dear  (to  which 
darling,  from  AS.  deOrling,  is  allied),  OIc. 
dyir.  For  the  gradation  il  (ModHG.  tHr, 
'esteem'),  iu,  see  tauern  (2).  The  early 
history  of  this  common  Teut  adj.,  which 
is  wanting  only  iu  Goth.,  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. 


Teu 


(    362    ) 


Thr 


ccufcl,  m.,  'devil,  demon,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  tiuvel  (tievel),  m.,  OHG. 
tiuval,  tiovaX,  m.  (in  the  plur.,  neut.  also) ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  diubal,  Du.  duivel, 
AS.  de6fol,  equiv.  to  E.  devil.  The  West 
Teut  words  have  apparently  genuine  Teut. 
sounds  ;  on  account,  however,  of  the  equiv. 
Goth,  diabaulus,  Gr.-Lat.  diabolus,  it  is 
certain  that  the  word  was  borrowed.  The 
early  existence  of  the  West  Teut.  word, 
attested  by  the  permutation  of  LG.  d  to 
HG.  t,  can  only  be  explained  by  the  assump- 
tion that  it  was  introduced  into  HG.  in  the 
5th  or  6th  cent,  through  a  Goth,  medium 
(aa  also  taufen,  *J5faffe,  JEirdje,  Jjjeifce,  <£am$tag, 
and  probably  (Siujel),  for  the  connection  of 
the  cognates  with  Gr.-Lat.  (Ecclesiast.)  dia- 
bolus  cannot  be  doubted.  The  genuine  HG. 
term  for  'evil  spirit'  was  Goth  unhul}>6, 
OHG.  unholda,  lit.  'the  demons.' 

ccxi,  m.,  '  text,'  even  in  late  MidHG. 
text,  formed  from  Lat  textus. 

|5bctf,  n.,  '  valley,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and^OHG.  tal,  m.  and  n. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth.,  OSax.,  and  Du.  dal,  AS.  dcel, 
E.  dale  (to  which  E.  dell  is  allied),  OIc. 
dalr,  'valley.'  From  the  same  Aryan  root 
dh6,  '  to  lie  low,'  is  derived  AS.  dene,  denu, 
*  valley.'  In  the  non-Teut.  group,  Gr. 
66\os,  'dome-shaped  roof,  rotunda'  (lit. 
'deepening,  excavation '  1),  is  regarded  as 
cognate  ;  OSlov.  dolu,  '  valley,'  is  certainly 
allied. — ju  ^^aI(of  rivers,  'down-stream') 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ze  tal,  'down' 
(comp.  Gotb.  dalafi,  '  downwards ')  ;  in 
opposition  to  $11  33erg  (see  33fttj)  'up- 
wards.' 

Qfyaler,  m.,  'dollar'  (three  shillings), 
first  recorded  in  the  15th  cent.  ;  an  abbre- 
viation of  SoadnmStlwler  for  '  florin  from 
3oad)im6t()al '  (in  Bohemia).  From  the 
Ger.  word  are  derived  ItaL  tallero,  Du. 
daalder,  E.  dollar. 

^f)<xt,  f.,  'deed,  act,  fact,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  tdt,  f. ;  a  verbal 
noun  formed  by  gradation  from  tbun.  Cor- 
responding to  Goth.  dij>s,  OIc.  ddfi,  AS. 
deed,  E.  deed,  Du.  dead,  OSax.  ddd.  Teut. 
di-di-,  from  dhS-ti,  formed  from  the  Teut. 
root  di,  dS,  from  Aryan  dhi,  dhd.  The 
graded  form  i  (d)  is  seen  also  in  the  OHG. 
panic,  gitdn,  MidHG.  and  ModHG.  getdn. 
— frjdtiq,  adj.,  'active,  energetic,'  from 
MidHG.  tcetee,  OHG.  tdtic. 

Qfyau,  see  Zau  (2). 

tf>auen,  see  tauen. 

3  bee,  m.,  'tea,'  ModHG.  only,  derived, 


like  Fr.  the",  Du.  thee,  and  E.  tea,  from 
Chin.  the. 

%tyer,  see  %<tr. 

vSbctMnfl,  n.,  in  gtarrent^eibiu^,  'empty 
talk/from  MidHG.  teidinc,  tagedinc,  'dis- 
cussion, negotiation,  talk'  (properly  'the 
judicial  proceeding'  appointed  for  a  cer- 
tain day  or  period).  Comp.  £)ing  and  vn- 
teibigen. 

Shcif,  see  3>il. 

cbcrittfc,  m.,  'antidote;  treacle';  in 
MidHG.  driakel,  trtakel,  triaker  (Du.  teriaak, 
triakel),  from  Gr.-MidL.it.  drjpiaicov,  're- 
medy for  the  bite  of  wild  animals.' 

fheucr,  see  teuer. 

llbjer,  see  %itv. 

^i)OXt,  m.,  '  clav,'  earlier  ModHG.  Xf>an, 
£ar,en,  from  MidHG.  tdhe,  dalie,  OHG. 
ddha,  f.,  'clay,  loam'  (also  'earthen  ves- 
sel'); corresponding  to  Goth.  Jydh.6  (from 
*J>anh6),  f.,  'clay,'  AS.  }>6  (older  ]>6hce),  f., 
'  clay,'  OIc.  Jm,  f., '  clayey  soil.'  No  words 
occur  in  the  other  Aryan  languages  to 
elucidate  the  implied  pre-Teut.  tankdn, 
'  loam.' 

fl)Or  (1.),  m.,  '  fool,'  from  MidHG.  i&re, 
t6r,  m.,  'insane  person,  fool':  *t6ro,  m., 
has  not  yet  been  found  in  OHG.  The  r  of 
the  adj.  has  originated  in  s  (2),  as  is  shown 
by  OHG.  tustg,  AS.  dysig,  'foolish,'  E. 
dizzy,  and  Du.  duizelig, '  dizzy.'  For  further 
Teut.  cognates  of  the  Aryan  root  dhus 
(dhaus,  dhices)  see  under  S)ufc(  ;  it  is  un- 
certain whether  Lat  furere,  '  to  rage,'  is 
derived  from  this  root  dhus. — Ifyoridyt, 
adj., '  foolish,  silly,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  tdr'eht,  tozreht  (also  tarisch,  tozrsc.h). — 
^fjor^eii,  f.,  '  foolishness,'  from  MidHG. 
t&rheit. 

Qfyor  (2.),  n.,  'gate,  pateway,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  tor,  n. ;  corre- 
sponding to  Goth,  daur,  OSax.  dor,  n., '  gate, 
door.'    See  £f>ur. 

el;  ran,  m.,  'train-oil,  blubber,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  a  LG.  word,  corresponding  to 
Du.  traan,  Dan.  and  Swed.  tran.  Tiie  ori- 
gin and  prim,  meaning  of  the  word  are 
unknown. 

Sf)rdnc,  f.,  'tear'  (in  Swab,  and  Bav. 
3afyw  is  the  popular  term),  from. the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  trine,  f.  ;  properly  the  plur. 
of  the  MidHG.  sing,  trahen  (contracted 
trdn),  m.  ;  corresponding  to  OHG.  trahan 
(trdn),  m.  (OSax.  trahni,  plur.),  'tears'; 
Teut.  base,  trahnu-.  The  equiv.  MidHG. 
traher  recalls  MidHG.  zaher  (see  3<H'«).  PO 
that  Teut  tuhru  must  have  had  the  parallel 


Thr 


(    363    ) 


Tin 


forms  trahru  and  traknu.  More  definite 
information  concerning  the  early  history 
of  MidHG.  trahen,  traner,  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. 

Ehron,  m.,  'throne,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  trdn,  m.,  which  originated  in  Fr. 
tr&ne,  or,  with  the  lengthening  of  the  vowel 
in  an  open  syllable,  in  Lat.  (Gr.)  thronus 
(comp.  Ital.  trono). 

tf)Utl,  vb.,  *  to  do,  perform,  make,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  titon;  cor- 
responding to  OSax.  duan,  Du.  doen,  AS. 
ddn,  E.  to  do.  Further  details  concerning 
this  essentially  West  Teut.  str.  verbal  root 
dS,  dS  (in  Goth,  taujan, '  to  do '),  belongs  to 
grammar  ;  yet  see  also  SEfyat  and  the  suffix 
stunt.  The  pre-Teut.  dhd,  dhi,  has  a  wide 
ramification  in  the  other  Aryan  languages. 
Comp.  the  Gr.  root  6rj,  6t,  in  ridrjpi, '  to  put, 
do,'  Sans,  root  dhd  (dadhdmi  and  dhami), 
*  to  put,  lay,  do '  (dhdtr,  '  creator '),  OSlov. 
dljq-  (and  deidq),  '  to  do,  make,'  Lat.  facio 
(perf.  feci,  equiv.  to  Gr.  tdrfKa). 

t$l)Unftrcf),  m.,  'tunny,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Lat.  thunnus  (Gr.  Bvwos), 
whence  Ital.  tonno,  Fr.  thon  (E.  tunny). 

($[)ur,  f.,  '  door,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  tiir,  OHG.  turi,  f.  ;  properly  a  plur. 
form,  the  idea  being  often  expressed  by 
such  a  form ;  in  OHG.  we  find  turi  as 
plur.  with  a  sing,  meaning  (the  stem  was 
really  dur-).  Corresponding  to  OSax.  duri 
(dura),  Du.  deur,  AS.  duru  (dyre)  ;  OIc. 
dyrr  is  plur.  only.  The  common  Aryan 
stem  dhur  (dhwer)  recurs  in  Gr.  6vpa, 
Ovptrpov,  '  door,'  to  which  6cup6s,  '  hinge 
of  a  door,'  and  Bvptov,  '  vestibule '  (comp. 
Goth. daurdus,  plur.  only,  'door'), are  allied ; 
Lat.  fores,  'door,'  OSlov.  dvlrl,  'door' 
(dvoru,  'court'),  Lith.  dUrys,  'door.'  To 
these  are  allied  the  equiv.  Sans,  dur,  dvdr, 
which  in  the  oldest  period  was  inflected 
only  in  the  dual  or  plur.  (the  initial  aspirate 
is  dropped,  because  the  ca«e  suffix  begins 
with  an  aspirate).  The  primary  mean- 
ing of  this  word,  which  has  invariably  the 
ModHG.  signification,  cannot  be  disco- 
vered.    Allied  to  Xijox. 

lEf>urm,  see  £urm. 

tief,  adj.,  'deep,  profound,  low,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  tief,  OHG.  tief;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  diop,  Du.  diep,  AS.  defy, 
E.  deep  (depth  and  to  dip),  OIc  djdpr,  and 
Goth,  diups,  'deep.'  The  common  Teut. 
adj.  diupa-,  of  which  ModHG.  taufert  is  a 
factitive,  belongs  to  a  Teut.  root  du*p,  the 
variant  of  which,  dUb,  appears  in  AS.  dyfan, 


E.  to  dive  (see  £aube),  as  well  as  in  E.  dub. 
Comp.W.  dwfn,Olr.  fudomain,  Lith.  dubus, 
'deep,  hollow,'  OSlov.  dupll,  'hollow' (see 
Zobel),  from  an  Aryan  root  dhub,  dhup. 
For  a  nasalised  Teut  root  dump,  see 
XumiptL 

Ifteget,  m.,  '  stewpan,  crucible,'  from 
MidHG.  tigel,  tegel,  OHG.  tegal, ' crucible' ; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  OIc.  dignll 
(Swed.  degel,  Dan.  digel).  The  cognates 
cannot  have  been  derived  from  Lat.  tegula 
(yet  comp.  3if9«0-  The  word  is  probably 
based  on  the  Teut.  root  dig,  'to  knead, 
form,'  discussed  under  $etg. 

^ier,  n.,  '  animal,  beast,  brute,'  from 
MidHG.  tier,  OHG.  tior,  n.,  'animal,'  espe- 
cially 'wild  beast'  (hence  ModHG.  Xitx- 
garteu) ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  dior, '  wild 
beast,'  Du.  dier, '  animal,'  AS.  de&r,  E.  deer 
(in  MidHG.  also,  as  well  as  in  the  language 
of  sportsmen  in  ModHG.,  tier  is  often  used 
in  the  sense  of  '  roe '  and  '  hind '),  OIc.  dyr, 
n.,  '  animal,'  especially  '  wild  beast,'  and 
also  '  roe,  stag.'  Goth,  dius,  '  wild  beast,' 
shows  that  the  r  of  the  words  quoted  are 
based  upon  Aryan  s  (base  dheuso-  ?) ;  to  this 
the  AS.  adj.  dedr, '  bold,'  and  OHG.  tiorlih, 
1  wild,'  are  traced  ;  hence  Goth,  dius,  '  ani- 
mal,' is  probably  an  adj.  used  as  a  subst. 
(lit.  '  the  wild  creature ').  $ter,  therefore, 
was  originally  quite  distinct  from  9Melj, 
'  useful  gregarious  animal.'  Lat.  animal 
with  anima  suggests  the  supposition  that 
the  cognates  belong  to  an  Aryan  root  dhus, 
'  to  breathe '  (comp.  OSlov.  duSa,  duchii, 
'  spirit,  soul '). 

tiUicn,  vb., '  to  extinguish,  erase,  eradi- 
cate,' from  MidHG.  tllgen  (tiligen),  OHG. 
ttligon,  and  also  til6n,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  exter- 
minate, extirpate.'  Comp.  OSax.  far-dili- 
gdn,  Du.  delgen,  AS.  d-dtlgian,  '  to  extir- 
pate.' It  is  remarkable  that  the  word  was 
iwrrowed  from  Lat.  diUre,  considering  its 
wide  diffusion  in  the  West  Teut  languages 
(we  should  also  have  expected  HialSn  in 
OHG.). 

eintc,  f.,  'ink,  tint,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tinte,  tinkte  (for  net  and  nt  comp. 
bunt  and  Splint),  OHG.  tincta,  f.  ;  the  word 
is  evidently  borrowed  ;  it  is  based  on  the 
equiv.  Lat.  tincta  (lit  'coloured,  variegated 
things'),  whence  Ital.  and  Span,  tinta, 
'  ink.'  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  the  spell- 
ing Zintt  is  historically  more  correct  than 
$)inte ;  the  latter  is  due  to  MidG.  and  LG. 
In  OHG.  atraminza  (from  Lat  atramenium% 
comp.  OFr.  errement)  was  used.   The  equiv. 


Tis 


(    364    ) 


Ton 


E.  ink,  Du.  inlet,  Rhen.  inkes,  are  based  on 
the  Bomance  cognates,  Fr.  mere,  OFr. 
enques,  Ital.  vnchiostro  (the  ultimate  source 
is  Lat-Gr.  eyKawrrov). 

cifd).  in.,  '  table,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  tisch,  OHG.  tisc,  m. ;  corresponding 
to  OSax,  disc,  Du.  disch.  The  OHG.  word 
also  means  *  dish,'  the  antiquity  of  which 
is  proved  by  AS.  disE,  ■  dish,  bowl,'  E.  dts/i. 
The  Gr.-Lat.  discus,  on  which  the  cognates 
are  based,  has  the  late  signification  '  dish ' 
(post-classical ;  properly 'disk ') ;  yetcomp. 
also  Itah  desco,  *  table,'  OFr.  dois,  'table' 
(ModFr.  dais,  'canopy,  dais'). 

£ ilcl,  m.,  '  title,  claini,'  from  MidHG. 
titel (tittel),  OHG.  titul,  tital,  m. ;  from  the 
equiv.  Lat.  titulus,  whence  also  Fr.  Hire, 
Ital.  titolo. 

^obet,  m.,  'narrow  valley,'  from  Mid 
HG.  tobel,  OHG.  tobal,  m.,  '  forest  ravine, 
valley ' ;  a  derivative  of  the  Teut.  root  did), 
dwp  (see  $ief),  to  which  Lith.  daubd,  daub- 
ura,  '  valley,'  OSlov,  dupli, '  hollow,'  dlbrt, 
1  valley,  ravine,'  are  prirait.  cognate  (Aryan 
root  dJiup,  dhub). 

toben,  vb., '  to  fume,  rage,  bluster,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  toben,  OHG.  t6bm 
(tobfiri),  wk  vb. ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  AS.  dofian,  '  delirare '  (gedof,  '  fury, 
rage,  madness').  Based  on  the  Teut.  root 
dub,  '  to  be  mentally  confused,  to  be  deaf- 
ened,' from  which  taub  and  tumm  are  also 
derived.  Whether  we  have  to  assume 
on  account  of  OHG.  tAfar,  t&bar,  'silly, 
foolish,'  an  Aryan  root  d)iUp,  dhUq,  is 
dubious;  perhaps  Lith.  dukti,  'to  grow 
mad,'  dukis,  'fury,  madness,'  are  primit. 
allied  to  the  cognates  of  toben. 

^Socbjer,  f.,  'daughter,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  tohter,  OHG.  tohter,  f.  ;  a  common 
Teut,  and  also  a  primit.  Aryan  term  ; 
couip.  Goth,  dauhtar,  AS.  dohtor,  E.  daugh- 
ter, Du.  dochter,  OSax.  dohtar,  '  daughter.' 
The  primit.  Aryan  dhuktir  (dhugater),  on 
which  the  Teut.  cognates  are  based,  is  indi- 
cated also  by  Lith.  dukti,  OSlov.  diiiti; 
comp.  further  Gr.  Bvyarqp,  Sans,  duhitdr, 
Zend  duydar,  '  daughter.'  The  Aryan 
word  is  usually  considered  to  be  a  deriva- 
tive of  the  Sans,  root  dugh,  '  to  milk,' 
regarding  £cd)tet  as  equiv.  to  'milker.' 
This  assumption  is,  however,  quite  as 
dubious  as  the  derivation  of  83ater,  SSutter, 
and  akuber. 

"gob,  m., '  death,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  tdt  (d),  OHG.  t6d,  m. ;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  daufius,  OSax.  ddth,  Du.  dood, 


AS.  dedp,  E.  death.  A  verbal  abstract  of 
the  Teut.  verbal  root  dau,  which  has  been 
preserved  in  OIc.  deyja,  str.  vb.  (whence 
the  equiv.  E.  to  die) ;  comp.  OSax.  doian 
(from  daujan),  OHG.  and  MidHG.  touwen 
(MidHG.  touwen),  wk.  vb., '  to  die.'  Teut. 
dau-fiu-  has  the  Lat-Sans.  suffix  tu-  (base 
dlidu-tu-s).  The  adj.  cognate  ModHG.  tot, 
'  dead,'  is  based  on  the  to  partic.  of  the 
same  root,  dhdu  (partic.  dhauto).  With 
these  are  connected  in  the  non-Teut  lan- 
guages OSlov.  daviti,  '  to  strangle,'  Lith. 
dtivyti,  'to  torment,'  which  correspond  as 
causatives  to  Goth.  d6jan  (for  *a&wjan), 
'  to  torment '  (lit.  '  to  put  to  death ').  The 
orig.  form  of  the  root  was  dhSic,  dhOw. 

tobt,  see  tot. 

foil,  adj.,  '  mad,  frantic,  absurd,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  tol  (with  one  I),  adj., 
'  foolish,  absurd,'  to  which  OHG.  tulisc, 
'  foolish,'  is  allied.  Comp.  OSax.,  Du.,  and 
AS.  dol,  *  foolish,'  E.  dull.  The  Teut  root 
did  contained  in  these  words  has  a  variant 
dwal,  which  has  been  preserved  in  Goth. 
dwals,1  foolish,'  AS.  gedwelan, '  to  err,'  OHG. 
gitwola,  *  infatuation,  delusion,  heresy,' 
OSax.  dwalm, '  infatuation,  delusion.'  An 
Aryan  root  dhwel,  dhul,  '  to  be  infatuated, 
deluded,'  is  also  attested  by  Sans,  dhvr, 
dhdr  (dhru),  '  to  deceive,  cheat,  injure.' 

^dlpcl,  m.,  '  blockhead,  booby,'  from 
MidHG.  tdrpel,  dorpel,  properly  dorper,  dor- 
pozre,  m., '  peasant,  clownish  person,  block- 
head'; really  identical  with  £>6rfer,  'vil- 
lager.' MidHG.  dorper  is  a  MidG.  and 
LG.  form  (for  genuine  MidHG.  dorfoyre). 
The  LG.  form  of  the  MidHG.  word  is  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that  Flanders,  the 
medium  by  which  French  terms  relating 
to  the  court  and  chivalry  were  introduced 
into  Germany,  also  furnished  some  words 
(comp.  2BaW>fn)  to  HG. 

^fon,  m.,  '  tone,  sound,'  from  MidHG. 
tSn,  ddn,  m.,  '  sound,  tone,  voice,  song 
melody ' ;  from  Gr.-Lat  tdnus  (row),  with 
lengthening  of  the  6  ;  comp.  Sfyron.  Hence 
ModHG.  tonen,  vb.,  *  to  sound,  resound,' 
from  MidHG.  toznen,  dcenen. 

pontic,  f.,  '  tun,  cask,  barrel,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  tunne,  OHG.  tunna,  f.  A 
corresponding  word  with  a  similar  form  is 
preserved  by  Du.  ton,  AS.  tunne,  E.  tun; 
according  to  these  LG.  cognates  the  HG. 
word  ought  to  have  an  initial  %,  or  rather 
the  cognates  an  initial  d.  Hence  the  word 
must  have  been  borrowed  by  one  or  the 
other,  which  is  all  the  more  probable  since 


Top 


(    365    ) 


it  is  wanting  in  Swab,  and  Bav.  The 
Rom.  languages  have  Fr.  tonne  (tonneau), 
Span,  and  Portug.  tonel.  Probably  Kelt, 
is  the  ultimate  source  of  the  word  ;  conip. 
Ir.  and  Gael,  tunna,  '  tun,  cask.'  In  that 
case,  the  word  passed  into  HG.  after  700 
A.D.,  when  the  t  could  not  be  permutated 
to  &  The  form  of  OSwed.  f>yn, '  tun,  cask,' 
shows  that  it  was  borrowed  at  a  much 
earlier  period. 

c;opas,  m.,  'topaz,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  topd^e  (topazie),  m. ;  derived,  like 
most  of  the  terms  for  precious  stones, 
through  a  Lat.  medium  from  Gr.  Comp. 
Gr.  ronafrs,  Tond&ov,  '  topaz.' 

^Sopf ,  m.,  ■  pot,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
topf  (with  the  diminutive  variant  ttipfen), 
m. ;  this  word,  which  is  rare  in  MidHG., 
is  wanting  in  OHG.  The  primit.  word  is 
unknown  to  UpG.  (Jpafen  being  used),  yet 
Alem.  has  preserved  dipfi,  diipfi,  *  iron  pot 
with  three  legs,'  Hess,  dippen,  *  pot '  (Luther 
$£pfen) ;  in  Du.  and  E.  the  divergent  form 
pot  occurs.  MidHG.  topf,  'olla,'  is  pro- 
bably more  closely  related  to  MidHG. 
topf,  topfe,  OHG.  topf,  tof{topfo), •  top '  (toy), 
so  too  ModHG.  dial.  3»pf, '  top '  (toy) ;  AS. 
and  E.  top  is  exceptional.  The  word  is 
based  on  the  Teut.  root  dup,  '  to  be  deep, 
hollow '  (see  fief)  ;  %&$],  lit.  '  that  which 
has  been  hollowed  out.' 

Uopp,  m.,  'top'  (of  a  mast),  ModHG. 
only,  borrowed,  like  most  nautical  terms, 
from  LG.  Comp.  Du.  top,  E.  top.  For 
further  cognates  see  under  3i'Vf- 

%ovf,  m., '  turf,  peat,'  ModHG.  only,  a 
LG.  loan-word  unknown  to  Bav.  ;  comp. 
LG.  torf,  Du.,  AS., and  E.  turf  and  the  equiv. 
OIc.  torf  In  OHG.  we  find  a  genuine 
HG.  form  zurba,  'sward,'  with  a  normal 
permutation,  for  which  Swiss  now  has  turbe, 
with  the  LG.  permutation.  The  OTeut. 
word  passed  (in  a  LG.  form)  into  Rom. ; 
comp.  Ital.  torbo,  Fr.  tourbey  ■  turf.'  This 
form  Xorf  (lit.  '  sward '),  orig.  common  to 
Teut.,  is  based  on  pre-Teut.  drbh,  and  is 
connected  with  Sans.  darbhA,  *  tuft  of  grass.' 

corhd.  f., '  wine-pruss,'  from  MidHG. 
torkel,  OHG.  torkula,  1.,  'wine  or  oil  press.' 
From  Lat.  torcula,  torculum. 

t orfteltt,  vb.,  '  to  reel,  stagger,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  torkeln;  intensive  of  Mid 
HG.  turc  (k),  m., '  reeling,  downfall.'  Early 
history  obscure. 

^omiflcr,  m..  'haversack,  knapsack,' 
ndopted  in  the  last  cent,  from  Hungar. 
Uxrisznya,  'satchel.' 


Tra 


m.,  '  wrong,  vexation,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  the  LG.  form  for  HG.  Xxefy. 

%ovie,  f.,  'tart,'  early  ModHG.  only, 
from  Fr.  tarte* 

to  fen,  vb.,  'to  rage,  storm,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  d6sen,OEG.  ddsdn.  Based 
on  a  Teut.  root  Jrus  (by  gradation  ]>aus), 
from  which  OIc.  pyss,  }>ausnr '  tumult,'  is 
also  derived. 

fof,  adj.,  'dead,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  W  (OHG.  also  t6d) ;  cor- 
responding to  the  equiv.  Goth.  dau/>s,  AS. 
dedd,  E.  dead,  Du.  dood,  OSax.  d6d.  Teut. 
dau-do-  (daujx)-),  contained  in  these  words, 
is  properly  a  panic,  (comp.  fait,  laut,  traut) 
of  the  Teut.  strong  verbal  root  ddu,  *  to  die,' 
mentioned  under  Sob. — Derivative  tdtctt, 
factitive  vb.,  'to  put  to  death,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  taten  (tcederi),  OHG.  t6ten 
(tdden).    Comp.  Goth,  daufyan. 

traben,  vb., '  to  trot,  jog,'  from  MidHG. 
draben  (draven),  wk.  vb., '  to  walk  or  ride 
at  an  even,  rapid  pace' ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  draven. —  {Srctbanf,  m.,  'gentleman- 
at-arms,  life-guardsman,'  is  a  derivative  of 
traben,  with  a  Rom.  partic.  suffix.  Comp. 
SavMlien. 

Qvad)t,  f.,  'dress,  costume,  load,'  from 
MidHG.  (OHG.)  traht,  f., « carrying,  load ' ; 
verbal  abstract  of  tvacjen. — frddjUg,  adj., 
'  pregnant,'  is  connected  with  the  subsidiary 
meaning  of  traht,  '  pregnancy.' 

frctd)f en,  vb., '  to  aim  (at),  aspire  (to),* 
from  MidHG.  trahten,  OHG.  traht&n,  wk. 
vb., '  to  think,  esteem,  consider,  strive,  in- 
vent, excogitate' ;  corresponding  to  Du. 
trachten,  AS.  trahtian.  Based  on  Lat. 
tractare,  '  to  treat,  reflect  on,'  whence  Ital. 
trattare,  Fr.  traiter,  '  to  treat.'  The  genu- 
ine Teut.  origin  of  OHG.  traJddn  is  un- 
doubted, hence  it  has  been  thought  to  be 
primit.  allied  to  Gr.  StpKOfxai,  Sans,  rfrp, 
'  to  see.' 

tv&Qe,  adj.,  'indolent,  lazy,' from  Mid 
HG.  trcege,  adj.  (trdgo,  adv.),  OHG.  trdgi, 
adj.  (trdgo, adv.), 'slow,  loth,  wearied,  lazy'; 
corresponding  to  Du.  traag,  AS.  trag,  '  re- 
luctant, difficult.'  The  assumed  primit. 
Teut.  Hregu-z,  'reluctant,  loth,'  belongs 
to  an  OTeut.  root  trig,  'to  be  sad,  dis- 
heartened,' which  appears  in  Goth,  trlgo, 
'  sadness,'  OIc.  tregr, ' reluctant,  slow'  (tre get 
'  pain  ),  AS. triga, 'pain,' OSax. trdgi,  * vex- 
ation'(allied  to  tregan, str.  vb.,'  to  be  sorry'). 
OSweu.  trdgher  (ModSwed.  trbg\  'lazy' 
has  a  graded  form,  6,  of  the  root  vowel  e. 
Sans.  drdght  'to  torment,'  has  also  been 


Tra 


(    366    ) 


Tra 


supposed  to  contain  the  Aryan  root  drggh. 
The  following  word  is  not  allied. 

trctflcn,  vb.,  'to  bear,  carry,  support, 
endure,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  tragen, 
OHG.  tragan,  str.  vb., '  to  bear,  hold,  bring, 
lead ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  dragan,  Du. 
dragen,  Goth,  dragan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  bear.' 
Whether  OIc.  draga,  AS.  dragan,  equiv.  to 
E.  to  draw,  are  entirely  different  from  these 
cognates  is  open  to  doubt.  The  Teut.  root 
drag,  '  to  bear '  (from  Aryan  dhragh),  has 
been  compared  with  OSlov,  druzatt,  '  to 
hold.' 

frampeln,  vb.,  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  trampeln,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  trample ' ;  a 
MidG.  and  LG.  intensive  form  from  Goth. 
trimpan,  '  to  tread,'  to  which  a  genuine 
HG.  form,  MidHG.  trump/en,  '  to  run,'  is 
allied ;  comp.  E.  to  tramp,  trample.  The 
forms  ModHG.  trapptn,  '  to  tread  noisily,' 
Du.  trappen,  '  to  tread,'  E.  (dial.)  to  trope, 
without  a  nasal,  also  occur.  Comp.  also 
Srcppe. — ^rampeliier,  n.,  1  corruption  of 
the  equiv.  !Drcmefcar,  '  dromedary.' 

ISranu,  m.,  '  drink,  beverage,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  tranc  (k),  m.  and  n. ;  an  ab- 
stract from  trittfen. — To  this  granite,  f., 
'  watering-place '  (for  animals),  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  trenke,  OHG.  trencha,  f.,  is 
allied. 

^rappc,  m.  and  f.,  '  bustard,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  trap,  trappe,  m. ;  comp.  the 
equiv.  Du.  trapgans.  The  early  history  of 
the  word  is  entirely  obscure. 

erctfj,  m.,  ModHG.  only.  Derived,  like 
the  equiv.  Du.  tras  (tiros,  tierax)  and  E. 
tarrace  (tarras),  from  Ital.  terrazzo. 

%rai f 0,  f.,  '  draft,  bill  of  exchange,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Ital.  tratta. 

^rctube,  f.,  'grape,  bunch  of  grapes,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  trAbe,  m.  and  f., 
OHG.  truba  (druba),  f.,  IrAbo  (drttppo  ?),  m. ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  druif.  It  is  uncer- 
tain whether  we  have  to  assume  Goth. 
*/rrAba,  '  grape  '  (OIc.  J>r&ga, '  grape,  wine- 
press,' is  a  derivative  of  OIc.  Jnuga;  see 
brief  en). 

trauett,  vb.,  '  to  trust,  confide  ;  marry,' 
from  MidHG.  trtiwen,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  hope, 
believe,  trust'  (also  'to  betroth,  unite  in 
marriage'),  OHG.  trdin  (trUtoSn),  'to  be- 
lieve, trust.'  Comp.  Goth,  trauan,  wk.  vb., 
'  to  trust,  confide,'  OSax.  tru&n,  Du.  ver- 
trouwen,  'to  trust,  confide'  (but  trouwen, 
'  to  marry ').  A  derivative  of  the  Teut.  root 
trU,  treu,  '  to  have  confidence,'  mentioned 
under  traut  and  treu. 


^rcmer,  f.,  '  mourning,  sorrow,  grief,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  tr&re,  f.  ;  a  deri- 
vative of  MidHG.  trUren,  OHG.  trdrSn 
(equiv.  to  ModHG.  trauern,  '  to  mourn, 
grieve'),  wk.  vb.  Allied  to  ModHG.  tratt- 
rig,  'mournful,  sad,'  MidHG.  tr-urec,  OHG. 
Hrdrac  (g) ;  to  this  adj.  AS.  dredrig,  E. 
dreary,  is  related  by  gradation  (comp.  Du. 
treurig, '  sad.'  Borrowed  from  HG.  ?).  On 
account  of  OHG.  trArSn,  '  to  lower  one's 
eyes,'  the  cognates  are  based  on  the  OTeut. 
root  drus,  '  to  fall,  sink '  (comp.  Goth,  driu- 
san,  A  S.  dredsan,  '  to  fall '). 

"tlraufe,  f.,  'dripping  of  water,  eave.=, 
gutter,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  troufe,  f., 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  trouf,  m.  A  graded 
form  from  trtefen,  '  to  drop,  trickle ' ;  so  too 
ModHG.  trdufetn,  traufen,  '  to  drip,  trickle,' 
from  MidHG.  trouf  en,  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
trouf  en,  lit.  '  to  cause  to  drop.' 

fraum,  m.,  '  dream,  vision,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  troum,  ni. ;  cor- 
responding to  the  equiv.  OSax.  dr6m,  Du. 
droom,  E.  dream  (recorded  about  1200  a.d.), 
OIc  draumr.  The  signification  'dream,' 
occurring  in  all  these  cognates,  may  be 
deduced  from  the  lit.  meaning,  '  phantom, 
illusion,'  so  that  Teut.  draumo-  (for  draug- 
mo-  or  draugvmi6- 1)  would  be  connected 
with  hiiijen.  In  any  case,  OSax.  dr&m  (E. 
dream)  and  OSax.  dram  (AS.  dredm), 
'shout  of  joy,  noise,'  must  be  regarded  as 
etymologically  different  words  ;  the  latter 
is  connected  with  Gr.  OpvXos,  'noise.' — 
Derivative  frdltmcn,  vb.,  'to  dream,' 
from  MidHG.  troumen,  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
troumen. 

frautt,  interj.,  'truly!  in  faith!  for- 
sooth !'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  (MidG.) 
tr&n,  trtiwen,  for  MidHG.  triuicen,  entriu- 
u-en,  'in  truth,'  allied  to  Xrtiit. 

irctuf ,  adj.,  '  beloved,  dear,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  trut;  allied  to 
MidHG.  trut,  m.  and  n.,  '  sweetheart, 
spouse.'  Since  there  is  no  corresponding 
word  in  the  Teut.  dialects  with  a  Goth, 
form  of  the  dental,  it  cannot  be  decided 
whether  traut  must  be  connected  with 
trauett ;  in  any  case,  the  form  and  meaning 
admit  of  our  regarding  it  as  the  old  to 
partic.  (comp.  taut,  fait,  jart)  ,of  the  root 
trU,  treu,  seen  in  trauett  and  treu,  so  that  its 
lit.  meaning  is  'one  in  whom  confidence  or 
trust  is  reposed.'  The  borrowed  Romance 
words  beginning  with  rf(comp.  Ital.  drudo, 
m., '  lover,'  druda,  f., '  mistress,'  drudo, '  gal- 
lant, brave,'  Fr.  dru)  presuppose  a  Goth. 


Tre 


(    367    ) 


Tre 


*dtHda-,  which  could  not  be  from  the 
same  root  as  Goth,  trauan, '  to  trust.'  The 
connection  with  Gael,  drfdh, '  wanton,  pert,' 
W.  drud,  '  hold,'  is  obscure  ;  it  may  be 
primit.  allied  (Aryan  root  dhrS,). 

'Qvebev,  plur.,  'husks,  grains,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  treber,  OHG.  ttebir,  plur.  ; 
the  corresponding  sing,  would  be  trab. 
Comp.  Ic.  draf,  Du.  draf,  'sediment  of  a 
brewing'  (to  which  drabbe, '  lees,'  is  allied), 
AS.  drcef,  E.  draffs  'lees,  refuse,  dregs' 
(late  AS.  drabbe,  'lees,  dregs,  dirt,'  whence 
E.  drab,  applied  to  colour  and  a  woman). 
If  the  medial  b  of  the  Teut.  base  draboz,  n., 
could  have  originated  in  a  guttural,  the 
word  might  be  compared  with  OIc.  dregg 
(equiv.  to  E.  dregs),  and  hence  be  probably 
allied  to  Lat.  f races,  'grounds,  dregs  of 
oil';  Aryan  root  dhraql.  It  seems  to  be 
also  connected  more  remotely  with  £rejkr, 
'  husks,  skins  (of  grapes).' 

tredten,  vb.,  'to  drag,  haul,'  from  the  Mid 
HG.  trechen,  '  to  drag,'  or  rather  from  the 
intensive  form  trecken ;  allied  to  Du.  and 
MidLG.  trekken. 

^rcff,  n.,  'club  '  (at  cards),  properly 
XxtffU  (18th  cent),  from  Fr.  trejle,  'clover, 
trefoil'  (Lat.  trifolium). 

frcffen,  vb.,  '  to  hit,  strike  ;  guess  ; 
occur,  happen,' from  MidHG.  treffen,  OHG. 
treffan,  str.  vb.,  'to  hit,  reach,  fight'; 
comp.  AS.  dr'epan,  OIc.  drepa,  'to  hit, 
push,  strike.'  As  to  the  Teut.  root  drep 
(pre-Teut.  dhreb)  contained  in  these  cog- 
nates, nothing  positive  can  be  asserted. 
Comp.  (Suttvadjt. 

^rcffcn,  n.,  'encounter,  engagement' ; 
even  in  MidHG.  treffen,  n.  ;  an  infinitive 
used  as  a  subst,  from  MidHG.  treffen,  '  to 
fight.'    See  triftifl. 

tveibcn,  vb.,  '  to  drive,  impel,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  triben,  OHG.  triban,  str. 
vb. ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  driban,  '  to 
drive,  drive  away,  exercise,'  Du.  drijven, 
'  to  drive,  carry  on  (a  business),  fly,  swim,' 
E.  to  drive  (AS.  drlfan],  OIc.  drifa,  '  to 
hasten,'  Goth,  dreiban,  'to  drive.'  The 
Teut.  str.  verbal  root  drib  (from  Aryan 
dhrlbh  ?,  dhrlp  ?),  '  to  move  quickiy,  drive,' 
has  not  yet  been  found  in  the  other  Aryan 
languages.     See  Xrift. 

tveibeln,  vb.,  'to  tow  a  boat,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  a  LG.  loan-word  ;  comp.  the  equiv. 
Du.  treilen  (AS.  traylian,  E.  to  trail).  On 
account  of  Fr.  trailler,  '  to  pull,'  which 
is  probably  a  corresponding  term,  trcibfln 
has  been  supposed  to  be  connected  with 


Lat.  trdhere.  There  is  no  need,  however,  to 
ascribe  the  cognates  to  a  non-Teut.  origin. 

frenbeln,  Irenfeln,  vb.,  'to  dawdle, 
loiter,'  lit.  'to  turn,  move  this  way  and 
that,'  from  late  MidHG.  trendeln,  'to  turn,' 
allied  to  MidHG.  trendel, '  ball,  top,'  which, 
like  AS.  trendel,  '  sphere '  (E.  trendle),  and 
Du.  omtrent,  '  towards,  on,  about '  (Dan. 
and  Swed.  trind,  'round'),  are  connected 
with  a  root  trend,  'to  move  in  a  circle.' 

f rcitnett,  vb.,  '  to  separate,  sever,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  trennen  (older  Hrann- 
jari),  wk.  vb.,  'to  split,  separate,  cleave,' 
lit.  'to  partition  off' ;  factitive  of  MidHG. 
trinnenf  'to  run  away,  separate'  (comp. 
abtrunnta.).  This  verbal  stem  is  unknown 
to  the  other  Tent,  languages,  and  hence  its 
primit.  Teut.  and  pre-Teut.  form  and  mean- 
ing cannot  be  ascertained. 

%tenfe,  f.,  'snaffle,'  ModHG.  only,  a 
LG.  word  ;  comp.  Du.  trens.  The  early 
history  of  the  word  is  obscure  ;  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  it  has  been  borrowed  from 
Span,  trenza,  '  plait,  braid  (of  hair).' 

'Qveppe,  f.,  '  stairs,  staircase,'  from  Mid 
HG.  (MidG.)  treppe,  trappe,  in.  and  f., 
'stairs,  step' ;  corresponding  to  Du.  trap. 
This  word  (for  which  (Stiege  occurs  in  UpG.) 
belongs  to  the  cognates  of  trappeu  (see  under 
trampelit),  which  are  likewise  of  MidG.  and 
LG.  origin  ;  the  HG.  form  (of  the  16th 
and  17th  cents.)  is  properly  Svepfe. 

f^tefpe,  f.,  '  brome-grass,'  a  Sax.  and 
Siles.  word,  from  MidHG.  (MidG.)  tresp, 
'  darnel,'  with  the  genuine  HG.  variants 
tr'efs,  trefse,  m.  Modern  Ger.  dialects  {e.g., 
Thuringian)  have  £reff  (Swab,  trefz),  so  that 
an  orig.  term  tr'ef  is  probable.  Allied  to 
Du.  dravik,  MidE.  drauk  (AS.  *drafoc) ; 
non-Teut.  cognates  are  wanting. 

%vcffe,  f.,  'lace,  braid  (of  hair),'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Fr.  tresse. 

"^rcflcr,  plur.,  '  husks,  grape-skins,' 
from  MidHG.  truster,  OHG.  treslir,  plur., 
'  grains,  residue.'  The  similarity  in  mean- 
ing to  Xrcbtr,  '  grains,'  points  to  a  primit. 
kinship  of  OHG.  treoir  and  trestir  (comp. 
also  AS.  dozrstan,  'lees'),  so  that  trestir 
would  TvpTuBeut*trefstiroi*trehstir.  Pruss. 
dragios,  OSlov.  drozdije  and  droitija,  '  lees,' 
which  are  primit.  allied  to  these  words,  are 
also  similarly  related. 

frctcn,  vb.,  'to  tread,  proceed,  step,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  tr'eten,  OHG. 
trUan ;  a  common  Teut.  str .  vb.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  and  AS.  tredan,  E.  to 
tread,  Du.  treden,  Goth,  trudan.     Comp. 


Tre 


(    368    ) 


Tro 


also  £ritt,  Xrott,  and  Xxottt.  In  the  non- 
Teut  languages  no  Aryan  root  dre-t  is 
found,  though  Gr.  bpopos,  'course,'  Sans, 
root  dram, '  to  run '  (AS.  trem,  '  step '),  and 
the  root  of  the  cognates  of  trampctu  seem 
to  be  orig.  connected  with  it. 

trcu,  adj.,  'true,  faithful,'  from  late 
MidHG.  triuwey  for  which  classical  Mid 
HG.  has  getriuwe  (henee  ModHG.  getreu), 
OHG.  gitriuwi,  'true,  faithful,  trusty, 
loyal.'  Properly  a  derivative  of  OHG. 
triuwar  MidHG.  triuwe  (ModHG.  £teue), 
f.  ;  getreu,  lit  '  possessing  loyalty.'  In 
OSax.  triuici,  Du.  trouw,  AS.  tre6we,  trflwe 
(E.  true,  truth,  to  trow,  and  to  trust),  Goth. 
triggws,  'true.'  Teut.  treuwo-  (treuwi-l), 
for  pre-Teutdra»o-,is  related  to  the  assumed 
(see  tuuen)  Aryan  root  drU,  '  to  have  con- 
fidence,' with  which  Pruss.  druwis,  '  be- 
lief,' is  connected.  OHG.  triuwa,  f.,  'fide- 
lity,' corresponds  to  OSax.  trewma,  AS. 
treow,  'fidelity,'  Goth.  triggway  'agree- 
ment, compact ' ;  with  the  last  significa- 
tion, Ital.  tregua,  Fr.  treve,  '  armistice,' 
borrowed  from  Teut.,  are  connected. 

^ric^fer  (in  UpG.  and  LG.  dialects 
Xrad)ter),  m.,  'funnel,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  triliter,  with  older  variants  trailer, 
drahter,  OHG.  trahtdri,  m.  ;  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  trechter,  OAS.  tructer  (Swed. 
tratt  ?).  Based  on  MidLat.  tractdriusy '  fun- 
nel,' corrupted  from  the  equiv.  Lat.  trdjec- 
t&rium  (Lat  trajicere,  traicere),  '  to  pour 
from  one  vessel  into  another.'  For  the 
contraction  comp.  lltrecfyt,  SKafiudjt,  from 
Lat  Ultrajectum,  Mosae-Trajectum.  The 
word  was  borrowed  inGer.  coincident  with 
the  introduction  of  Ital.  Mine -culture 
(comp.  JEelter,  Sfymtb,  and  SBein).  As  in 
the  case  of  JWter,  the  Romance  languages 
retain  few  traces  of  the  Lat  word  ;  comp. 
Rhet  trachuoir,  Walloon  and  Vosges  tretce 
(the  more  widely  diffused  Rom.  word  for 
'funnel'  is  Lat.  infundibulum,  equiv.  to 
Fr.  fondefle,  yet  Alban.  taftdr,  'funnel,'  is 
also  based  on  Lat.  *tracldrius  for  trajec- 
torium). 

Qtie  b,  m.,  '  sprout ;  instinct,  impulse,' 
MudHG.  only ;  allied  to  trciben.  Comp. 
SEctft 

t riefen,  vb., '  to  drop,  drip,  trickle,'  from 
MidHG.  triefen,  OHG.  triofan,  str.  vb.,  '  to 
drop'  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  driopan, 
Du.  druipen,  AS.  dredpan,  '  to  drop.'  To 
this  are  allied  the  cognates  of  ilraufe,  trdu- 
feln,  and  Srcpfen.  With  the  Teut.  root 
drtip  (from  pre-Teut  dhrdb),  Olr.  drudit 


(base  druptu-),  '  dew,  dewdrop,'  is  also  pro- 
bably connected. 

frtcflcn,  see  truacn. 

■grift,  f.,  '  right  of  pasturage,  common,' 
from  MidHG.  trift,  f.,  'pasture,'  lit.  'place 
to  which  something  is  driven ' ;  not  re- 
corded in  OHG.  Srift  (as  in  the  case  of 
Sltfer)  is  a  relic  of  the  speech  of  primit 
nomad  life.  MidHG.  trift  also  signifies 
(as  a  derivative  of  the  root  of  trciben) '  herd, 
drove,  floating  (of  wood),  actions,  mode  of 
life' ;  comp.  E.  drift  and  drove. 

iriff  tg,  adj.,  *  drifting ;  convincing, 
sound,  valid,'  from  late  MidHG.  (rare) 
triftec(g),  'striking,  pertinent,  suitable'; 
a  derivative  of  treffen. 

tvillem,  vb., '  to  trill,  warble,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  the  equiv.  Ital.  trillare. 

trinuett,  vb.,  'to  drink,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  trinken,  OHG.  trinchan ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  str.  vb. ;  comp.  Goth,  drigkan, 
AS.  drincan,  E.  to  drink,  Du.  drinkcn,  OSax. 
drinkan.  From  OTeut  are  derived  the 
Romance  cognates,  Ital.  trincare,  Fr.  irin- 
quer,  '  to  touch  glasses.'  The  str.  verb.d 
root  drink  (Aryan  dhreng)  is  not  found  in 
non-Teut  ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  Aryan 
root  p6,  '  to  drink '  (comp.  Sans,  pd,  Gr. 
tto)-,  Lat  pd-tus,  &c),  is  wanting  in  Teut 
— Com  p.  Xxant,  Sxunf. 

I rtppcln,  vb.,  '  to  trip,  mince,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  dribbelen.  A 
recent  intensive  form  from  trciben  or 
trabcn. 

%vippev,  m.,  'gonorrhea,'  a  MidG.  and 
LG.  word  for  which  older  ModHG.  Srupfer, 
m.  (allied  to  S*o*>fcn),  occurs.  Comp.  E. 
dripper,  allied  to  drip. 

\|riff,  in.,  'step,  tread,' from  MidHG. 
trit,  in.    Allied  to  trcten. 

trodien,  adj.,  'dry,  barren,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  trocken,  trucken  (truchen), 
OHG.  trochan  (trucefian) ;  comp.  OSax. 
drucno,  drocno,  'dry.'  Corresponding  to 
the  equiv.  LG.  dreuge,  Du.  droog  (comp. 
SJro^e,  to  which  Du.  droogte,  '  dryness,'  is 
albed),  AS.  dryge,  E.  dry  (allied  to  drought)r 
which  are  derived  from  cognate  roots. 
With  the  Teut.  root  drUk,  dri%g,  drctug,  'to 
be  dry,'  is  also  connected  OIc.  draugr, '  diy 
wood.'  A  pre-Teut  root  dhrilk  (dhrUy) 
has  not  yet  been  found  in  the  other  Aryan 
languages. 

ISrooocI,  f.,  '  tassel,  bob,'  dimin.  of  Mid 
HG.  trdde,  OHG.  trddou,  f.  (trddo,  m.), 
'fringe';  MidHG.  trddel  (dial,  for  trddel) 
signifies  '  fibre  in  wood.'     Since  the  other 


Tro 


(    369    ) 


Tru 


Tent,  dialects  have  no  word  corresponding 
to  OHG.trddo,  'fringe,'  nothing  definite  can 
be  ascertained  concerning  its  early  history. 

f  rSbeltt,  vb.,  '  to  deal  in  second-hand 
goods,  dawdle,  loiter,'  from  MidHG.  *lre- 
telen,  which,  with  the  nasalised  form  tren- 
rcltt,  is  derived  from  the  same  root.  Comp. 
MidHG.  tredel-,  trendelntarlcet,  equiv.  to 
ModHG.  Xrcbelmatft,  'rag-fair.' 

'tgrOfl,  111.,  'trough,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  troc  (g),  m. ;  comp.  Du.  trog, 
AS.  trog,  E.  trough,  Olc.  trog.  The  assumed 
Tent,  trogo-y  from  which  the  cognate  Ital. 
truogo,  '  trough,'  is  borrowed,  is  based  on 
pre-Tetit.  dru-k6-,  which  is  rightly  con- 
nected with  the  Aryan  stem  dru  {dreu, 
deru),  'tree,  wood,'  discussed  under  %ta  ; 
comp.  Sans,  dru,  ddru,  '  wood.'  Hence 
SrOij  is  lit.  'wooden  article.' 

frollett,  vb.,  'to  roll  about,  loll,  trip,' 
from  MidHG.  trollen,  '  to  run  with  short 
steps';  perhaps  allied  to  MidHG.  trolle, 
'booby,  uncouth  person'  (lit. 'ghost-like 
monster').  Fr.  troler,  'to  stroll  about,'  is 
a  Ger.  loan-word. 

trommel,  f.,  'drum,  cylinder,  sieve/ 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  trumel,  tmm- 
bel,  f.,  of  which  the  classical  MidHG. 
form  is  trumbe  (trumme,  trume),  '  drum, 
trumpet';  comp.  OHG.  trumpa,  trumba, 
*  trumpet.'  The  Rom.  languages  have  a  cor- 
responding word,  Ital.  tromba,  Fr.  trompe. 
Since  these  have  no  Lat.  form,  OHG. 
trumba  may  be  regarded  as  their  source. 
OHG.  trumba  seems  to  be  identical  with 
Olc.trumba,' pipe, stalk,  trumpet,' in  which 
case  the  latter  is  probably  nearer  the 
primary  meaning. — ModHG.  Svompcte,  f., 
'trumpet' (even  in  W\dllG..trumet,  trum- 
bet),  is  based  on  Rom. ;  comp.  Fr.  trompette, 
Ital.  tr<>mbeUa. 

^ropf,  no.,  'needy  or  stupid  person,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  tropfe.  It  is 
considered  to  be  a  variant  of  Stopfelt  (Urepf, 
lit.  '  least  thing,  nothing,  wight'  ?). 

^ropfett,  m.,  'drop,  tear,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  tropfe  (troffe\  OHG.  tropfo 
{(rojfo\  111.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  dropoy 
Dtt.  drop,  AS.  dropa,  E.  drop, and  the  equiv. 
Olc.  drope.  A  derivative  of  the  Teut.  root 
drwp  (see  tviejcit). 

'gfrofl,  m.,  '  comfort,  consolation,'  from 
MidHG. andOHG.  irdst,  m., ' comfort,  help, 
protection,  assurance,  confidence' ;  corre- 
sponding to  Olc.  traust,  m.,  'assurance,' 
Goth,  traust  (gen.  tratistis  for  -eis),  *  treaty, 
alliance.'    The  word  is  a  derivative  of  the 


Teut.  root  traus,  a  variant  of  the  root  tru, 
appearing  in  tvaueit.  Comp.  Olc.  traustr, 
adj.,  'certain,  strong,  firm,'  lit.  'that  in 
which  one  has  confidence.' — frdftctt,  vb., 
'to  comfort,  console,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  trcesten,  OHG.  trosten  (*traustjan). 

^rofj,  m., '  baggage,  baggage-train,  cav- 
alcade,'from  late  MidHG.  trosse,  f.,  '  lug- 
gage,' formed  from  Fr.  trousse,  '  truss, 
bundle.' 

^roff,  m.,  'trot,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
the  equiv.  Ital.  trotto  (Fr.  trot).  This  Rom. 
word  is  apparently  based  on  OHG.  trottdn, 
'  to  tread '  (late  MidHG.  trotten,  '  to  run  ), 
an  intensive  form  of  tretcn.  E.  to  trot  has 
been  adopted  from  the  borrowed  Fr.  term 
trotter.     Comp.  the  following  word. 

1§V0ttc,  f.,  '  wine-press,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  trotte  (trote),  OHG.  trotta  {trota), 
f.  ;  lit.  perhaps  '  place  where  the  wine  is 
pressed  out  by  treading.'  A  derivative  of 
the  Teut.  root  tred  (trod),  which  has  been 
discussed  under  tretcn  (see  also  the  preced- 
ing word).  For  a  term  adopted  with  the 
Southern  culture  of  the  vine,  see  under 
JMtct  (comp.  also  Xevfcl). 

^rofj,  m.,  '  boldness,  obstinacy,  defi- 
ance,'from  MidHG.  (MidG.)  trotz,  of  which 
the  more  usual  forms  are  MidHG.  tratz,  trutz, 
m.,  'refractoriness';  allied  to  MidHG. 
tratzen,  tretzen,  '  to  defy,'  tratz,  '  insolent, 
defiant,  obstinate.'  The  word  is  unknown 
to  OHG.  and  the  other  OTeut.  dialects, 
but  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that 
it  has  been  borrowed. — froffl,  prep.,  '  in 
spite  of,'  is  based  on  the  MidHG.  interj. 
tratz  (troiz),  '  I  defy  you.' 

friibe,  adj.,  'turbid,  gloomy,  dull,  dim,' 
from  MidHG.  truebe,  adj.  (truobe,  adv.), 
OHG.  truobi,  adj.,  'obscure,  gloomy, dull' ; 
allied  to  tvubctt,  '  to  darken,  tarnish,  cast  a 
gloom  over,'  MidHG.  trueben,  OHG.  truo- 
ben,  '  to  darken,  sadden.'  Comp.  AS.  drdf, 
'dirty,  troubled,'  Du.  droef,  'dull,  sad,' 
Goth,  drdbjan,  '  to  confuse,  lead  astrav, 
excite  commotion,'  AS.  drffan,  'to disturb, 
agitate,  trouble.'  In  the  non-Teut.  lan- 
guages there  are  no  certain  cognates  of  the 
Teut.  root  drCb,  '  to  confuse.' — "{Srubfal, 
tit,  'affliction, distress,'  from  MidHG.  trite- 
beml,  OHG.  truobisal;  an  abstract  of  trabeii. 

erttbef,  m.,  'confusion,  trouble,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  from  Fr.  trouble. 

^ruci)fcB,  m.,  'lord  high-steward,' from 
the  equiV.  MidHG.  truh-,  truht-t&je^-tafa  , 
OHG.  truM^o  (zz).  The  Mid  Lat.  render- 
ing, 'dapifer,  discophorus,'  shows  that  the 
2  A 


Tru 


(    37o    ) 


Tag 


word  signified  '  he  who  serves  the  food 
Yet  MidHG.  and  OHG.  truht  is  not  used 
in  the  sense  of  'food';  it  signifies  'that 
which  can  be  curried '  (a  derivative  of  tra- 
cjcn),  and  might  thus  mean  also  '  the  food, 
served  up.'  On  account  of  MidHG.  ami 
OHG.  truht,  'crowd,  troop,'  others  with 
greater  reason  regard  MidHG.  truhsce$e  as 
'  he  who  sits  with  the  retainers  (or  at  the 
head  of  the  table),  provides  for  their  mainte- 
nance (hence  dapifer)  and  assigns  to  them 
their  places  at  table.'  Tlie  word  is  also 
found  in  LG.  dialects  ;  comp.  LG.  SHojlct, 
■  district  of  a  Tvojte'  (high  bailiff" ;  MidDu. 
drossdte) ;  Du.  drossaard,  'high  bailiff.' 

^ruffcl,  f.,  'truffle,'  ModHG.  only; 
corresponding  to  Du.  truffel,  E.  truffle,  Fr. 
truffe,  Span,  trufa.  The  equiv.  Ital.  tartufo 
shows  that  the  word  is  connected  Willi 
Jtarteffft,  which  see. 

^ritfl,  m.,  '  deception,  illusion,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  allied  to  tviigen,  older  trtegftt, 
which  is  derived  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
triegen,  OHG.  triogan,  str.  vb^  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  bidriogan,  'to  cheat,  deceive.' 
To  these  are  allied  Teut.  draumo-,  'phan- 
tom'(see  Xvaunt),  as  well  as  OIc.  draugr, 
'ghost,'  OSax.  gtdrog,  MidHG.  getroc  (g), 
'ghost'  (comp.  also  3w«3).  The  T^ur. 
root  drUg  (dwerg),  '  to  deceive,'  contained 
in  these  words,  is  based  on  an  Aryan  root 
dhrWjh  (dhwergh),  'to  overreach,  injure'; 
comp.  Saus.  druh,  '  to  injure  (l>y  deceit, 
craftiness,  or  enchantment),'  OPers.  drauga, 
'lie,'  Zend  draoga,  'lying'  (druj,  'ghost'). 

^tlti)C,  f.,  '  trunk,  chest,'  from  MidHG. 
truhe  '*trucke  is  indicated  by  ModHG.  dial. 
SrurfV),  OHG.  truha  (truccha),  f.,  '  chest, 
cupboard.'  OIc.  f>r6  (from  f>rUh),  and  AS. 
prulx,  '  chest,  drawer,'  seem  to  be  allied  in 
meaning  although  the  sounds  do  not  en- 
tirely correspond.  In  any  case  Lat.  trun- 
cus,  'trunk'  (of  a  tree)  is  not  allied.  If 
AS.  Jvuh  is  not  identical  with  HG.  Zxuljt 
(MidLit.  trucra),  the  latter  may  be  con- 
nected with  Xveg, ;  Xxnlje  (lit.  '  wooden 
vessel ')  would  then  be  Aryan  drUk- 
(drukn-). 

|rumm,  m.,  'end,  stump,  fragment,' 
which  is  found  besides  only  in  the  plur. 
Sxummer, '  fragments,  ruins,'  is  based  on  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  drum,  n., '  end,  piece,  end- 
piece,  splinter' ;  comp.  OIc.  frramr,  'brim, 
edge,  verge,'  E.  (AS.)  thrum,  '  end-piece.' 
Teut.  Jxramu-  (frrumu-).  from  Aryan  trmo-, 
has  rightly  been  connected  with  Lat.  termi- 
nus, Gr. Tfpfia,  'boundary,  conclusion,  end.' 


■grumpf,  m.,  '  trump,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Fr.  triompke  (Ital.  trionfo), 
whence  also  Du.  troef,  E.  trump ;  properly 
identical  therefore  with  Lat.  triumplius; 
hence  lit.  '  triumphant,  victorious  card.' 
Comp.  Xrcff. 

'S run  ft,  m.,  '  drink,  draught,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  trunc,  allied  to 
trinfen. 

trunftcn,  adj.,  'drunken,  intoxicated,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  trunken,  OHG. 
trunchan.  An  old  partic.  without  the  pre- 
fix ge  (see  feift),  and  with  an  active  sense 
too, '  he  who  has  drunk '  (comp.  Lat.  potus), 
then  'he  who  has  drunk  immoderately'  ; 
similarly  Du.  dronken,  E.  drunk,  and  Goth. 
drugkans. 

crupp,  m.,  'troop,  band,  gang,'  Mod 
HG.  onlv,  from  Ital.  tru}pa. 

(Srutt)ttf)n,  m., '  turkey-cock,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  Xnit  is  probably  an  imitation  of  the 
cry  of  the  bird. 

Q\ld),  n.,  '  cloth,  stuff ;  kerchief,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  tuoch,  OHG.  tuoh  (hh), 
m.  and  n.  ;  comp.  OLG.  ddk,  Du.  doek, 
'  cloth.'  To  these  is  also  allied  OIc.  d&kr, 
'  cloth,'  whence  E.  duck  (canvas).  On  ac- 
count of  the  OIc.  signification  'table-cloth,' 
Xud)  has  been  compared  with  Goth.  gadauka, 
'  messmate.'  The  early  history  of  the  West 
Teut.  d6ko-,  'cloth  '(from  pre-Teut.  dMgo-), 
is  obscure. 

fttd)ttft,  adj.,  '  fit,  able,  qualified,  ex- 
cellent,' from  MidHG.  (MidG.)  tuhtic  (g), 
'serviceable,  brave,  sturdy ' ;  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  (MidG.)  tuht,  f.,  'ability,  fitness,'  an 
abstract  of  ModHG.  taugeu  (comp.  also 
tugenb).  Corresponding  to  Du.  deugdelijk, 
AS.  dyhtig,  E.  doughty. 

^ucftc,  f.,  '  trick,  spite,  malice,'  from 
MidHG.  tiiclce ;  properly  plur.  of  older 
ModHG.  3,ucf,  MidHG.  tuc(k),  duc(ck),  m  , 
'  blow,  push,  rapid  movement,  sly  trick, 
sleight  of  hand,  craftiness.'  The  word  is 
wanting  in  OHG.  and  the  other  OTeut. 
languages,  hence  its  earlier  form  cannot  be 
discovered. 

■guff,  ^uffflettt,  m.,  'tufa,  tuff,'  from 
the  equiv.  Ali-iHG.  and  OHG.  tufstein  (tub-, 
tupf-stein) ;  formed  from  Ital.  tufo  (Fr.  tuf), 
based  on  liat.  t6phus. 

Sltflcno,  f., '  virtue,  chastity,'  from  Mid 
HG.  tugent,  tugende,  f.,  '  manly  excellence, 
power,  good  quality,  virtue' ;  OHG.  tugundy 
f.,  as  a  derivative  of  tugan  (see  tauten),  sig- 
nifies lit  '  serviceableness,  fitness.'  Goth. 
*dngunpus  (derivative  unfiu-,  from   pre- 


Tul 


(    37i    ) 


Twi 


Teut.  entu-)  is  also  indicated  by  AS. 
dugu}>. 

%ixlle,  f.,  •socket,'  MidHG.  tiille,  n., 
'ferule  for  fastening  an  iron  point  on  a 
handle '(usually  'partition  of  boards,  pali- 
sade'). OHG.  has  no  corresponding  form 
*tulli  (Goth.  *dulja-),  which  might  be  con- 
nected by  gradation  with  ModHG.  £&al 
(Xu((e,  lit.  'deepening').  Others  consider 
Fr.  douille  (from  Lat.  ductile,  '  channel '), 
'socket,'  as  tiie  ultimate  source  of  MidHG. 
tiille.  Fr.  tuyau  (E.  tewel),  Span,  tudel, 
'pipe,'  are  certainly  not  allied.  The  ab- 
normal double  sense  of  MidHG.  tiille  has 
not,  however,  been  explained. 

^ulpe,  f'., '  tulip,'  earlier  ModHG.  Sutt- 
Van,  frum  the  equiv.  Ital.  tulipa,  tuli- 
pano. 

iluxn,  suffix,  from  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
-tuom  ;  an  abstract  suffix,  which  has  been 
formed  in  compounds  from  an  independent 
word  tvom,  m.  and  n.,  '  relation,  rank, 
dignity,  condition.'  This  is  an  abstract 
form  of  ModHG.  tfyun.  Comp.  the  corre- 
sponding Eng.  suffix  -dom  in  kingdom. 
Eng.  has  preserved  the  independent  word 
doom  (AS.  d6m),  to  which  to  deem  (AS. 
dSman)  is  allied  ;  comp.  Sans,  dhdman, 
'  institution,  sacred  custom.' 

Rumpel,  m., '  pool,  deep  part  of  a  lake ' ; 
a  MidG.  form  for  MidHG.  tiimpfel,  '  deep 
place  in  flowing  or  standing  water,  pool, 
puddle,'  OHG.  tumfilo,  m.,  'whirlpool' 
(whence  the  equiv.  Ital.  toiifano).  A  de- 
rivative of  the  nasalised  Teut.  root  dup, 
'  to  be  deep '  (see  taitfen,  tief),  which  appears 
also  in  E.  dimple,  Du.  dompeleu,  '  to  dive, 
plunge,'  dompelaar,  'diver'  (bird).  Pre- 
Teut.  dhumb,  '  to  be  deep,'  is  also  assumed 
by  Lith.  dwnbu,  '  to  get  hollow.'  Comp. 
also  %cpf. 

1  iincbcn,  vb.,  '  to  whitewash,  plaster,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  tiinclien,  OHG. 
tunihhfin,  mostly  mit  chalche  tunihh&n.  The 
additional  expression  in  OHG.  leads  to  the 
assumption  that  tunilihdn  means  lit.  'to 
clothe,'  from  OHG.  tunihha,  'dress'  (bor- 
rowed, like  AS.  tunuce,  from  Lat.  tunica). 
The  Germans  still  say  eine  ffianb  mit  Zimty 
befleibeit,  'to  give  a  coat  of  limewash  to  a 
wall'  (comp.  E.  to  coat  and  coat).  With 
this  agrees  Ital.  intonicare,  '  to  plaster, 
rouge '  (inlonico,  intonicato, ' plaster ').  Note 
that  Lat.  tunica,  Ital.  tonica,  also  signifies 
'covering.'  The  Lat. -Ital.  word  was  bor- 
rowed at  the  beginning  of  the  OHG.  period  ; 


had  it  been  borrowed  earlier  it  would  have 
appeared  as  *zunihha  in  OHG.  It  cannot 
have  been  introduced  much  later  than 
5enjler  and  Xutm. 

iunkett,  vb.,  '  to  dip,  steep,  soak,'  from. 
MidHG.  tunken,  dunken,  OHG.  tunchdn, 
dunchdn,  wk.  vb.,  'to  immerse.'  The 
OHG.  variant  thunk/hi  leads  to  a  Goth. 
*J>ugk6n,  which  must  be  allied  to  Lat. 
tingere,  '  to  moisten,  dip,'  and  to  Gr.  reyyot, 
'  to  soften,  moisten.'  Hence  tuuftit  cannot 
be  connected  with  taucfyeit. 

%ixpfel,  m.,  'dot,  iota';  diminut.  of 
earlier  ModHG.  £upf,  m.,  which  is  based 
on  MidHG.  tojfe,  OHG.  topfo,  'point.' 
Goth.  *duppa  (*duppila)  is  wanting.  Pro- 
bably cognate  with  tief. 

furm  (UpG.  and  Rhen.  %mn\  m., 
'  tower,  steeple,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
turm,  with  the  variant  turn  (torm,  torn), 
m.  ;  in  OHG.  only  tuira  and  turri,  which 
correspond  to  the  equiv.  Lat.  turris.  The 
final  m  of  the  MidHG.  word  has  not  yet 
been  explained,  nor  the  n  of  ODu.  turn, 
Du.  toren,  UpG.  turn;  AS.  t4r,  E.  toicer, 
with  the  variant  AS.  torr,  'tower,'  also 
present  a  difficulty.  Comp.  further  Fr. 
tour,  Ital.  torre,  from  Lat.  turris. 

t urnett,  vb.,  *  to  practise  gymnastics,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  no  corresponding  word  is 
found  in  MidHG.,  which  has  only  turnei, 
'  tournament,'  turnieren,  '  to  hold  a  tourna- 
ment, tilt,'  borrowed  from  Fr.  The  Mod 
HG.  word  is  probably  derived  from  Fr. 
tourner,  '  to  turn,  turn  round.' 

'Qxivteltaitbc,  f.,  '  turtle-dove,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  turteltube  (tiirteltube), 
OHG.  turtul-,  turtil-tuba,  f. ;  borrowed  and 
corrupted  in  the  OHG.  period  (in  connec- 
tion with  the  Biblical  texts)  from  Lat. 
turtur,  whence  also  Du.  tortelduif,  AS.  and 
E.  turtle.  Comp.  also  Ital.  tortora,  Fr. 
tourtre,  tourtereau. 

■^ufcf),  in.,  'flourish  of  trumpets';  interj., 
'hush!  tush!' ModHG  only;  a  recent  for- 
mation imitating  a  sound. 

Sufcf)?,  f., '  Indian-ink,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
from  Fr.  toucher,  '  to  paint,  delineate,  ink.' 

tuten,  vb.,  'to  blow  a  horn,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  a  recent  onomatopoetic  word. 

£  til  tcl,  m.,  '  dot,'  ModHG.  only  ;  en- 
tirely distinct  from  XiteL  It  is  identical 
with  MidHG.  tiittel  (tiiteltn),  n.,  '  nipple, 
teat':  dimin.  of  the  equiv.  OHG.  tuttu, 
MidHG.  tutte. 

>ing,  m.,  see  jwiitflen. 


Ube 


(    372    ) 


Ulm 


u. 


fibcl,  adj.,  'evil,  bad,  wrong  ;  sick,' from 
MidHG.  iibel,  OHG.  ubil,  ' bad,  wicked' ; 
a  common  Teut  adj.  corresponding  to 
OSax.  util,  Du.  euvel,  AS.  yfel,  E.  evil, 
Goth,  ubils,  'bad.'  With  these  are  con- 
nected OHG.  uppi (from  Teut.  ubjo-), '  vici- 
ous, malignant ;  villain,'  as  well  as  the 
cognates  of  ModHG.  ftWHfr  The  word  has 
been  supposed  to  be  related  to  the  prepos. 
fiber  (Aryan  upeH),  so  that  Teut.  ubilo-, 
from  upelo-,  meant  lit.  '  that  which  over- 
steps a  limit  or  iscontrary  to  rule.'  Nothing 
positive,  however,  can  be  asserted,  since 
the  word  is  specifically  Teut. ;  or  is  Olr. 
uall,  '  pride,'  cognate  ?. 

fibctt,  vb., '  to  practise,  exercise,'  from 
MidHG.  iieben,  OHG.  uoben  (from  *6bjan), 
wk.  vb.,  'to  set  agoing,  execute,  venerate,' 
corresponding  to  OSax.  Ctian,  'to  cele- 
brate,' Du.  oefenen, '  to  exercise,  look  after,' 
OIc.  dfa,  '  to  practise.'  Allied  to  OHG. 
uoba, '  celebration,'  uobo, '  tiller  of  the  soil.' 
The  Teut.  root  6b,  '  to  execute,'  contained 
in  these  cognates,  seems  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally used  of  tilling  the  ground  and  of 
religious  acts.  To  this  corresponds,  accord- 
ing to  the  permutation  of  consonants,  the 
Aryan  root  Op,  with  which  are  allied  Sans. 
Spas,  n.,  'work'  (espec.  religious  work)> 
and  Lat.  Gpus,  n.,  *  work'  (connected  with 
dpirari,  espec,  'to  sacrifice'). 

fiber,  prepos.  and  adv.,  'over,  above,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  iiber;  OHG.  ubir, 
iibar,  is  a  prepos.  with  the  adverb,  form 
ubiri.  Corresponding  to  OSax.  obar,  Du. 
and  E.  over,  AS.  ofer,  OIc.  yfer,  Goth,  v/ar, 
*  over.'  This  common  Teut.  word  is  based 
on  an  equiv.  Aryan  uperi,  which  appears 
in  Sans,  upari,  Gr.  imip  (vntip),  Lat.  super. 
With  these  are  connected  the  prepos.  auf, 
and  ob  (ober).     Comp.  also  iibel. 

TUbcr&rulJj,  see  wbriejjen.—  fiberflfif- 
fifl,  adj.,  '  superfluous,'  from  MiuHG.  u'6er- 
vlii^ec,  '  overflowing,  superabundant,  re- 
maining.'— fibcrl)CUtpf,  adv., 'in  general, 
on  the  whole,'  from  late  MidHG.  iiber 
houbet, '  without  counting  the  pieces,  whole, 
all'  (properly  only  of  buying  goods  ;  Mid 
HG.  houbet  is  frequently  used  to  designate 
a  number  of  men  or  beasts). 

fiberunnben,  vb., '  to  wind  over  ;  over- 
come, conquer,'  from  MidHG.  iiber trinden, 
OHG.  ubarwintan,  str.  vb., '  to  excel,  over- 


power, conquer' ;  also'with an  equiv.  mean- 
ing MidHQ.iiberwinTien,  OHG.xtbarwinnan. 
While  the  simple  OHG.  vb.  wintan  means 
'  to  turn,  turn  round,'  OHG.  winnan  (comp. 
AS.  ofericinnan)  has  the  signification  '  to 
contend,  quarrel '  (comp.  geuHitnen),  which 
appears  in  the  compound.  The  f,  which  pro- 
perly belongs  only  to  the  present  stem  in 
this  sense,  is  the  same  as  in  OHG.  stantan, 
swintan  (see  flebcn,  fdjwinbtn). 

fibrig,  adj.,  'left  over,  remaining,'  from 
MidHG.  iiberic  (g),  'left  over,  excessive, 
exaggerated,  superfluous' ;  a  MidHG.  de- 
rivative of  uber. 

"jUfetr,  n.,  '  shore,  bank  (of  a  riverX'  a 
MidG.  and  LG.  word  (adopted  like  Scot, 
@traiu\  &c,  in  the  written  language),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  uover,  n.  OHG.  *uofar 
(Goth.  *tf/H)  is  wanting  ;  nor  is  the  word 
known  even  now  to  the  UpG.  dialects. 
Comp.  MidLG.  6ver,  Du.  oever,  AS.  dfer 
(obsolete  in  E.  ;  yet  Windsor  is  equiv.  to 
AS.  Windlesdfer,  'the  bank  of  theWindel'). 
West  Teut.  6fov  has  been  considered,  pro- 
bably without  reason,  a  cognate  of  Sans. 
ap,  'water'  (for  the  evolution  of  meaning 
comp.  9lu),  and  Lat.  amuis  (for  *apnis1), 
'  river.'  UpG.  (Bav.)  wrrar,  '  haven,  land- 
ing-place>  bank,'  of  the  MidHG.  period, 
points  rather  to  a  Goth.  *us-far,  '  haven' ; 
Goth.-Teut.  uz  appears  in  some  West  Teut. 
dialects  as  6  ^OHG.  uo).  Hence  lifer  is  lit 
4departure,  setting  out'?. 

"glf)*"*  f«>  4  clock,  watch,  hour,'  ModHG. 
only,,  from  LG.  H.r,  'clock,  hour'  (even  in 
the  MidHG.  period  LRhen.  4r  meant 
'  hour ') ;  corresponding  to  Du.  uur,  E. 
hour.  Based  on  Lat.  h6ra  (comp.  Fr.  lieure, 
Ital.  ora). 

12lf)u,  m.,  'horned  owl,'  ModHG.  only, 
a  recent  onomatopoetic  word,  which  was 
connected  with  MidHG.  huwe,  OHG.  huico, 
OL<X  Mo,  'owl.' 

til  ken,  vb.,  'to  lark,'  ModHG.  only; 
allied  to  LRhen.  ulk, '  bulb '  ?.  Comp.  Do. 
ui,  '  onion,  joke.' 

jHlme,  f.,  'elm,'  from  MidHG.  (rare) 
«/7n6oHm,forwhich  MidHG.  and  OHG.eta- 
boum,  m.,  is  most  frequently  found.  While 
ulm-  is  adopted  from  Lat.  ulmus,  the  equiv. 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  elm-  is  related  prehis- 
torically,  by  gradation,  with  Lat.  ulmus; 
so  too  OIc.  almr,  E.  elm.     With  the  pre- 


Urn 


(    373    ) 


Unt 


Tent,  stem  el,  ol,  the  cognates  of  MoiHG. 
(Srie  (@((er)  are  also  connected. 

Itm,  adv.  and  prep,,  'about,  around,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  timbe  (iimbe\ 
OHG.  umbi,  cannot  be  regarded  as  directly 
corresponding  to  Gr.  dfi<f>l,  Sins,  abhi, 
'about,'  for  then  the  OHG.  form  would  be 
vmb.  OHG.  umbi  is  ratlier  a  compound  of 
this  *umb,  with  the  prep,  bt,  *  by ' ;  so  too 
OSax.  umbi,  AS.  j/mbe  (hut  ymb  directly 
corresponds  to  Sans,  abhi), — umfonft, 
ail  v.,  'in  vain,  to  no  purpose,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  umbe  sus.     See  foitjh 

Utl-,  prefix,  'not,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  un-  ;  a  negative  prefix 
common  to  Teut.  and  Aryan  ;  comp.  OSax. 
un-,  Du.  on-,  AS.  and  E.  un-,  OIc.  6-. 
Corresponding  to  Gr.  d-,  Lat.  in-,  Sans. 
and  Zend  a-,  an-.  With  this  prefix  is 
connected  the  common  Aryan  negation  ne, 
'  not '  (see  nid)t),  as  well  as  the  prep,  cfme 
and  its  cognates. 

Igftfmlj  f.,  '  iniquity,  wrong,'  MidHG. 
only  ;  based  on  the  cognates  of  bi((ig,  in- 
stead of  the  correct  ModHG.  Untnlbe,  f,, 
MidHG.  unbilde,  n,,  '  wrong,  impropriety,' 
which  is  properly  an  abstract  from  MidHG. 
(rare)  unbil  (usually  unbillieh),  adj.,  '  in- 
congruous, unjust.'  On  account  of  the 
meaning  there  is  probably  no  direct  his- 
toric connection  witli  99ilt>.  Comp.  tnlluj. 
and  especially  2Beid)t>ilt>. 

itrtb,  conj.,  '  and,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  tint,  unde,  OHG.  unta,  unti  (inti, 
enti) ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  e.ndi,  Du. 
en,  AS.  and  E.  and.  Sans,  uthct,  'also, 
further,  and,'  points,  like  AS  and  E.  and, 
to  Arvan  nthd. 

^lixflai,  m., 'filth,  dirt,'  from  MidHG. 
un-vldt,  m.,  n.,  and  f.,  'dirtiness,  untidi- 
ness' ;  to  which  is  allied  trnflattfl,  adj., 
'  filthy,  nasty,' from  MidHG.  nnvl&tic,  'un- 
clean, untidy.'  OHG.  *fldt,  'beauty,'  is 
met  with  only  in  female  proper  names 
(Sigi-,  Muot-,  Hruot-fldt).  The  early  his- 
tory of  OHG.  *fidt  (Golh.flSd,  AS.flccd  in 
proper  names)  is  obscure. 

unftcfctrjr,  see  cfynacfafjc. 

UltfriefjCltcr,  adj.,"  monstrous,  atrocions/ 
from  MidHG.  ungchiurc,  OIIG.  ungihiuri, 
'uncanny,  frightful';  Allied  to  2tnflC- 
heucr,  n.,  'monster,'  from  MidHG.  ung-- 
hinre,  '  savage,  dragon,  ghostly  creature,' 
OHG.  ungihiurl,  '  monster.'    See  gefjeuer. 

unflcfcfyiachf,  see  flcfd)(atft. 

Ultgoflttm,  adj.,  'blustering,  impetu- 
ous,'  from  MidHG.  ungestiieme,  OHG.  un- 


gistuomi  (unstnom),  adj.,  'storm}',  impe- 
tuous '  ;  the  unnegatived  form  of  the  adj. 
was  extremely  rare  in  OHG.  and  MidHG. 
Based  on  a  verbal  root  stam,  as  in  MidHG. 
stamen  (ModHG.  fiemmen,  from  *stamjan), 
'  to  check,  restrain,'  which  appears  also  in 
ModHG.  ftammdtt. — ^ItiQetiurt, n., ' mon- 
ster,' early  Mod  HG."  only;  unknown  to 
the  older  periods.     Early  history  obscure. 

■^Itgejtefer,  n.,  'vermin,'  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  ungezfbere,  unzlver,  n. ; 
properly  '  unclean  beast  not  suited  for 
sacrifice.'  It  is  based,  in  fact,  on  OHG. 
zebar, '  beast  of  offering,'  which  is  connected 
with  the  equiv.  AS.  tifer.  The  terms  bor- 
rowed in  Rom.,  OFr.  toivre,  'cattle,'  Portug. 
zebro,  'ox,  cow,'  prove  that  zebar  was  ap- 
plied to  large  animals,  and  that  the  word 
was  widely  diffused  in  OTent. 

~2t\\ke,  l, '  ringed  snake,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
in  MidHG.  Ache  (OHG.  Ahha),  t,  '  toad ' ; 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  unc,  m.,  'snake.'  Pro- 
bably the  ModHG.  word  is  due  to  a  com- 
bination of  the  older  forms. 

ttnlcingff ,  adv., '  recently,  of  late,'  from 
MidHG.  unlanges  (unlange),  'short  time,' 
with  an  excrescent  t  as  in  Dbft,  9lrt. 

jJ'Dtraf ,  m.,  '  trash,  rubbish,  refuse,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  unrdt,  m.,  'help- 
lessness,  want,  necessity,  useless  stuff' ; 
allied  to  Oiat. 

Ittto,  pron.,  '  ns,  to  us,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  tins;  in  the  same  form 
common  to  Teut.  to  supplement  the  de- 
clension of  nur.  Comp.  Du.  ons,  OLG.  and 
AS.  4s  (E.  us),  Goth.  tins.  This  tins  (from 
ns)  is  certainly  connected  with  Lat.  non 
{nostcr),  Gr.  ij/iflp  (for  *d<r-fxfis),  and  Sans. 
nasf  'us';  comp.  unr. — Allied  to  tmfcr, 
poss.  pron.,  'our,'  from  MidHG.  ta/sr, 
OHG.  uns*r.  The  detailed  history  of  the 
pronom.  stem  belongs  to  grammar. 

SlnfcfjUU,  3nfcf)Uff  (SnftCO,  n.,  'suet, 
tallow,'  from  MidHG.  unslit  (nnselt),  inslit 
(inselt),  n.,  '  tallow,'  of  which  there  are 
abundant  variants  in  MidHG.  Comp. 
OHG.  unslit,  'fat,  tallow'  (AS.  unslid,  or 
rather  unfliJ,  '  fat,  grease,  tallow,'  is  uncer- 
tain). MidHG.  unsleht,  'tallow'  (Rhen.- 
Franc.  inschlkht),  seems  to  be  connected 
with  MidHG.  {in)'jesiehte,  n.,  'entrails.' 
The  derivation  of  the  word  cannot  be  more 
definitely  determined,  since  the  older  forms 
are  unknown  ;  Hess,  and  LG.  tingel,  '  tal- 
low,' suggests  the  supposition  that  OHG. 
unslH  has  originated  in  *ungslit. 

untcrt,  adv.,  'below,  beneath,  under- 


Unt 


(    374    ) 


Vat 


Death,'  from  the  euuiv.  MidHG.  widen, 
OHG.  untandn.  Allied  to  itntcr,  prep, 
and  adv.,  '  below,  under,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  unter,  under, OMG.untar  (prep.); 
but  untari,  adv. ;  corresponding  to  Goth, 
and  OSax.  undar,  Du.  onder,  AS.  and  E. 
under.  The  Aryan  prep,  ndlie'r,  on  which 
these  are  based,  appears  also  in  Lat.  infra 
(com  p.  inferior)  and  Sans,  adhds, '  beneath ' 
(adhara,  'the  lower'). 

j£lnf  crfd)letf,  m.,  •  embezzlement, 
smuggling,'  ModHG.  only,  allied  to  Mid 
HG.  undersliufcere, '  cheat ' ;  com  p.  MidHG. 
undersliefen,  '  to  cheat,  deceive,'  underslouf, 
'  hiding-place.' 

unferff)an,  adj.. 'subject  to,  dependent,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG  undertdn,  OHG. 
untartdn.  Properly  a  partic.  of  MidHG. 
undertuon,  OHG.  untartuon,  '  to  subjugate, 
bring  into  subjection.'     See  tr/iut. 

unterroegen,  unferwcgs,  adv.,  'on 
the  way,'  from  MidHG.  under  wegen,  '  on 
the  way,  away.' 

unttrirfd),  adj.,  'cross,  rude,  morose,' 
from  MidHG.  (rare)  unwirs,  usually  unwir- 
desch, '  unworthy,  contemptuous,  indignant, 
angry.'  Comp.  MidHG.  unwert, '  despised, 
unsuited,  disagreeable  ' ;  allied  to  tent.  See 
also  imrfd). 

Ulttje,  f.,  '  ounce,'  from  MidHG.  unze, 
OHG.  unza,  f.,  '  weight,'  from  Lat.  uncia. 

iippig,  adj.,  'luxurious,  voluptuous, 
sumptuous,'  from  MidHG.  iippic  (g),  OHG 
uppig,  '  superfluous,  useless,  invalid,  frivo- 
lous, arrogant.'  For  the  connection  of  this 
specifically  HG.  word  with  Goth.  ufj6,  f., 
'superfluity,'  and  OHG.  uppi,  '  malicious,' 
as  well  as  with  the  cognates  ol  ube(  and  fiber, 
see  ubet. 

^!(r,  see  Sitter?. 

ur-,  pref ,  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ur- ; 
an  accented  prefix  of  which  er;  (MidHG. 
er-,  OHG.  tr-)  is  the  unaccented  form.  In 
OHG.,  ur, '  out  of,'  is  met  with  as  a  prep. 


The  prefix  signifies  '  out  of,  originally,  in 
the  beginning.'  Goth,  has  us  (uz),  of  which 
there  are  no  certain  cognates  in  the  other 
Aryan  languages. 

Hi  rahn,  m.,  '  great-grandfather,'  from 
MidHG.  urane;  see  SUhl — urctlt,  adj., 
'  extremely  old,  primeval,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  uralt ;  allied  to  alt.— 
j&rbctr,  n.,  'produce,  landed  property,' 
from  MidHG.  urbor,  urbar,  f.  and  n., '  copy- 
hold, rent,  income ' ;  lit.  perhaps  '  tax, 
produce,  rent'  (comp.  Goth. gabaUr, '  tax '). 
Hence  urbar,  adj.,  '  arable,'  lit.  '  bearing 
interest,  productive'  (ModHG.  only).— 
j2(rfc{)6c,  f.,  'solemn  oath  not  to  take 
vengeance  on  an  enemy,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  urvibede  (urvShe),  f.  ;  see  gefybe. — 
U'irfjebcr,  m.,  '  author,  originator,'  a  Mod 
HG.  derivative  of  MidHG.  urhap  (b),  m., 
'  beginning,  cause,  origin '  (allied  to 
\)ti:n). 

j^lrfcunoe,  f., '  deed,  document,  charter,' 
from  MidHG.  urkunde  (urhiinde),  v.  and 
f.,  '  testimony,  proof,  document,'  OHG.  ur- 
chundi,  f.,  'testimony';  allied  to  frfennen 
(hence  lit.  'recognition'). — "gjrlcutb,  m., 
'  leave  of  absence,  furlough,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  urloup  (6),  m.  and  n.,  '  permis- 
sion'; an  abstract  from  erlaubett,  'to  per- 
mit,' MidHG.  erlouben,  OHG.  irloub&n. — 
jj'lrfacfje,  f., '  cause,'  from  MidHG.  ursaehe. 
—  jjjrfprung,  m.,  'source,  origin,'  from 
MidHG.  ursprunc,  urxprinc  (g),  OHG.  ur- 
spring,  m.  and  n.,  'source';  allied  to 
fpritta,eit,  (erfprin^en). — "glrfcl,  "glrfeil,  n., 
'judgment,  sentence,  decision,'  from  Mid 
HG,  urteil,  urteile,  f.  and  n.,  'judicial  de- 
cision'; allied  to  eiteilen  (lit.  'that  which 
is  imparted').  Comp,  Du.  oordeel,  AS. 
orddl,  'judgment'  (whence  Fr.  ordalie, 
'judgment  of  God,'  MidLat  ordalium). 

ujen,  vb.,  'to  jeer  at,  mock,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  a  derivative  of  the  proper  name  U£, 
an  abbrev.  form  of  Ulrid).     Comp.  tydnfeln. 


V. 


fpater,  m.,  'father,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  voter,  OHG.  fater;  common  to 
Teut.  and  Aryan  in  the  same  sense  ;  comp. 
Goth.  (rare)/arfar  (usually  atta),  OIc.  fa'Ser, 
AS.  ftrdtr,  E.  father,  Du.  voder,  vaar,  OSax. 
fadar.  Teut.  fader,  from  Aryau  patSr ; 
comp.  Lat.  pater,  Gr.  narfip,  Sans.  mJtf  (for 
pair),  '  father.'  Aryan  pa-tSr  has  been  de- 
rived from  the  Sans,  root  pd,  '  to  guard, 


protect,' so  that  93ater  would  mean  lit.  'pro- 
tector.' An  English  preacher  of  the  12th 
cent,  conuected  the  word  in  a  similar  way 
with  AS.  ftdan,  E.  to  feed  (see  futtern) ; 
hence  Hater,  lit.  '  nourisher.'  Neither  in- 
terpretation is  historically  certain,  since 
Aryan  pa-ter  is  probably  based  on  an  in- 
stinctive sound  (comp.  Gr.  dial,  iru, '  father,' 
nenrna) ;  comp.  SWutter,  ©ruber,  and  Scarce- 


Vei 


(    375    ) 


Ver 


ftet.  For  a  derivative  of  SBatet  see  under 
better,  93aa«,  and  2kfe. 

"2?eildjcn,  n.,  '  violet'  (plant),  dimin.  of 
earlier  ModHG.  95ei(,  from  MidHG.  viel, 
older  vidl,  in.,  viole,  f.  Borrowed  in  the 
early  MidHG.  period  from  Lat.  viola  (witli 
v  equal  to  /,  as  in  93er3,  Jtijti},  93rief,  and 
Socjt).  Comp.  Ital.  viola,  dimin.  violetta, 
Fr.  violette;  also  to  Du.  viool,  E.  violet. 

"gfetfsboljtte,  f.,  '  kidney  -bean,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  it  is  so  called  because  it  begins 
to  bloom  on  St.  Vitus's  day  (June  15). — 
"gJeifstcmj,  m.,  'St.  Vitus's  dance'  (Mod 
HG.  only>,  MidLat.  chorea  sancti  Wit,  thus 
named  because  the  help  of  St.  Vitus  was 
implored. 

X>ev--,  pref.  ;  in  its  most  frequent  signifi- 
cations it  is  derived  from  MidHG.  ver-, 
OHG.  fir*  (Jar-),  which  are  probably  a 
combination  of  several  other  unaocented 
forms.  Comp.  the  unaccented  prefixes 
Goth,  fair-,  fra-,  faiir-  (see  also  freffen), 
which  appeared  in  OHG.  as  fir-  (far-). 
Qoth.fair,  fra,  and  farir  appear  to  corre- 
spond respectively  to  Gr.  irept,  npo,  and 
irapd,  though  their  meanings  do  not  coin- 
cide. Comp.  Sans,  'pari,  'round  about,' 
pdrd, '  away,'  purd,  '  before,'  prd,  '  before, 
away.' — Most  of  the  compounds  with  tters 
(E./or-)  are  based  on  Goth,  fra-,  which  de- 
noted '  tlie  opposite,  deterioration,  change.' 

VCVbluffeiX,  vb.,  'to  disconcert,  con- 
fuse,' ModHG.  only,  from  Du.  verbluffen, 
'  to  stun,  dishearten.'  Early  history  ob- 
scure. —  verbt&metx,  vb.,  '  to  border, 
fringe,'  from  late  MidHG.  brim,  verbremen, 
n.,  'border,  trimming,'  older  ModHG. 
3kame,  '  Border,  skirts  of  a  wood,'  E.  brim 
(AS.  brimme). 

tteroammen,  vb.,  'to  condemn,  ana- 
thematise,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ver- 
damnen,  OHG.  firdamnon ;  borrowed,  like 
other  ecclesias.  terms  in  the  OHG.  period, 
from  Lat.  damndre  (comp.  Fr.  damner,  Ital. 
damnare),  with  the  prefix  vtx;  to  give  a  bad 
sense  to  the  word. — t)Cr6ttUCU,  vb.,  '  to 
digest,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  verdoutcen 
(verdoun),  verdouwen,  with  the  simple  forms 
douwen,  douwen,  OHG.  douwen  (dewen),  fir- 
douwen,  'to  digest' ;  comp.  Du.  verduwen. 
The  assumed  Tent,  paujan,  '  to  digest,'  is 
probably  connected  with  taucit  (lit.  'to  dis- 
solve').— t>crbcrbcn,  str.  vb^  'to  spoil, 
destroy,  corrupt,'  from  MidHG.  verderben, 
str.  vb.,  'to  come  to  nought,  perish,  die,' 
with  which  the  corresponding  causative 
MidHG.  verderben,  '  to  ruin,  kill,'  was  con- 


fused in  ModHG.  OHG.  *derba»,  Goth. 
*pairban,  str.  vb.,  '  to  perish,  die,'  is  want- 
ing. Tiie  meaning  of  the  MidHG.  words 
points  to  a  connection  with  ftcvben,  so  that 
we  must  assume  a  double  root,  Aryan  terbh, 
sterbh  (comp.  (Sttcr  and  ©roficl  (2) ) ;  in  that 
case  neither  berb,  with  its  divergent  mean- 
ing, nor  tuxftn  can  be  allied. — "gJer&erbcn, 
n.,  '  destruction,'  from  MidHG.  verderben, 
n.,  properly  an  infinitive  used  as  a  subst. — 
t>Ctorteficit,  vb.,  '  to  grieve,  vex,  trouble,' 
from  MidHG.  verdrie^en,  str.  vb., '  to  excite 
anger,  produce  weariness' ;  also  the  equiv. 
MidllG.  be-,  erdrie^en,{rcm  OHG.  bi-,irdri- 
o^an,  str.  vb.  Comp.  Goth,  uspriutan, '  to 
molest,  revile,'  AS.  predtian  (E.  to  threaten), 
with  d-pre6tan,1  to  be  disgusted,' Du.  droten, 
'  to  threaten,'  with  verdrieten, '  to  vex,'  OIc. 
prjvta,  '  to  want,  fail '  (prot,  '  want,'  praut, 
'  hard  task,  trouble.'  The  greatdevelopment 
of  the  str.  verbal  root>  Teut.  prUt,  makes 
it  difficult  to  find  undoubted  cognates  in 
non-Teut.  ;  OSlov.  trudu,  'pain,  trouble,' 
truzda,  '  to  torment,'  Lat.  tr&do,  '  to  crowd, 
push,'  point  to  an  Aryan  root  trUd. — Mod 
HG.  "gJerbrulJJ,  m., '  vexation,  annoyance' ; 
in  MidHG.  usually  urdrxi^,  urdriitze,  ver- 
drie$.  —  t>crottf }{ ,  adj.,  '  disconcerted, 
abashed,'  from  MidHG.  vertutzt,  a  partic.  of 
MidHG.  vertutzen,  vertu^en,  'to  be  deaf- 
ened, become  silent' ;  remoter  history  ob- 
scure.    See  vcvtufdjen. 

tJCrftallen,  vb.,  'to  embitter,'  from 
MidHG.  rergellen,  wk.  vb.,  'to  make  as 
bitter  as  gall,  embitter' ;  allied  to  ©af(f. — 
tJcrflcmten,  see  @ant.—  t>erflctffcrrt,  vb., 
'  to  enclose  with  trellis-work,  assemble 
(soldiers)  by  beat  of  drum,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  (LRhen.)  vergatem,  '  to  assemble.' 
Properly  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  Du.  verga- 
deren,  to  which  the  cognates  of  E.  to  gather 
(see  ©atte)  are  connected. — ©crflcbcns, 
adv.,  "in  vain,  to  no  purpose,'  from  Mid 
HG.  verg'ebene  (-gebrnesj,  '  gratis,  in  vain ' ; 
allied  to  vergeben  (OHG.  firg'eban),  'useless, 
to  no  purpose,'  lit.  '  given  away,'  a  partic. 
used  as  an  adj. — UCrgefTen,  vb.,  'to  for- 
get,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  rerge^en, 
OHG.  firg'eban,  str.  vb. ;  a  West  Tent, 
word  ;  comp.  Du.  vergeten,  AS.forgibin,  E. 
to  forget.  Also  the  equiv.  OHG.  trge^an, 
MidHG.  erg'ej,yn.  The  compound  verb  is 
the  relic  of  a  strong  verbal  root  get,  'to 
reach,  attain,'  whence  E.  to  get;  comp. 
Goth,  bigitan,  '  to  find,  OIc.  '  to  reach, 
attain.'  In  non-Teut,  Lat  prae-hendere, 
'  to  grasp,'  Gr.  xav§ava  (Aryan  root  ghed, 


Ver 


(    376    ) 


Ver 


ghtnd),  are  connected  witli  the  root  get. 
Hence  vergeffcn  means  lit.  Ho  get  beyond 
one's  reach,  lose  possession  of.' — t>crflCU- 
bcn,  vb.,  *  to  squander,  dissipate,'  from 
MidHG.  giuden  (iiberghiden),  wk.  vb.,  'to 
boast,  make  a  parade,  squander  with  osten- 
tation ' ;  unknown  to  OHG.  Goth.  *giwipa 
might  refer  to  OHG.  geicdn,  *  to  open  one's 
mouth  wide'  (see  galjiwn). — 'gJcrftni'tflcn, 
n.,  'pleasure,  enjoyment,  amusement,' Mod 
HG.  only,  from  late  MidHG.  Vtmiieffen 
and  genilegen,  'to  content,  satisfy.' 

DCrljcei'Crt,  vb.,  '  to  ravage,  devastate,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  verhem  (vcrhergen), 
OHG.  firherjdn;  lit.  'to  destroy  by  war.' 
See  .$eev. 

DCrlcmgctt,  vb.,  'to  claim,  demand,' 
from  MidHG.  (rare)  verlcwgen, '  to  desire 
ardently,'  usually  MidHG.  belangen,  '  to 
desire,  long  for.'  OSax.  langdn,  Du.  ver- 
langcn,  AS.  Igngian,  E.  to  long,  show  the 
correspondence  of  the  Tent,  languages. 
The  word  is  usually  regarded  as  an  old 
derivative  of  taiuj,  but  this  is  opposed  by 
the  meaning  ;  it  might  be  rather  compared 
with  the  cognates  of  gcliitgcn,  the  primary 
meaning  of  which  is  '  to  aim,  strive.' — 
t)Crfcf,^cn,  vb.,  '  to  hurt,  injure,'  from 
~Mk\llG. verletztcv,1  to  check,  injure,  wound'; 
allied  to  fcfccn. — vcrtftumbcn,  vb.,  'to 
calumniate,  slander,'  from  MidHG.  ver- 
liumden;  see  Setinuutb. — ©crlierett,  vb.,  'to 
lose,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  verlicscn, 
OHG.  virliosan;  a  common  Teut.  str.  vb., 
to  which  the  equiv. Goth.  fraliusan,AS.for- 
leOsan,  Du. verliez-  n  correspond.  Gr.  \va, '  to 
loosen '  (aXtvco,  '  to  avoid,  keep  far  away '  ?), 
Lat.  solvo  (partic.  so-M-tus),  'to  loosen' 
(Sans,  lit,  'to  tear  to  pieces'),  and  Goth. 
luns,  'ransom,'  which  point  to  an  Aryan  hi, 
are  closely  connected  with  the  Teut.  root 
lu*,  to  which  le3  and  Icfcu  are  also  related. 
— ^JcrltCS,  n.,  'subterranean  cave,  dun- 
geon, ModHG.  only,  lit. '  place  where  one  is 
lost'  (comp.  MidHG.  verliesen,  'to  kill '  ?), — 
t>erlobcn,  vb.,  'to engage, affiance, betroth,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  verloben;  lit.  'to 
promise,' in  which  8enseMidHG.</eZo6en  also 
occurs  ;  see  gclefcctt  and  8ct. — "j^erUtfl,  m  , 
'  loss,  damage,  injury,' from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  verlust,  OHG.  virlust,  f.  ;  a  verbal  ab- 
stract of  wltcrcn  (comp.  groji  with  fiicvcn). 
t>enndl)lcn,  vb.,  '  to  marry,  unite,' 
from  late  MidHG.  verm^helen,  usually 
rn^helen,  mahelen,  lit.  '  to  give  in  marriage 
to  a  man,'  also  '  to  take  to  wife,'  whence 
generally  '  to  affiance,  betroth,'     The  wopl 


is  usually  based  on  OHG.  mahal,  *  hall  of 
justice '  (see  SJiafyf  and  ©emaljl) ;  it  is  better 
to  proceed  from  the  equiv,  MidHG.  getna- 
helen,  OHG.  gimahalen,  which  are  deriva- 
tives of  OHG.  gimahala,  'spouse.'  For 
other  details  concerning  its  early  history 
see  ©cmaM.— pcrmcfTcn,  «(1J->  'daring, 
presumptuous,'  from  MidHG.  vemt^en, 
OHG.  firmeftwii  'daring,  bold';  a  partic. 
of  MidHG.  wmi;33a?i,  OHG.  Jirme^an, 
rcil.  'to  estimate  one's  strength  too  high, 
have  an  overweening  opinion  of  oneself.' — 
]2?ermoflen,  n.,  '  ability,  power,  wealth,' 
from  MidHG.  vermiigeny  n., '  power,  might, 
capability.'  An  in  unit,  used  as  a  subst., 
MidHG.  vermiigen,  rermugen,  'to  be  in  a 
position,  have  power,'  OHG.  furimugan  ; 
allied  to  Micijen,  2)?ad)t.  The  prep,  wrmcgr, 
'  in  virtue  ol '  (ModHG.  pnly),  is  based  on 
MidHG.  vermiige,  f.,  '  might,  power,'  and 
is  developed  like  haft. 

vevnidyicn,  vb., '  to  annihilate,  annul,' 
from  MidHG.  wmihten,  'to  annihilate, 
think  lightly  of;  allied  to  nicfyt. — ~j8ex- 
tutttff,  f.,  'reason,  understanding,'  from 
MidHG.  vernunft,  OHG.  firnunft,  f., 'ac- 
tivity of  perception,  sensual  perception, 
comprehension,  insight,  understanding'  ; 
abstract  of  Dentef)tnett,  'to  hear,  per- 
ceive, understand,'  MidHG.  vernemen,  OHG. 
firriiman,  '  to  perceive,  hear,  experience, 
grasp,  seize,  understand.'  These  figurative 
meanings  are  based  on  some  such  meaning 
as  in  Goth,  franimai), '  to  take  possession 
of,  seize.'  For  a  similar  evolution  see  vcr- 
0)(\\(i\  (with  different  senses  attached  to  the 
prefix)  ;  freojeifcii  has  been  similarly  de- 
veloped in  its  figurative  senses. 

tjcrpltttnpcm,  vb.,  'to  spill,  waste 
foolishly,'  ModHG.  only,  properly  $  LG. 
word,  of  onomatopoetic  origin. — t>cvpo- 
ncit,  vb.,  '  to  forbid  (under  penalties), 
proscribe,'  ModHG.  only,  from  Lat  poena 
(whence  also  *J>«iu). 

verqutefcen,  vb.,  'to  amalgamate  (with),' 
ModHG.  only,  lit.  perhaps  '  to  combine 
with  quicksilver ' ;  allied  to  Ottfrf jilber  (see 
also  crqutcfett). — nerquiffen,  vb.,  'to  spend 
foolishly,'  ModHG.  only,  from  Du.  Jcwisten, 
verkwisten,  '  to  squander,  lavish ' ;  comp. 
Goth,  fraqistjan,  '  to  destroy,  annihilate ' 
(usqistjaiiy  '  to  kill ').  Early  history  ob- 
scure. 

t>crrafctt,  vb.,  '  to  betray,  reveal,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  verrdten,  OHG.  firrd- 
tan ;  lit.  '  to  lead  astray  by  wrong  advice.' 
— pmcdtCJt,  vb., '  to  die'  (of  cattle),  from 


Ver 


(    377    ) 


Ver 


Mid  HO.  (rare)  verrecken, '  to  stretchout  the 
limbs  rigidly  in  death' ;  allied  to  recfett. — 
i>evrud)f,  adj.,  'infamous,  atrocious,'  from 
MidHG.  verruochet,  'heedless,  careless,' 
allied  to  MidHG.  verruochen,  'to  pay  no 
heed,  forget.'  The  meaning  of  the  Mod 
HQ.  adj.,  like  that  of  the  cognate  rud)(c$, 
is  under  the  influence  of  amfidnij,  fceutditigt, 
®enid)t,  vucfyfrar—  vetxix&t,  adj.,  'mad, 
crazy,'  ModHG.  only  ;  allied  to  MidHG, 
verriicken, '  to  move  from  the  spot,  confuse, 
disconcert.' 

"j^ers,  m.,  'verse,  couplet,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  vers,  fers,  m, 
and  n.,  which  was  adopted  in  the  OHG. 
period  (as  early  as  the  9th  cent.)  from  Lat. 
versus,  perhaps  contemporaneously  with 
£d)ule  i.nd  SKcijlcr.  Comp.  Jtafig,  fflricf, 
and  2>efpet  for  the  representation  of  Lat. 
v  by  HG.  /  (comp,  AS.  fers,  and  Dn.  vers). 

t>€tfd)xeben,  adj.,  'different,  distinct, 
various,'  ModHG.  only ;  not  from  wfd^eitcu, 
which  even  in  MidHG.  (verscheiden)  signi- 
fies specially  '  to  die,'  but  from  a  LG.  word  ; 
comp.  Du.  verscheiden  (for  which  under- 
scheiden  is  found  in  MidHG.). — t)Crfd)- 
IctflClt,  adj.,  'cunning,  crafty,  sly,'  pro- 
perly a  partic  of  MidHG.  verslahen,  which 
also  means  'to  cheat.' — vctf<$)mit$t,  adj., 
see  fdjmifcen.— vcrfd)fohcix,  adj.,  «dw 
torted,  perverse,  intricate,'  lit.  '  screwed 
the  wrong  way';  an  inorganic  partic.  of 
fcf/vau&en  ;  see  Sdjvaufce. — i)crfd)tt)enocn. 
vb.,  'to  squander,  waste,'  from  MidHG. 
versice,nden,  'to  break  to  pieces,  annihilate, 
consume,'  which  as  a  factitive  of  MidHG. 
verswinden,  ModHG.  vcvfd)»Mnfc«t,  '  to  dis- 
appear,' signifies  lit.  'to  cause  something 
to  disappear.' 

t)Crfcf)rCtt,  vb.,  '  to  wound,  injure, 
damage,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  se"ren,  lit. 
'  to  cause  pain' ;  allied  to  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
ser,  '  pain ' ;  6ee  fcljr. — vexflCQClX,  vb.,  '  to 
dry  up,'  ModHG.  only  ;  allied  to  MidHG. 
sigen,  OHG.  stgan,  str.  vb.,  'to  fall,  sink, 
flow,  trickle'  (see  feiljcu,  ftcfcrn) ;  tteriicgcii, 
lit.  '  to  flow  out  or  away.' — ttCrfdfjttCtt 
(s:ime  as  wruifyiKii),  vb.,  'to  reconcile,  atone 
lor,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  versiienen ; 
allied  to  <£i"d)ite.  The  accented  vowd  is 
derived  either  from  LG.  or  probably  from 
OBav.  and  OSwab.,  in  which,  late  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  ce  appears  before  n,  instead 
of  He  (gtcn  for  gum  ;  ten  for  tun). 

"j2?erftcm&,  m.,  'understanding,  intelli- 
gence, sense,'  from  MidHG.  verdant  (d), 
which  is  used  only  rarely  (in  the  sense  of 


'  explanation,  information' ) ;  comp.  Mid 
HG.  verstantnisse,  '  intelligence,  insight, 
understanding,'  to  which  MidHG.  verslendic, 
'intelligent,'  is  allied.  In  OHG,  too Jirstaut- 
nissi  is  most  frequently  used.  To  this  word 
is  allied  ModHG.  ©erf! el)en,  vb.,  'to  under- 
stand, comprehend,'  from  MidHG.  verstdn, 
OHG.  firstdn  (firstantan),  'to  perceive,  see 
into,  notice,  understand';  comp.  Du.  ver- 
staan,  AS.  forstgndan  (in  E.,  to  understand). 
How  the  meaning  can  be  derived  from  the 
root  of  jlcfyen  is  not  clear ;  it  is  usually 
referred  to  Gr.  inlaTapai,  '  to  understand,' 
compared  with  the  root  <tto,  '  to  stand.' — 
Dcrfiihmncln,  vb.,  'to  mutilate,'  from 
late  MidHG.  verstiimbelen ;  see  <2tummc(. 

ttcrfctbtgctt,  vb.,  'to  defend,  maintain, 
justify,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  verteidin- 
gen,  vertagedingen  (usually  lagedingen),  wk. 
vb.,  of  which  the  most  frequent  meaning 
is  'to  plead  before  a  tribunal,  settle  and 
adjust  by  agreement.'  Allied  to  MidHG. 
tagcdinc,  teidinc  (ff),  *  a  lawsuit  fixed  for  a 
certain  date,  court-d;ty,  negotiation,  assem- 
bly '  (with  the  meaning  '  gossip,  talk,'  comp. 
Sctbing).  OHG.  togadiiig, '  legal  summons, 
negotiations,'  is  based  on  tag  in  the  sense 
of  'fixed  period,' and  ding,  'judicial  pro- 
ceedings.'    Com]).  Du,  verdedigen. 

X>cvtva<kt ,  adj., '  distorted,  twisted,  odd, 
strange,'  properly  a  partic.  of  vcrtrerfni,  '  to 
confuse.' — t>etirctctert,  vb., '  to  carry  away, 
wear  out,  tolerate,'  from  MidHG.  vertregen, 
str.  vb., '  to  toler.de,  endure,  be  indulgent' ; 
hence  late  MidHG.  vertrac,  ModHG.  9kr- 
ttog,  m.,  'agreement,  treaty.'— uerf  ufd)Ctt, 
vb., '  to  hush  up,'  from  MidHG.  vertuschen, 
'  to  cover,  conceal,  keep  secret,  reduce  to 
silence'  (to  which  mbufct,  lit.  'stunned,'  ia 
allied  ?) ;  an  ouomatopoetic  term. 

UCrnmljriofl,  adj.,  'neglected,  spoilt,' 
properly  a  partic.  of  MidHG.  vericdrUWn, 
'  to  treat  negligently,'  based  on  OHG.  u-nra- 
16s,  'careless,  negligent'  (MidHG.  uwlotse, 
'  carelessness,  negligence ').  For  the  first 
part  of  the  compound  comp.  wafyrnclnitcn. — 
VCtirtanM ,  adj.,  '  related,  allied,  cognate,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  (rare)  vcr- 
wtint,  which  is  a  partic.  of  MidHG.  ver~ 
vrndcn  (with  the  rare  signification  '  to 
marry');  the  usual  term  in  MidHG.  was 
sippe  (OHG.  sippi),  adj.  Comp.  also  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  mdc,  nx,  'relative,  kins- 
man.'— ©crwcftctu  adj.,  'bold,  daring, 
rash,'  from  MidHG.  verwegen,  '  quick  and 
decided,'  a  partic.  of  verwegen,  '  to  decide 
quickly.' 


Ver 


(    378    ) 


Vie 


^criocts,  m.,  'reprimand, censure,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  verwt$,  in.  ;  allied 
to  tterroeifett,  from  MidHG.  verioiyn,  OHG. 
firut^an,  str.  vb.,  '  to  reprimand,  censure.' 
Comp.  Du.  verwijt,  n.,  'reprimand,'  and 
vencijten,  '  to  reproach,  upbraid,'  Goth. 
fraiceitan,  '  to  revenue.'  The  meaning  '  to 
punish '  also  belonged  to  the  simple  stem, 
as  is  shown  by  OSnx.  wtti,  OHG.  1^531 
(wttzi),  MidHG.  wty  (witze),  n.,  'punish- 
ment, tortures  of  hell.'  The  Teut.  root 
wit,  '  to  punish,'  is  based  on  the  common 
Aryan  root  inrf,  '  to  see,'  on  which  are 
based  Lat.  videre,  Gr.  Ibdv  (for  further  cog- 
nates of  this  root  see  tt»ifteii)  ;  comp.  Goth. 
fainceitjan,  '  to  look  around,'  and  icitan, 
1  to  observe.'  The  development  of  mean- 
ing is  usually  compared  with  that  of  Lat. 
animadvertere,  'to perceive,  punish.'  Hence 
93ero?eu5  is  not  directly  connected  with 
tteifen  ;  to  the  latter  venwifeit,  '  to  misdirect ' 
(obsolete),  is  allied. — tJCrrocfen,  vb.,  'to 
decay,  rot,'  from  MidHG.  verwesen  (OHG. 
*firwe-ian),  str.  vb.,  'to  come  to  nothing, 
pass  away,  destroy.'  Comp.  Goth,  frawisan, 
'  to  consume,  waste,  squander'  (note  fra- 
icairpan,  '  to  be  destroyed ').  However 
clearly  these  seem  to  point  to  a  connection 
with  SBefen  (root  ices,  'to  be'),  yet  OHG. 
wesanSn,  'to  get  dry,  rotten,'  Olc.  visenn, 
*  faded,  decayed,'  and  AS.  weornian, '  to  de- 
stroy,' suggest  a  Teut.  and  Aryan  root  wis, 
'  to  decay,'  from  which  Gr.  16s,  Lat.  virus  (for 
*vi$v$),  Sans,  viia,  'poison,'  are  derived. — 
"jjferrocfcr,  m.,  'administrator,  manager,' 
cannot  of  course  be  derived  from  the  pre- 
ceding word  ;  it  belongs  to  MidHG.  ver- 
wesen, '  to  manage,  provide,  look  after ' ; 
Goth.  *faftrawisan,  '  to  manage,'  recalls 
Goth.  *fa&ragaggja,  '  steward '  (lit.  '  prede- 
cessor') ;  thus  the  prefixes  ver-  of  the  two 
MidHG.  words  verwesen  are  of  different 
origin. 

t>crn>icf)en,  partic,  '  past,  late,  former,' 
from  venreicfcen. — ttetroirren,  see  tmrr. — 
Detroit  fern,  vb.,  '  to  decompose,  decav,' 
ModHG.  only.  Allied  to  E.  'to  wither,' 
from  MidE.  widren,  '  to  wither,  vanish ' ; 
also  primitively  to  Lith.  vystu  (vysti),  '  to 
wither,'  pavaitinti,  '  to  cause  to  wither.' 

©erjctljen,  vb.,  '  to  pardon,  excuse,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  verzthen,  which 
usually  means  '  to  deny,  refuse,'  then  '  to 
renounce,  abandon.'  To  this  93er$idjt  and 
written  are  allied. 

"^efper,  f., '  vespers,  evening,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vesper,  OHG.  vespera,  f., 


which  was  adopted  contemporaneously 
with  monastic  institutions  (comp.  SWette 
and  9lone),  from  Lat.  vespera  (whence  also 
Ital.  vespro,  Fr.  vepre\  The  primit.  kin- 
ship of  the  Lat.  with  the  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  word  is  inconceivable,  because  the 
correspondence  of  Lat.  v  with  OHG.  v  (/) 
is  found  only  in  OHG.  loan-words  (see 
*8ocjt  and  J?aftj). 

"gJeffel,  f.,  'slut,'  from  late  MidHG. 
vetel,  f.  ;  formed  from  the  equiv.  Lat. 
vetula. 

"gJeffer,  m.,  'cousin,'  from  MidHG. 
veter,  vetere,  m.,  'father's  brother,  brother's 
son,'  OHG.  fetiro,  faterro,  fatureo,  m., 
'  uncle' ;  for  the  change  of  meaning  comp. 
9lfjfe  and  Dftetm.  The  earlier  meaning  is 
'father's  brother,' as  is  indicated  by  the  cleat- 
connection  with  5?ater,  by  AS.  faedera, 
'uncle'  (with  fatSu,  'aunt'),  and  also  by 
the  non-Teut.  correspondences  which  point 
to  Aryan  paturyo-,  patrwyo-,  '  uncle  on  the 
fathers  side.'  Comp.  Lat.  patruns,  Gr. 
irarpas  (from  *irarpaos),  Sans,  pitrvya,  Zend 
tAirya  (from  *ptArya),  'father's  brother.* 
In  ModHG.  dialects  '-Better  has  acquired 
the  signification  of  ^fetter,  'sponsor,  god- 
father' (MidHG.  pfetter,  equiv.  to  Ital. 
patrino,  see  $ate),  perhaps  by  connecting 
it  with  ©esatter. 

"jDtef),  n., '  cattle,  beast,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vihe,  vehe  (with  the  dial,  variant 
vich,  ModHG.  iBted?),  OHG.  fiku,  fehn,  n. 
The  word  is  common  to  Teut.  and  Aryan  ; 
comp.  Goth,  fafhu,  AS.  feoh,  Du.  vee, 
'  cattle.'  Corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Sans. 
pacu,  Lat  pecu, pecus,  which  point  to  Aryan 
peku,  'cattle.'  The  word  was  probably 
applied  originally  only  to  domestic  cattle 
(comp.  also  £ter,  2Rantt),  for  Sans,  pacu  has 
the  special  sense  '  flock,'  and  Lat.  pecus, 
'small  cattle,  sheep.'  Hence  it  is  easily 
explicable  how  the  word  acquired  in  several 
groups  the  meanings  '  goods,  possession, 
money'  (concerning  the  system  of  barter 
comp.  also  @d)a£) ;  comp.  Lat.  pecAlium, 
'  property,'  pecAnia,  '  property,  money.' 
Goth,  faihu,  'money,'  AS.  feoh,  '  cattie, 
money,'  E./ee. 

tJtef,  adv.  and  adj.,  '  much,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  vil,  vile,  OHQ.fil'u,  subst. 
and  adv. ;  properly  the  neut.  of  a  pre- 
Teut.  adj.  felu-.  of  which,  however,  the 
OTeut.  dialects  have  preserved  only  scanty 
relics  ;  comp.  Goth,  filu  (and  the  gen.  filaiis, 
adv.,  'by  much'),  AS.  feolu  (feala),  Du. 
veel,  OSax.  filu,  '  much.'    The  Teut.  adj. 


Vie 


(     379    ) 


Vor 


filu,  from  *felu-,  is  based  on  Aryan  adj. 
pelu  (polti-),  from  which  Sans.purft,  OPers. 
paru,  Gr.  irokv-,  Olr.  il,  'much,'  are  de- 
rived ;  so  too  Lat.  poll  re,  'to  be  strong.' 
The  root  of  these  cognates  is  the  same  as 
in  *c((,  which  see.  The  disappearance  of 
the  old  adj.  felu-  was  due  chiefly  to  the 
cognates  of  mattdjft  (Goth,  manags)  ;  yet 
the  other  Aryan  languages  use  the  adj. 
only  sparingly. — "gHelfralfj,  m.,  'glutton, 
Ursus  gulo,'  ModHG.  only,  a  corruption 
of  Scand.  fjallfress,  m.,  'mountain  bear.' — 
t)icllctd)t,  adv.,  from  MidHG.  vil  lilite, 
lit.  '  very  easy,'  then  *  probably,'  finally 
'  perhaps.' 

trier,  num.,  '  four,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vier,  OHG.  fior ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  f.icar,  Du.  vier,  AS.  feower,  fediver, 
E.  four;  the  AS.  variant  ft/Her-  (in  com- 
pounds) points,  like  the  corresponding 
Goth,  jidw&r  (fidur-),  to  a  primary  form 
detwor,  petur,  for  qetwor,  qetur.  The  latter 
forms  show  that  Teut.  via-  is  connected 
with  Lat.  quattuor,  Gr.  riao-apts  (nlo-vpfs), 
Sans,  catur,  OSlov,  cetyri,  '  four.'  The 
common  Aryan  qetur-,  ktru-,  is  also  indi- 
cated by  ModHG.  9taute  (from  hrA<16-, 
equiv.  to  ktrd-td,  lit.  '  quaternitv.' — "gHer- 
fctf,  n.,  'quarter' ;  for  the  suffix,  see  Xtil. 

"3SHfietr,  n.  '  visor,'  borrowed  in  the  15th 
cent,  from  the  equiv.  ItuL.  visiero,  Fr. 
visiere. 

*25t36om,  m.,  '  viceregent,'  from  Mid 
HG.  viztuom,  m.,  'governor,  administra- 
tor ' ;  formed  from  vicedominus,  whence 
also  Fr.  vidame. 

fticgt,  see  gficS. 
Oftel,  m.,  '  bird,  fowl,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  vogel,  OHG.  fogal,  m.  ;  a  common 
Teut.  term  ;  comp.  Goth,  fugls,  AS.  fugol. 
~E.fowl,  Du.  vogel,  OSax.  fugal,  m.,  'bird.' 
This  specifically  Teut.  word  has  no  exact 
correspondence  in  non-Teut.  Teut./«?Za- 
is  perhaps  derived  from  the  Teut.  root  flng, 
'to  fly,'  thus  connecting  the  word  with 
©cjlii^el  (for  which  geviigele  occurs,  however, 
in  MidHG.)  as  the  collective  of  SBegtl 
Others  prefer  to  connect  it  with  %\\ft)$, 
which  is  regarded  as  'the  animal  with  a 
tail.'  There  is  no  term  in  Tent,  correspond- 
ing to  Lat.  avis,  Sans,  vi,  '  bird.' 

"j^Oflf,  m.,  'overseer,  steward,  bailiff,' 
from  MidHG.  vogt,  voget,  OHG.  fdgat 
(*fogdt),  m.  ;  from  MidLat.  vocdtus,  with 
the  pronunciation  of  the  Lat.  v  like/,  as 
in  33cr«,  Q3cfj?cr  (comp.  Xcifo).  The  Mid 
Lat  term  is  for  advocatus  (whence  OHG. 


pfogdt)  ;  comp.  Fr.  avou4,  '  defender  of  a 
church  or  abbey,  attorney.'  MidLat.  advo- 
catus signified  lit.  '  legal  assistant,'  whenre 
the  meanings  'guardian'  (MidHG.  and 
ModHG.  dial.)  and  'patron,  protector.' 
MidHG.  voget  denotes  also  '  the  protector 
of  the  Romish  Church,  King  or  Emperor 
of  Rome,  king  and  ruler  (generally),'  and 
further  '  governor,  legal  official.' 

"gfolft,  n.,  '  people,  nation,  soldiery, 
troops,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  vole  (k), 
OHG.  folc,  n.  (rarely  m.) ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  folk,  Du.  volk,  AS.  folc,  E.  folk; 
OIc.  folk,  'people,  troops,  detachment.' 
The  latter  seems  to  be  the  primary  mean- 
ing, from  which  Lith.  pulkas, '  heap,  crowd,' 
and  OSlov.  pluku,  '  troops,'  are  borrowed. 
The  connection  of  the  word  with  Lat. 
vulgus  is  uncertain,  for  it  is  very  dubious 
whether  the  Lat.  word  and  the  Teut.  cog- 
nates can  be  based  on  a  primary  form, 
qelgos,  qolgos. 

DOtl,  adj.,  'full,  complete,  entire,'  from 
the  tquiv.  MidHG.  vol  (11),  OHG.  fol  (11) ; 
a  common  Teut.  adj.,  corresponding  to 
the  equiv.  Goth,  fulls,  AS.  and  E.  full, 
Dn.  vol,  and  OSax.  full.  Allied  to  ffdleit, 
which  see.  The  other  Aryan  languages 
also  preserve  a  corresponding  plno-  (In 
becomes  Teut.  II) ;  comp.  Sans,  pdrnd, 
Zend  parena,  Lith.  pilnas,  OSlov.  plunfi, 
Olr.  Ian  (for  pldno-),  Lat.  plinus,  '  full ' 
(manipulus,  'handful').  The  Lat.  adj.  is 
a  partic.  in  no-,  from  the  root  pU,  'to  fill' 
(Lat.  compUre,  impUre  ;  Gr.  TripivKrjpt,  from 
the  root  7rX?;),  which  appears  in  Sans,  as 
pur,  prd,  '  to  fill.'  The  cognates  of  »ict 
belong  to  the  similar  root  pel. — vollkom- 
men,  adj.,  '  perfect,  complete,'  from  Mid 
HG.  volkumen,  '  accomplished,  grown  up, 
complete ' ;  properly  a  partic.  of  MidHG. 
volkumen,  '  to  reach  the  end  or  goal.' 

von,  prep.,  'of,  from,  concerning,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  von,  vone  (dial,  van), 
OHG.  fona  (fan a) ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
fon,  fan,  fana, '  of,'  Du.  van.  The  pre-Teut. 
pana,  on  which  the  word  is  based,  is  rightly 
regarded  as  an  extension  of  the  shortened 
Aryan  form  apo,  which  is  discussed  under  ab. 

t>or,  adv.  and  prep.,  '  before,'  from  Mid 
HG.  vor,  vore,  OHQ.fora;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  faur  and  faiira,  '  before,'  OSax. 
for,  fora,  Du.  vor,  AS.  and  E.  for.  In  non- 
Teut.  are  found  the  correspondences  Sans. 
purd  ami  purds,  *  before,'  with  pra,  Gr. 
ndpos  with  rrpo  ;  ModHG.  fur,  as  well  as 
Lat  pro,  are  more  remotely  allied. 


Vor 


(    380    ) 


Wac 


DOrbcr,  adj.,  '  front,  anterior,  foremost,' 
from  MidHG.  vorder,  OHO.  fordar,  adj., 
•  standing  at  the  head  of,  former,  anterior' ; 
an  old  comparative  with  the  Aryan  suffix 
tero-  (Gr.  -Tfpo- ;  comp.  aubec  from  anfrero-). 
Goth.  *fadrpara-  is  wanting  ;  the  connec- 
tion with  the  root  of  Goth,  fafira  (see  i>or) 
is  apparent;  comp.  Sans.  pArva,  'being 
before  or  in  front,'  with  purds,  purd,  '  be- 
fore.' Surf*,  ferbent,  and  ferbent  (comp.  also 
SUts orbmi)  are  also  allied. 

t»orbattocit,  adv., 'at  hand,  extant,'  from 
*cr  danbcit,  lit  '  before  the  hands ' ;  comp. 
a&hattb««  (and  beljenbe). 


^ormunb,  OS.,  'guardian,  tutor,'  from 
MitlHG.  vormunt  (d),  also  vormunde,  vor- 
munde, m.,  '  intercessor,  protector,  guar- 
dian,' OHG.  foramunto,  m.,  *  intercessor.' 
Allied  to  SWtmb  (2),  under  which  another 
equiv.  word  is  mentioned  (comp.  also  5$o»jt). 

t»ont,  adv.,  'in  front,  before,'  from  the 
equiv. MidHG.  vorn,  vorne  (vornen,  vorndn); 
in  OHG.  the  equiv.  forna  is  used  only  in 
dialects  as  an  adv.  of  place.  A  derivative 
of  Teut.  for-,  appearing  in  vor  and  fur. 

»orrtcr)m,  adj.,  '  distinguished,  aristo- 
cratic,' from  MidHG.  viirnceme, '  preferable, 
distinguished ' ;  comp.  aiujeuefjm. 


W. 


jJSaare,  see  ©are, 

g8abe,  f.,  'honeycomb,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wabe,  m.  and  f.  (waben,  m.X  OHG. 
waba,  f.  (wabo,  m.) ;  lit.  perhaps  '  texture,' 
allied  to  toeben.  It  is  scarcely  connected 
with  Lat.  favHS.     Allied  also  to  SBaffd. 

WCibetn,  vb.,  '  to  be  agitated,'  from 
MidHG.  wabem,  <to  be  in  motion,  move 
to  and  fro';  comp.  OIc  vafra,  'to  move 
to  and  fro.' — "g&aberlofye,  f.,  'flickering 
flame,'  formed  like  the  equiv.  OIc.  vafr- 
logi. 

tVCld),  adj.,  '  awake,  on  the  alert,'  a  re- 
markably late  word  (of  the  last  cent.), 
which  is  entirely  wanting  in  the  earlier 
periods  and  dialects  (in  MidHG.  wacker, 
see  ftxtcfer) ;  a  recent  derivative  of  iwrffii 
and  luachcn.  The  latter  is  an  old  form  ; 
comp.  MidHG.  wadien,  OHG.  wahhin,  'to 
wake,  be  awake,'  OSax.  wak6n,  Dn.  waken, 
AS.  toacian,  warScan,  E.  to  wake,  watch ; 
also  in  Goth,  waken,  str.  vb., '  to  be  awake, 
watch.'  For  the  early  history  of  the  eog- 
nates  see  the  causative  toecfen.  The  abstract 
form  ~gScid)C,  f.,  'guard,  watch,'  is  from 
MidHG.  (very  rare)  teach e,  for  which  wahte, 
f.  (ModHG.  HBacbt),  is  the  usual  term ;  to 
this  ModHG.  |»3#df)fer,  m.,  'watch,  guar- 
dian,'from  MidHG.  waht&re  is  allied. 

"g0ad)r)olber,  m.,  'juniper,  gin';  the 
word  has  attained  its  present  form  by  many 
inorganic  changes ;  it  is  based  on  the  equiv. 
OHG.  w'ehhalturia  (MidHG.  w'echeltwre) 
and  wehhaltar  (MidHG.  wecholter) ;  in  Mid 
HG.  also  icachalter,  qiteckolter,  reckholter 
(still  represented  by  the  modern-  Alem. 
form  SRecFftefccr).  &o(unber  and  SWafsfyolber 
show  that  the  derivative  syllable  is  Mid 


HG.  -ter;  as  in  the  ense  of  SKa^fjcfber,  the 
final  syllables  were  changed  to  £elb<r,  equiv. 
to  £cluuber.  The  signification  of  the  I 
derivative,  OHG.  *wehhal,  'juniper'  (also 
*io'ehhan-  in  dial,  ©actyanbd),  is  entirely 
inexplicable. 

^0acf)S,  11.,  '  wax,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  waks,  n.,  common  to  Teut. 
in  the  same  sense ;  comp.  OIc.  vox,  AS. 
weahs,  E.  irax,  LG.  and  Du.  teas.  OSlov. 
(Russ.)  voskH,  Lith.  wdszkas, '  wax,'  perhaps 
borrowed  from  OTeut»r  are  closely  related 
to  this  word. 

tt>achfeit,  vb., '  to  grow,  increase,  thrive,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wahsen,  OHG. 
wthmn,  str,  vK ;  corresponding  to  the 
equiv.  Goth,  wahsjan,  OSax.  icahsan,  Du. 
wassen,  AS.  xceaxan,  E.  to  wax.  The  Teut. 
root  wdhs  contained  in  these  words,  and 
perhaps  cognate  with  that  of  ttfcfrn,  appears 
in  non-Teut.  as  weks,  uks;  comp.  Sins. 
vaks,  11H,  '  to  grow  strong  or  tall,'  Zend 
t(\s,  Gr.  dfgco  (av^ava),  '  to  strengthen,  in- 
crease, »row';  comp.  Dcfjff. 

^Sktchfcf,  f.,  'quail,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wa/del,  OHG.  wahtala,  f.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  AS.  wyhtel  (rare ;  usually  crsc- 
hen).  The  term  looks  like  a  derivative  of 
2i3ud)t  (root  wak,  *  to  be  awake ').  It  is 
probable,  however,  that  the  word  has  at- 
tained its  present  form  by  many  changes  ; 
comp.  Du.  kicalckel,  kicartel,  'qnail'  (pho- 
netically cognate  with  MidLat.  quaccila, 
Fr.  quaille,  Ital.  quaglia.,  c quail').  The 
word  for  'quail,'  common  to  Sans,  and  Gr. 
but  unknown  to  Teut.,  was  wortok,  wortog; 
comp.  Sans,  vartikd,  Gr.  &otv£,  '  qnail.' 

~£&ci(kc,  f.,  '  wacke,  toaustone,'  from  Mid 


Wac 


(    381    ) 


Wah 


HG.  wacke,  m.,  'rock-flint,  block  of  stone 
projecting  from  the  ground,'  OHG.  *iracko- 
(from  the  base  waggo),  m.,  '  pebble,  flint.' 
Further  cognates  are  wanting. 

tt>acfceht,  vb.,  'to  shake,  rock,  tolter,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MiilHG.  wackeln  (and 
also  icacken).  An  intensive  form  from  Mid 
HG.  icagen,  OHG.  wag6n, '  to  move,  totter, 
shake'  ;  comp.  Du.  waggeleny  'to  shake,' 
AS.  wagian,  also  E.  to  wag  (from  AS. 
*waggian).  These  cognates  are  certainly 
more  closely  related  to  ModHG.  itntgm 
(Teut.  root  weg,  from  the  Aryan  root  wegh) 
than  to  the  cognates  of  nwufeiL 

tVCl&ev,  adj.,  '  valiant,  gallant,  honest/ 
from  MidHG.  wacker  (teacher),  OHG. 
wacchar  (ivahhar),  adj.,  '  cheerful,  lively, 
awake ' ;  comp.  Du.  wakker, '  awake,  awak- 
ened, cheerful,  powerful,' AS.  icacor,  'awake/ 
OIc.  wakr,  '  stirring,  awake.'  An  old  de- 
rivative (corresponding  to  Sans,  vigra, 
'  powerful,  active ')  from  the  Teut.  root 
wak,  '  to  be  stirring,  brisk '  (see  luccfett) ; 
comp.  also  tiwdf. 

■  "gSiabe,  f.,  'calf  (of  the  leg),  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wade,  m.  (used  chiefly  in 
the  plur.),  OHG.  wado,  m.  j  comp.  the 
equiv.  Du.  wade.  OIc.  vg'Qve,  m., '  muscle,' 
shows  that  the  more  general  meaning  was 
'muscle';  OHG.  wado  (accus.  wadun)  is 
based  on  Teut.  wafiivo,  m.  There  are  no 
cognates  in  the  non-Teut.  languages. 

^KJaffe,  f.,  'weapon,'  from  the  equiv. 
Mid  HG.  waffen,wdfen,  OHG.  waffan,  wdfavy 
i>.,  'weapon,  sword,  armour' ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth,  wipna,  n.  plur.,  '  weapons,' 
AS.  wcepn,  E.  weapon,  Du.  wapen.  Comp. 
also  2Bapv>en.  Teut.  wepno-  (wapono-)  as- 
sumes a  Teut.  webono-  (wobono-) ;  its  con- 
nection with  the  equiv  Gr.  onXov  (lit. 
'utensil')  is  conceivable  by  assuming  a 
double  root,  wop,  wob.  Whether  this  root 
is  identical  with  the  Sans,  root  rap,  'to 
scatter,  sow,'  in  which  case '  missile '  would 
be  the  primary  meaning  of  SBafff,  is  uncer- 
tain. 

■pjaffcf,  f.,  'waffle,  wafer,'  ModHG. 
only,  properly  a  LG.  word  ;  comp.  Du. 
wafel  (hence  E.  waffle).  The  SBaffcl  was  so 
called  from  its  resemblance  to  the  honey- 
comb, for  the  Fr.  term  gaufre  signifies  botli 
'  honeycomb '  and  '  waftle.'  Comp.  E. 
wafrr  and  9Daf>r. 

JHfegf/f.,  'balance,'  from  MidHG.  wdge, 
OHG.  wdga,  f.,  'balance,  weighing*. ma- 
chine '  (allied  to  hvigen).  Corresponding  to 
OSax.  icdga,  Du.  tcaag,  AS.  wd-g  (whence 


E  to  weigh),  OIc.  vdg,  f.,  '  balance.'    Allied 
to  the  Teut.  root  weg  in  iMfijeit. 

"jKJetflen,  m., '  vehicle,  carriage,  waggon,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wagen,  OHG. 
wagaiiy  m. ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
Du.  wagen,  AS.  wcegn,  E.  wain,  OIc.  vagnt 
'  waggon.'  Based  on  the  Teut.  root  weg  (see 
SBeg) ;  from  the  corresponding  Aryan  root 
wtghy  woghy  'to  drag,  drive,'  are  derived 
Gr.  *i\os,  Lat.  vehiculum,OIc.fen,  'waggon.' 
The  Aryan  words  {Rab  and  9Jabe  show  that 
vehicles  were  used  in  primitive  times  ;  for 
the  Aryan  root  wegh,  '  to  drag,  to  move  on/ 
see  lrfvien. — "gStegiter,  m.,  'cartwright' 
from  MidHG.  wagener, '  cartwright,  driver, 
carrier/  OHG.  wagandri,  'cartwright'; 
hence  the  proper  name  ©agner. 
•  tVCtftext,  vb\,  'to  venture,  risk/  from 
MidHG.  wdjen,  wk„  vb.,.  'to  hazard,  ven- 
ture/ lit. '  to  put  in  the  scales.'  MidHG. 
wdge,  f.,  'balance/  also  means  'uncertain 
result' ;  the  word  is  unknown  to  ModHG. 
in  this  sense. 

ttKtgen,  vb.,  'to  weigh/  from  MidHG, 
we'gen;  identical  with  fttegen. 

jJSaf)!,  f.,  '  choice,  election/  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wal,  OHG.  wala,  f. ;  to  this 
is  allied  ModHG.  todljteit,  'to  choose/  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  weln,  wellen,  OHG. 
wellen  (from  *waljan),  wk.  vb.  Comp.  OIc. 
val,  n.,  'choice/  with  velja,  'to  select.' 
Allied  to  the  Aryan  root  wel,  'to  wish/ 
appearing  in  ivcflcit. 

33cil)irtaff,  jEJairiaH,  f,  'field  of 
battle/  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wahtat,  f. ; 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  teal,  m.,  f.,  and  n.,  has 
also  the  same  meaning.  The  correspond- 
ing AS.  wozl  signifies  'those  left  on  the 
battlefield/  also  'corpse'  (to  which  waU 
stfiw,  '  place  of  combat/  is  allied)  ;  comp. 
OIc.  valr,  '  the -corpses  on  the  battlefield/ 
valfgftr  (lit.  '  father  of  the  dead ').  It  is 
impossible  to  recognise  in  this  primit.  word 
a  derivative  of  the  root  of  lvablen,  as  if  it 
meant '  the  chosen  favourites  of  the  god  of 
war,  who  were  led  away  by  the  Valkyres.' 
It  is  rather  based  on  a  root  wdl,  '  destruc- 
tion/ which  appears  also  in  OHG.  wiiol,  'de- 
feat,' AS.  w6l,  'plague,  pestilence' ;  allied 
to  hridjlcn?.  —  gSalfturc,  f.,  'Valkyre,' 
formed  from  OIc.  valkyrja  (AS.  walcyrie),  f., 
prop.  '  a  divine  maiden  who  makes  a  selec- 
tion of  the  slain  on  the  field  of  battle/  Sue 
ficffit. 

;2tUiI)ti,  m.,' illusion, delusion/ from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  wdn,  m.,  '  uncertain,  un- 
founded opinion,  supposition,  belief,  hoping, 


Wah 


(    382    ) 


Wai 


thoughts.'  The  word  (comp.  Slrfltr-cfnt)  did 
not  originally  contain  the  secondary  mean- 
ing '  want  of  foundation,'  as  is  shown  by 
OSax.  wdn,  AS.  teen,  Goth,  wins,  '  ex- 
pectation, hope.'  Hence  the  derivative 
tt)dr)tten,  '  to  think,  believe,  suppose,' 
MidHG.  women,  OHG.  wdnnen  (from  *u*?n- 
jan),  '  to  mean,  suppose,  hope,'  comp.  the 
equiv.  Goth.  winjan,  AS.  winan,  OSax. 
wdnian.  The  nominal  stem  w4ni  is  not 
related  to  any  terms  in  non-Tent.  (Aryan 
root  wi  ?,  ghwi,  ghi  ?),  unless  it  be  connected 
with  the  root  wen,  'to  love,'  from  which 
OHG.  and  OSax.  wini,  '  friend,'  Sans,  van, 
'  to  love,'  and  Lat.  venerari,  '  to  venerate,' 
are  derived. 

'g&a&nftrm,  m.,  'frenzy,  madness,  de- 
liriuni.'  It  has  properly  no  connection 
whatever  with  the  preceding  word  ;  it  first 
occurs  in  Mod  HG.,  and  is  an  imitation  of  the 
earlier  ~g3<xt)nwitft,  m.,  'delirium,'  which 
is  based  on  MidHG.  wanwitzec,  w&nwitze, 
OHG.  wdnaicizzi,  adj.,  'unintelligible,  void 
of  understanding.'  SQathitoty  is  the  sole 
relic  of  an  old  method  of  forming  com- 
pounds with  icana-,  '  wanting,'  which  is 
especially  preserved  in  Scand. ;  comp.  also 
OHG.  wanaheil,  'sickly,'  lit.  perhaps  'defi- 
cient in  health ';  thus  too  OHG.  wanawizzi, 
*  deficient  in  sense.'  Goth,  wans, '  deficient, 
lacking,'  OIc.  vanr,  *  lacking,'  is  an  old 
partic.  with  the  suffix  ana,  from  the  Aryan 
root  U,  'to  be  empty,'  from  which  obe  is 
derived  ;  comp.  the  Zend  root  u.  '  to  want,' 
Sans.  ■Ana,  '  wanting,'  and  OHG.  wandn, 
'to  diminish.' 

tt>cthr,  adj.,  '  true,  real,  genuine,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wdr  (also 
MidHG.  wane,  OHG.  wdri) ;  corresponding 
to  OSax.  wdr,  Dn.  waar,  *  true.'  A  genuine 
Teut.  word,  found  only  in  a  few  languages  ; 
Lat.  virus,  Olv.fir,  'true'  (and  also  OSlov. 
vgru,  'belief'),  are  primitively  allied  to 
it ;  its  primit.  meaning  has  not  been  dis- 
covered. In  Goth.,  only  *<MZM;^rs,  'doubt- 
ful,' appears  to  be  cognate  ;  but  Goth. 
unwirs,  'indignant,' OHG.  mitiwdri,  'mild,' 
probably  belong  to  another  class.  The 
word  for  '  true '  in  Goth,  is  sunjis,  in  AS., 
s6f>,  which  are  related  to  ModHG.  fcitt, 
Aryan  root  es;  'the  true'  is  thus  'the 
existent,'  which  suggests  a  connection  be- 
tween Lat.  virus,  equiv.  to  Teut.  wero-, 
through  the  medium  of  a  prehistoric  form, 
*wes-r6-,  with  the  Aryan  root  wes,  '  to  be  ' 
(see  fflcffit). 

tvetbrett,  vb.,  '  to  watch  over,  preserve,' 


from  MidHG.  warn,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  notice,  be 
careful,  pay  attention  to' ;  OHG.  only  in 
biwardn  (the  same  as  MidHG.  beicarn,  Ifod 
HG.  betoafyren,  '  to  keep,  preserve ').  Comp. 
the  corresponding  OSax.  wardn,  *  to  pay 
attention  to.'  From  Ger.  is  derived  Fr. 
se  garer,  '  to  guard  against,  mind '  ;  but  Fr. 
gurnir  (Ital.  guamire),  'to  furnish,  stock,' 
is  based  on  the  equiv.  OHG.  warn&n, 
MidHG.  warnen,  which,  like  wafyren,  is  de- 
rived from  the  same  root  war,  '  to  take  care 
of,  look  after.'  To  this  is  allied  OHG.  and 
OSax.  wara,  MidHG.  war,  i.,  'attention,' 
still  preserved  in  tt>af)rnei)tnen,  '  to  per- 
ceive,' from  MidHG.  war  riimen,  OHG.  and 
OSax.  wara  neman,  '  to  pay  attention  to, 
perceive'  (in  OHG.  and  MidHG.  construed 
with  the  genit.),  lit  'to  have  regard  to.' 
The  Teut.  root,  w  .r,  '  to  take  heed,  notice,' 
is  rightly  regarded  as  primit.  cognate  with 
Gr.  6paa>,  '  I  see'  (Aryan  root  wor,  to  which 
warten  is  also  allied). 

ti>&f)ten,  vb.,  '  to  last,  continue,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  icmi,  OHG.  werin,  wk. 
vb.  ;  allied  to  OSax.  wardn,  '  to  last.'  The 
r  of  these  verbs  is  based  on  an  old  s,  which 
leads  to  a  connection  with  the  Aryan  root 
wes,  'to  be'  (comp.  SSefen).  Deriv.  trcih- 
retto,  prep,  and  conj.,  'during,  pending, 
whilst,'  properly  a  partic. 

^3ar)rung,  f., '  fixed  value  or  standard,' 
from  MidHG.  werunge,  'guaranteed  alloy.' 

tvarjirnebmen,  see  toafcren. 

j!9abrfagcr,  m.,  '  soothsayer,  prophet,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  (rare)  wdr~ 
safjer,  which  is  properly  LG.  Comp.  OSax. 
wdrsago,  '  prophet,'  and  lwipfagcn. 

23ar)ri»olf,  see  SBerwdE, 

^3af)t30id)en,  n.,  'mark,  token,  omen, 
signal,'  from  MidHG.  warzeichen,  n.,  'token, 
mark,'  for  which  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wortzeichen  (OSax.  wordtikan),  n.,  is 
ordinarily  used.  The  word  has  been  cor- 
rupted ;  its  primit.  form  and  meaning  are 
obscure.  Comp.  also  the  cognate,  OIc. 
jurtein,  '  token  of  recognition.' 

^JSato,  m.,  '  woad,  blue  dye,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  weit,  m. ;  corre- 
sponding to  the  equiv.  Du.  weede,  AS.  wdd, 
E.  woad,  Goth.  *uaida-  (for  which  wizdila, 
'  woad,'  is  found,'  whence  Mid  Lat.  guas- 
diurn,  Fr.  gu&de).  From  Teut.  is  derived 
the  equiv.  Rom.  cognate,  Ital.  guado.  Lat. 
vitrum,  '  woad,'  is  historically  related  to 
the  Teut.  cognates,  which  may  be  based 
on  pre-Teut.  waitd. 

jjHaiomann,  see  SBeifce  (2). 


Wai 


(    383    ) 


Wal 


^3aifc,  f.  (m.),  '  orphan,'  from  MidHG. 
weise,  OHG.  weiso  (*weissol),  m.,  'parent- 
less  child,'  also  'fatherless  or  motherless 
child  *  (the  masc.  seems  to  be  used  in  Mid 
HG.  for  the  fern,  also)  ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  wees,  OFris.  wesa,  '  orphan.'  The  base 
(Teut.  waisjdnV)  is  probably  derived  from 
an  Aryan  root  meaning 'to  rob';  comp. 
Sans,  vidh,  '  to  become  empty '  (see  SBittrc). 
In  Goth,  a  diminutive  of  2Bttl»e  (see  Dime 
and  @tcr/fyoni),  widuwalrna,  m.,  signifies 
'orphan.' 

"g8alb,  m., '  wood,  forest,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wait  (d),  OHG.  uald,  n.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  wald,  Dm  would,  AS. 
weald,  ~E.wold,  OIc. vallr,  Goth.  *ualpus,  m., 
'wood.'  Teut.  walpu-s,  from  which  OFr. 
gaut,  'brushwood,'  is  borrowed,  points  to 
pre-Teut.  waltus  (waHwosI),  to  which  Gr. 
ttXa-os  (for  *Fa\rFos  i\  'grove,'  and  Sans. 
vdta  (from  *valta),  '  garden,  district,'  are 
probably  related.  Tne  connection  with 
nutb  is  uncertain. 

^Jfalftfd),  m.,  '  whale,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  walvisch,  OHG.  walfisc,  m.  The 
first  component  was  orig.  sufficient  to  de- 
signate a  whale  ;  comp.  Mod  HG.,  MidHG., 
and  OHG.  wal,  AS.  hwcel,  OIc.  hvalr,  m., 
'  whale.'  The  early  history  of  Teut.  hivala-, 
'whale'  (to  which  MidHG.  wake,  OHG. 
welira,  '  whale,'  is  allied),  is  obscure. — 
"§3atro^,  n.,  '  walrus,'  from  the  equiv. 
Dan.  Jualros,  as  well  as  92attoa(  and  &Bel3, 
are  from  the  same  root. 

tt>al&eit,vb.,' to  full,  mill  (cloth)  ;  tread 
(skins)  ;  thrash,  cudgel,'  from  MidHG. 
walken,  OHG.  walchan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  strike, 
thrash,  full,  mill  (cloth)' ;  comp.  Du.  wal- 
ken, '  to  press,'  AS.  wealcan,  OIc.  valka,  '  to 
roll,  move  to  and  fro.'  From  Teut.  walkan 
are  also  derived  Ital.  gualcare,  '  to  calender 
or  press  cloth,'  gualchivra,  'fulling-mill.' 
The  Teut.  root  walk,  from  Aryan  walg, 
seems  to  coincide  with  Sans,  valy, '  to  hop  or 
skip  along.' — From  Mid  IIG.  wulker,  walker, 
'  fuller,'  is  derived  the  proper  name  SMfer. 

SgalftftrC,  see  a»al;l|latt. 

g0atl,  m.,  'rampart,  mound,  embank- 
ment,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wal  (11), 
111.  and  n.  ;  OHG.  *wal  is  by  chance  not 
recorded.  Comp.  OSax.  wal  (11),  Du.  val, 
4  rampart,'  AS.  weall,  E.  wall.  This  "West 
Teut  word,  which  is  certainly  borrowed 
from  the  equiv.  Lat.  vallum,  vallus,  seems  to 
belong  to  the  earliest  loan-words  from  Lat. 
(comp.  (Strafjc,  SMauer)  ;  primit.  kinship 
with  the  Lat  word  is  very  improbable. 


'gttallad),  m.,  'gelding,'  ModHG.  only, 
lit  '  Wallachian' ;  "the  practice  of  geld- 
ing stallions  was  introduced  into  the  Middle 
and  West  of  Europe  from  Wallachia  and 
Hungary." 

walUn  (L),  vb., '  to  boil,  bubble,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  wallen,  OHG.  wallan, 
str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  wallan, 
AS.  weallan,  allied  to  OIc.  vel'a,  'to  boil, 
bubble.'  From  the  same  Aryan  root  wel 
(wol)  is  derived  ModHG.  9Se((e,  '  wave, 
billow.' 

tttaUctt  (2.),  vb.,  '  to  wander  about,  go 
on  a  pilgrimage,'  from  MidHG.  wallen, 
OHG.  walldu,  '  to  wander,  roam  about,  go 
on  a  pilgrimage';  corresponding  to  AS. 
wealliaii,  'to  wander.'  Allied  to  MidHG. 
wallare,  'traveller (on  foot),  pilgrim';  Mid 
HG.  wallevart,  ModHG.  SBottfcty*,  f.,  '  pil- 
grimage.' The  root  wal  (walldn,  from 
wal-nd)  is  perhaps  not  different  from  the 
root  of  ttxiflen  (1).  Comp.  E.  to  walk  (Teut. 
base  xoallaqdn)  with  AS.  weallian. 

~gdalnufo,  f.,  •  walnut,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  the  equiv.  Du.  walnoot;  comp.  AS. 
wealhhnutu,  E.  walmd,  OIc.  icalknot;  it 
signifies  '  French  or  Italian  nut'  The 
first  component  is  walh-,  a  term  orig.  ap- 
plied by  the  Teutons  to  the  Kelts  (at  first 
to  the  Volcae),  but  later  to  the  Romance 
tribes  of  France  and  Italy.     See  lvclfdj. 

^SJalrofj,  see  SBaljifdj.— "2ftairtatt.  see 
2Ba()lflaft. 

nxtlfcn,  vb.,  '  to  dispose,  manage,  go- 
vern,'from  theequiv.  MidHG.  wallen,  OHG. 
waltan,  str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
and  Goth,  xcaldan,  OIc.  valda,  AS.  wealdan, 
gewtrtdan,  E.  to  wield.    Teut.  waldan  (from 

t>re-Teut.  waltd-)  has  a  t  which  properly 
>elonged  to  the  present  Btem,  but  was 
afterwards  attached  to  the  verbal  stem  ; 
comp.  the  OIc.  pret  oll»,  from  a  Teut.  base 
*wol-p6-m,  '  I  governed.'  The  root  wal  is 
also  indicated  by  Lat.  valere, '  to  be  strong,' 
as  well  as  Olr.  jlaith,  '  dominion.'  The 
allied  Slav,  words  seem  to  have  been  bor- 
rowed at  an  early  period  from  Teut ;  comp. 
OSlov.  vlada  (vladi)  and  Lith.  valdyti,  '  to 
govern,'  vald&vas, '  ruler,'  pavildlti, '  to  pos- 
sess,' veldSli, '  to  acquire.' 

"2{Uil}C.  f.,  'cylinder,  roller/  from  the 
equiv.  late  MidHG.  walze,  f.  Allied  to 
untl  jcrt,  '  to  roll,'  MidHG.  waken,  str.  vb., 
'to  roll,  turn,  revolve,' OHG.  walzan,  'to 
turn,'  also  OIc.  velta.  '  to  roll,  revolve.' — 
ivclljcn,  vb.,  'to  roll,  trundle,'  from  Mid 
HG.    welzen,  OHG.  welzen,   walzen   (from 


Warn 


(    384    ) 


War 


*wahjan),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  roll,  turn,  trundle ' ; 
factitive  of  »val;en,  which  was  orig.  only 
intransit.  The  Teat  root  wait,  from  A 1  van 
uald,  has  110  eognates  in  non-Teut. 

famine,  ^3a«tpo.  f.,  4  paunch,  belly 
(of  a  skin),  flank,  dewlap,'  from  MidHG. 
wtunme,  oiler  wwnbe  (vcampe),  f.,  'belly, 
paunch,  lap,'  OHG.  wamba>wampa  (wamba, 
icuinba),  f.  Corresponding  1o  Du.  warn, 
'  belly  (of  a  fish),'  AS.  and  E.  womb,  01c. 
vgmb,  Goth,  wamba,  f.,  'belly,  body.' 
There  are  no  non-Teut.  cognates  of  the 
common  Teut.  wambv-,  'belly,  entrails.' — 
£$ctmc,  ni.,  '  doublet,  jerkin,  waistcoat/ 
from  MidHG.  wambeisricambes,  n.,' doublet, 
garment  worn  under  the  coat  of  mail' ;  a 
Romance  loan-word  ;  comp.  OFr.  gambais. 
MidLat.  ivambasium  is  itself  a  derivative 
of  OHG.  and  Goth,  wamba, '  body.' 

"g3cmt>,  f.,  'wall,  partition,'  from  Hid 
HG.  want(d),  OHG.  want,  f., « wall,  side' ; 
comp.  OSax.  and  Du.  wand.  This  word 
is  wanting  in  the  other  dialects  (comp. 
Goth.  waddjus,  E.  wall)*  To  connect  it 
with  the  phonetically  related  hjttifccn  gives 
no  sense  ;  2!5anb,  lit.  '  turning'  ?. 

jKJcmbel,  ni.,  '  walking,  change,  beha- 
viour,' from  lilidlLQ.icandel,  OHG.  wantal, 
ni.,  'retrogression, vicissitude,  stain, fault ; 
trade  and  commerce,  communication,  in- 
tercourse.' Allied  to  OHG.  wantalon,  Mid 
HG.  wandelen,  *  to  change,  transform,  asso- 
ciate' (roatifcelit,  'to  walk,'  so  too  MidHG. 
wandeln ;  see  the  next  word).  The  cog- 
nates are  based  on  the  root  of  imitten. 

TOcmfcern,  vb.,  '  to  travel,  Mander, 
migrate,'  from  MidHG.  wandern,  'to  go, 
walk,  travel.'  Derived,  like  the  equiv. 
ivaitMn  (MidHG.  wandeln),  from  nnnben. 

"grange,  f.,  'cheek,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wange,  OHG.  wanga>  n. ;  Gotli. 
*waggo,  n.,  '  cheek,'  may  be  inferred  from 
waggareis,  '  pillow.'  Comp.  OSax.  wanga, 
Du.  wang,  AS.  wgnge  (E.  wangtooth,  'jaw- 
tooth  ') ;  the  borrowed  Ital.  word  guancia, 
'  cheek,'  presupposes  a  term  *wankja.  The 
early  history  of  the  word  i3  uncertain.  AS. 
wgng,  OIc.  vangr,  Goth,  icaggs/  field, plain,' 
are  usually  regarded  as  the  nearest  cog- 
nates, SDaitje  being  explained  as  'surface 
of  the  face.'  Most  of  the  names  for  parts 
of  the  body  have,  however,  no  such  origin. 

'IJBcmfc,  m.,  in  the  phrase  chiie  SBanf, 
'without  hesitation,'  MidHG.  dne  wane, 
OHG.  dno  wane;  MidHG.  wane,  in.,  '  want 
of  stability,  fickleness.'  Allied  to  rvatt- 
tierx,  vb.,  'to  totter,   vacillate,  hesitate,' 


from  MidHG.  wanhen,  OHG.  wanch6»,  '  to 
totter,  waver ' ;  comp.  OIc.  vakka  (lor 
*wankdn),  'to  totter.  Connected  wi:h 
OHG.  wanchal,  MidHG.  wankel,  '  waver- 
ing, fickle'  (hence  SBanfctimtr,  m.,  'vacil- 
lation,' MidHG.  wunkelmAiot)  ;  allied  to 
ttinfcit. 

ttKthtt,  adv.  and  conj.,  'when,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  wanne;  an  old  adverb. 
derivative  of  the  pronominal  stem  hwa- 
iri  iw. 

"gilcmtte,  f.,  'winnowing  fan,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wanne,  OHG.  wantia,  f. 
As  in  the  case  of  2i*a((,  it  is  quite  possible 
that  the  word  was  borrowed  from  Lat. 
(rannus,  'winnowing  fan*).  There  exists, 
however,  a  genuine  Teut.  stem  from  which 
SBannc  can  be  derived.  Goth.  winj>jan, 
and  the  equiv.  E.  winnow  (from  AS.  icind- 
xcian)  point  to  a  Teut.  root  winp,  '  to 
winnow'  (Lat.  ventilare)r  and  hence  OHG. 
wanna  might  stand  Un*ican]ma.  In  that 
case  the  primit,  kinship  with  Lat.  vannns 
(from  which  E./an  is  borrowed)  would  be 
conceivable. 

■g^emfi,  m.,  '  paunch,  belly,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wanst  (wenst),  OHG.  wanast 
(icenist),  m.  A  specifically  HG.  word, 
which,  however,  like  most  of  the  names 
for  parts  of  the  body  (comp.  gufs,  £«•?,  and 
Dlicrc),  is  genuine  Aryan.  It  is  probably 
connected  with  Lat.  venter,  'belly,'  but 
more  nearly  with  Sans,  vastl,  '  bladder,' 
and  vanisthft,  'entrails.' 

'23att3C,  f.,  '  bug,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  vjanze,  f.  The  word  first  appeared  in 
the  13th  cent. ;  in  MidHG.  and  OHG.  the 
term  xcantlAs,  'house-hug,'  is  used  in  the 
same  sense ;  probably  SSuiije  is  an  abbre- 
viation of  the  latter  (comp.  <2pa^  with 
Smliiui).  For  the  meaning  comp.  Czech 
stenice,  '  bug,'  from  sUna,  'wall.' 

2t»appcrt,  n.,  '(coat  of)  arms,  escut- 
cheon,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wdpen, 
with  the  variant  wdfen,  n.  The  former 
is  the  LG.  form,  which  established  itself 
through  the  chivalry  of  the  Lower  Rhine ; 
comp.  £etpcf. 

£?9ctrc,  f.,  'goods,  merchandise,'  from 
the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  war,  f..;  a  LG. 
word,  corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Du.  waar, 
AS.  warn,  E.  ware,  OIc.  vara,  f.  Goth. 
*v:aro  (but  not  *icaz6)  must  be  assun.jd  ; 
if  the  latter  meant  lit.  'valuable  article,' 
lvcrt  Teut.  wer-}>o-)  might  be  regarded  a9 
cognate. 

warm,  adj.,  '  warm,'  from  the  equiv. 


"War 


(    385    ) 


Was 


MidHG.  and  OHG.  warm;  corresponding 
to  OSax.,  Du.  and  E.  warm,  Goth.  *warms 
(comp.  warmjan,  '  to  warm ').  A  common 
Tent.  adj.  based  on  the  Aryan  root  war, 
'  to  be  hot.'  Comp.  OSlov.  varu, '  heat,'  with 
vreti, '  to  boil,  be  hot/  vrulu,  '  passionate ' ; 
Lith.  virti,  *  to  boil.'  The  Teut.  cognates 
have,  with  less  reason,  been  compared 
with  Sans,  gharmd,  '  heat  of  fire,  glare  of 
the  sun,'  and  Gr.  depfios,  Lat.  formus, 
'  warm.' 

rvatnett,  vb.,  'to  warn,  admonish,'  from 
MidHG.  warnen,  'to  watch  over,  protect,' 
OHG.  warnen  (warnen),  'to  deny,  refuse, 
decline.'  Corresponding  to  OSax.  wernian, 
'to  decline,  withhold.'  AS.  wyrnan,  E. 
warn,  OIc.  varna, '  to  refuse.'  On  account 
of  the  meaning  the  connection  with  OHG. 
warndn  (see  toaljten)  is  dubious  ;  undoubted 
cognates  have  not  yet  been  found. 

"gSJarf ,  m.,  '  warder,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wart,  'warder,  keeper,'  which  appears 
only  as  the  second  component  of  compounds. 
— ^jStorfe,  f.,  '  watch-tower,  belfry,'  from 
MidHG.  warte,  OHG.  warta,  f., '  reconnoit- 
ring, ambush.' — njarfen,  vb.,  'to  wait, 
await,  stay,'  from  MidHG.  warten,  OHG. 
warten,  'to  spy,  lurk,  expect.'  Comp.  OSax. 
warcldn, '  to  be  on  one's  guard,  look  after,'  AS. 
weardian, '  to  guard,  keep,'  E.  to  ward,  OIc. 
varfia,  'to  watch  over,  protect'  (also  Goth. 
-wards,  'keeper,'  in  compounds).  From 
OTeut  are  borrowed  Ital.  guardare  and  Fr. 
garder,  '  to  guard.'  Hence  the  primary 
meaning  of  the  cognates  is  '  to  look  after 
or  take  charge  of  some  one,'  and  so  they  are 
undoubtedly  connected  with  the  root  of 
tuafyten. 

stpcfcrfs,  suffix  in  compounds,  e.g.,  auf- 
\vaxt$,  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  -wertes 
(Afwertes, '  upwards ')  ;  properly  an  adverb. 
eenit  of  MidHG.  and  OHG.  -wert  (Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  Hfwert,  adv.,  'upwards'). 
The  latter  word  is  used  as  an  adj.  in  OHG., 
but  is  now  represented  by  stodrttfl  (MidHG. 
and  OHG  -wertic)  •  comp.  OHG.  inw'ert, 
adj.,  '  internal,'  Goth,  andwairps,  adj., 
'  present.'  The  word  is  never  used  inde- 
pendently ;  since  it  forms  local  adjs.  in 
the  sense  of '  existing,'  some  are  inclined 
to  connect  it  with  ivcvben,  '  to  arise.' 

ttxmtm,  adv.,  '  why,  for  what  reason,' 
from  MidHG.  and  late  OHG.  warumbe  (in 
earlier  OHG.  hwanta).  The  first  part  of 
the  word  seems  to  be  the  adv.  wara,  '  whi- 
ther,' which  is  derived  from  hwa-  (see 
luer). 


"gSJorwoIf,  see  SBeraotf. 

~%&av&e,  f.,  '  wart,  teat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  warze,  OHG.  warza,  f. ;  corre- 
sponding to  Goth.  *wart6,  OIc.  varta,  AS. 
wearte,  E.  wart,  and  the  equiv.  Du.  wrat. 
The  early  history  of  Teut.  wartd-  (from 
Aryan  wardd-)  is  uncertain  ;  some  connect 
it  with  the  Aryan  root  wrd, '  to  grow,'  from 
which  SSurjet  is  derived,  and  regard  3Batje 
as  'excrescence'  (comp.  OSlov.  vrldu, '  erup- 
tion'). Others  prefer  to  compare  it  with 
AS.  wearre, '  weal,'  Lat.  verruca, '  wart,'  the 
rr  of  which  may  have  arisen  by  the  loss  of 
an  intermediate  dental. 

was,  neu.  of  iter,  '  what ' ;  comp.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  wa$  (from  hwag) ;  comp. 
E.  what.  Corresponding  to  Lat.  quod, 
Sans.  had. 

tXMXftyevt,  vb., '  to  wash,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  waschen  (weschen),  OHG.  wascan, 
str.  vb.  ;  comp.  Du.  wasschen,  AS.  wascan, 
E.  to  wash,  OIc.  vaska  (Goth.  *waskan),  *  to 
wash.'  The  sk  of  the  old  forms  was  orig. 
only  a  part  of  the  present  stem,  but  was 
afterwards  joined  to  the  base  ;  it  may  have 
been  preceded  by  a  dental.  Teut.  *watska- 
is  probably  based  on  the  Teut.  nominal 
stem  wot, '  water '  (see  SBaffer) ;  comp.  Olr. 
usee,  '  water.'  Ir.  faiscim,  W.  gwasgu,  *  I 
press,'  may,  however,  with  equal  reason,  be 
connected  with  wafdjen. 

■«J8afe,  f.,  see  S3afe. 

gSJafen,  m.,  'sod,  turf,  grass,'  from  Mid 
HG.  wase,  OHG.  waso,  m.,  'sward,  damp 
soil  or  mound ' ;  also  OHG.  wa.*al,  n., 
'damp  mound.'  The  wrord  is  identical 
with  {Rafen,  just  as  fpredjen  with  E.  to  speak; 
comp.  AS.  wetfyan,  wre&ean,  'to  awake,' 
and  AS.  wrixl  with  2Bc<f)fcl.  Hence  there 
existed  Aryan  roots  with  and  without  r; 
we  must  therefore  regard  wraso,  waso,  as 
the  Teut.  base ;  for  the  area  of  diffusion 
see  SRafen.  From  OHG.  is  derived  Fr. 
gazon,  'sward.' 

gaffer,  n.,  'water,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wa^er,  OHG.  wa^ar;  comp. 
OSax.  watar,  Du.  water,  AS.  wester,  E. 
water ;  beside  these  "West  Teut  forms  in  r 
(watar-o-)  are  found  the  forms  in  n,  Goth. 
watd,  OIc.  vatn,  n.,  '  water.'  The  root  wat 
is  related  by  gradation  to  ut  in  Otter,  and 
to  w4t  in  AS.  wiut,  E.  wet,  North  Fris.  wiat, 
'  damp,  wet.'  The  other  Aryan  languages 
have  also  corresponding  graded  forms  with 
the  same  signification ;  Aryan  ud  in  Gr. 
v8a>p  (Lat.  unda  ?),  OSlov.  vodar  Sans,  uddn, 
'  water,  billow,'  udrin, 'abounding  in  water, 
2  B 


Wat 


(    386    ) 


W.T. 


ami  also  the  root  ud,  '  to  moisten '  (with 
which  the  cognates  of  ModHG.  ttxifdjen  are 
connected  ?).  Hence  the  Aryan  root  is  Ud, 
wSd,  wod.  The  Aryan  word  corresponding 
to  Lat.  aqua  assumed  in  Teut.  (Goth,  ahwa) 
the  meaning  '  river.'    See  9lu. 

"g&at,  f.,  'dress,  garment,'  an  archaic 
word,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
wdt,  f.,  which,  with  its  OTeut.  cognates,  is 
referred  to  the  Zend  root  waft,  '  to  dress.' 

"?3ctf  c,  f.,  '  scoop-net,  seine,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wate,  f. ;  allied  to  OIc. 
vaSr,  'fishing-line.'  Perhaps  it  is  based 
on  the  root  of  OHG.  giwetan,  MidHG. 
wetan,  '  to  combine,  tie  together.' 

ivalen,  vb.,  'to  wade,'  from  MidHG. 
wateii,  OHG.  watan,  str.  vb.,  '  to  wade,  go, 
stride ' ;  a  common  Teut.  word  ;  comp. 
Du.  waden,  AS.  wadan,  E.  to  wade,  OIc. 
vafia,  '  to  wade,  press  forwards '  (especially 
in  water).  The  borrowed  Ital.  term  gua- 
dare  has  the  same  meaning,  '  to  walk 
through  water ' ;  on  the  OIc.  noun  vatS, 
'  ford,'  and  the  equiv.  Du.  wadde,  are  based 
Ital.  guado,  Fr.  gue",  '  ford,  shallow  part  of 
a  river ' ;  comp.  2Bceb.  The  Teut.  root 
wad, '  to  stride,  wade,'  is  identical  with  the 
primit.  cognate  Lat.  vddere, '  to  wade,  ford,' 
to  which  Lat.  vddum, '  ford,'  is  allied.  The 
Aryan  root  wddh  has  not  been  preserved 
in  other  languages. 

^3affe,  f.,  '  wadding,  fleece,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Du.  watte;  allied  to  the  equiv. 
E.  wad,  Fr.  ouate,  Ital.  ovate.  The  origin 
of  the  cognates  is  not  to  be  sought  for  in 
Teut.,  since  the  Teut.  words  have  appeared 
only  in  modern  times,  and  no  other  un- 
doubted cognates  are  to  be  found  in  the 
group.  The  word  was  also  borrowed  in 
Romance. 

^3cut,  m., '  dyer's  weed,  weld,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Du.  wouw  (also  in  earlier  Mod 
HG.  3Baut>e) ;  comp.  E.  weld.  From  Teut. 
(Goth.  *walda-)  are  derived  Fr.  gaude  and 
Span,  gualda.  In  non-Teut.  there  are  no 
cognates  that  might  explain  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  word. 

tt)cbcn,  vb.,  '  to  weave,  entwine,  fabri- 
cate,' from  MidHG.  weben,  OHG.  w'eban, 
str.  vb.,  '  to  weave,  work,  plait,  spin ' ; 
comp.  Du.  weven,  AS.  wefan,  E.  to  weave, 
and  the  equiv.  OIc.  vefa.  A  widely  de- 
veloped Teut  and  Aryan  root  (web  from 
Aryan  webh),  which  testifies  to  the  great 
antiquity  of  weaving  among  the  Indo- 
Europeans.  Comp.  the  Sans,  root  vabk, 
*  to  weave,'    in    Arnavdbhi,  '  spider,'    lit. 


'  woollen-weaver '  (also  ubh, '  to  bind '),  Gr. 
v(f>aiv(o,  '  to  weave,'  v<f>os,  '  web.'  Comp. 
aitobe,  ffliebct,  and  SBcfre. 

"g3ed)fcl,  m.,  'change,  vicissitude,' from 
MidHG.  w'ehsel,  OHG.  wehsal,  m.,  '  change, 
barter,  exchange,  trade'  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  wehsal,  '  trade,  money,'  Du.  wissel. 
A  specifically  Ger.  derivative  with  the 
suffix  -sla,  from  the  same  root  as  Lat.  vices, 
'  variation,  alternation.'  The  Aryan  root 
wile  (Lat.  vie-)  appears  to  have  had  a  variant 
nig,  which  occurs  in  SBocfce  and  ttmefcrn. 
For  AS.  wrixl  see  SBafen. 

"§9ecR,  m.,  'wedge-shaped  fine  bread,' 
from  MidHG.  wecke,  OHG.  wecki  (from 
weggi),  m.,  'wedge,  wedge-shaped  bread,' 
corresponding  to  Du.  weg,  '  fine  white 
bread,  AS.  wecg,  E.  wedge,  and  the  equiv. 
OIc.  veggr.  Teut.  wagjo-,  from  pre-Teut. 
waghyo-,  is  tisually  regarded  as  primit. 
cognate  with  Lith.  vagis,  'wedge,  plug.' 
For  the  terms  applied  to  pastry  comp. 
^ipfet  and  Jtrapfe. 

wedketl,  vb.,  'to  wake,  awake,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  wecken,  OHG.  wecchen 
(from  *wahjan),  str.  vb.  ;  corresponding 
to  Goth,  wakjan  (uswakjan),  OIc.  vekja, 
AS.  weZeean,  Du.  wekken,  OSax.  wehkian, 
'  to  awake.'  The  common  Teut.  wakjan 
has  the  form  and  meaning  of  an  old  causa- 
tive, but  presupposes  a  Teut.  *wekan, 
which  does  not  occur  (the  apparently 
primary  Goth,  wakan,  str.  vb.,  was  orig. 
weak).  Sans,  too  has  only  the  causative 
vdjdy,  'to  stir,  incite,'  of  the  corresponding 
root ;  this  meaning  throws  light  on  the 
Teut.  cognates  ;  Lat.  vigil,  '  awake,'  and 
vegire,  '  to  be  lively,  excite,'  are  also  pro- 
bably allied.  The  lately  formed  adj.  Mod 
HG.  toadj  shows  that  from  the  primit. 
causative  wogey  (Teut.  wakj-)  numerous 
cognates  might  be  gradually  developed. 

"gSteoel,  m., '  fan,  sprinkling  brush,  tail, 
tuft,  brush  (of  foxes),'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  wedel  (wadel),  OHG.  wedii  (wadal), 
m.  and  n.  ;  also  dial.  9Sabel.  The  speci- 
fically HG.  word  is  a  derivative  of  the 
root  w$  (see  tocfyen),  with  the  sufhx  -J>lo ; 
5Bebel,  lit.  '  implement  for  blowing.' 

ttteoer,  particle,  in  conjunction  with 
nod>,  from  MidHG.  neweder,  OHG.  niwedar; 
this  is  properly  a  neut.  of  wedar,  '  each  of 
two,'  niwidar  .  .  .  noh,  '  neither  of  the 
two  .  .  .  nor.'  Comp.  the  corresponding 
development  of  enrroebcr,  and  also  E.  either 
(lit.  '  each  of  two '). 

"g3eeo,  f.,  'horse-ford,'  ModHG.  only, 


Weg 


(    387    ) 


Wei 


from  the  equivalent  Du.  wed;  allied  to 
roaten. 

"gStefl,  m.,  'way,  road,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  wee  (gen.  weges),  m.  ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.,  Du.,  and  AS.  weg, 
E.  way,  and  the  equiv.  Goth.  wigs.  A 
common  Teut  derivative  of  the  Teut.  root 
weg,  '  to  march,  drive,  ride ' ;  Lat.  via, 
'way,'  is  connected  with  the  correspond- 
ing Lat.  vehere;  comp.  2Bagen  and  roegert. 
Allied  to  WCQ,  adv.,  'away,  gone,'  from 
MidHG.  enw'ec  for  in  wee,  lit. '  on  the  way ' ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  weg,  AS.  onweg,  E. 
away. — ^JJteflbreUe,  '  plantain,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wegebreite,  OHG.  wegahreita ; 
comp.  Du.  wegbree,  AS.  wegbnede,  E.  wey- 
breadj  an  OTeut.  term. — tt)cgett,  prep., 
'  on  account  of,  with  regard  to,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  von. ..wegen  (with  interven- 
ing genit.) ;  see  taut  and  fraft. — "gSteftertd), 
m.,  '  plantain,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
wegerfch,  OHG.  wegarth,  m. ;  lit.  '  sove- 
reign of  the  road,'  formed  from  Teut.  rtk, 
'king'  (see  9ieidj). 

roeflert,  vb.,  in  beroegen,  *  to  move,'  from 
MidHG.  wegen,  OHG.  wegan,  str.  vb.,  '  to 
move,'  with  which  the  corresponding  causa- 
tive, OHG.  wegen,  wecken  (from  *wagjan), 
'to  cause  to  move,'  was  confused;  corre- 
sponding to  Goth,  gawigan,  '  to  move.' 
The  primary  meaning  of  the  widely  diffused 
Aryan  root  wegh,  preserved  in  SBagen  and 
SBcg,  was  '  to  move  on,  march,  drive,  ride,' 
from  which  the  signification  '  to  carry, 
move,'  was  afterwards  developed  in  Teut. 
Comp.  Sans,  root  vah  '  to  proceed,  drive, 
ride,'  and  the  equiv.  Lat.  vehere,  OSlov. 
vesti. 

tt>ef),  inter-].,  'woe!  alas!'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wS;  corre- 
sponding to  Goth,  wai,  AS.  wd,  E.  woe. 
From  the  Teut.  interj.  wai  is  derived  the 
equiv.  Ital.  and  Span,  guai  (Fr.  ouais).  As 
in  the  case  of  Lat.  vae  (Gr.  ot),  roeb,  is  to 
be  regarded  as  an  instinctive  sound.  The 
subst.  2itet).  n.,  'plaint,  misery,  woe,' 
seems  to  be  based  on  the  interj. ;  comp. 
OSax.,  OHG.,  and  MidHG.  wi  (gen.  wewes), 
and  OHG.  wewo,  m.,  wSwa,  f.,  'woe,  pain, 
sorrow,'  and  the  borrowed  Ital.  guajo, 
'  sorrow.'    See  rocincn  and  rocnig. 

WCl)cn,  vb.,  '  to  blow,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wozjen  (wan),  OHG.  wdjan  (wden), 
wk.  vb. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  waaijen, 
AS.  wdwan,  Goth,  waian,  '  to  blow.'  The 
originally  strong  (as  in  Goth,  and  AS.) 
verbal  root  wS, '  to  blow,'  is  found  in  other 


Aryan  languages ;  comp.  Gr.  arjfii,  '  to 
blow'  (root  Ft)),  OSlov.  vejati,  'to  blow,' 
Sans,  root  vd,  '  to  blow.'     Allied  to  2Btrtb. 

"£Sfcf)r,  f.,  '  defence,  resistance,  protec- 
tion,' from  MidHG.  wer,  OHG.  wert,  f., 
'defence,  fortification';  allied  like  Mod 
HG.  2Bebr,  n.,  'dam,  weir,'  late  MidHG 
wer,  n.,  '  weir,'  to  n>ef)r<m,  '  to  protect,  de- 
fend ;  hinder,  prevent,  oppose,  forbid.* 
This  verb  is  from  MidHG.  wem,  wergen, 
OHG.  werian,  weren,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  hinder, 
protect,  defend' ;  comp.  Goth,  warjan,  'to 
forbid,  hinder,'  OSax.  werian,  '  to  hinder.' 
On  account  of  the  meaning,  its  connection 
with  real) ten  (root  wor,  '  to  look  on,'  in  Gr. 
6pda>)  is  not  so  apparent  as  its  primit.  kin- 
ship with  the  Sans,  root  vr,  '  to  check, 
restrain,  hinder.' 

|KJeib,  n., '  woman,  wife,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  wtp  (b),  n. ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  wif,  Du.  wijf,  AS.  wtf,  E.  wife. 
It  is  wanting  in  Goth.,  certainly  not  by 
accident  (the  word  used  is  qin6,  qeus). 
The  term  wlbo-  is  specifically  Teut,  while 
Goth,  gind  is  prehistorically  connected  with 
Gr.  yvvfj,  Sans,  gnd, '  woman.'  Its  kinship 
with  Gr.  oufxw  is  dubious  ;  it  is  more  pro- 
bably related  to  Sans,  vip,  '  inspirited,  in- 
wardly excited '  (of  priests),  to  which  OHG. 
weib&n,  '  to  stagger,  be  unstable,'  is  allied. 
Hence  the  Teutons  must  have  coined  the 
term  SBcib  (wibo-  from  wip6-),  because  in 
woman  they  venerated  sanctum  aliquid  et 
providum.  In  that  case  the  remarkable 
gender  might  perhaps  be  explained  as 
'  inspiration,  something  inspired.' 

"§3cibet,  m.,  '  sergeant,  apparitor,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  weibel,  OHG.  weibil,  m. ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  weiben,  '  to  move  to  and 
fro.'  The  variant  SBcbet  (in  gclbrrebcl)  is 
derived  from  LG.  or  East  MidG. 

IDCtd),  adj.,  'soft,  tender,  impressible,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  weich,  OHG. 
weih  (hh) ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  wek, 
Du.  week,  AS.  wdc,  OIc.  veikr,  veykr 
(whence  E.  weak),  '  soft,  tender.'  A  deri- 
vative of  the  root  of  vocicben  (hence  rpeidj, 
lit.  'yielding,  giving  way'). 

^3ctd)bU5,  n.,  '  outskirts  of  a  town, 
precincts,'  from  MidHG.  wichbilde,  n., '  out- 
skirts of  a  town,  jurisdiction  over  a  town 
and  its  precincts.'     The  origin  of  this  com- 

Sound,  first  occurring  in  the  13th  cent.,  is 
isputed.  The  assumption  that  it  signifies 
lit.  'image  of  a  saint'  (comp.  roeifjen  for 
MidHG.  wich,  '  holy '),  does  not  suffice  to 
explain  the  actual  uieaniug.    The  suggested 


Wei 


(    388    ) 


Wei 


lit.  meaning,  •  local  image,'  is  equally  un- 
satisfactory, although  MidHG.  wich-  in  Mid 
HG.  «rf<%rdi>e, 'municipal  judge,'  and  wlch- 
vride,  '  municipal  peace,'  certainly  appears 
in  the  compound ;  comp.  OSax.  wic, '  town, 
place,'  Du.  wijk, '  quarter  of  a  town,'  OHG. 
wth  (hh), '  town,  city.'  The  signification  of 
the  second  component  cannot  be  explained 
from  ModHG.  SBUb  (MidHG.  bilede).  There 
existed  beside  OHG.  and  MidHG.  bil-lich, 
'  suitable,  right,'  an  OHG.  *bilida,  '  law, 
jurisdiction,'  which  appears  only  in  Mid 
HG.  unbilde  (see  Unbill) ;  hence  MidHG. 
wichbilde  meant  first  of  all  '  municipal 
jurisdiction,'  and  then  'municipal  terri- 
tory '  (comp.  ©prettijel). 

"gSJeidjett,  plur.,  'groin' ;  the  term  was 
first  recorded  in  the  14th  cent.,  denoting 
the  tender  parts  of  the  body  between  the 
ribs  and  loins. 

tt)Ctd)en,  vb.,  'to  yield,  give  away, 
waver,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wtchen, 
OHG.  wthhan,  str.  vb.  ;  corresponding  to 
the  equiv.  OIc.  ykva,  vikja,  OSax.  wikan, 
Du.  wijken.  The  Teut.  root  vnq, '  to  yield,' 
lit. '  to  make  room  for  some  one,  give  way,' 
appears  also  in  SBedjfet  and  weicr/.  Its  ear- 
lier form  wig  (in  Sans,  vij,  '  to  yield,  flee ') 
is  a  variant  of  wik,  which  is  indicated  by 
Lat.  vices,  '  change,'  and  espec.  by  Gr.  «ikw, 
'  to  yield.'    Comp.  also  2Bed)e. 

^|3etd)fcl,  f.,  'agriot  cherry,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wilisel,  OHG.  mhsila,  1". 
The  Teut.  character  of  the  word  is  un- 
doubted ;  in  spite  of  its  absence  in  the 
other  dialects,  it  is  probably  derived  from 
the  OTeut.  period  (hence  Ital.  visciolal). 
It  is  connected  with  OSlov.  viSnja,  Lith. 
vyszna,  'agriot  cherry.'  The  name  of  the 
river  Vistula,  '2Betdjfel'  (Lat.  Vistula,  AS. 
Wistle),  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  word, 
nor  with  "g3cid) feljopf ,  m.,  'elflock,  plica 
Polonica.'  The  latter  is  said  to  have  come 
from  Poland,  where  matted  hair  is  often 
produced  by  some  disease ;  comp.  Pol. 
wieszczyce,  '  elflock.' 

"g3cib,  see  3£aic. 

gtfcibe  (1.),  f.,  'willow,'  from  the  equiv 
MidHG.  wide,  OHG.  wtda,  f.  ;  comp.  OIc. 
vtfSer,  AS.  wffiig,  E.  withy  (isolated  MidG. 
and  LG.  dialects  seem  to  lengthen  the  old 
I  in  the  accented  syllable).  Prehistoric 
wit-,  'willow,'  is  indicated  also  by  the 
equiv.  Gr.  tria  and  Lit.  zilwytis,  'grey  wil- 
low.' An  Aryan  root  ui,  '  pliant,  capable 
of  bein^r  twisted,'  has  been  assumed,  and 
the  word  compared  also  with  Lat.  vitis, 


'  vine,  tendril,'  OSlov.  viti  (Lith.  vijti),  '  to 
turn,  plait.' 

"gScibe  (2.),  f.,  'pasture,  pasture-land,' 
from  MidHG.  wetde,  OHG.  weida,  f.,  '  fod- 
der, food,  place  for  grazing,  the  search  for 
food  and  fodder  (chase,  fishing).'  Allied 
to  OIc.  veffir,  '  chase,  fishing,'  AS.  wdtS, 
4  chase,'  and  also  to  ModHG.  wctbcn, 
'  to  graze,  pasture/  MidHG.  weiden,  OHG. 
weiMn,  '  to  forage ' ;  MidHG.  wiedeman, 
'  hunter,'  ModHG.  SBaibmann  (comp.  the 
proper  name  SBeibmann  with  3dgfr,  and 
also  SSetbner,  from  MidHG.  weidenare, 
'hunter,  sportsman').  If  the  cognates  be 
traced  back  to  a  root  wai,  '  to  forage,'  Lat. 
vS-ndri,  '  to  chase,  hunt,'  may  be  connected 
with  it ;  comp.  also  the  Sans,  root  vi,  '  to 
fly  at,  attack  something,  take  food.'  Comp. 
further  (Singttoeibe,  to  which  ModHG.  aitf- 
njeiben  is  allied. 

"g&eiberid),  f.,  '  willow  herb,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  so  called  from  its  willow-like  leaves  ; 
the  term  is  formed  like  SBegeridj  and  £ebe- 
rid). 

wciblid),  adj.,  'brave,  stout,  vigorous,' 
from  MidHG.  weidellch,  weidenllch, '  lively, 
pert,  distinguished,  grand ' ;  lit.  '  befitting 
the  chase,'  from  SBeibc  (2) ;  see  the  latter 
also  for  SBetbmamt. 

lueifctt,  vb., '  to  wind,  reel,'  from  Mid 
HG.  weifen,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  swing,  wind  on  a 
reel,'  a  factitive  of  MidHG.  wlfen,  str.  vb., 
'  to  swing,  wind.'  It  is  based  on  a  Teut. 
root  wip,  '  to  turn,'  which  appears  also 
in  Goth,  weipan,  'to  wreathe'  (waips, 
'  wreath ')  ;  witli  this  root  Lat.  vibrare, 
'  to  brandish,  vibrate,'  is  primit.  cognate. 
Allied  to  SSBipfet  and  SBiiJiJ?ct. 

"gtJeiflcmb,  no.,  'warrior,  hero,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wtgant,  m. ;  not 
an  inherited  term,  but  borrowed  in  the  last 
centurv  from  MidHG.  literature.  It  is  a 
West  Teut.  form  for  'warrior'  ;  comp.  AS. 
wigend,  OSax.  wigand;  properly  a  pres. 
partic.  of  the  nearly  obsolete  (in  West 
Teut.)  root  wig,  'to  fight'  (comp.  Goth. 
xceihan  and  *wigan,  str.  vb.,  'to  fight'). 
This  is  identical  with  the  Aryan  root  wile, 
'  to  be  strong,  bold,'  which  appears  in  Lat. 
vincere,  'to  conquer,'  Olr.  fichim,  'to  fight,' 
as  well  as  in  OSlov.  vSku, '  strength '  (equiv. 
to  OIc.  veig, '  strength  ')  ;  comp.  Lith.  wik- 
rus,  *  brisk.'    Allied  to  njeigern  and  ©enieif). 

ttJCtftem,  vb.,  'to  refuse,  deny,'  from 
MidHG.  weigern,  OHG.  weigartin,  '  to  op- 
pose, refuse' ;  allied  to  OHG.  weigar, '  fool- 
hardy,' lit.  perhaps  '  obstinate,  resisting.' 


Wei 


(    389    ) 


Wei 


This  is  connected  with  the  Teut.  root  wig, 
'  to  fight,'  mentioned  under  the  preceding 
word. 

"g0ett)e,  f.  (SBeil),  m.),  '  kite,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wle,  OHG.  wle  (wijo),  m.  ; 
a  specifically  HG.  word  (comp.  Du.  wouw  ?). 
Connected  with  the  root  w%,  'to  chase,' 
mentioned  under  SBeibe  (2)  ?.  In  that  ca*e 
SBeif)  would  mean  lit.  '  hunter,  sportsman.' 

WCifyetl,  vb.,  'to  consecrate,  dedicate,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wihen  (from  *wth- 
jari),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  sanctify '  ;  a  derivative 
of  the  OTeut.  adj.  wiho-,  '  sacred,  holy ' ; 
comp.  MidHG.  wich  (nom.  wther),  OHG, 
and  OSax.  wlh,  Goth,  weihs.  The  adj.  has 
also  been  preserved  in  2Beiljitad)teit,  from 
MidHG.  wihen-nahten,  which  is  properly  a 
fusion  of  MidHG.  ze  wihen  nahten  (comp. 
aftitternadjt).  9tad)t  (which  see)  has  pre- 
served in  this  compound  of  the  heathen 
period  the  meaning '  day '  (the  old  Teutons 
celebrated  their  winter  feast  from  Decem- 
ber 26  to  January  6)  ;  among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  Beda  transmitted  the  term  mddra 
niht, '  the  mothers'  nights.'  For  the  adop- 
tion of  the  old  word  in  the  service  of  Chris- 
tianity, comp.  Dflern  (also  taufeu  ?).  More- 
over, E.  Yule  preserves  another  OTeut. 
designation  of  the  same  festival ;  comp. 
AS.  giuli  (*gOle),  Goth,  jiuleis  (OIc.  pier), 
'January,'  OIc.  j6l,  AS.  geOl,  'Christmas.' 
— ^3etf)raud),  m.,  'incense,'  from  Mid 
HG.  wic/irouch  (wihrouch),  OHG.  wihrouh, 
in.,  lit.  'holy  perfume.'  2Betd)bUt>  has  no 
connection  with  these  words. 

"§3eiljer,  m., '  fish-pond,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wiwer,  wlwcere,  OHG.  wiwdri, 
widri,  m.  (OHG.  also  '  stable ')  ;  corre- 
sponding to  OLG.  wtweri.  Borrowed  in 
the  pre-OHG.,  probably  in  the  Roman 
period,  from  Lat.  vlvdrium,  '  park,  pre- 
serve, fish-pond'  ;  corresponding  to  Fr. 
vivier  (Du.  vijver),  Ital.  vivajo,  '  fish-pond.' 
Comp;  also  9i>eiler. 

uicil,  conj., '  because,'  from  late  MidHG. 
(rare)  wile;  in  classical  MidHG.  die  wile, 
conj.,  '  so  long  as,  during,  while,  since,  be- 
cause' (hence  ModHG.  btrttert) ;  OHG.  dia 
wlla  wnz,  '  so  long  as ' ;  properly  accus.  of 
2Bcite. — ivci  I  a  no,  adv., '  formerly,  of  yon1,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wilent,  wllen;  the  t 
form  is  a  recent  extension  of  the  earlierword 
(Du.  wijlen).  Based  on  OHG.  hwil6m,  'at 
times,'  dat  plur.  of  "£3cilc,  f., '  while,  space 
of  time,  leisure.'  The  latter  is  based  on 
MidHG.  wile,  OHG.  wlla  (hwll),  f.,  'time, 
period  of  time,  hour ' ;  corresponding  to 


OSax.  hwll,  hwlla,  '  time,'  Du.  wljl,  E.  while, 
Goth,  hweila, '  time.'  The  verb  roeifcn,  '  to 
stay,  tarryj  sojourn,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wilSn,  '  to  stop,  stay,  sojourn,'  in 
connection  with  OIc.  hvila,  '  bed,'  hvild, 
'  rest,'  suggests  that  9Bci(e  meant  lit.  '  rest- 
ing time.'  It  has  been  compared  with  the 
Lat.  root  qui  (quie),  'to  rest'  in  quietus, 
tranquillus,  as  well  as  with  OSlov.  pociti, 
*  to  rest ' ;  Gr.  icaipos, '  point  of  time,'  is  per- 
haps cognate. 

'gpeiiet,  m.,  '  village,  hamlet,'  from  Mid 
HG.  wtler,  m., '  small  farm,  hamlet.'  OHG. 
wlldri  occurs  only  as  the  second  component 
in  compound  names  of  places  (e.g.,  BriLwl- 
Idri,  equiv.  to  53raMt>eiler).  MidLat.  vtlldre, 
'farm'  (Fr.  villier),  was  adopted  in  local 
names,  just  like  Lat.  villa  (OHG.  -wila,  e.g., 
in  Botwila,  equiv.  to  Stcrroeil) ;  comp.  Fr. 
ville, '  town.'  The  word  seems  to  have  been 
borrowed  contemporaneously  with  SBetfyer. 

"gUettt,  m.,  '  wine,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  win,  m. ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  win,  m.  and  n.,  Du.  vnjn,  m.,  AS. 
win,  E.  wine,  and  the  equiv.  Goth,  wein, 
n.  There  is  no  phonological  evidence 
to  show  that  the  word  was  borrowed. 
The  assumption  that  it  was  adopted  from 
Lat.  vlnum  (equiv.  to  Goth,  wein,  n.)f 
or  rather  from  Low  Lat.  vlnus,  m.  (equiv. 
to  OHG.  win,  m.),  is  probable  from  the 
accounts  of  ancient  writers.  The  period 
of  adoption  was  perhaps  the  first  cent. 
B.C.,  hence  the  early  diffusion  among  the 
OTeut.  dialects.  An  earlier  connection 
of  the  Teut.  with  the  Lat.  word  is  impro- 
bable (Lat.  v  equiv.  to  Teut.  w  in  old  loan- 
words ;  comp.  $fau,  SSeiljer,  SSBcitcr,  with 
SSerS  and  Skief).  With  regard  to  the 
Southern  culture  of  the  vine,  comp.  the  fol- 
lowing words  borrowed  from  Lat. — JMter 
(also  $reffe),  JWd?,  Salter,  ©jninb,  SWcft,  %oxU\, 
%x'\ij\tx,  and  SBinjcr.  Note,  too,  Swiss  wiim- 
men,  OHG.  windemtin  (older  *wintimm6n), 
equiv.  to  Lat.  vindimiare ;  Swiss  SBummet, 
from  OHG.  windemCd,  *wintimmM,  equiv. 
to  Lat.  vindSmiae  (whence  also  the  equiv. 
Olr.  finime,  '  vintage,'  also/fw,  'wine  ). 

TOcincn,  vb.,  'to  weep,  cry,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  weinen,  OHG.  wein6n; 
comp.  Du.  xoeenen,  AS.  icdnian,  OIc.  veina, 
'to  weep.'  Probably  a  derivative  of  the 
Teut.  interj.  wai  (see  ir-el)) ;  hence  httiuctt, 
lit  'to  lament'  (the  origin  of  the  word 
would  be  similar  to  that  of  ddjjen).  It  is 
also  possible  that  Goth,  qainfin,  '  to  weep,' 
is  based  in  the  other  dialects  on  wai, '  woe.' 


Wei 


(    390    ) 


\V»  1 


mcis,  adj.,  in  cincm,  ttoad  m\6  inadjen, 
'  to  make  one  believe,  hoax  a  person,'  from 
OHG.,  late  MidHG.  einen  wts  machen,  '  to 
inform  a  person,  instruct  him '  (in  ModHG. 
in  an  ironical  sense).  Comp.  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wis  tuon, '  to  inform,  instruct.'  Allied 
to  mctfe,  adj.,  'wise,  prudent,  cunning,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wis  (also  MidHG. 
wise,  OHG.  wtsi),  adj.,  'intelligible,  ex- 
perienced, acquainted  with,  learned,  wise.' 
A  common  Teut.  adj. ;  comp.  Goth,  weis, 
'knowing,'  OSax.  and  AS.  ivis,  'wise, 
knowing,'  E.  wise,  Du.  wijs.  The  primary 
form  of  the  word  was  a  verbal  adj.  from 
nunen  (totso-  for  witto-).  Allied  to  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

"^Bctfe,  f-,  'manner,  mode,  way,'  from 
MidHG.  wise,  OHG.  wtsa,  f.,  '  method '  ; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  AS.  wise,  E. 
wise,  Du.  wijze,  OSax.  wtsa.  From  this 
West  Teut.  word  (in  OIc.  visa)  the  equiv. 
Rom.  cognates,  Ital.  guisa,  Fr.  guise,  are 
derived.  Teut.  wisd-n-  seems,  like  weife,  to 
be  derived  from  the  Teut.  root  wit,  'to 
know';  hence  SBetfe,  lit.  'knowledge'?. 
See  9lrt. — The  suffix  doetfe  (e.g.,  in  teilroeifc) 
has  been  developed  in  ModHG.  in  connec- 
tion with  MidHG.  phrases,  such  as  in  regenes 
wis,  '  like  rain.' 

^Sfetfel,  m., '  queen  bee,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wisel,  m.,  lit.  '  leader,  guide.' 
Allied  to  tDCtfcit,  vb.,  'to  show,  direct, 
point,'  from  MidHG.  wisen  wk.  (str.)  vb., 
OHG.  when  (from  *wtsjan),  wk.  vb.,  'to 
6how,  direct,  instruct ' ;  a  derivative  of 
ttjeife  (hence  lit.  '  to  make  wise '). 

metofagctt,  vb.,  'to  foretell,  prophesy, 
predict,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wissagen, 
OHG.  wissagdn,  wk.  vb.  ;  it  is  not  organi- 
cally connected  with  fagen.  Based  on  OHG. 
wiftago  (wi$ago),  '  prophet,'  a  derivative 
of  the  Teut.  root  wit,  '  to  know '  (comp. 
AS.  witga,  '  prophet').  This  form  was  cor- 
rupted to  wissagdn  in  the  OHG.  period  by 
connecting  it  with  wts,  'wise,'  and  sago, 
'speaker,'  or  rather  with  OHG.  forasago 
(OLG.  wdr-sago), '  prophet.'  OHG.  uijgago 
is  properly  a  subst.  formed  from  the  Teut 
adj.  *witag,  'knowing,  intelligible,  wise' 
AS.  (witig). 

"gtJetstum,  n., '  legal  precedent,  record,' 
from  late  MidHG.  (rare)  wistuom,  m.  and 
n.,  'sentence,  instruction  (to  thejury),'  lit. 
'  wisdom' ;  allied  to  tteife  (comp.  E.  wisdom). 

meifi,  adj.,  'white,  blank,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wiv,  (from  hwU), 
adj. ;  corresponding  to  Goth.'  hweits,  Olc. 


hvltr,  AS.  and  OSax.  hwtt,  Du.  wit,  E.  whit' . 
This  common  Teut.  term  (hwtto-)  is  based 
on  an  Aryan  root  kwid,  kwlt,  from  which 
are  derived  Sans,  cvit,  'to  be  white,  to 
shine'  (so  too  cv4td,  cvitrd,  cvitna, '  white'), 
Zend  spaeta,  '  white,'  OSlov.  svetu,  '  light,' 
and  Lith.  szvaitj/ti, '  to  make  bright.'  Goth. 
hwaiteis  (ModHG.  SBeijen,  'wheat'),  is  re- 
lated by  gradation. 

mett ,  adj.,  '  wide,  broad,  ample,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wit;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  and  AS.  wid,  E.  wide, 
Du.  wijd,  OIc.  vi^Sr, '  roomy,  extended,  spa- 
cious.' Allied  to  Sans  vttd,  '  straight ' .'. 
From  its  form  Teut.  vt-do-  seems  to  be  a 
partic.  derivative  of  a  root  wi. 

"pSciSCtt,  m.,  'wheat,'  from  MidHG. 
weitze,  OHG.  weizzi,  m.  The  dial,  (un- 
known onlyin  Bav.  ?)  variant  2Bei§en  (Swiss, 
UpSwab.,  Wetterau,  UpHess.,  Hennegau, 
and  Thuringian)  is  based  on  MidHG.  weiy, 
OHG.  wei^i  (tz  and  sz  interchanged  in  this 
word  on  account  of  the  older  inflectional 
interchange  of  tj  and  ti;  comp.  vct^cn  and 
fyetjen) ;  hence  SBeipbrob  as  well  as  QBcijen  ?. 
Corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Goth,  hwaiteis 
(dak  hwaitja),  OIc.  hveite,  AS.  hwc&te,  E. 
wheat,  Du.  weit,  OSax.  hwiti.  Lith.  kv'vtys, 
'grains  of  wheat,'  is  borrowed  from  Teut. 
IBetjen  is  rightly  regarded,  on  account  of  the 
white  flour,  as  a  derivative  of  n?eijj  (comp. 
Sans,  cvitnyd  cvStd,  '  white '). 

meld),  pron.,  '  which,  what,'  from  Mid 
HG.  welch,  wi:lich,  interr.  pron.,  OHG.  we-, 
wie-lih  (hh  and  h),  interr.  pron.,  'who, 
which ' ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  hicileiks 
(kwileiks),  OSax.  hwilik,  Du.  welk,  AS. 
hwyU,  E.  which.  A  common  Teut.  deriva- 
tive, from  the  pronominal  stem  hive-  (see 
met)  and  the  suffix  Itko-,  '  constituted '  (see 
ajetcfy  and  fold)) ;  hence  toeld),  lit.  '  as  consti- 
tuted.' 

"§3elf,  m.,  '  whelp,  cub,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  welf  (earlier  hwtlj,  m. 
and  n.) ;  corresponding  to  OIc.  hvelpr,  AS. 
hwelp  (E.  whelp).  This  Teut.  word  hwelpo-, 
which  was  used  at  an  early  period,  espec. 
of  '  cubs,'  has  no  cognates  in  the  non-Teut. 
languages.     SSctf  is  not  allied. 

mclh,  adj.,  '  withered,  faded,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  welc  (welch),  '  moist,  mild, 
lukewarm,  faded ' ;  peculiar  to  HG.  ;  con- 
nected with  MidE.  welken,  E.  to  welk,  and 
SSolfe.  The  primary  meaning  of  the  Teut. 
root  welk,  from  Aryan  welg,  is  '  to  be  moist,' 
as  is  indicated  also  by  OSlov.  vlaga, '  moist- 
ness,'  vlugitkH,  '  moist,'  Lith.  vilgyti,  '  to 


Wei 


(    39i    ) 


Wer 


moisten,'  Lett,  welgans,  wdlgans,  'moist,' 
unless  these  are  more  closely  allied  to  AS. 
wlacu,  wlcec,  '  moist.'  From  a  form  *walki, 
connected  with  OHG.  welk,  Fr.  gauche, 
'  left,'  is  usually  derived. 

^3clle,  f.,  '  ware,  billow,  swell,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  welle,  OHG.  wella,  f. ; 
a  word  peculiar  to  HG.,  but  found,  however, 
in  the  OTeut.  vocabulary.  It  is  primit. 
allied  to  the  equiv.  OSlov.  vluna,  Lith. 
wilnis,  and  is  based  like  these  on  an  Aryan 
root  wel,  '  to  turn,  roll,'  which  appears  in 
OHG.  wellan  and  fallen.  Comp.  Lat.  vol- 
vere,  Gr.  elkveiv,  '  to  roll,'  as  well  as  Sans. 
Armi,  equiv.  to  OHG.  walm,  AS.  wylm, 
♦billow.' 

^5els,  m., <  shad '  (fish),  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  wels.  Its  connection  with 
2Batftfcfj  (stem  hwalo-)  is  not  impossible,  if 
MidHG.  wels  is  based  on  OHG.  *welis 
(from  *hwalis-)  ;  comp.  OHG.  welira, 
'  whale.' 

tDClfdj,  adj., '  foreign,  outlandish  (espec. 
Italian  or  French),'  from  MidHG.  welsch 
(welhisch,  walhisch),  'Romance,  French, 
Italian,'  OHG.  walhisc,  '  Romance ' ;  a  de- 
rivative of  MidHG.  Walch,  OHG.  Walk, 
'  one  of  the  Latin  race.'  The  correspond- 
ing AS.  Wealh  was  applied  to  the  '  Kelt,' 
and  this  is  the  lit.  meaning  of  the  word 
(comp.  the  Keltic  tribal  name  Volcae,  on 
which  Teut.  Walho-  is  based  ;  it  was  ap- 
plied to  the  Latin  race  when  they  occupied 
Gaul,  which  had  been  formerly  inhabited 
by  the  Kelts.  Comp.  further  SBalnufj  and 
the  E.  local  names  Wales  (AS.  Walas)  and 
Cornwall. 

"§0elf ,  f.,  'world,  society,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  welt,  usually  werlt,  werelt,  OHG. 
weralt  (worolt),  f. ;  the  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
word  has  also  the  earlier  signification  '  age, 
saeculum.'  Comp.  OSax.  werold,  '  earthly 
life,  age ' ;  Du.  wereld,  AS.  weorold,  worold, 
E.  world,  have  the  ModHG.  meaning.  The 
double  sense  '  world  'and  'age'  can  hardly 
be  explained  from  one  primary  form  ;  the 
latter  meaning  is  linked  with  OIc.  gld,  AS. 
yld,  '  age ' ;  the  former  seems  to  be  based 
on  a  collective  sense,  'humanity,'  which 
follows  from  OLG.  eldi,  AS.  ylde,  OIc.  elder, 
'men.'  The  first  part  of  the  compound 
(Goth,  wair-aldus)  is  Teut.  wer, '  man,  per- 
son '  (see  ffiertuolf ).  SBelt,  like  J&immet  and 
£ef(f,  is  peculiar  to  Teut. 

^Scnoe,  f.,'turn,  turning-point, change,' 
from  MidHG.  wende,  OHG.  w$n  ti,{.,'  bound- 
ary, turning  back,  turn.' — "gflenbcltveppe, 


f., '  winding  stairs,'  based  on  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  wendelstein. — ttJCttben,  vb.,  'to 
turn,  change,'  from  MidHG.  wenden,  OHG. 
wenien  (from  *wantjan),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  over- 
turn, cause  to  retrograde,  hinder.'  Comp. 
OSax.  we.ndian,  Goth,  wandjan,  AS.  wen- 
dan,  '  to  turn,'  E.  to  wend,  Du.  wenden, 
'  to  change ' ;  a  factitive  of  tritiben.  Hence 
ouswcnbig,  'by  heart,'  MidHG.  A^wendic, 
'  externally,  abroad '  (etoa$  auStoenbiij  f onnett 
is  a  ModHG.  phrase,  and  is  here  used  in 
the  sense  of  '  externally,'  i.e.,  '  without 
looking  into  a  book')  ;  ttttt>en6tg,  'in- 
ternally,' from  MidHG.  innewendec. — 
gettXHtbf,  adj.,  'skilled,  adroit,  dexte- 
rous,' from  MidHG.  gewant,  lit.  '  directed 
to  the  circumstances,  appropriate  to  the 
circumstances,'  i.e.,  'constituted  somehow 
or  other.' 

tt>emct,  adj.,  '  little,  few,'  from  MidHG. 
wtnec,  weinec  (g),  OHG.  wenag  weinag,  adj. 
As  a  derivative  of  the  Teut.  root  wai  (see 
wefj  and  toeinen),  the  adj.  signified  primarily 
in  OHG.  and  MidHG. '  deplorable,  lament- 
able, unfortunate '  (so  too  Goth,  wainags) ; 
from  'unfortunate,'  the  MidHG.  'weak, 
small,  trifling,  little '  is  derived. 

t»cnn,  conj.,  '  if,  when,'  from  MidHG. 
wenne,  wanne  ;  identical  with  nxinn.  Comp. 
the  following  word. 

t»er,  pron.,  'who,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wer  (earlier  hwer),  interr.  pron. ;  the 
nom.  sing,  preserves  the  rasa  represen- 
tative of  old  s  ;  comp.  Goth,  hwas,  '  who,' 
also  AS.  hwd,  E.  who.  The  Teut.  stem  of 
the  interr.  pron.  was  hwa-,  hwe-.  from  Aryan 
ko,  he,  which  is  found  in  non-Teut.  in  Lat. 
qico-d,  Gr.  irorepos,  (<orfpoy),  Lith.  and  Sans. 
Jcas,  *  who.'  Hence  hjann,  weber,  n>eld>,  \v< nn, 
wit,  and  wo.  Further  details  belong  to 
grammar. 

rocrbctt,  vb., '  to  sue  (for),  solicit,'  from 
MidHG.  werben  (werven),  OHG.  werban, 
wervan  (earlier  hwerfan),  str.  vb.,  '  to  turn, 
walk  to  and  fro,  strive  hard,  make  an  effort, 
be  active,  be  doing  something,  accomplish 
something.'  For  the  evolution  of  meaning 
of  ModHG.  toerben,  comp.  Lat  ambire.  The 
lit.  sense  of  the  Teut.  root  hwerf  is  'to 
move  to  and  fro,'  as  is  shown  by  SBirbtl. 
Comp.  OSax.  hwerdan,  'to  walk  to  and 
fro,'  Du.  werven,  '  to  woo,'  Goth,  hxvairban 
(and  hwarb&n), '  to  wander.'  A  correspond- 
ing Aryan  root  qerpjkerp)  is  not  found  in 
non-Teut.     Comp.  2Berft  (2). 

"gUorb,  equiv.  to  ffifrter. 

tvexbcn,  vb.,  '  to  become,  grow,  get,' 


Wer 


(    392    ) 


Wer 


from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  werden,  OHG. 
werdan  ;  a  common  Teut.  vb. ;  comp.  Goth. 
wairpan,  AS.  weorfian  (obsolete  in  E.),  Du. 
worden,  '  to  become.'  The  Teut.  strong 
verbal  root  werp  has  no  corresponding  and 
equiv.  Aryan  wert,  yet  it  is  undoubtedly 
connected  with  Lat.  verto, '  to  turn,'  OSlov. 
vruteti,  vratiti, '  to  turn,'  Sans,  vrt, '  to  turn, 
roll ' ;  '  to  turn '  developed  in  Teut  into 
'to  become,  arise'  (comp.  Sans,  sam  vrt, 
'  to  arise ').  The  earlier  meaning  '  to  turn ' 
is  rightly  supposed  to  exist  in  the  suffix 
;»drt3  (which  see),  as  well  as  in  MidHG. 
wirlel,  '  spindle  ring,'  equiv.  to  OSlov. 
vr&eno,  '  distaff.' 

Berber,  m.,  '  small  island  in  a  river,' 
from  MidHG.  wert  (d),  m.,  '  island,  penin- 
sula,' OHG.  werid,  warid,  f., '  island.'  Cor- 
responding to  AS.  ware®,  'bank,  shore,' 
with  AS.  wcer,  01c.  ver,  n.,  'sea'  (for  the 
meaning  comp.  Stu).  Its  primit.  kinship 
with  Sans,  vdr,  '  water,'  is  not  certain. 

ttJCrfctt,  vb.,  '  to  cast,  throw,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  werfen,  OHG.  werfan  (werp- 
fan) ;  a  common  Teut.  str.  vb. ;  comp. 
Goth,  wairpan,  OIc.  verpa,  AS.  weorpan, 
E.  to  warp,  Du.  werpen,  OSax.  werpan.  '  to 
throw.'  From  Teut.  are  borrowed  OFr. 
guerpir,  Fr.  de'guerpir,  'to  leave  in  the 
lurch.'  The  Teut.  root  werp  contained  in 
these  words  is  based  upon  werq,  from  pre- 
Teut.  werg  (comp.  SBclf  with  Gr.  \vkos,  fitnf 
with  quinque,  and  »ier  with  quattnor)  ;  the 
primit.  allied  Sans,  vrj,  '  to  throw  down,' 
and  OSlov.  vruga  (vrttfoi),  '  to  throw,'  have 
a  guttural  sound.  Allied  to  the  following 
word  and  to  SSiirfel. 

Perff  (1.),  m.,  'woof,'  from  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  warf,  n.  (comp.  ModHG.  -£>ufte 
from  MidHG.  huf),  '  warp,  yarn,  or  thread 
for  the  warp.'  Corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
AS.  wearp,  E.  warp,  OIc.  varp,  which  are 
usually  derived  from  the  vb.  tterfen.  Lith. 
verpti,  'to  spin,'  is  perhaps  derived  from 
the  Ger.  word. 

23erft  (2.),  f.  and  n.,  '  wharf,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  borrowed  from  LG.,  like  many  nau- 
tical expressions  ;  comp.  Du.  werf  (scheep- 
stimmerwerf),  E.  wharf,  and  the  equiv.  Swed. 
varf.  The  word  cannot,  on  account  of  the 
consonants,  be  connected  with  ttetfen.  The 
cognates  signify  lit.  '  work-place,'  and  are 
related  to  the  verbal  root  of  iwrben  (which 
see). 

^Kterg,  n., '  tow,  oakum,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  werch,  were  (for  the  double  form 
comp.  ©tcr^),  OHG.  werah  (hh),  and  were, 


n.  ;  also  OHG.  dwirihlii,  dwurihhi,n.,ltow, 
stuppa.'  The  OHG.  and  MidHG.  forms  of 
SBerg  are  identical  with  those  of  2Berf,  hence 
the  former  is  usually  derived  from  the 
latter  ;  this,  however,  does  not  explain  the 
development  of  meaning.  OHG.  awurihhi, 
'  tow,'  may  be  connected  with  SScrf  and 
toirfen,  since  it  means  '  the  refuse  produced 
by  work.'  Perhaps  the  simple  word  was 
developed  from  the  compound. 

"gSJergelb,  n.,  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
wergild,  '  fine  for  slaughter/  lit.  '  man's, 
person's  money.'  For  the  first  component 
comp.  aBertoelf,  SBett. 

"gjterfe,  n.,  '  work,  deed,  production,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  were  (werch), 
OHG.  were,  werah  (hh),  n. ;  for  the  double 
forms  comp.  the  cognate  SBerg.  Based  on 
a  common  Teut  werko-,  '  work,'  which  is 
attested  by  OIc.  verk,  AS.  weorc,  E.  work, 
Du.  and  OSax.  w'erk.  For  further  details 
concerning  the  root,  to  which  Gr.  epyov  is 
allied,  see  hnrten. 

"§3crmuf ,  m.,  '  wormwood,  bitterness,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wermuot,  wermiiete, 
f.  and  n.,  OHG.  ic'ermuota  (wormuota),  f. 
There  is  no  clear  etymological  connection 
with  9Burm,  to  which  this  uncompounded 
word  (comp.  Strmut)  is  instinctively  allied 
(comp.  E.  wormwood,  from  AS.  wermSd, 
wormdd).  Its  relation  to  tajarnt  too  is  not 
certain. 

~%JHevl  (1.),  m.,  equiv.  to  SBerber,  '  river 
island.' 

"§3ert  (2.),  m.,  '  worth,  value,  price,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wert  (d),  OHG. 
werd,  n.,  'price,  costly  articles, splendour ' ; 
comp.  OSax.  werfi,  '  hero,  reward,'  Goth. 
wairj>s,  '  worth,  price ' ;  an  adj.  used  as  a 
subst  Based  on  the  adj.  Ircrt,  'worth, 
dear,'  from  MidHG.  wert  (d),  OHG.  werd, 
'  costing  a  certain  price,  saleable  at,'  then 
absolutely  '  of  high  worth,  splendid,  distin- 
guished.' Corresponding  to  Goth,  wairfrs, 
'  worthy,  fit,'  AS.  weorf>,  and  E.  worth.  On 
account  of  its  meaning  its  connection  with 
tDcrten  is  improbable.  Lith.  wertas  and 
OSlov.  vredu,  with  which  it  is  sometimes 
compared,  are  probably  Teut  loan-words. 
It  may  be  related  to  the  Aryan  root  wor, 
'  to  regard,  contemplate '  (see  toaljren),  of 
which  vrert  might  be  a  particip.  derivative 
in  the  sense  of  'esteemed' ;  see  also  2Barc. 

■gSterwoIf,  m.,  'werewolf,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  werwolf  (not  recorded  in 
OHG.).  It  is  undoubtedly  based  on  an 
OTeut  word ;  comp.  AS.  werewvlf,  E.  were- 


Wes 


(     393    ) 


Wet 


wolf.  From  the  AS.  word  is  derived  Mid 
Lat.  guervlfus,  OFr.  garou,  whence  by  tauto- 
logy ModFr.  loup-garou,  '  werewolf.'  The 
presupposed  OTeut.  werowulfo-  means  lit 
'  man-wolf,'  t.e.,Ja  man  who  roams  about  in 
the  form  of  a  wolf  (Gr.  \vKav6puyiros).  The 
first  component  is  OHG.,  OSax.,  and  AS. 
wer  (Goth,  wair),  m.,  '  man,'  primit.  cog- 
nate with  Lat.  tw'jtSans.  vvras,  '  man.' 

■§3efen,  n., '  being,  creature,  nature,  dis- 
position, manners,'  from  MidHG.  wesen,  n., 
*  sojourn,  domestic  affairs,  manner  of  living, 
quality,  situation.'  An  infinit.  used  as  a 
subst. ;  MidHG.  wesen,  OHG.  wesan  (to 
which  the  ModHG.  pret.  forms  of  the  vb. 
fetn  are  allied),  str.  vb. ;  corresponding  to 
Goth,  wisan, '  to  be,  tarry,  stay '  (AS.  wesan; 
E.  was,  belong  to  the  sphere  of  grammar). 
The  verbal  root\wes, '  to  be,  abide,'  to  which 
Uia()iett  is  allied,  is  found  in  non-Teut.,  in 
the  Sans,  root  vas,  'to  stay,  tarry,  pass 
the  sight? — Allied  to  tvcfentlid),  adj., 
'  essential,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wesent- 
Itch  (w'esenlich)  ;  the  t  is  excrescent. 

^Jefpc,  f.,  'wasp,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  wespe,  earlier  wefse,  f.  (m.),  OHG.  wefsa 
(earlier  wafsa),  f. ;  a  genuine  Teut.  word  ; 
comp.  AS.  woifs,  weeps,  m.,  E.  wasp.  Hence 
we  must  probably  assume  a  Teut.  wafs-, 
beside  which  Teut.  wabis-,  wabit-,  is  presup- 
posed by  Bav.  webes,  East  Thuringian  weps- 
chen,  wSwetzehen  (in  West  Thur.  wispel). 
Aryan  wops-  (wobhes-),  which  points  to  the 
verbal  root  tveben  (see  SBtebel),  is  almost  as 
widely  diffused  in  the  Aryan  languages  as 
J^onufie ;  OBret.  guohi,  'wasps'  (from  wops-), 
Lith.  vapsd,  '  gadfly,'  OSlov.  vosa,  '  wasp,' 
and  probably  also  by  gradation  Lat.  vespa. 
In  the  MidHG.  period  a  form  vespe  was  bor- 
rowed from  Lat.  vespa  ;  on  the  other  hand, 
Fr.  guSpe  is  probably  due  on  account  of  its 
initial  sound  to  Ger.  influence. 

"gtfeffe,  f.,  '  vest,  waistcoat,'  adopted  as 
a  current  term  in  the  last  cent.  Since  the 
word  is  unknown  to  the  older  dialects,  it 
must  have  been  borrowed  from  Fr.  veste 
(Lat.  vestis) ;  had  it,  however,  appeared 
earlier  in  the  OTeut.  dialects,  it  would  have 
been  primit.  allied  to  Lat.  vestis.  The 
modern  dial,  form,  MidHG.  wester,  'chris- 
tening gown'  (found  espec.  in  compounds), 
is  baseel  on  the  same  Aryan  root  as  Lat. 
vestis.  With  the  Aryan  root  wes, '  to  clothe ' 
(equiv.  to  Sans,  vas,  Gr.  Zvwfii  for  *Feo--vvpi, 
Lat.  ves-tis),  are  also  connected  Goth,  wasjan, 
'  to  dress,'  OHG.  and  AS.  werian,  E.  to  wear. 

^KJcJlcn,  m., '  west,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 


HG.  westen,  OHG.  uestan,  n. ;  also  ModHG. 
9Beft,  which  is  found  in  OHG.  and  Mid 
HG.  only  as  the  first  part  of  compounds 
(e.g.,  OHG.  WMfdlo,  MidHG.  Westvdle, 
'  Westphalian').  Comp.  Du.  west  (in  com- 
pounds), E.  west  (whence  Fr.  ouest),  OIc. 
vestr,  n.  The  explanation  of  the  cognates 
is  difficult,  espec.  on  account  of  the  old 
term  Visegothae,  'Visigoths,  West  Goths,' 
transmitted  by  Lat.  One  is  inclined  to 
connect  the  word  with  Lat.  ves-per,  Gr. 
io-nipa,  '  evening,'  and  to  regard  it  as  the 
'  evening  quarter' ;  comp.  the  correspond- 
ing explanations  of  <&ub  and  Djl  (see  also 
5lbenb). 

lt>clf,  adj.,  'equal,  even,'  from  late 
MidHG.  wette,  adj.,  'paid  off.'  A  recent 
derivative  of  the  noun  "§9etfc,  f.,  '  bet, 
wager,'  MidHG.  wette,  wete,  wet  (tt),  n.  and 
f.,  OHG.  wetti,  weti,  n., '  mortgage  contract, 
legal  obligation,  pledge,  stake  (in  a  bet), 
compensation,  fine'  (the  last  three  mean- 
ings first  occur  in  MidHG.).  Comp.  AS. 
w(dd,  OIc.  re<5,  Goth,  wadi,  n.,  'pledge, 
earnest.'  From  OTeut.  wadjo-,  the  Ro- 
mance cognates,  Ital.  gaggio  and  Fr.  gage, 
'  pledge,'  are  borrowed.  The  following  are 
also  primit.  allied  to  Teut.  2Bette ;  Lat.  v&s 
(vadis),  '  surety,'  vadimonium,  '  bail,  secu- 
rity,' Lith.  vaduti,  '  to  redeem  a  pledge,' 
and  perhaps  also  Gr.  aedXos  (root  F(6), 
'  prize  (of  contest),'  which  point  to  an  Aryan 
root  wedh. 

fetter,  n.,  'weather,  storm,  tempest,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  weter,  OHG.  wetar, 
n. ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  wedar,  'weather, 
tempest,  storm,'  Du.  weder,  weir,  AS.  weder, 
E.  weather,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  vefir  (Goth. 
*widra-  is  wanting).  If  Teut.  wedro-  is 
based  on  pre-Teut.  wedhro-,  OSlov.  vedro, 
n.,  ' fair  weather '  (vedru,  'bright,  clear'), 
is  related  to  it.  It  is  possible,  though  less 
probable,  that  wetrO-  is  the  Aryan  base, 
with  which  also  OSlov.  vltru,  'air,  wind' 
(from  the  root  wS,  '  to  blow '),  coincides. — 
39etfcrloud)ten,  m,  'sheet  lightning,' 
corrupted  from  late  MidHG.  (so  even  now 
in  ModHG.  dials.)  weterleich  (comp.  Norw. 
vederleik),  '  lightning '  ;  comp.  MidHG. 
leichen,  '  to  dance,  skip  '  (see  fieidj). 

WCfflOtt,  vb.,  '  to  whet,  sharpen,'  from 
MidHG.  wetzen,  OHG.  wezzen  (from  *hwazz- 
jan),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  sharpen ' ;  comp.  Du. 
wdten,  AS.  hwettan,  E.  to  whet,  OIc.  hvetja, 
'to  sharpen.'  A  common  Teut.  wk.  vb., 
properly  strong.  The  Teut.  strong  verbal 
root  hxcat,  from  Aryan  hood  (by  gradation 


Wic 


(    394    ) 


Wie 


foul),  seems  to  be  equiv.  to  the  Sans,  root 
cudy  '  to  whet,  sharpen,  set  on  fire,  incite ' 
(comp.  AS.  hwettan,  01c.  hvetja,  '  to  excite, 
incite,'  prop.  '  to  sharpen ').  The  older 
Teut.  periods  preserve  the  adjs.  hwassa- 
(Goth.  hwass,  OHG.  and  MidHG.  was)  and 
hwato-  (AS.  hwcet,  OHG.  wrj),  'sharp,' 
from  the  root  hwat. 

tvid) fen,  vb.,  'to  black,  polish  (boots), 
wax  (thread),'  from  late  MidHG.  wihsen, 
OHG.  wahsen,  giwehsen,  wk.  vb.,  '  to  wax ' ; 
a  derivative  of  2Badj$. 

£?3id)t,  m., '  wight,  creature,  ragamuffin,' 
from  MidHG.  wiht,  m.  and  n.,  '  creature, 
being,  thing'  (used  espec.  of  hobgoblins, 
dwarfs,  &c),  OHG.  wiht,  m.  and  n.,  'thing, 
being,  person ' ;  comp.  also  the  meanings 
of  936fctt>tc()t.  Corresponding  to  OSax.  wiht, 
'  thing'  (plur.  '  demons '),  Du.  wicht, '  little 
child,'  AS.  wiht,  '  being,  thing,  demon,'  E. 
wight.  Goth  distinguishes  between  waihts, 
f.,  '  thing,'  and  ni-waiht,  n.,  '  nothing ' 
(on  which  Ger.  nid)t  and  nicbtS  are  based). 
The  meaning  '  personal  or  living  being '  is 
probably  derived  from  the  primary  sense 
'  thing,'  for  the  early  history  of  which  the 
cognate  languages  give  no  clue  except 
through  OSlov.  veSti,  'thing,'  which,  like 
Teut.  wtiiti-,  is  based  upon  Aryan  wekti-. 
Tiie  cognates  can  scarcely  be  explained  by 
tticijcit  and  uugen.  MidHG.  wihtelin,  wihtel- 
mpinelin  are  still  used  dial,  for  '  hobgob- 
lins, dwarfs.' 

nnd)f  it},  adj., '  weighty,  important,'  Mod 
HG.  only  ;  a  recent  variant  of  getoicfyttg,  lit. 
'  having  weight.'    See  ©ettnd^t. 

"gSJidie  (1.),  f.,  'vetch,  tare,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wicke,  OHG.  wiccha,  f.  ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  wikke.  Borrowed 
from  Lat.  vicia,  '  vetch,'  whence  the  equiv. 
Ital.  veccia,  Fr.  vesce  (E.  vetch).  The  period 
at  which  it  was  borrowed  (contemporaneous 
with  (Spelt  1)  is  fixed  by  the  representation 
of  Lat.  v  by  w  (comp.  $pfau,  $fufyl  with  Sogt 
and  Seilcbcn),  a3  well  as  the  retention  of 
the  Lat.  c  as  It  (comp.  Jtreuj). 

"ptefce  (2.),  f.  'wick,'  see  SSiecfc. 

"^Btdiel,  m.  and  n.,  '  roll,  curl-paper, 
distaff-ful  (of  flax),'  from  MidHG.  wickel, 
wickelin,  OHG.  wicchilt,  wicchiltn,  n., '  roll, 
a  quantity  of  flax  or  wool  to  spin  off '  ;  cog- 
nate with  ©tcfe,  '  wick.'  Further  cognates 
are  wanting  to  explain  the  early  history  of 
the  word.  Allied  to  tttidteln,  vb.  '  to  roll, 
wind,  swathe,'  from  late  MidHG.  wickeln, 
lit.  '  to  make  into  the  form  of  a  roll';  also 
ModHG.  "§3icfecl,  f.,  '  swaddling  clothes.' 


^9iM>er,  m.,  'ram,'  from  MidHG.  wider, 
OHG.  widar,  m.  ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
wijyrus,  m.  (ram  ?  lamb  ?),  AS.  welSer,  E. 
wether,  Du.  weder,  'ram,  wether.'  Teut 
wtfcru-,  from  pre-Teut.  w4trw-,  is  primit. 
allied  to  Lat.  vitulus,  'calf,'  Sans,  vatsa, 
'  calf,  young  animal,' which  are  derived  from 
Aryan  wet-, '  year' ;  comp.  Lat.  vetus,  'aged,' 
Gr.  eroy,  Sans,  vatsara,  'year.'  Hence  33tfc- 
ber  means  lit.  'young  animal,  yearling.' 

ttuber,  prep,  and  adv.,  '  against,'  from 
MidHG.  wider,  OHG.  widar,  'against,  to- 
wards, back,  once  more'  ;  corresponding 
to  Goth.  wij>ra,  prep.,  'against,  before,' 
OSax.  wiiSar (and  wn'5),  prep.,  'against,'  Du. 
weder,  weer,  AS.  wiSer  (and  wi<5),  'against ' 
(hence  E.  with).  Teut.  wi}>r6,  'against,' 
and  the  equiv.  wipe  are  based  on  the 
Aryan  prep,  wi,  'against,'  which  is  pre- 
served in  Sans,  vi,  'asunder,  apart'  (to 
which  vitardm, '  further,'  is  allied).  Comp. 
fyinter.— Allied  to  toibem,  amtnoern,  vl>., 
'  to  loathe,  be  offensive,'  lit '  to  be  opposed,' 
from  MidHG.  widern,  '  to  be  opposite.' — 
jKHberparf,  m.,  'opponent,  opposition,' 
from  MidHG.  widerparte,  f.  and  in., '  oppos- 
ing party,  enmity,  enemy,  opponent,'  allied 
to  MidHG.  part,  '  part,'  which  is  based  on 
Lat.  pars  (Fr.  part). — '•KHberfacfjer,  m., 
'adversary,'  from  MidHG.  widersache,  OHG. 
widarsahho,  m.,  'opponent  in  a  lawsuit, 
accused,  opponent  (generally) ' ;  allied  to 
@ad)e,  which  orig.  meant  '  legal  dispute.' — 
tviberfpenflig,  adj.,  'refractory,  per- 
verse, obstinate,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(rare)  widerspenstec,  usually  widerspcene, 
widerspcenec ;  allied  to  MidHG.  widerspdn, 
also  spdn,  span  (nn),  'dispute,  quarrel.' — 
^3ioertr)On,  m.,  '  spleenwort,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  widertdn  (-tdt,  -t6t) ;  an 
obscure  word  ;  it  has  probably  been  cor- 
rupted.— tr>ioem>arf tg,  adj., '  adverse,  re- 
pugnant, repulsive,'  from  MidHG.  icider- 
wertic,  -wartic  (widerwert,  -wart),  adj., 
'striving  against,  refractory, hostile,'  OHG. 
widarwart.  wartic  (g),  'opposed.'  Comp. 
todrtS — tuifcrig,  adj.,  'contrary,  adverse, 
repugnant,'  ModHG.  only. 

ttnomett,  vb.,  'to  dedicate,  devote,  con- 
secrate,' from  MidHG.  widemen,  OHG. 
widimen,  '  to  furnish  with  a  dowry,  en- 
dow ' ;  allied  to  OHG.  widamo,  '  wedding 
present'  (see  SfBittmn). 

tt)te,  adv.,  'how,  in  what  way,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wie,  OHG.  wio,  which  is 
derived  from  *hweu  for  *hwhcu,  hwaiwd ; 
the  last  form  is  indicated  only  by  Goth. 


Wie 


(    395    ) 


Wil 


hwaiwa,  'how.'  Based  on  the  Teut.  pro- 
nom.  stem  hwa-,  Aryan  qe,  qo.  The  forma- 
tion of  pre- Teut  koiwd  is  identical  with 
that  of  Sans.  $va,  '  in  this  manner,'  from 
the  pronom.  stem  a, '  this.'  Another  form 
is  preserved  in  E.  how,  from  the  equiv. 
AS.  k&  (equiv.  to  OSax.  and  Teut.  hw6). 

"gSicbel,  m.,  'beetle,'  from  MidHG. 
wibel,  OHG.  wibil,  m.  ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  wibil,  AS.  wifel,  E.  weevil.  The 
literal  meaning  of  this  word  as  a  derivative 
of  n?eben(see  also  5Befpe)  is  probably '  weaver' 
(because  it  surrounds  itself  with  a  web  on 
changing  into  a  chrysalis  state).  Comp. 
Lith.  vabalas, '  beetle.' 

"gtHedjC,  m., '  wick,'  from  MidHG. wieche, 
m.  and  f.,  "  twisted  yarn  as  wick  or  lint,' 
OHG.  wiohha  (wiohl),  'wick';  also  Mid 
HG.  and  ModHG.  (dial.)  wicke,  with  the 
same  signification.  The  latter  is  connected 
with  Sffittfel,  from  which  MidHG.  wieche 
was  orig.  at  all  events  quite  distinct ;  comp. 
Du.  wiek, '  lamp  wick,'  AS.  weoca  (but  also 
wecca,  equiv.  to  E.  wick).  There  are  appa- 
rently no  other  cognates,  unless  we  include 
SBecfen. 

"gUicbc^opf,  m.,  •  hoopoe '  (bird),  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  witehopfe,  m.,  OHG. 
wituhopfo  (-hoffo),  m.,  lit.  'forest  hopper.' 
OHG.  witu,  '  timber,'  equiv.  to  AS.  wudu, 
E.  wood  (comp.  J?vamt<5»ogel),  is  primit.  allied 
to  Olr.  fid,  '  tree '  (or  Gr.  (frirpos,  '  block  of 
wood,  log').     Comp.  l;upfcn. 

tviebev,  adv.,  identical  with  toiber. 

"gSUcge,  f., '  cradle,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  wige,  wicjfe,OHG.  wiga  (*wiega  ?),  and, 
with  a  different  gradation,  waga,  f.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  wieg,  OIc.  vagga,  'cradle' 
(in  AS.  cradol,  E.  cradle).  It  is  evidently 
connected  with  the  root  toeg  in  Bclregeit, 
toacfeln  ;  yet  some  difficulties  still  remain  ; 
the  relation  of  OHG.  and  MidHG.  ie,  i,  a, 
is  not  quite  clear  (see  fcfyief  and  <£tiege). 

ttHCftCtt,  vb.,  '  to  weigh,  rock,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wegen,  OHG.  wegan,  str.  vb. ; 
identical  with  ttjcgnt,  vb.,  which  see. 

ttnef)Cm,  vb.,  *  to  neigh,  shout  noisily,' 
an  intensive  form  of  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
wihen  (wihenen,  wihelen),  OliG.  wih&n  for 
*wlj6n,  *hwljf>n;  formed  from  the  same 
root  as  MidHG.  weijen,  OHG.  wei6n  (hweidn), 
'  to  neigh '  (E.  dial,  to  wicker).  With  the 
onomatopoetic  root  hwt  are  connected, 
though  with  a  different  evolution  of  mean- 
ing, AS.  hwtnan,  E.  to  whine,  OIc.  hvina, 
*  to  rustle,  drink  (of  beasts).' 

"gUicmcn,  m.,  'pole  for  hanging  meat 


to  be  smoked  above  the  hearth,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG. ;  comp.  Du.  wieme,  'smok- 
ing-place.' 

"gJHcfe,  f.,  'meadow,  pasture-land,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  wise,  OHG.  wisa,  f. 
From  the  same  root  are  derived  with  a 
different  gradation  OIc.  veisa,  '  pool,  pond 
with  standing  water,'  AS.  wds,  '  moisture/ 
E.  (dial.)  woosy,  'moist.'  LG.  wische, 
'  meadow,'  is  based  on  LG.  *wiska. 

^Utefcl,  m.  and  n.,  'weasel.'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wisel,  wisele,  OHG.  wisala, 
f.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  wezel,  wtzeltje,  AS. 
wesle  (weosuke),  E.  weasel,  Dan.  vdsel.  It 
is  frequently  regarded  as  a  derivative  of 
SBiefe,  linking  it  with  the  place  where  the 
animal  is  usually  found  ;  others,  on  account 
of  the  keen  scent  of  the  animal,  connect 
its  name  with  Lat.  virus,  '  poison '  (root 
wis,  see  »ern?efen).  Both  derivations  are 
very  uncertain. 

tuilb,  adj.,  'wild,  savage,  fierce,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  wilde,  OHG.  wildi, 
adj.,  corresponding  to  Goth,  wilpeis,  AS. 
wilde,  E.  wild,  Du.  wild,  OSax.  wildi;  the 
corresponding  OIc.  villr  usually  signifies 
'  going  astray,  confused.'  Fr.  sauvage  (from 
Lat.  silvaticus),  as  a  derivative  of  Lat.  silva, 
has  led  to  the  assumption  that  the  Teut. 
cognates  are  derived  from  SBalb.  This 
view  is  not  probable,  since  roilb  seems  to 
be  used  only  of  living  beings  (lit.  '  sense- 
less, irrational'?) ;  comp.  the Scand.  signifi- 
cation. Moreover,  the  subst.  SBilb,  n.  ('  wild 
animals,  game,  deer '),  which  cannot  be  de- 
rived from  the  adj..  has  a  more  original 
form  ;  comp.  MidHG.  wilt  (d),  OHG.  and 
AS.  wild,  n.  (AS.  also  wildor,  and  later 
wildeor), '  wild  animals,'  from  Teut.  wilf>iz^ 
n.  (hence  pre-Teut.  weltos-,  n.,  '  wild  ani- 
mals,' but  w&tjo-,  '  wild,  savage ').  Hence 
the  connection  with  SBalD  is  improbable, 
though  a  more  certain  origin  has  not  yet 
been  found. 

"gSftlobref,  n.,  'game,  venison,'  from 
MidHG.  wiltbrdt,  -braete,  n.,  'roasted  (or 
boiled)  game,  game  for  roasting,  venison'; 
see  ©raten. — "gSJUbfanfl,  m.,  'deer-stalk- 
ing,' from  MidHG.  wiltvanc  (g),  m.,  'trame 
preserving,  preserves'  ;  late  MidHG.  in 
the  sense  of  '  strange  person '  (one  en- 
trapped, as  it  were,  like  game). 

gStlbfdjur,  n.,  'wolfskin,  fur  pelisse,' 
ModHG.  only,  from  the  equiv.  Pol.  vilczur. 

£ft Ule,  m.,  'will,  volition,  design,  wish,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wille,  OHG.  willo, 
m. ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  wilja,  OSax. 


Wim 


(    396    ) 


Win 


willio,  Du.  wil,  AS.  willa,  E.  will;  an 
abstract  from  woHtn,  which  see.  Allied  to 
ttnlttfl,  adj.,  'willing,  voluntary,  ready,' 
from  MidHG.  willec,  OHG.  willig.— will- 
farjrcn,  vb., '  to  accede  to,  grant,  humour,' 
from  late  MidHG.  willevarn.—  nrillliom- 
mcn,  adj.,  '  welcome,  acceptable ' ;  subst. 
1  welcome,  reception ' ;  from  MidHG.  wille- 
kumen.  Corresponding  to  Du.  wclkom, 
AS.  wilcumen,  E.  welcome,  whence  OFr. 
wilecome  (a  form  of  greeting)  was  borrowed. 
— ^0illfefir,f.,  'option,  discretion,  caprice,' 
from  MidHG.  willekiir,  f., '  free  choice,  free 
will ' ;  see  f iefen  and  Jtur;. 

ttUtmneltt,  vb.,  '  to  swarm,  teem  with,' 
from  late  MidHG. (MidG.)  wimmen,  'to  be 
astir,  swarm.'  From  the  same  root  wem 
(warn)  are  derived  the  equiv.  OHG.  wimi- 
d&n  and  wimizzen  (wamezzen).  OHG.  wiu- 
man,  '  to  swarm  with,'  seems  to  be  a 
reduplicated  present  of  the  same  root  wen 
(we-wm-). 

toimmetn,  vb.,  '  to  whimper,'  from 
MidHG.  wimmer,  n.,  '  whining,'  beside 
which  occurs  an  equiv.  MidHG.  gewammer, 
with  a  different  stage  of  gradation  ;  recent 
imitative  forms. 

"gSimpel,  m.  and  f.,  '  pennon,  flag, 
streamer,'  from  MidHG.  wimpel,  f.  and  m., 
'  banner,  flag,  naval  ensign,  kerchief,'  OHG. 
wimpal,  'frontlet,  veiL'  Allied  to  Fr. 
guimpe(OFr.  guimple), '  wimple,  stomacher,' 
Du.  wimpel,  AS.  winpel,  wimpel,  E.  wimple. 
The  exact  relation  of  these  apparently 
compound  words  to  one  another  is  obscure, 
since  the  LG.  dialects  have  mp  coinciding 
with  HG.  (we  should  have  expected  mf  in 
HG.).  Since  it  is  not  yet  known  in  which 
group  it  was  borrowed,  nothing  definite 
can  be  said  concerning  its  early  history. 
The  evolution  in  meaning  is  similar  to 
that  of  gafyne. 

jKHtttper,  f., '  eyelash,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  winibrd,  wintbrdwe,  OHG.  wint- 
brdwa,  f. ;  lit.  '  the  winding  eyebrow.' 

"23inb,  m.,  '  wind,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  wint  (d),  OHG.  wint,  m. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth,  winds,  AS.  and  E.  wind  (to 
which  window  from  OIc.  vindauga,  lit. 
'  wind  eye,'  is  allied),  Du.  and  OSax.  wind, 
1  wind.'  The  common  Teut.  windo-,  from 
Aryan  wSnt6-,  is  identical  in  form  with  the 
equiv.  Lat.  ventus,  and  Sans,  vata,  m., '  wind ' 
(comp.  also  Gr.  drp^s  ?) ;  they  are  deriva- 
tives of  the  present  partic.  wS-nt-  of  the 
root  wS,  'to  blow '  (see  roeljen) ;  for  the  form 
of  the  word  comp.  3aljn.    While  this  word 


extends  beyond  Teut  the  terms  for  the 
chief  directions  of  the  wind  are  peculiar  to 
that  group  (see  91erb,  £)ft,  &c). 

^Bittbe,  f.,  '  windlass,  winch,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  winde,  OHG.  winta,  f. — 
^29inbel,  f.,  'swaddling  clothes,  napkin,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  windel,  OHG. 
wintila,  f.  ;  lit. '  means  for  winding  about.' 
— umtbctt,  vb.,  'to  wind,  reel,  twine,' 
from  MidHG.  winden,  OHG.  wintan,  str. 
vb.,  'to  wind,  turn,  wrap';  comp.  OSax. 
windan, '  to  turn '  (biwindan, '  to  wrap  up '), 
Du.  winden,  AS.  windan,  E.  to  wind,  Goth. 
windan.  For  the  causative  of  this  Teut. 
strong  verbal  root  wind,  '  to  turn,  wrap,' 
see  tocnben  ;  other  derivatives  are  toanbmt, 
ttxutbcln.  There  are  no  certain  cognates  in 
non-Teut.  Ital.  ghindare,  Fr.  guinder, '  to 
hoist,'  are  borrowed  from  Teut. 

^3inbl)unb,  m.,  ]K5mofpieI,  n.,  'grey- 
hound, harrier,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
wintbracke,  wintspil;  these  compounds  are 
tautological  forms  for  MidHG.  and  OHG. 
wint, '  greyhound.'  It  is  probably  not  con- 
nected with  SBinb,  though  the  two  words 
are  instinctively  associated.  On  account 
of  the  limited  area  of  its  diffusion,  the  pre- 
historic form  cannot  be  discovered.  Its 
kinship  with  £unb  (Teut.  hundo-,  from 
hwundo-)  is  perhaps  possible  (28tnb;,  from 
hwindo- 1)  ;  in  that  case  the  assonance  with 
SBinb  must  have  caused  the  differentiation. 

■jKHnosbrcutf ,  f.,  '  hurricane,  tornado,' 
from  the  equiv. MidHG.  windesbrdt, OHG. 
wintes  brUt,  f.  ;  a  remarkable  formation, 
which  is  usuallv  referred  to  mvthological 
ideas.  Yet  OHG.  and  MidHG.  biHt  in 
this  compound  might  be  cognate  with  Mid 
HG.  br&s,  ModHG.  23rau$,  if  this  were  con- 
nected with  pre-Teut.  bhrtit-to-. 

JZtlmgerf ,  m., '  vineyard,'  from  MidHG. 
wingarte,  OHG.  wingarto,  m. ;  comp.  also 
E.  vineyard;  lit.  'wine-garden.'  For  the 
shortening  of  MidHG.  and  OHG.  i,  comp. 
23tn}cr. 

■§3m&,  m., '  sign,  wink,  nod,  hint,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  wine  Qc),  OHG.  winch, 
m. ;  allied  to  nnnltcn,  vb.,  'to  wink, 
beckon,  nod,'  MidHG.  winken,  str.  vb., 
OHG.  winchan,  wk.  vb.,  'to  move  side- 
wards, totter,  nod,  wink ' ;  corresponding 
to  AS.  windan,  E  to  wink.  If  '  to  totter 
along,  move  with  a  sideward  motion,'  is 
the  primary  meaning  of  the  Teut  root 
wink,  the  Aryan  root  may  be  the  same  as 
that  of  toeidjen  (wig,  wtk).  Related  to  the 
following  word. 


Win 


(    397    ) 


Wir 


^5hthe(,  m., '  angle,  comer,  nook,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  winkel,  OHG.  winchil, 
in. ;  corresponding  to  Du.  winkel,  AS.  wincel, 
'  angle,'  to  which  Goth,  waihsta,  m., '  angle, 
corner,'  formed  from  a  nasalised  root,  is 
allied.  The  primary  meaning  of  the  word 
is  probably 'bend.'    See  2Btnf. 

voinken,  see  SB  inf. 

TOtttfeltt,  v.,  'to  whine,  whimper,' from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  winseln,  an  intensive  of 
MidHG.  winsen,  OHG.  wins6n,  winisdn,  wk. 
vb.,  'to  lament.'  Probably  derived,  like 
wimmern  (tmefyern),  from  the  Teut.  root  hwi. 
Its  connection  with  toeinen  is  less  probable. 

Winter,  m.,  'winter,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  winter,  OHG.  wintar,  m.  ;  a  com- 
mon Teut.  term,  wanting  in  the  other 
Aryan  languages.  Comp.  Goth,  wintrus, 
AS.  and  E.  winter,  OSax.  wintar.  The 
allied  languages  used  a  stem  ghlm  (ghiem) ; 
comp.  Lat.  hiems,  Gr.  x^lP^,  OSlov.  and 
Zend  zima,  Sans,  hemanta  (also  in  the  Lex 
Salica  ingimus, '  anniculus ').  These  Aryan 
cognates,  which  may  also  signify  'snow' 
and  'storm '  (comp.  Gr.  xfWa> ' storm  ')>  can- 
not, for  phonological  reasons,  be  allied  to 
the  Teut.  group.  They  suggest,  however,  a 
connection  between  2B inter  and  303 inb  ;  yet 
the  Teut.  bases  wintru-  and  windo-  do  not 
agree  phonologically.  Perhaps  those  are 
right  who  regard  SBtnter  as  the  'white 
period,'  referring  it  to  OGall.  vindo-,  'white' 
(as  in  Vindo-bona,  Vindo-magus,  Vindu- 
nissa) ;  comp.  Olr.  find,  '  white.'  In  the 
OTeut.  languages  SBinter  also  signifies 
'  year,'  which  is  still  retained  in  the  Mod 
HG.  dial.  (Situmntcr,  'yearling  kid,  steer' 
(AS.  dknetre,  '  of  one  year '). 

^9ttt3er,  in.,  '  vintager,  vine-dresser,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wtnziirl,  wlvziirle, 
OHG.  wlnzuril  (winzurnil),  m.  It  can 
hardly  have  been  borrowed  from  Lat.  vlni- 
tor,  which  must  have  produced  the  OHG. 
form  *wtnizdri  (MidHG.  wlnzcere,  wlnzer). 
OHG.  winzuril  is  more  probably,  however, 
a  compound  slightly  influenced  by  the  Lat. 
term  ;  its  second  component  is  derived  from 
OHG.  zeran, '  to  tear  or  pluck  off.'  Comp. 
SBciit,  and  for  the  accented  vowel  2Bitu]cit. 

tt>in()tg,  adj.,  '  tiny,  diminutive,  petty,' 
from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG.  winzic  (g). 
A  recent  diminutive  derivative  of  tocniv} 
(comp.  cut$u}  from  cinuj,  cut)  ;  yet  note 
Swab,  and  Alem.  wunzig. 

^3tpfcl,  m.,  'top  (of  a  tree),  summit,' 
from  MidHG.  wipfel  (wijfel),  OHG.  wipjil 
(wiffil),  m.,  '  top  of  a  tree ' ;  lit.  perhaps  | 


'  that  which  rocks,  swing,'  for  the  word  is 
based  on  the  Teut  root  wip, '  to  tremble, 
move,  rock'  (see  SSJippe). 

"§3ippe,  f.,  '  critical  point,  see-saw,  seat 
(of  a  swing),  crane,'  ModHG.  only,  bor- 
rowed from  LG. ;  comp.  Du.  wippen,  '  to  let 
fly,  jerk,  rock.'  The  genuine  HG.  form  is 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  wipf,  'swing,  quick 
movement' ;  in  MidHG.  also  wifen,  str.  vb., 
'to  swing'  (see  toeifen).  The  Teut.  root 
wip, '  to  move  with  a  rocking  motion,'  con- 
tained in  these  cognates  (and  in  SBipfet),  is 
based  on  pre-Teut.  wfb,  whence  also  Lat. 
vibraret '  to  vibrate ' ;  allied  to  the  earlier 
Aryan  variant  wip,  in  Sans,  vip,  '  to  trem- 
ble,' OHG.  weib&n,  '  to  totter.' 

ttnr,  pron.,  '  we,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG. wir;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
weis,  OSax.  wt,  Du.  wij,  AS.  wS,  E.  we.  The 
common  Teut.  wiz,  with  a  secondary  nomiu. 
suffix  s,  is  based  on  Aryan  wei,  whence 
Sans,  vaydm, '  we.'  The  declension  of  toir, 
which  is  supplemented  by  uns,  belongs  to 
grammar. 

jKJirbel,  m.,  '  whirl,  vortex,  whirlpool, 
bustle,  crown  (of  the  head),'  from  MidHG. 
wirbel,  m.,  '  vortex,  crown  (of  the  head), 
whirl,'  OHG.  wirbil,  wirfil,  m.,  '  whirl- 
wind ' ;  comp.  OIc.  hvirfell,  '  vortex,'  E. 
whirl.  Derivatives  of  the  Teut.  root  hwerb 
(hwerf),  '  to  turn '  (see  werben).  With  re- 
gard to  JtcpfwirM  note  the  evolution  of 
meaning  in  ©djettel. 

withext,  vb.,  'to  work,  effect,  produce,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wirken  (wiirken), 
OHG.  wirken  (wurchen).  This  verb,  pro- 
perly strong,  is  common  to  Teut  in  the 
forms  wirkjan,  wurkjan;  comp.  Goth. 
waHrkjan,  AS.  wyrSean,  also  OSax.  wir- 
kian,  Du.  werken.  The  Teut.  verbal  root 
werk,  work,  to  which  ModHG.  9fietf  be- 
longs, is  based  on  an  old  Aryan  root  werg 
(worg),  which  occurs  in  several  dialects. 
With  Gr.  epyov, '  work,'  are  connected  piCo> 
(for  *Fpfyuo),  'to  do,  perform,'  opyavov, 
'instrument,'  opyiov,  'sacred  rite';  so  too 
the  Zend  root  vrz,  verez,  'to  work,  toil.' 
The  meanings,  'to  prepare  by  sewing,  em- 
broidering, weaving,' incipient  in  MidHG., 
have  been  preserved  in  ModHG.  There  is 
also  in  Ger.  a  compound  derivative  OHG. 
scuoh-wurhto,  MidHG.  schuochwiirte,  'shoe- 
maker,' whence  ModHG.  proper  names 
such  as  ©djubtrt,  <Scbud>art>t. 

ttnrr,  adj., '  confused,  entangled,'  a  Moil 
HG.  derivative  of  wirrcn,  '  to  twist,  en- 
tangle, confuse'  (mostly  now   vrnmrrni). 


Wir 


(    3^8    ) 


Wit 


This  properly  str.  vb.  (as  the  old  ModHG. 
panic,  fcerroorren  shows)  is  based  on  Mid 
HG,  werren  (verwerren),  OHG.  werran  (fir- 
werran),  str.  vbs.,  '  to  entangle,  confuse.' 
On  the  corresponding  subst.  OHG.  werra, 
'contusion,  dispute,'  are  based  Ital.  guerra, 
Fr.  guerre,  '  war.'  It  is  uncertain  whether 
OHG.  and  OSax.  werran,  str.  vb., '  to  bring 
into  confusion,'  is  based  on  an  earlier  *wer- 
san,  and  whether  SBurfl  is  connected  with 
it.  Apre-Teut  root  wers  appears  in  OSlov. 
vriSti,  •  to  thresh,'  and  probably  also  in  Lat. 
verro,  ■  to  sweep.'  E.  worse  (Goth,  wair- 
siza;  see  the  following  word)  is  usually  re- 
ferred to  the  Teut.  root  wers,  '  to  confuse.' 

ttrirfd),  adj.,  'cross,  angry,'  ModHG. 
only,  an  imitation  of  MidHG.  unwirsch 
(from  unwirdesch,  unwiirdesch).  The  signi- 
fication cannot  be  explained  from  the  Mid 
HG.  compar.  wirs  (equiv.  to  E.  worse,  Goth. 
watrsis). 

"giUrfcfjmg,  "gtHrftng,  m.,  'borecole,' 
first  recorded  in  ModHG.  ;  the  word  seems, 
however,  to  have  been  borrowed  at  an 
earlier  period  from  Upper  Italy,  as  is  also 
indicated  by  the  Fr.  term,  chou  de  Milan  ou 
de  Savoie.  It  is  based  on  Lombard,  versa 
(comp.  Ital.  verzotto),  'cabbage,  borecole,' 
which,  is  usually  referred  to  Lat  viridia, 
•vegetables.'  Stefy  and  J?awe3  were  bor- 
rowed at  a  much  earlier  period. 

^JJJirf ,  m.,  '  host,  landlord,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  wirt.  m.,  '  husband,  head 
of  the  house,  sovereign  of  a  country,  host, 
guest,  landlord  (of  an  inn,  &c.) ' ;  comp. 
OSax.  w'erd, '  husband,  master  of  the  house,' 
Du.  waard,  Goth,  wairdus, '  host'  No  con- 
nection with  Lat.  vir, '  man '  (for  Teut  wer, 
see  SBertoolf,  SBelt,  and  3Bcrgelt>),  i8  possible, 
and  it  can  hardly  be  related  to  toarten. 

"gSirfel,  m.,  '  spindle  ring,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wirtel,  m.,  which  is  derived 
from  the  Aryan  root  wert, '  to  turn '  (see 
tuerben). 

^SHfdj,  m.,  •  rag,  clout,  wisp,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  w'sch,  OHG.  wise,  m..  to 
which  MidHG.  and  ModHG.  wischen,OILG. 
wisken,  is  allied.  Comp.  OIc.  vish, '  bundle,' 
and  also  E.  wisp  with  a  labial  instead  of  a 
guttural.  The  base  wisku,  wisq,  wisp,  may 
be  connected  with  Lat.  virga  (from  wtegd  1). 

'gSHfpel,  m., '  twenty-four  bushels,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  a  LG.  word.  The  base  wich- 
schepel,  recorded  in  the  12th  cent,  points 
to  a  connection  with  LG.  schepel,  '  bushel.' 

tDtfpcltt,  vb.,  'to  whisper,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wispeln,  OHG.  wispal&ti, 


/'iwispal&n.  Also  in  ModHG.  only,  wifptrit 
(properly  perhaps  a  LG.  word),  correspond- 
ing to  AS.  hwisprian,  E.  to  whisper.  These 
intensive  forms  seem  to  be  based  on  an 
onomat  root  hwis  (hais),  to  which  also 
Ijeifer  is  usually  referred. 

ttufTen,  vb.,  'to  know,  beware  of,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  wiy^en,  OHG.  wiy$an  ; 
a  common  Teut,  and  more  remotely  a  pri- 
mit  Aryan  pret.  present.  Comp.  Goth. 
wait,  '  I  know,'  AS.  wdt,  E.  wot,  OSax.  wSt, 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  wei$.  Based  on  pre- 
Teut  woid,  wid,  in  Sans,  vida, '  I  know,'  Gr. 
018a,  OSlov.  vtdeti,  '  to  know.'  This  primit. 
unreduplicated  perfect  is  based  on  a  root 
wid,  which  in  the  Aryan  languages  means 
lit '  to  find,'  then '  to  see,  recognise ' ;  comp. 
Sans,  vid,  'to  find,'  Gr.  18th,  Lat.  videre, 
'  to  see,'  Goth,  witan,  '  to  observe.'  In 
Ger.  comp.  getmjj,  »en»eifen,  fretefagen,  SBifc. 

Wtff cm,  vb.,  '  to  scent,  spy  out,'  from 
MidHG.  witeren,  'to  scent  something'; 
comp.  the  equiv.  OIc.  wftra  ;  connected 
with  3Binb.  "  E.  to  wind,  and  Fr.  vent, '  scent,' 
show  that  it  was  possible  for  the  sports- 
man's phrase  to  attain  this  meaning  (which 
is  lit  '  to  track  by  the  aid  of  scent')." 

jJSJtfftb  (with  a  normal  b),  ^KJittpe,  f., 
'  widow.'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  witewe, 
witwe,  OHG.  wituwa  (witawa),  f.  ;  common 
to  Teut  and  Aryan.  Comp.  Goth,  widuwd, 
OSax.  widowa,  Du.  weduwe,  AS.  wuduwe, 
widewe,  E.  widow.  Corresponding  to  Ir. 
fedb,  Lat.  vidua,  San.  vidhdvd,  OSlov. 
vidova.  The  primit  Aryan  form  widhewd 
(widhowd),  f.,  '  widow,'  implied  in  these 
words  seems  to  be  an  old  formation  from 
an  Aryan  root  widh,  Sans,  root  vidh, '  to  be- 
come empty,  be  faulty ';  comp.  Gr.  f)i6tos, 
'  single,  unmarried.'  The  designations  for 
SBittoer, '  widower,'  are  recent  derivatives  of 
the  feminine  form  (comp.  <£d)tmeger) ;  comp. 
OHG.  wituwo,  MidHG.  witweere,  from 
which  a  new  fem.  could  be  ultimately 
formed  (MidHG.  witwerinne) ;  comp.  Mod 
HG.  SBitntann  (hence  SUitfrau).  ModHG. 
SSBaife,  '  orphan,'  is  perhaps  connected  with 
the  same  Aryan  root  widh. 

■£3iff urn,  n.,  'widow's  jointure,'  the 
proper  term  is  probably  2Bibetum,  n.  The 
first  component  is  MidHG.  widen,  wideme, 
m.  and  t,  'bridal  gift,  present  from  the 
bridegroom  to  the  bride,'  then  also '  endow- 
ment of  a  church,'  OHG.  widamo, '  wedding 
gift  of  the  bridegroom  to  the  bride.'  The 
corresponding  AS.  weotuma,  '  money  paid 
for  the  bride,'  leads  to  kinship  with  Gr, 


Wit 


(    399    ) 


Wol 


eeoVa,  edvov,  '  bridal  presents  made  by  the 
bridegroom,'  to  which  perhaps  OSlov.  veda 
(vesti)  and  the  equiv.  Olr.  fedaim,  'to 
marry,'  are  allied.  There  is,  in  any  case, 
no  connection  between  2Btttutn  and  the 
preceding  word  ;  comp.  also  ttnbmen. 
~g&itwe,  see  SBittib. 

g3if3,  m.,  'wit,  sense,  understanding, 
repartee,'  from  MidHG.  icitze,  OHG.  wizzt, 
f.,  '  knowing,  understanding,  prudence, 
wisdom ' ;  an  abstract  of  vuiffett  (corre- 
sponding to  AS.  and  E.  wit).  Allied  to 
roit fjtft,  adj., '  witty,  clever,  brilliant,'  from 
MidHG.  witzec  (g),  OHG.  ivizzig,  'intelli- 
gent, prudent.' 

tt>0,  adv.,  'where,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wd  for  older  wdr,  'where';  comp. 
OSax.  hwdr,  Du.  waar,  AS.  hwder,  E.  where, 
and  the  equiv.  Goth.  hwar.  A  local  adv. 
from  the  old  interr.  pron.  hwa-,  from  Aryan 
ho-  ;  comp.  Sans,  kdrhi,  '  when,'  See  wx 
and  tvarunt. 

"§8>odje,  f.,  '  week,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  woche,  OHG.  wohha,  usually  with  an 
earlier  vowel  wehha,  f.,  a  common  Teut. 
term  based  on  a  primary  form,  wikdn-. 
Comp.  Goth,  wikd,  OSax.  wika,  Du.  week, 
AS.  wucu,  wicu,  E.  week,  and  the  equiv. 
OIc.  vika,  f.  The  assumption  that  Lat. 
vices, '  change,'  was  adopted  by  the  Teutons 
in  the  sense  of  'week'  is  untenable,  for 
were  the  notion  'week'  borrowed  from 
the  Konians,  it  would  have  assumed  a  form 
corresponding  to  Ital.  settimana,  Fr.  semaine 
(Olr.  sechtman),  '  week.'  The  Teut.  origin 
of  the  word  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  it 
is  borrowed  by  Finn,  (as  wiika),  as  well  as 
by  wice,  f., '  alternate  service,'  the  AS.  vari- 
ant of  wicu,  which  makes  it  probable  that 
20od)e  meant  'change '  (comp.  2Bcd)feI).  The 
assumption  of  a  loan-word  is,  however, 
most  strongly  opposed  by  the  genuine 
Teut.  names  of  the  days  of  the  week, 
which  prove  the  existence  of  a  developed 
chronology  in  the  pre-historic  period. 

33ochen,  m.,  'distaff,'  ModHG.  only, 
from  LG.  ;  probably  cognate  with  SBtfdje. 

^SoftC,  f.  (with  MidG.  6  for  d,  as  in 
Dbem,  ©cfjlot,  hot,  &c), '  wave,  billow,'  from 
MidHG.  wdc  (g),  OHG.  wdg,  n.,  'water 
in  commotion,  flood,  billow,  stream,  river, 
sea' ;  comp.  OSax.  wdg,  AS.  wdbg,  Goth. 
wigs,  'billow,  flood.'  From  OHG.  is  de- 
rived Fr.  vague.  Teut.  wiqo-,  wSgi-,  from 
pre-Teut.  wSgho-,  wtghi-,  is  connected  with 
the  Aryan  root  wSgh,  '  to  move';  hence 
2Boge,  lit.  '  motion,  that  which  is  moved.' 


tt>ol)I,  adv.,  '  well,  probably,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  wol,  OHG.  wola  (earlier 
w'ela),  adv.  from  gut ;  corresponding  to 
OSax.  wSl,  Du.  wel,  AS.  wSl,  E.  well,  Goth. 
waila.  The  primary  meaning  of  this  com- 
mon Teut.  adv.  is  '  as  one  could  wish,' 
because  it  is  derived  from  the  root  of 
tooKen.  Aryan  welo-,  '  wish,  desire,'  is  also 
indicated  by  Sans,  vara,  m.  and  n.,  '  wish, 
desire,'  to  which  vdram  a  (or  prdti  vdram), 
'  as  one  could  wish,  as  one  likes,'  is  allied. 

tt)Ol)Ifett,  adj.,  'cheap,'  from  MidHG. 
wol  veile,  wolveU,  '  easily  purchasable ' ; 
comp.  fet(.— tDofjIgeboren,  adj.,  'Mr.,' 
from  MidHG.  wolgeborn  (also  hSchgeborn), 
'distinguished.' — ~g&of)Ul)al,  f,  'benefit, 
kindness,  good  deed,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  woltdt,  OHG.  wofatdt. 

ttjorjttctt,  vb., '  to  dwell,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wonen,  OHG.  wonin,  wk.  vb. ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  wuri&n,  Du.  wonen, 
AS.  wunian, '  to  dwell,  be,  remain.'  Beside 
these  West  Teut.  cognates  there  are  those 
of  gewotntt ;  the  Aryan  root  wen,  on  which 
they  are  based,  probably  meant '  to  please,' 
which  is  suggested  by  Goth,  wunan,  OIc. 
una,  '  to  rejoice ' ;  the  '  wonted  thing '  is 
'  that  with  which  one  is  pleased ' ;  toofytten, 
lit. '  to  find  pleasure  anywhere.'  From  the 
same  Aryan  root  wen  are  derived  OSax. 
and  OHG.  wini  (MidHG.  wine),  'friend,' 
Lat.  Venus,  'goddess  of  love,'  the  Sans, 
root  van,  '  to  be  fond  of,  love,'  Sans. 
vdnas,  '  delight.'  Comp.  also  SBonne  and 
2Bunfcf>. 

ttJdlben,  vb.,  '  to  vault,  arch,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  welben  (from  *>walbian, 
hwalbjan),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  assume  a  curved 
shape,  vault.'  Comp.  OSax.  bihwelbian, 
'  to  arch  over,  cover,'  Du.  welven,  OIc. 
hvelfa,  '  to  arch ' ;  allied  to  AS.  hwealf, 
'  arched,'  and  Goth,  hwilftri,  '  coffin '  (lit. 
'  arch ').  The  Teut.  verbal  root  hwelb, 
hwelf,  from  Aryan  qelp  (qelq  ?)  is  related  to 
Gr.  koXttos,  'bosom'  (lit.  'arch');  so  too 
Sans,  kilrcd,  Lat.  cnliita,  'pillow'?. 

^3oIf,  m.,  '  wolf,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  wolf,  m.  ;  common  to  Teut. 
and  also  to  Aryan  ;  comp.  Goth,  wulfs, 
OSax.  waif,  Du.  wolf,  AS.  wulf,  E.  wolf. 
Teut  wulfo-,  from  wulpo-,  is  based  on  Aryan 
wlqo-,wUco-;  comp.  Sana. vr&a,  OSlov.  vlukti. 
Lith.  vilkas,  Gr.  \vkos,  Lat.  lupus,  '  wolf.' 
On  account  of  this  apparent  similarity  be- 
tween SBolf  and  the  equiv.  words  of  the 
other  Aryan  language*,  Lat.  vulpes,  '  fox,' 
cannot  be  allied.     The  Aryan  term  wlko- 


Wol 


(    400    ) 


Wuh 


has  been  rightly  compared  with  the  Aryan 
root  welk,  'to  march,'  preserved  in  Gr. 
tXKto,  OSlov.  vlika,  so  that  SBolf  meant 
perhaps  'robber.'  The  word  was  often 
used  in  Teut.  to  form  names  of  persons ; 
comp.  SSotfram,  under  {Rabe ;  {Rufcolf,  from 
Ruodolf  (lit.  'famous  wolf,'  see  9tufom), 
Slfcolf,  from  Adalolf  (lit.  '  noble  wolf,'  see 
SUkI). 

jKfolftc,  f.,  '  cloud,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wolken,  OHG.  wolchan,  m.  ;  also 
in  MidHG.  (Alem.,  MidG.)  wolke,  OHG. 
wolcha,  f., '  cloud.'  Corresponding  to  OSax. 
wolcan,  n.,  Du.  wolk,  AS.  wolcen,  'cloud' 
(to  which  E.  welkin  is  allied).  Under  »ftf 
a  pre-Teut.  root  welg,  '  moist,'  is  assumed, 
with  which  the  term  wolkdn  (wolken-),  n., 
1  cloud '  (lit. '  the  moist  thing '),  peculiar  to 
West  Teut.,  is  connected. 

"gSJoIIe,  f., '  wool,  down,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wolle,  OHG.  wolla,  f. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Goth,  wulla,  AS.  wull,  E.  wool,  Du. 
wol.  Teut  wulld-,  from  pre-Teut.  wind 
(for  II  from  in  see  9Be((e  and  »oll),  corre- 
spond in  the  Aryan  languages  to  Sans. 
■Arnd,  OSlov.  vluna,  Lith.  vilna,  '  wool ' ; 
in  Lat.  villus,  vellus.  Sans.  urn&  is  con- 
nected with  a  root  vr,  'to  cover,  wrap' 
(pres.  Arnomi)  ;  hence  ©olle  (Aryan  wind) 
meant  lit.  '  that  which  covers.'  Gr.  tlpos, 
tpiov,  '  wool,'  cannot  be  related  to  the 
common  Aryan  cognates  (root  wel). 

wollcn,  vb.,  '  to  wish,  be  willing,  have 
a  mind  to,  intend,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
wollen  (wellen),  OHG.  wellan  (wellari) ;  an 
anomalous  vb. ;  the  further  details  belong 
to  grammar.  Comp.  OSax.  wellian,  willian, 
Du.  willen,  AS.  willan,  E.  to  will,  Goth. 
wiljan.  The  connection  between  the  Teut. 
root  wel,  '  to  wish,'  with  which  2Ba!jl  and 
toofyl  are  also  connected,  and  the  equiv. 
Lat.  velle  is  apparent ;  comp.  also  Sans,  vr 
(var),  '  to  choose,  prefer,'  OSlov.  voliti,  '  to 
be  willing.'  Gr.  fiovXofiai,  '  to  be  willing,' 
is,  on  the  other  hand,  not  allied ;  it  is 
more  probably  related  to  Gr.  tdeXa,  64\co, 
'  to  wish,'  which,  like  Sans,  hanj, '  to  desire,' 
points  to  an  Aryan  ghel  (ghwel),  which 
would  produce  in  Teut.  likewise  a  root 
wel,  '  to  be  willing.' 

"^olluff,  f.,  'delight,  voluptuousness,' 
from  MidHG.  wol-lust.  m.  and  f., '  gratifica- 
tion, joy,  pleasure,  enjoyment,  merry  life, 
voluptuousness.' 

"§0onnc,  f., '  rapture,  ecstasy,  bliss,'  from 
MidHG.  wunne  (wiinne),  OHG.  wunna 
(umnni),  {.,  'joy,  pleasure,  the  most  beauti- 


ful and  best ' ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
wunnia,  'joy,'  AS.  wynn.  Goth.  *wunni 
(gen.  *wunnj6s)  was  probably  a  verbal  ab- 
stract of  Goth,  wunan,  '  to  rejoice,'  the  root 
of  which  (Aryan  wen,  *  to  be  pleased ') 
appears  in  toofy nen.  OHG.  wunnea  (Mid H G. 
wiinne), '  pasture-land,'  has  been  considered 
as  identical  with  SBoniu  ;  yet  that  word, 
like  Goth,  wivja,  '  pasture,  fodder/  has  its 
own  early  history.  It  has  been  preserved 
in  9Sonnemonat,  '  month  of  May,'  MidHG. 
wunnem&nCt  (winnemdn6t),  OHG.  wunni-, 
winni-,  mdndd,  lit.  'pasture  month.' 

worfeltt,  vb., '  to  fan,  winnow,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  intensive  of  toerfen. 

roorgen,  see  tcurgen. 

■g3orf ,  n.,  '  word,  term,  expression,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wort, 
n. ;  corresponding  to  Goth,  wa&rd,  OSax., 
AS.,  and  E.  word,  Du.  woord.  The  common 
Teut.  wordo, '  word,'  based  on  Aryan  wrdho-, 
is  equiv.  to  Lat.  verbum  (Lat.  b  for  Aryan 
dh,  as  in  ©art,  rot),  Pruss.  wirds,  '  word,' 
and  Lith.  vardas,  '  name.'  3Bort  has  with 
less  reason  been  regarded  as  an  old  partic. 
wr-t6-  (for  the  suffix  comp.  fatt  and  traut), 
and  derived  from  the  root  wer  (wri),  ap- 
pearing in  Gr.  pryrmp, '  orator,'  pip-pa, '  say- 
ing,' epea,  '  to  ask,'  and  with  which  Olr. 
breth,  '  sentence,'  based  on  Aryan  wrto-,  is 
connected. 

^0rctdt,  n.,  '  wreck,  refuse,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG. ;  comp.  Du.  wrak,  E.  wreck. 
Based  on  Du.  wrak,  '  useless,  damaged,' 
and  wraken,  '  to  cast  out.' 

"gSudjer,  m.,  '  usury,  interest,'  from 
MidHG.  wuocher,  OHG.  wuohhar,  m.  and 
n.,  'produce,  fruit,  gain,  profit';  corre- 
sponding to  Goth.  w6krs,  '  usury.'  The 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  sense  'descendants' 
points  to  a  Teut.  root  wok,  '  to  arise,  bear,' 
which  is  identical  with  the  Aryan  root 
wdg, '  to  be  astir,  successful,  energetic'  (see 
frerfen) ;  comp.  Sans,  vaja,  m.,  '  power, 
strength,  nourishment,  prosperity,'  and 
AS.  onwcecnan,  '  to  be  born.'  In  meaning 
the  Aryan  root  aug,  '  to  increase,'  cognate 
with  Aryan  wog,  is  more  closely  connected  ; 
comp.  Lat.  augere,  Goth,  aukan  (Lith.  augti, 
'  to  grow '). 

"§Bud)S,  m.,  'growth,  development' ; 
ModHG.  only,  a  graded  form,  from  lradiffn. 

"g3ltd)f,  f.,  'weight,  burden,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  LG.  wucht,  a  variant  of  ©ercidjt. 

tt>ul)Iett,  vb., '  to  root,  grub  up,  burrow, 
rummage,  stir  up,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  wiielen,  OHG.  wuolen  (from  *woljan) ; 


Wul 


(    401    ) 


Wur 


corresponding  to  Du.  woelen.  With  this 
weak  verbal  root  w6l  is  connected  the 
Teut.  cognate  walo-  (see  SffiaI)tjiatt),to  which 
OHG.  and  MidHG.  wuol  and  AS.  w6l,  'de- 
feat, ruin,'  are  allied. 

"£3ul(l,  f.,  'swelling,  roll,  pad,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  (very  rare)  wulst,  OHG. 
(rare)  itmlsta,  f.  (also  signifying  the  '  turned 
up  lip').  A  derivative  of  OHG.  wellan, 
MidHG.  wellen,  str.  vb.,  '  to  make  round, 
roll,'  to  which  SBeffe  is  allied. 

TOUttb,  adj.,  'galled,  chafed,  wounded,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wunt  (d),  OHG. 
wunt ;  corresponding  to  OSax.  and  AS. 
wund,  Du.  gewond,  and  Goth,  wunds  ;  pro- 
perly an  old  partic.  with  the  Aryan  suffix 
to-.  There  is  also  an  old  abstract  of  the 
same  root  with  the  Aryan  suffix  -td  (see 
@d)ant>e?),  ModHG.  "jJSfun&e,  'wound,' from 
MidHG.  wunde,  OHG.  wunta,  f.,  to  which 
OSax.  wunda,  Du.  wunde,  AS.  wund,  E. 
wound,  correspond.  The  root  on  which  the 
word  is  based  would  assume  the  form  wen 
in  Teut. ;  comp.  Goth,  win-nan, '  to  suffer, 
feel  pain,'  to  which  Gr.  are  1X17  (from  *6-Fa 
TttXr)),  '  wound,'  is  usually  referred. 

timber,  n., '  wonder,  marvel,  miracle, 
from  MidHG.  wunter,  OHG.  wuntar,  n 
'  astonishment,  object  of  astonishment, 
wonder,  marvel'  (the  signification  'aston- 
ishment' is  preserved  in  the  expression 
SBunber  neljnten,  'to  be  surprised,'  which 
existed  in  MidHG.).  Comp.  OSax.  wundar, 
E.  and  Du.  wonder.  Teut.  wundro-  seems, 
like  Gr.  dBpea  (for  *FaOpeco  ?),  '  to  gaze  at, 
observe,  consider,'  to  point  to  an  Aryan 
root  wendh,  '  to  gaze  at,  stare  at.' 

"35unfd),  m.,  'wish,  desire,'  from  Mid 
HG.  wunsch,  OHG.  wunsc,  m.,  '  wish,  de- 
sire' (MidHG.  also  'capacity  for  doing 
something  extraordinary ')  ;  comp.  Du. 
wensch,  OIc.  6sk  (for  Goth.  *wunska), '  wish.' 
Hence  the  derivative  tt>ftnfd)en, '  to  wish, 
desire,  long  for,'  MidHG.  wiinschen,  OHG. 
wunsken,'to wish' ;  comp. Du. wenschen, AS. 
wpstean^  E.  to  wish.  Sans,  vdnchd  (for  *vdn- 
skd),  'wish'  (with  the  root  vdfich, '  to  wish '), 
is  regarded  as  equiv.  to  Teut.  wunsh6, '  wish.' 
The  ska  derivative  is  based  on  the  root  wen, 
'  to  be  pleased,'  which  appears  in  roetjncn. 

33(ir5c,  f.,  'dignity,'  from  MidHG. 
wirde,  f.,  '  dignity,  honour,  respect,'  OHG. 
wirdi,  f. ;  an  abstract  from  SEBert. — iv>  u  vb  u] . 
adj.,  '  worthy,  estimable,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  wirdec,  OHG.  wirdtg. 

■gSurf,  m.,  'throw,  cast,  projection,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wurf;  allied 


to  teerfett. — With  this  "gffuvfet,  m.,  'die, 
cube,'  from  MidHG.  wiirfel,  OHG.  wurJU,m., 
is  connected  ;  comp.  the  equiv.  OIc.  verpell. 

UJftrjjett,  vb.,  'to  choke,  strangle, 
throttle,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wurgen 
(MidG.  worgen),  wk.  vb.,  OHG.  wurgen 
(from  *wurgjan).  Beside  this  wk.  vb.  there 
existed  a  strong  verbal  root,  Teut.  werg  (de- 
duced from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  erwergen), 
from  Aryan  wergh,  from  which  Lith.  verszti 
(verzu), '  to  lace  together,  press  firmly,'  and 
OSlov.  vruzq,  '  to  chain,  bind,'  are  derived. 
The  word  has  also  been  compared  with 
the  Aryan  root  wrengh  (see  ringen). 

"gSJurm,  m,  'worm,  grub,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  wurm,  '  worm,  insect,  ser- 
pent, dragon ' ;  comp.  Goth,  watirms,  '  ser- 
pent,' OSax.  wurm,  'serpent,'  Du.  and 
E.  worm.  The  meaning  of  the  common 
Teut.  word  varies  between  '  worm '  and 
'serpent'  (comp.  ginbwurm).  The  former 
occurs  in  the  primit.  allied  Lat.  vermis, 
'  worm,'  with  which  Gr.  popos  (popog  for 
*Fpopo-), '  wood-worm,'  is  related  by  gra- 
dation. Sans,  krmi,  '  worm,'  Lith.  kirmeVb 
and  Olr.  cruim  (OSlov  cruvl),  *  worm,' 
are  not  connected  with  this  word  ;  nor  is 
Gr.  eXpis,  'maw-worm,'  related  to  it. — 
nmrmen,  vb.,  'to  become  worm-eaten, 
pry,  poke  into,'  ModHG.  only  ;  comp.  Du. 
wurmen,  '  to  torment  oneself,  languish, 
work  hard'  ;  probably  allied  to  SBurm. 

■§9ur|X,  f., '  sausage,  pudding,  roll,  pad,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wurst 
(MidG.  and  Du.  worst),  f.  This  specifically 
G.  word  is  rightly  regarded  as  a  derivative 
of  the  Aryan  root  wert,  *to  turn,  wind' 
(see  hjerben  and  SBirtel)  j  hence  2Bur(l  (base 
wrtti,  wrtsti),  lit.  '  turning.' 

■gSJltrj,  f.,  'root,  herb,'  from  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  wurz,  f.,  'herb,  plant '  (MidHG.  also 
'  root ')  ;  comp.  OSax.  wurt,  ( herb,  flower,' 
AS.  wyrt,  E.  wort,  Goth,  waurts, '  root.'  An 
Aryan  root  wrd,  wrdd,  is  indicated  by  Gr. 
piihap.vos,  '  tendril,  shoot '  (Gr.  pi£a  from 
Fpifya),  and  Lat.  rddix  (Gr.  pdfit|),  with 
which  again  OIc.  r6t  (whence  the  equiv.  E. 
root)  for  *wr6t-  is  closely  connected  ;  comp. 
also  (Ruffet.  An  allied  Teut.  root  urt  (from 
Aryan  wrd)  appears  in  Goth.  *aurti-, '  herb,' 
and  OHG.  orzdn,  'to  plant.' — To  this  is 
allied  ■gSMrje,  f., 'spice,  seasoning,  wort 
(brewing),'  from  MidHG.  wurze,  f.,  '  spice 
plant' ;  corresponding  to  E.  wort  and  OSax. 
wurtia,  '  spice.' — tpftr^cn,  vb.,  '  to  spice, 
season,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wiirzen, 
OHG.  wurzen, 

2  C 


Wur 


(    402    ) 


Zah 


"Dfutncl,  f.,  '  root,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
IIG.  wurzel,  OHG.  wurzala,  f.  ;  correspond- 
ing  to  Du.  world.  The  final  I  is  not,  as  in 
(Sidjcl,  a  diminut.  suffix  ;  OHG.  wurzala  is 
rather,  according  to  the  evidence  of  the 
equiv.  AS.  wyrtwalu,  a  compound,  properly 
wurz-walu.  In  OHG.  the  medial  w  was 
lost,  as  in  Surfer  (OHG.  burgdrd),  equiv.  to 
AS.  burgware  (comp.  further  OHG.  eihhorn 
with  deweorn).  Thus  too  2Revd)et,  OHG. 
morhala,  represents  *morh-walu,  ModHG. 
©eifel,  OHG.  geisala,  represents  *geis-walu. 
The  second  component  is  Goth,  walus, 
'  staff,'  AS.  walu,  '  weal,  knot' ;  hence  AS. 
wyrtwalu  and  OHG.  wurzala  meant  lit. 
'herb  stick'  (from  3Buq). 

"§3ltft,  m.,  'chaos,  trash,  filth,' from  Mid 
HG.  (rare)  wuost,  in.,  'devastation,  chaos,  re- 
fuse.'— n>uj"t,  adj., 'desert,  waste,  confused, 
disorderly,'  from  MidHG.  wiieste,  OHG. 
wuosti,  '  desolate,  uncultivated,  empty ' ; 
corresponding  to  OSax.  wdsti,  Du.  woest, 
AS.  wSste,  'waste.' — 'gSfifle,  f.,  'desert, 
wilderness,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  wiieste, 
OHG.  wuosti  (wuostinna),  f. ;  comp.  OSax. 


w6stinnia,  AS.  wisten,  'wilderness.'  To 
these  West  Teut.  cognates,  which  point  to 
a  pre-Teut.  adj.  wdstu,  Olr.fdx,  an d 
vdstus,  'waste,'  are  priinit.  allied. 
West  Teut.  adj.  cannot  be  borrowed  from 
Lat.  (only  MidHG.  waste,  '  desert,'  is  pro- 
bably thus  obtained). 

23uf,  f.,  'rage,  fury,  madness,' from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  wuot,  f.  ;  in 
OHG.  also  wuot,  AS.  w6d,  E.  wood,  adj., 
'  furious,  mad,'  Goth,  whds,  '  possessed, 
lunatic'  There  exist,  besides  these  cog- 
nates, AS.  wutS,  '  voice,  song,'  OIc,  b%r, 
'  poetry,  song.'  The  connection  between 
the  meanings  is  found  in  the  primit.  allied 
Lat.  vdtes,  '  inspired  singer '  (Olr.  faith, 
'  poet ')  ;  comp.  the  Sans,  root  rat,  '  to  ani- 
mate spiritually.'  From  the  same  is  prob. 
derived  the  name  of  the  OTeut.  Rod  IVddan 
(AS.  Wdden,  *Weden,  OSax.  JVodan,  OIc. 
Ofienn,  OHG.  Wuntan),  whose  name  is  pre- 
served in  Du.  Woensdag,  E.  Wednesday. 
The  orig.  mythological  idea  of  ba3  tt»utcnbe 
£eer,  'the  spectral  host,'  is  based  on  Mid 
HG. (andOHG.)  Wuotanes  her, 'Odin's  host.' 


Z. 


|ladien,  m.,  'point,  peak,  pron<?,  tooth 
(of  a  comb),'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
(MidG.)  zacke,  m.  and  f. ;  properly  a  MidG. 
and  LG.  word.  Comp.  Du.  tak,  m.,  'twig, 
branch,  point,'  North  Fris.  tdk,  '  point,'  to 
which  OIc.  tdg,  m.,  '  willow  twig,'  E.  tack, 
are  also  probably  allied.  The  latter  are 
perhaps  primit.  cognate  with  Sans,  dacd, 
'  fringe,'  or  with  Gr.  8ok6s,  '  beam '  (Teut. 
takko-,  Aryan  dokno-  ?).  It  is  uncertain 
whether  Binfe  is  allied. 

jag,  adj.,  'faint-hearted,  shy, irresolute,' 
from  MidHG.  zage,  OHG.  zago,  zag,  adj., 
'  faint-hearted,  cowardly.'  A  derivative  of 
ModHG.  flactcn,  'to  lack  courage,  hesi- 
tate' (comp.  wad)  and  toadjen),  MidHG. 
zagen,  OHG.  zagen.  It  is  not  probable  that 
the  word  was  borrowed,  in  spite  of  the  few 
cognates  of  the  Teut.  stem  tag.  This  is 
probably  derived  from  a  Goth.  *at-agan 
(1st  sing.  *ataga,  equiv.  to  Ir.  ad-agur,  '  to 
be  afraid ')  by  apocope  of  the  initial  vowel ; 
at  is  probably  a  pref.  Goth,  agan,  '  I  am 
afraid,'  is  based  on  the  widely  diffused 
OTeut.  root  ag  (Aryan  agh),  '  to  be  afraid,' 
with  which  Gr.  axos,  '  pain,  distress,'  is 
also  connected. 


3ttf),  adj.,  '  tough,  viscous,  obstinate,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zazhe,  OHG.  zdhi, 
adj.  ;  corresponding  to  Du.  taai,  AS.  t6h, 
E.  tough;  Goth.  *tdhu  (from  *tanhu-)  has  to 
be  assumed.  With  the  Teut.  root  tanh, 
'to  hold  firmly  together,'  are  also  con- 
nected AS.  get^nge,  '  close  to,  oppressing,' 
and  OSax.  bitengi,  '  pressing.'  Bange  ap- 
pears on  account  of  its  meaning  to  belong 
to  a  different  root. 

J3af)I,  f-j  '  number,  figure,  cipher,'  from 
MidHG.  zal,  f.,  '  number,  crowd,  troop, 
narrative,  speech,'  OHG.  zala,  f., ' number' ; 
corresponding  to  Du.  taal,  'speech,'  AS. 
talu,  E.  tale.  Allied  to  %af)Xcn,  vb.,  '  to 
count  out,  pay,'  from  MidHG.  zaln,  OHG. 
zalSn,  '  to  count,  reckon,  compute '  (OSax. 
talSri),  and  jtirjlctt,  vb., '  to  number,  count,' 
from  MidHG.  zeln,  OHG.  zellen  (from 
*zaljan),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  count,  reckon,  enu- 
merate, narrate,  inform,  say.'  Comp.  Du. 
tellen,  '  to  count,  reckon,  have  regard  to,' 
AS.  tdlan,  E.  to  tell.  From  the  originally 
strong  verbal  root  tal,  Goth,  talzjan,  '  to 
instruct,'  is  also  derived.  In  non-Teut. 
there  is  no  certain  trace  of  a  root  dal,  '  to 
enumerate.'    See  3ott- 


Zah 


(    403    ) 


Zau 


gctfym,  adj.,  'tame,  tractable,  docile,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zam; 
corresponding  to  Du.  tarn,  AS.  tgm,  E. 
tame,  and  OIc.  tamr,  '  tame,  domesticated.' 
Allied  to  .^dfjmcn,  vb., '  to  tame,  domesti- 
cate, break  in,  check,'  from  MidHG.  zemen 
(zemnxen),  OHG.  zemmen  (from  *zamjari), 
wk.  vb., '  to  tame ' ;  corresponding  to  Goth. 
gatamjan,  OIc.  temja,  Du.  temmen,  '  to 
tame.'  The  connection  between  the  Teut. 
cognates  and  Lat.  domare,  Gr.  dafiav,  Sans. 
damdy  (damany),  'to  subdue,  compel,'  is 
undoubted.  The  relation  of  these  cognates 
based  on  down,  'to  subdue,'  to  a  similar 
root  appearing  in  ModHG.  jiemcn  (Teut. 
root  tern,  '  to  be  suitable,  be  fitted ')  is 
obscure.  OHG.  ze.mrnen,  '  to  tame,'  looks 
as  if  it  were  a  causative  of  OHG.  zeman, 
'  to  be  adapted,  suit  excellently.'  In  that 
case  it  is  remarkable  that  the  primary  verb 
has  been  preserved  in  Teut.  only  ;  but  was 
it  perhaps  deduced  from  the  causative? 
(see  toecfen). 

J3af)tt,  m.,  'tooth,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  zan,  zant  (d),  OHG.  zan,  zand,  m.  ; 
common  to  Teut.  and  also  to  Aryan. 
Comp.  OSax.  and  Du.  tand,  AS.  t6p  (from 
*tanp),  E.  tooth,  Goth,  tunfrus.  Teut. 
tanp-,  tun/}-  (from  Aryan  dont-,  dnt-),  is 
primit.  allied  to  Lat.  dens  (stem  dent-),  Gr. 
v8ovs  (stem  68ovr-),  Sans,  dat  (nom.  sing. 
dan),  danta,  Lith.  dantis,  Olr.  d&,  '  tooth.' 
The  Aryan  primit.  stem  dont-  (dnt-)  is  in 
form  the  pres.  partic.  of  the  root  ed,  '  to 
eat,'  with  apocope  of  the  initial  vowel  (see 
effen) ;  hence  3aW  is  lit. '  the  eating  organ ' 
(for  the  Teut.  suffix  of  the  pres.  partic. 
-and-,  -und-,  see  5«inb,  ftmmb,  and  Jjjertanb). 
To  this  word  3iune  is  allied. 

||cif)re,  f.,  'tear,'  properly  neut.  plur. 
of  MidHG.  zaher  (*zacher),  OHG.  zahar 
(zalihar),  m.  ;  the  form  with  ch  in  MidHG. 
is  inferred  from  the  derivative  zechern, 
zachem,  'to  weep'  (OHG.  hhr  from  hr). 
Comp.  AS.  tedr  (from  *teahor,  with  the 
variant  tozhher),  E.  tear,  OIc.  tdr  (for  *tahr-), 
Goth,  tagr,  n.,  '  tear.'  A  primit.  Teut. 
word  in  the  form  dakru,  which  is  presup- 
posed by  Gr.  Sdicpv,  Lat  lacruma  (for  earlier 
dacruma),  Olr.  doer  (de'r),  '  tear.'  The 
equiv.  Sans,  dcru,  if  it  stands  for  *dacru, 
is  abnormal. 

I>umu\  f.,  'tongs,  pincers,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zange,  OHG.  zanga,  f. ;  cor- 
responding to  Du.  tang,  AS.  tpnge,  E.  tongs, 
and  the  equiv.  OIc.  tgng.  The  common 
Teut.  tang6-  assumes  a  pre-Teut.  dankd-, 


which  is  usually  connected  with  the  Sans, 
root  danc  (dag),  *  to  bite '  (comp.  Gr.  Sa/cvw) ; 
hence  3ange,  lit  '  biter.'  Comp.  OHG. 
zangar,  MidHG.  zanger,  '  biting,  sharp, 
lively,'  whence  Ital.  tanghero, '  unpolished, 
coarse.' 

acmfcett,  vb.,  'to  quarrel,'  from  late 
MidHG.  zanken,  zenken,  '  to  dispute ' ;  a 
remarkably  late  word,  not  recorded  in  the 
earlier  Teut.  periods.  Perhaps  MidHG. 
zanke  (a  variant  of  Stitfe),  'prong,  point,' 
is  the  base  of  janfeit,  which  must  then  have 
meant  '  to  be  pointed.' 

gapfe,  in.,  '  peg,  plug,  tap,  bung,'  from 
MidHG.  zapfe,  m.,  'tap,  espec.  in  a  beer 
or  wine  cask '  (also  zapfen,  '  to  pour  out 
from  a  tap'),  OHG.  zapfo,  'peg,  plug.' 
Corresponding  to  North  Fris.  tdp.  Du.  tapt 
AS.  tozppa,  E.  tap,  and  the  equiv.  OIc.  tappe. 
From  the  Teut.  cognates  are  borrowed  the 
equiv.  Fr.  tape  and  Ital.  zaffo  (Spunb,  on 
the  other  hand,  was  borrowed  from  Ro- 
mance). Teut.  tappon-  cannot  be  traced 
back  to  the  other  primit.  allied  languages ; 
only  3ipfel  seems  to  be  related  to  these 
cognates. 

gappcltt,  vb.,  '  to  move  convulsively, 
sprawl,  flounder,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
zappeln,  a  variant  of  zabeln,  OHG.  zabal6n 
(zappalSn  ?),  '  to  sprawl.'  A  specifically 
HG.,  probably  of  recent  onomatopoetic 
origin. 

|Jarge,  f.,  •  border,  edge,  setting,  groove,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zarge,  OHG.  zarga, 
f.  Corresponding  with  a  change  of  mean- 
ing to  AS.  and  OIc.  targa,  'shield'  (lit 
'shield  border'),  whence  Fr.  targe,  Ital. 
targa,  'shield'  (whence  MidHG.  and  Mod 
HG.  tartsche,  E.  target,  are  borrowed).  The 
remoter  history  of  the  cognates  is  obscure. 

,>iU"t,  adj.,  'tender,  soft,  fragile,  nice,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zart,  adj.,  'dear, 
beloved,  precious,  confidential,  fine,  beauti- 
ful ' ;  unknown  to  the  other  OTeut  dialects. 
Like  the  properly  equiv.  traut,  javt  appears 
to  be  a  partic.  with  the  suffix  to-.  Teut. 
tar-do,  from  Aryan  dr-to-  (comp.  fatt,  tot),  is 
most  closely  related  to  the  Zend  partic 
dereta,  '  honoured ' ;  comp.  Sans,  d-dr , '  to 
direct  one's  attention  to  something.'  The 
Teut  word  cannot  have  been  borrowed 
from  Lat.  earns,  '  dear.' 

<3<xfcr,  f., '  fibre,  filament,'  ModHG.  only, 
unknown  to  the  earlier  periods  (older  Mod 
HG.  zasel,  Swed.  zasem).     Origin  obscure. 

I>mtbcr,  m.,  '  charm,  enchantment, 
magic,'  from  MidHG.  zouber  (zouver\  OHG. 


Zau 


(    404    ) 


Zei 


zoubar  (zoufar),  m.,  *  magic,  charm,  spell ' ; 
comp.  Du.  tooveren, '  to  enchant,'  OIc  taufr, 
n.,  '  magic'  For  the  meaning,  the  corre- 
sponding AS.  tedfor,  'vermilion,'  is  im- 
portant ;  hence  3aufter  is  perhaps  lit. '  illu- 
sion by  means  of  colour ' ;  others  suppose 
that  the  runes  were  marked  with  vermilion, 
so  that  3auber  would  mean  lit.  •  secret  or 
magic  writing.'  No  cognates  of  the  specifi- 
cally Teut.  taufro-,  taubro-  (Aryan  root 
dUp,  not  dtibh),  have  been  found. 

jaubcrtl,  vb.,  '  to  hesitate,  delay,  pro- 
crastinate,' allied  to  MidHG.  (MidG.)  z&wen 
(*zdwern),  wk.  vb., '  to  draw,'  which  seems 
like  gcgera,  to  be  connected  with  jieljen. 

I5a  it  m .  m., '  bridle,  rein,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  zoum,  m. ;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  turn,  Du.  toom,  OIc.  tav/mr, 
'  bridle,  rein.'  The  meaning  makes  it  pro- 
bable that  the  word  is  derived  from  the 
Teut.  root  tug,  tuh,  '  to  draw '  (taumo-  for 
*taugmo-t  Aryan  douhmo- ;  comp.  ilraum) ; 
hence  3aum  is  lit.  *  drawing  strap.' 

Scum,  m., '  hedge,  fence,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  z&n,  m.  ;  comp.  OSax.  tftn,  Du. 
tuin,  '  hedge,  garden,'  AS.  tu\n,  '  enclosure, 
place,'  E.  town  (also  dial,  to  tine, '  to  hedge 
in,'  from  the  equiv.  AS.  t$nan),  OIc.  tiin, 
'enclosure,  farm.'  Teut.  til-no-  (tH-nu-1) 
is  connected  pre-historically  with  -dtiman 
in  OKelt.  names  of  places  (such  as  Augus- 
todHnum,  Lugddnum)  •  comp.  Olr.  dim, 
'  citadel,  town.' — jBcuittftomg,  m., '  wren,' 
in  MidHG.  merely  kuniclin,  OHG.  chu- 
ninglt,  n., '  little  king.' 

aaufcn,  vb.,  'to  tease  (wool,  &c),  tug, 
pull  about,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  erzH- 
sen,  OHG.  zirztisdn,  wk.  vb. ;  comp.  Mid 
HG.  z&sach,  '.brambles.'  Apart  from  HG. 
the  Teut.  root  tUs  (Aryan  dOs),  'to  tear 
to  pieces,'  does  not  occur  ;  the  compari- 
son with  Lat.  dUmus  (from  *d/Osmus  ?), 
'bramble,'  is  uncertain. 

|3ed)e,  f.,  'rotation  (of  duties),  succes- 
sion, hotel  bill,  share  in  a  reckoning  (at  an 
inn),  drinking  party  (each  paying  a  share), 
corporation,  guild,  club,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zeche,  f.  (which  also  means  arrange- 
ment, association) ;  also  in  MidHG.  zechen 
(OHG.  *zehhdn),  wk.  vb.,  '  to  arrange,  pre- 
pare, bring  about,'  also  OateX  '  t°  run  UP  a 
score  at  an  inn.'  In  OHG.  only  the  word 
gisxh&n,  '  to  arrange,  regulate,'  from  this 
stem  is  found  ;  comp.  the  allied  AS.  teoh- 
hian  and  tedgan  (from  *tehh6n,  t'ekwdn, 
teh&n), '  to  arrange, determine,  regulate,'  and 
teoh  (hh), '  company,  troop.'    A  Teut  root 


tihw,  tegw  (t£w),  is  indicated  by  Goth. 
gatiwjan,  'to  ordain,'  Uvea,  'order,'  tiuri, 
'  troop  of  fifty  men.'  These  imply  a  pre- 
Teut  root  dSq,  'to  arrange,  regulate  (to 
which  Gr.  heiirvov,  '  meal,'  for  deqnjom  ?,  is 
allied).  The  numerous  senses  in  MidHG. 
may  be  easily  deduced  from  the  primary 
meaning. 

3echc,  f.,  'tick,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  zecke,  m.  and  f. ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  teekt,  AS.  *tica  (ticia  is  misspelt  for 
tiica),  E.  tike,  tick.  From  the  old  West  Teut 
tiko,  tikko,  are  derived  the  equiv.  Ital. 
zecca,  Fr.  tique.  Aryan  digh-  is  indicated 
by  Armen.  tiz,  '  tick,'  which  is  probably 
primit  allied  to  the  Teut  cognates. 

|&eber,  f.,  '  cedar,'  from  MidHG.  zeder 
(ceder),  m. ;  from  Gr.-Lat  cedrus  (OHG. 
cedarbouni). 

|5cl),  m.  and  f., '  toe,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zehe,  OHG.  ziha,  f. ;  correspond- 
ing to  Du.  teen,  AS.  tdhce,  td,  E.  toe,  and 
the  equiv.  OIc.  id.  Beside  the  base  taih&n, 
taihwdn  (Bav.  zkhen  and  Swab,  zaichen), 
assumed  by  these  forms,  MidHG.  and  LG. 
dialects  prove  the  existence  of  a  variant 
taiwdn  (from  taigwSn,  taihwdn)  ;  Swiss  and 
MidRhen.  zeT),  zebe,  Franc,  and  Henneberg. 
zewe,  Thuring.  ziwe.  Pre-Teut  daiga-n, 
'toe,'  is  usually  connected  with  Gr.  SaKrvAos 
(Lat  digitus^},  'finger,'  which,  on  account 
of  the  sounds,  is,  however,  improbable, 
especially  as  the  Teut  word  is  always  used 
in  the  sense  of  'toe.' 

3Cf)tt,  num.,  '  ten,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  zehen,  (zen),  OHG.  zehan;  correspond- 
ing to  OSax.  t'bhan,  Du.  tien,  AS.  t#n,  E. 
ten,  Goth,  taihun;  common  to  Aryan  in 
the  form  deknj  comp.  Sans,  ddgan,  Gr.  oVko, 
Lat  decern,  and  OSlov.  de$e.ti. — 3c^ntc, 
adj.,  'tenth,' from  Mid  HG.  zehende  (zende), 
OHG.  zehando;  as  subst  'a  tenth,  tithe.' 
— §ef)tltel,  see  Ztil.    Comp.  also  ;jig. 

gc^rett,  vb.,  'to  eat  and  drink,  live, 
waste,'  from  MidHG.  zern,  (verzern),  'to 
consume,  use  up ' ;  OHG.  firzeran,  str.  vb., 
means  only  '  to  dissolve,  destroy,  tear ' 
(comp.  SBinjcr).  Corresponding  to  Goth. 
gatairan, '  to  destroy,  annihilate,'  AS.  teran, 
E.  to  tear ;  allied  to  Du.  teren,  '  to  con- 
sume,' OSax.  farterian, '  to  annihilate,'  and 
also  to  ModHG.  gerren  and  jergen.  The 
Teut  str.  verbal  root  ter,  '  to  tear,'  corre- 
sponds to  Gr.  8tpea>,  '  to  flay,'  OSlov.  derq,, 
'  to  tear,'  and  the  Sans,  root  dar,  '  to  burst, 
fly  in  pieces  or  asunder.' 

JScidjen,  n., '  sign,  mark,  token,  signal, 


Zei 


(    405    ) 


Zel 


symptom,  indication,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  zeichen,  OHG.  zeihhan,  n.  ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  tekan,  Du.  teeken,  AS. 
tdcn,  E.  token,  and  the  equiv.  Goth,  taikns. 
A  derivative  of  the  Aryan  root  dig,  dik, 
which  appears  also  in  jeifjen  and  gcigen ; 
this  root  with  k  is  contained  further  in  AS. 
tcefyan,  E.  to  teach  (comp.  the  g  of  Lat. 
digitus,  prodigium,  and  of  Gr.  Beiyfia). — 
Der.  }cid)nen,  vb.,  'to  mark,  draw,  de- 
lineate,' from  MidHG.  zeichenen,  OHG. 
zeihhanen;  lit.  'to  furnish  with  marks.' 

JPei&ler,  m.,  '  keeper  of  bees,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zldelcere,  OHG.  zidaldri, 
m.  ;  a  derivative  of  OHG.  ztdal-,  MidHG. 
zidel-,  espec.  in  the  compound  ztdalweida, 
MidHG.  zidelweide,  'forest  in  which  bees 
are  kept.'  This  zidal  (pre-HG.  *tt})lo- 
probably  appears  also  in  LG.  tielbdr,  'honey- 
bear  ')  does  not  occur  in  any  other  OTeut. 
dialect,  but  it  is  not  necessary  on  that 
account  to  assume  a  foreign  origin  for  the 
word.  The  word  is  supposed  to  have  come 
from  Slav,  territory,  where  the  keeping  of 
bees  is  widely  spread,  being  based  on  OSIov. 
bic'ela,  '  keeper  of  bees '  (comp.  2ebfucf)ett)  • 
but  this  derivation  is  not  quite  probable. 
Its  connection  with  <Seibel6aft  (MidHG. 
zidel-,  sidelbast)  and  3etfant>  is  equally  un- 
certain. 

aetgctt,  'to  show,  point  out,  demon- 
strate,' from  MidHG.  zeigen,  OHG.  zeigdn, 
str.  vb.,  '  to  show,  indicate ' ;  a  specifically 
HG.  derivative  of  the  Teut.  str.  verbal 
root  tih,  ModHG.  jeifteu.  The  latter  comes 
from  MidHG.  zihen,  str.  vb.,  'to  accuse 
of,  depose  concerning,'  OHG.  zthan,  '  to 
accuse';  also  ModHG.  tterjeifyen,  'to  par- 
don,' MidHG.  verzihen,  OHG.  firzthan,  '  to 
deny,  refuse  pardon.'  Based  on  the  Aryan 
str.  verbal  root  dik  (for  dig  see  3eid)en)  ; 
comp.  Sans,  dig,  '  to  exhibit,  produce,  direct 
to,'  Gr.  BfiKWfit, '  to  show,'  Lat.  dico, '  to  say.' 
The  primary  meaning  of  the  root  is  pre- 
served by  3«d)en  and  jetgett,  as  well  as  by 
Goth,  gateihan, '  to  announce,  narrate,  pro- 
claim, say ' ;  comp.  the  compounds  OSax. 
aftihan,  AS.  oftedn,  'to  deny.'  In  HG. 
the  word  seems  to  have  acquired  a  legal 
sense  (comp.  Lat.  causidicus  judex) ;  comp. 
3n*icf,t. 

JlcUcutb,  m.,  '  spurge  laurel,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zilan[;  scarcely  allied  to 
MidHG.  zil,  'briar'  ;  more  probably  con- 
nected with  ©eibelbaft.     Comp.  3«M*r. 

J3eile,  f.,  'line,  row,  rank,'  from  theeqniv. 
MidHG.  zile,  OHG.  zUa,  f.  (late  MidHG. 


also  '  lane ').  A  specifically  HG.  derivative 
of  the  Teut.  root  ti,  from  which  3i«l  and 
3eit  are  also  derived. 

Betftg,  m.,  'siskin,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  ztsec,  usually  ztse,  f.  Borrowed,  like 
©tieglifc  and  Jttebifc,  from  Slav.  (Pol.  czi/z,- 
Bohem.  Uzek),  whence  also  LG.  ziseke,  sieske, 
Du.  sijsje.  E.  siskin,  Dan.  sisgen,  Swed. 
siska. 

|?etf ,  f., '  time,  epoch,  period,  tense,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zit,  f.  and 
n.  (OHG.  zid,  n.) ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
tid,  Du.  tijd,  AS.  tid,  E.  tide  (comp.  Du.  tij, 
which  is  also  used  of  the  flow  of  the  sea). 
The  root  of  Teut  ti-di-,  '  time,'  is  ti-,  as  is 
proved  by  the  equiv.  OIc.  time,  AS.  tima, 
E.  time  (comp.  Goth,  hweila  under  SSeite). 
A  corresponding  Aryan  root  dl  is  presup- 
posed by  Sans,  a-diti,  '  unlimited  in  time 
and  space,  unending,  endless'  (the  name 
of  the  goddess  Aditi).  Other  Teut.  deriva- 
tives of  the  same  root  are  3eifc  and  3i«f, 
which  also  point  to  the  '  limitless  in  time 
or  space.' — Bcillofe,  f.,  '  meadow  saffron,' 
from  MidHG.  zitlSse,  OHG.  zitUdsa;  the 
name  of  the  plant  is  due  to  the  fact  that  it 
does  not  bloom  at  the  ordinary  period  of 
flowering  plants. — Settling,  f.,  'news- 
paper, gazette,'  from  late  MidHG.  zitunge, 
'  information,  news ' ;  comp.  Du.  tijding,  E. 
tidings,  OIc.  tiftende, '  tidings.'  The  evolu- 
tion of  the  meaning  from  the  stem  of  %(it 
is  not  quite  clear ;  comp.,  however,  E.  to 
betide. 

?>cUc,  f., '  cell,' from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
zelle  ;  formed  from  Lat.  cella  (comp.  Jte(lcr). 

3clt,  n.,  'tent,  pavilion,  awning,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  zelt  (more  frequently 
gezelt),  OHG.  zelt  (usually  gizelt),  n.  A  com- 
mon Teut.  word  ;  comp.  AS.  geteld,  '  tent, 
pavilion,  cover'  (hence  E.  tilt),  OIc.  tjald, 
'  curtain,  tent.'  From  OTeut.,  Fr.  tavdis, 
'hut'  (Span,  and  Port,  toldo,  'tent'?),  is 
derived  ;  OFr.  taudir,  '  to  cover,'  points  to 
the  AS,  str.  vb.  beteldan,  '  to  cover,  cover 
over'  (E.  and  Du.  tent  is  based  upon  Fr. 
tente  ;  comp.  Ital.  tenda,  from  Lat.  tendere). 
Hence  the  evolution  of  meaning  of  3flt 
may  be  easily  understood  from  a  Teut 
root  teld,  *  to  spread  out  covers.'  The  fol- 
lowing word  is  allied. 

JScIte,  m., '  cake,  tablet,  lozenge,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  zelte,  OHG.  zelto,  m. 
Perhaps  derived  from  the  Teut.  root  teld, 
'  to  spread  out '  (see  the  preceding  word). 
Comp.  glabm  for  the  meaning. 

Seller,  m., '  palfrey, ambling pace,'from 


Zen 


(    406    ) 


Zie 


the  equiv.  MidHG.  zelter,  OHG.  zeltdri,  m. 
Lit  '  a  horse  that  goes  at  a  gentle  pace ' ; 
allied  to  Bav.  and  MidHG.  zUt,  m.,  'amble, 
gentle  pace,'  Du.  telganger,  '  ambler.'  To 
this  AS.  tealtrian,  '  to  totter,'  is  probably 
allied. 

gent;  in  |lcnfflcrtd)f,  n.,  'criminal 
court  or  jurisdiction';  sQraf,  m.,  'judge  of 
a  criminal  court,'  from  MidHG.  zente,  f., 
'district,  consisting  properly  of  100  commu- 
nities';  comp.  Ital.  cinta,  MidLat  centa, 
'  district.' 

§entner,  m.,  'hundredweight,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  zentenasre,  m.  Formed 
from  MidLat.  centenarius  (Da.  centenaar)  ; 
in  Fr.,  however,  quintal,  Ital.  quintale  (and 
cantdro  ?). 

gcpfer,  m.  and  n., '  sceptre,'  from  Mid 
HG.  zepter,  m.  and  n.,  which  is  again  de- 
rived from  Gr.-Lat.  sceptrum. 

get"-,  prefix  from  MidHG.  zer-  (MidG. 
zur-  and  zu-\  OHG.  zir-,  zar-,  zur-  ;  a  com- 
mon West  Teut.  verbal  prefix,  meaning 
'asunder';  comp.  OSax.  ti,  AS.  t6.  In 
Goth,  only  twis-  occurs  as  a  verbal  prefix 
in  twisstandan, '  to  separate ' ;  the  nominal 
Goth,  prefix  tuz-  (OHG.  ztir-,  OIc.  tor-)  cor- 
responds to  Gr.  8vs-,  Sans,  dus,  '  bad,  diffi- 
cult' 

gcrflen,  vb.,  '  to  torment,  tease,  vex ' ; 
ModHG.  only.  It  may  be  identical  with 
MidHG.  zern  (and  zergen),  OHG.  zerian 
(see  jeljren) ;  yet  Du.  tergen,  AS.  tpgan,  '  to 
tug,  tease,  worry '  (E.  to  tarry),  point  to  a 
Goth.  *targian,  which  with  Russ.  dergati, 
'  to  tear,  tug,'  indicate  an  Aryan  root  drgh 
(comp.  trdcje). 

%errett,  vb., '  to  tug,  tease,  worry,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  zerren,  wk.  vb.,  'to 
tear,  cleave';  from  the  same  root  as  jefjren. 

aerritffen,  see  riittctn,  rutfdjen. 

derfdjellett,  vb.,  'to  shatter,  shiver,' 
from  MidHG.  zerschellen,  str.  vb.,  '  to  fly 
to  pieces,'  lit  '  to  burst  with  a  loud  noise.' 

aerftreuf,  adj.,  'scattered,  dispersed'; 
first  formed  in  the  last  cent  from  Fr.  dis- 
trait. 

aerfrummern,  vb.,'  to  destroy,  shatter, 
lay  in  ruins,'  formed  from  ModHG.  Xrirat- 
tner,  '  fragments,  ruins ' ;  in  MidHG.  zerd- 
rumen,  'to  hew  to  pieces,'  from  MidHG. 
drum,  '  piece,  splinter.' 

3d er,  interj.  (espec.  in  3etergefd)rei,  '  cry 
of  murder,  loud  outcry,'  from  MidHG. 
zStergeschreie),  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zUer 
(zetter),  'cry  for  help,  of  lamentation,  or  of 
astonishment' ;  not  recorded  elsewhere. 


3citcl,  in.,  from  the  equiv.  late  MidHG. 
zettel,  m.,  'design  or  warp  of  a  fabric'  ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zetten,  'to 
scatter,  spread  out,'  whence  ModHG.  ttrr- 
gettctn,  '  to  disperse,  spill.'  The  early  his- 
tory of  the  root  tad,  seldom  occurring  in 
OTeut,  is  obscure. — JJeffcl,  m.,  'note, 
ticket,  playbill,  placard,'  from  MidHG. 
zedele  (zetele,  zettde),  'sheet  of  paper,'  is 
different  from  the  preceding  word.  It  is 
formed  from  Ital.  eedola  (Fr.  candle), 
'ticket,'  MidLat.  scedula  (Gr.  o~x*fy)}  'scrap 
of  paper.' 

jpeug,  n.,  'stuff,  substance,  material, 
fabric,  apparatus,  utensils,'  from  MidHG. 
ziuc  (gr),  m.  and  n., '  tool,  implements,  equip- 
ment, weapons,  baggage,  stuff,  testimony, 
proof,  witness';  OHG.  giziug,  m.  and  n., 
'equipment,  implements'  (hence  ModHG. 
3ftigf)au$,  'arsenal').  Allied  to  ModHG. 
BcuflC,  m.,  'witness,'  from  the  equiv.  late 
MidHG.  (rare)  ziuge.  Also  3CUflen,  vb., 
'  to  produce,  beget,  bear  witness,  testify,' 
from  MidHG.  ziugen,  'to  beget,  prepare, 
procure,  acquire,  bear  witness,  prove,'  OHG. 
giziug6n, '  to  attest,  show.'  All  the  cognates 
are  derived  from  the  Teut  root  tuh  (see 
gter)cn),  which  in  a  few  derivatives  appears 
in  the  sense  of  '  to  produce,  beget ' ;  comp. 
AS.  team,  'descendants'  (to  which  E.  to 
teem  is  allied),  Du.  toom,  '  brood.'  From 
the  same  root  the  meaning '  to  attest,  show,' 
(OHG.  giziugdn),  lit. '  to  be  put  on  judicial 
record,'  must  be  derived. 

gicfce,  f.,  '  kid,'  from  MidHG.  zickeltn, 
OHG.  ziccht,  zickin  (for  the  suffix  -in,  see 
@<§roetn),  n.  ;  corresponding  to  AS.  ti66en. 
A  diminutive  of  Teut  tigd-,  *  she-goat' 
Comp.  3iffl«. 

3tCK}ctcfc,  m.  and  n.,  'zigzag,'  ModHG. 
only  ;  a  recent  form  from  &ade. 

~$ied)e,  f., '  cover  of  a  feather-bed,  tick,' 
from  MidHG.  zieche,  OHG.  ziahha,  f., 
'  coverlet,  pillow-case ' ;  corresponding  to 
Du.  tijk,  E.  tick.  Lat-Gr.  thica,  whence 
also  Fr.  taie,  '  pillow-case,'  as  well  as  Olr. 
tiach,  '  tick,'  was  adopted  in  HG.  contem- 
poraneously with  Jiifjen  and  *Pful)l,  hence 
thica  was  permutated  to  ziahha. 

j3icflC,  f.. '  she-goat,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  zige,  OHG.  ziga,  f.  ;  a  Franc,  word, 
which  in  the  MidHG.  period  passed  also 
into  LG.  In  UpG.,  ©et|,  with  which  3iegc 
is  probably  connected  etymologically  ;  for 
Goth,  gait-,  '  goat,'  may  have  had  a  graded 
variant  *git6-,  by  metathesis  Hig6-.  The 
latter  form  must  also  have  been  current 


Zie 


(    407    ) 


Zim 


in  pre-historic  times,  as  is  proved  by  the 
AS.  diminut.  tic6en,  equiv.  to  OHG.  zicchi 
(see  3id«),  and  the  form  kittin,  obtained 
by  metathesis,  equiv.  to  OHG.  chizzi.  In 
East  MidG.  Qitte  and  Jpippc  are  used  for 
Siege ;  in  Alem.  and  Bav.  and  in  Thuring. 
Siege  is  the  current  term. 

|HefteI,  m., '  brick,  tile,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ziegel,  OHG.  ziagal,  m.  The  word 
was  borrowed  in  the  pre-HG.  period,  per- 
haps contemporaneously  with  2Rauer,5Pfcfieit, 
©piegd,  and  ©peicfyer,  from  Lat.  tfgula, 
whence  also  the  llomance  cognates,  Ital. 
tegghia,  tegola,  Fr.  tuile;  from  the  same 
source  are  derived  Du.  tegehel,  tegel,  AS. 
tigel,  E.  tile.  Siegef.  is  not  a  cognate,  but  a 
genuine  Teut.  word,  although  Lat.  tegula 
and  its  Romance  forms  may  be  used  in 
the  sense  of  Uiegel. 

Sicken,  vb.,  '  to  draw,  pull,  march,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  Ziehen,  OHG. 
ziohan ;  a  common  Teut.  str.  vb.  ;  comp. 
Goth,  tiuhan,  OSax.  tiohan,  AS.  teon.  The 
Teut.  verbal  root  tuh  (tug)  corresponds  to 
an  Aryan  root  duk,  which  has  been  pre- 
served in  Lat.  d4co,  '  to  lead.'  From  the 
same  root  the  cognates  of  3aum,  3eug,  3ed)t 
($er$og),  and  the  (properly)  LG.  £aii,  n.,  are 
derived. 

|JieI,  n.,  'limit,  aim,  goal,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zil,  n.  Allied 
to  Goth,  tils,  gatils,  '  suitable,  fit,'  and 
gatilon,  'to  aim  at,  attain,'  OHG.  zildn, 

*  to  make  haste,'  AS.  tilian, '  to  be  zealous, 
till '  (E.  to  till),  Du.  telen,  '  to  produce, 
create,'  OSax.  tilian,  '  to  attain.'  To  the 
Goth.  adj.  tila-,  'suitable,'  the  Scand.  prep. 
til  (whence  E.  till)  belongs.  Hence  the 
primary  meaning  of  the  cognates  is  '  that 
which  is  fixed,  definite,'  so  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  connect  them  with  the  Teut.  root 
tl  in  3eite  and  3eit. 

jtcmett,  vb., '  to  beseem,  become,  suit,' 
from  MidHG.  zemen,  OHG.  zeman,  'to 
beseem,  suit,  be  adapted,  gratify';  corre- 
sponding to  Goth,  gatvman,  OSax.  teman, 
Du.  betamen,  str.  vb.,  '  to  bo  proper,  suit.' 
It  has  been  suggested  under  jafjm  that 
OHG.  zeman, '  to  suit,'  is  a  deduction  from 
the  causative  jdljmen  (see  gaf>m  and  3unft). 
Allied  to  ,^  to  ml  id),  udj.,  '  suitable,  mode- 
rate,  tolerable,'    from    MidHG.  zimelich, 

*  proper,  adapted.' 

|Jiemcr,  m., '  buttock,  hind-quarter'  (of 
ammalB), 'haunch  (of  venison),'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zimere,  f.  Bav.  dialectic 
forms  such  as  3em  (3«n)  and  3emfen  indi- 


cate the  Teut.  origin  of  the  word  ;  Teut. 
base  temoz-,  timiz-. 

|lier,  f.,  'ornament,  decoration,'  from 
MidHG.  ziere,  OHG.  ziari,  f.,  '  beauty, 
magnificence,  ornament ' ;  an  abstract  of 
the  MidHG.  adj.  ziere,  OHG.  ziari,  zSri, 
'precious,  splendid,  beautiful.'  Corre- 
sponding to  OIc.  tlrr,  OSax.  and  AS.  tir, 
m.,  'fame, honour'  (E.  tire).  The  relation 
of  the  words  is  difficult  to  explain,  because 
the  stem  vowels  (OHG.  ia  not  equiv.  to 
AS.  i)  do  not  correspond.  No  connection 
with  Lat.  decus, '  honour '  (decdrus, '  becom- 
ing'), is  possible. — ~§icrat  (3terrat  is  a 
corruption),  m.,  'adornment,  decoration,' 
from  MidHG.  zierdt,  an  abstract  of  Mid 
HG.  ziere  (comp.  2lrmut  and  Jtteinob). — 
Bteroe,  f.,  '  ornament,  decoration,'  from 
AlidHG.  zierde,  OHG.  ziarida,  f.,  with  the 
meanings  of  OHG.  ziari,  f.  (see  3ier). 

|ltefel,  m.,  'shrew-mouse,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zisel  (and  zisemtls),  m. ;  a 
corruption  of  tbe  equiv.  Lat.  cisimuA. 

JHcsf  aft,  see  5)ienStag. ' 

differ,  f., '  figure,  numeral,  cipher,'  from 
late  MidHG.  (rare),  zifer,  ziffer,  f. ;  corre- 
sponding to  Du.  cijfer,  E.  cipher,  Fr.  chiffre, 
'  cipher,  secret  characters,'  Ital.  cifra,  'secret 
characters.'  Originally  '  cipher,  nought '  ; 
adopted  in  the  European  languages  from 
Arab,  cafar, '  nought,'  along  with  the  Arabic 
notation. 

jjtg,  suffix  for  forming  the  tens,  from 
MidHG.  -zic  (g),  OHG.  -zug ;  comp.  groattjig. 
In  breifjig,  from  MidHG.  drl-yc,  OHG.  dri- 
rpig,  there  appears  a  different  permutation 
of  the  t  of  Goth,  tiff  us, '  ten ' ;  comp.  AS. 
-tig,  E.  -ty.  Goth,  tigu-  (from  pre-Teut. 
deku-)  is  a  variant  of  taihan,  '  ten.'    See 

dimmer,  n., '  room,  chamber,'  from  Mid 
HG.  zimber,  OHG.  zimbar,  n.,  'timber, 
wooden  building,  dwelling,  room' ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  timbar,  Du.  timmer, 
'room,' AS.  timber,  E.  timber,  OIc.  timbr. 
To  these  are  allied  Goth,  timrian, '  to  build 
up'  OHG.  and  MidHG.  zimbercn,  Mod 
HG.  jimmern,  '  to  build.'  The  primary 
meaning  of  the  subst.  was  certainly  '  wood 
for  building ' ;  it  is  primit.  allied  to  Lat. 
domus,  Gr.  86pos,  Sans,  dama,  OSlov.  domii, 
'  house '  (lit. '  building  of  wood ') ;  and  also 
to  the  root  vb.  Gr.  6V/xa>,  '  to  build '  (SV/xas-, 
'  bodily  frame '). 

3immof,  m.,  'cinnamon,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zinemtn,  zinment,  OHG. 
>i  n  a  min,  m. ;  from  Mid  Lat.  cinamonium 


Zim 


(    40S    ) 


Zit 


(Gr.  KiwafMov).     For  the  Romance  term  see 
.Hanoi. 

3impcrltdj,  adj.,  'prim,  prudish,  af- 
fected,' a  MidG.  form  for  the  genuine 
UpG.  gimpfcrltd)  ;  comp.  MidDu.  zimper- 
lije,  usually  simpellje,  equiv.  to  Dan.,  Norw., 
and  Swed.  dial,  simper,  semper,  '  fastidious,' 
E.  to  simper. 

jptnbcl,  m.,'  light  taffeta,' from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ziuddlj  zinddl ;  from  MidLat.  cen- 
dalum  (Gr.  aivScov,  '  fine  linen,'  lit. '  Indian 
stutV),  whence  Ital.  zendado,  and  zendale. 

"i&inftcl ,  m.,  •  stone  wall,  palisade,'  from 
MidHG.  zingel,  m., '  rampart,'  whence  Mod 
HG.  umjingeln, '  to  encircle,  surround '  (Mid 
HG.  :.i>Kjeln,  'to  make  an  entrenchment 'X 
formed  like  Lat.  cingulus,  cingere. 

Birth,  n.  and  m.,  'zinc,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
certainly  connected  with  3  inn.  It  has  been 
thought  that  3um, '  tin,'  when  borrowed  by 
Slav,  was  extended  by  a  Slav,  suffix  k,  with 
which  as  zink  it  passed  again  into  Ger. 
(whence  Fr.  zinc).  Other  etymologists 
assume  a  connection  with  the  following 
word,  because  tin  when  melting  forms 
spikes  (3infcn). 

^irtfeen,  m.,  'spike,  prong,'  from  the 
equiv.  Mid  HG.  zinke,  OHG.  zinko,  m.  How 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  zint,  OIc.  tindr,  and 
ModHG.  3acfe  are  connected  with  this  word 
is  not  clear.  Late  MidHG.  zinke  (and  zint), 
as  a  designation  of  a  wind  instrument 
(cornet),  has  been  preserved  in  ModHG. 

J3tUtt,  n., '  tin,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
and  OHG.  zin,  n. ;  corresponding  to  Du., 
AS.,  E.,  and  OIc.  tin;  a  common  Teut. 
term  which  has  no  cognates  in  the  allied 
languages  (Ir.  tinne  seems  to  be  borrowed). 
Lat.  stannum  is  the  source  of  Fr.  e'tain, 
Ital.  stagno,  but  not  of  the  Teut.  words. 

"StttttC,  f.,  'pinnacle,  battlement,'  from 
MidHG.  zinne,  OHG.  zinna,  f., '  upper  part 
of  a  wall  with  openings  or  embrasures.' 
On  account  of  the  meaning  it  is  probably 
not  connected  with  Qaijii ;  MidHG.  zint 
(see  3i»tf0> '  point,  peak '  (OHG.  zinna,  from 
*tinj6n  for  Hindjon  ?),  is  more  nearly  allied. 
See  3af>n. 

"3irmober,  m.,  '  cinnabar,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zinober,  m.  ;  formed  from 
Lat.-Gr.  Kiwafiapi,  whence  also  Fr.  cinabre. 

3tno,  m.,  '  tribute,  rent,  (plm\)  in- 
terest,' from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  mm,  m., 
'  duty,  tribute.'  Borrowed  during  the  OHG. 
period  (comp.  Jtrcuj)  from  Lat.  census  (Ital. 
censo), '  census,  tax.'  The  HG.  word  passed 
in  the  form  tins  into  OSax.  ;  in  Du.,  eijns. 


"Stpfel,  m.,  'tip,  point,  peuk,  lappet,' 
from  MidHG.  zipfel  (eipf),  m.,  '  pointed 
end,  peak ' ;  allied  to  E.  and  Du.  tip.  3>tp- 
fen  is  the  only  primit,  cognate  word  in  Teut. 
(3opf  has  no  connection  with  3ipfcl)- 

^tppcrlein,  n.,  'gout,'  from  late  Mid 
HG.  (rare)  zipperlin,  '  gout  in  the  feet ' ; 
allied  to  MidHG.  zippeltrit,  'tripping 
step.'  3iWfht  is  an  ononiat.  imitation  of 
jaw*tn. 

"Birbel,  f.,  in  "Btrbel&ritfe,  f..  'pineal 
gland,'  from  MidHG.  zirbel-,  in  zirbelwint, 
'  whirlwind'  ;  allied  to  MidHG.  zirben,  '  to 
move  in  a  circle,  whirl,'  OHG.  zerben,  AS. 
tearjlian,  '  to  turn.'  The  Teut.  root  tarb, 
'  to  whirl,'  cannot  be  traced  farther  back. 

"Strlkel,  to.,  '  circle,  circuit,  company, 
society,'  from  MidHG.  zirkel,  OHG.  zirkil, 
m.,  'circle,'  which  is  again  derived  from 
Lat.  circuius  (Ital.  circolo,  Fr.  cercle), '  circle,' 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  zirc,  '  circle,'*  from  Lat. 
circus  (Ital.  circo). 

3irpctt,  vb.,  '  to  chirp,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
a  recent  onomatop.  form.  So  too  jifcrjeln, 
vb., '  to  whisper,'  and  3tfd)ett,  vb.,  '  to  his?, 
whiz' ;  ModHG. only;  in  MidHG.,  zispezen, 
n.,  'hissing.' 

"Bisfacj,  see  SienStag. 

lUfrjer,  (£Uf)er,  f.,  'guitar,  zither'; 
formed  like  the  equiv.  OHG.  cithara,  zitera, 
f.,  from  the  equiv.  Lat.  cithara.  MidHG. 
has  only  zitole,  f., '  zither,'  from  OFr.  citole, 
which,  like  Ital.  ce'tera,  comes  from  Lat. 
citliara.  Ital.  and  Span,  guitarra,  whence 
Fr.  guitare,  ModHG.  ©uttarrc,  '  guitar,'  is, 
on  the  other  hand,  derived  from  Gr.  mdapa. 

"sUftrone,  gitronc,  f., '  citron,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Fr.  citron,  which  is  borrowed 
from  Lat.-Gr.  Kirpov.  The  origin  of  the 
latter  word  (the  East  V)  is  unknown. 

"Sit f  er,  "3icf  er,  f., '  thill,  shaft,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zieter,  OHG.  ziotar,  zieter, 
m.  and  n.  The  latter  can  hardly  repre- 
sent *ziohtar  (allied  to  jicr)cn)  on  account 
of  AS.  tedder,  E.  tether,  OIc.  tjoSr,  '  rope.' 
The  unintelligible  ModHG.  word  was 
popularly,  but  wrongly,  connected  with 
gittcrn  (diaL  Better,  3tttev?"iancje). 

JJUferod),  m., '  herpetic  eruption,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  ziteroch,  OHG.  zittaroli 
(hh),  m.  (ttr  remains  unpermutated  as  in 
jittern) ;  corresponding  to  AS.  titer,  E.  tetter, 
to  tetter.  Allied  in  the  non-Teut.  languages 
to  Sans,  dadru,  dadruka,  '  cutaneous  erup- 
tion,' Lith.  dedervine,  '  tether,  scab,'  and 
Lat.  derbiosus  (from  derdviosus  ?).  AS.  teter 
is  based  like  Sans,  dadru  on  an  Aryan 


Zit 


(    409    ) 


Zop 


de-dru-,  a  reduplicated  form  (like  5Hber)  ; 
OHG.  zittaroh  is  borrowed  from  it. 

3iff em,  vb., '  to  tremble,  shake,  quiver,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zitern,  zittem, 
OHG.  zittardn,  wk.  vb.  ;  corresponding 
to  OIc.  titra,  '  to  twinkle,  wink,  tremble ' 
(old  tr  remains  unpermutated  in  HG.  ; 
comp.  bitter,  ©flitter,  and  treu).  3iKern  is 
one  of  the  few  Teut.  vbs.  which  have  a  re- 
duplicated present  (see  fceben).  From  the 
implied  primit.  Teut.  *ti-tr6-mi  the  transi- 
tion to  the  weak  6  conjugation  is  easily 
understood,  just  as  the  change  of  Teut. 
*ri-rai-mi,  '  I  tremble '  (comp,  Goth,  reiran, 
'  to  shake,'  from  an  Aryan  root  rai-),  to  the 
similarly  sounding  weak  ai  conjugation. 
In  the  non-Teut  languages  no  cognates  of 
gittern  have  been  found  (Aryan  root  drdl). 
The  G.  word  was  adopted  by  Dan.  ;  comp. 
Dan.  zittre,  *  to  shake.' 

|itftt>er,  m.,  •  zedoary,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zitwar,  zitioan,  OHG.  citawar,  zit- 
war, m.  ;  from  MidLat.  zeduarium,  the 
source  of  which  is  Arab,  zedwdr.  The 
zedoary  was  introduced  into  European 
medical  science  by  the  Arabs  (comp.  also 
Ital.  zettovario,  Fr.  ze'doaire,  E.  zedoary). 

$itft,  |Jits,  m., '  chintz,'  from  the  equiv. 
Du.  sits,  chits,  E.  chintz.  The  ultimate 
source  of  the  word  is  Bengali  chits,  '  varie- 
gated cotton,' 

5 1 1  }e,  f., '  nipple,  teat,'  from  the  equiv. 
late  MidHG.  (rare)  zitze,  f.  ;  comp.  the  cor- 
responding LG.  titte,  f.,  Du.  tet,  f.,  AS.  tit, 
in.  (plur.  tittas),  E.  teat,  Swiss  tisse,  '  teat.' 
The  usual  word  for  'teat'  in  OHG.  is 
tutta,  tuta,  f.,  tutto,  tuto,  m.  ;  MidHG.  tutte, 
tute,  f.,  tiital,  n,  ;  comp.  Xuttef.  In  Romance 
occur  the  cognate  words — Ital.  tetta,  zizza, 
zezzola,  '  teat,'  Fr.  tette,  L,  teton,  tetin,  m., 
'  nipple,'  Span,  teta,  as  well  as  Ital.  tettare, 
Span,  tetar,  Fr.  teter,  'to  suck' ;  the  double 
forms  with  t  and  z  iniply  that  these  words 
were  borrowed  from  Teut. 

^obcl,  in.,  '  sable  (Mustella  zibellina), 
sable-fur,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zobel, 
m.  ;  borrowed  from  TRuss.  sobol  (comp. 
Dan.  zobel).  From  the  same  source  are 
derived  MidLat  sabellum  (OFr.  sable,  E. 
sable)  and  sabellinus,  whence  Ital.  zibellino, 
Span,  zebellina,  Fr.  zibeline. 

3ober,  see  3ut?er. 

<3ofe,  f.,  '  maid,  waiting-woman,'  Mod 
HG.  only,  formed  from  MidHG.  zdfen 
(z6fen),  'to  draw,  arrange  suitably,  nurse, 
adorn';  zdfe,  f.,  'ornament';  hence  3c?f, 
lit  '  adorning  maid.' 


3dgem,  vb.,  *to  linger,  loiter,  defer,' 
ModHG.  only,  a  derivative  of  MidHG. 
zogen,  OHG.  zogdn, '  to  tug,  draw,  go,  defer, 
retard.'  An  intensive  form  of  $tet;en ;  comp. 
OIc  toga,  E.  to  tug.  For  the  development 
of  meaning  comp.  further  ModHG,  diaL 
jpgfm,  '  to  wander  aimlessly.' 

^ogling,  m.,  'pupil,'  ModHG.  only; 
formed  with  the  suffix  sling  from  MidHG. 
*zoge,  '  guide,  leader,'  in  magezoge,  '  tutor,' 
OHG.  magazogo, '  paedagogus '  (see  -§erjog) ; 
allied  to  jtefyen. 

J3olI  (1.),  m.,  'inch,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zol,  m.  and  f.,  which  is  probably 
identical  with  MidHG.  zol,  m., '  cylindrical 
piece,  log ' ;  comp.  MidHG.  tszolle,  *  icicle.' 

Jpolt  (2.),  m.,  'duty,  toll,  dues,'  from 
MidHG.  and  OHG.  zol,  m., '  custom-house, 
toll,  duty' ;  corresponding  to  the  equiv. 
OSax.  and  AS.  tol,  E.  toll,  Du.  tol,  OIc. 
tollr.  Usually  regarded  as  borrowed  from 
MidLat.  telonium,  Gr.  rekotviov,  '  custom- 
house, toll.'  The  Ger.  words  are,  however, 
in  spite  of  the  lack  of  a  Goth.  *tulls  (for 
which  mdta  occurs ;  comp.  SKaut),  so  old, 
and  correspond  so  closely,  that  they  must 
be  regarded  as  of  genuine  Teut.  origin. 
3o(l  is  connected  with  the  root  tal  (appear- 
ing in  jdljlen  and  3<djl)>  of  which  it  is  an 
old  partic.  in  no-  {11  from  hi),  and  hence  it 
signified  originally  '  that  which  is  counted.' 
— Derivative  JBoIIner,  m.,  '  collector,'  re- 
ceiver of  customs,'  from  MidHG.  zolnare, 
zohier,  OHG.  zollandri,  zolneri,  m.  Corre- 
sponding to  AS.  tolnire,  tollire,  E.  toller, 
Du.  tollenaar,  OFris.  tolner,  Dan.  tolder ; 
comp.  OSax.  tolna,  '  toll.' 

5otte,  f.,  'zone,'  ModHG.  only,  from 
the  equiv.  Lat-Gr.  £u>vtj. 

Jpopf,  m.  '(long)  plait  of  hair,  pigtail, 
cue,  tuft,'  from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zopf, 
m.,  'end,  peak,  cue.'  Corresponding  to 
LG.  topp,  Du.  top,  '  end,  peak,'  AS.  and  E. 
top  (MidE.  variant  tuft),  OIc.  toppr,  '  tuft 
of  hair,'  OFris.  top,  'tuft,'  Swed.  topp, 
Dan.  top,  '  point,  end,  cue.'  A  common 
Teut  word,  by  chance  not  recorded  in 
Goth.  The  lit.  meaning  seems  to  be  '  pro- 
jecting end ' ;  hence  3cpf  orig.  '  points  of 
the  hair  when  tied  together'  (comp.  3apf»it 
and  Zew).  The  value  attached  even  in 
the  Middle  Ages  to  long  plaits  of  hair  as 
an  element  of  female  beauty  is  attested 
especially  by  the  fact  that  the  Swab,  and 
Aleman.  women  when  taking  an  oath  held 
their  plaits  in  their  hands.  Among  the 
Teutons,  to  cut  a  person's  hair  was  to  brand 


Zor 


(    410    ) 


Zuc 


him  with  infamy.  From  Teut.  are  derived 
the  Romance  cognates,  OFr.  top,  'tuft  of 
hair,'  Span,  tope, '  end,'  ItaL  toppo,  ModFr. 
toupet,  'tuft,  lock  of  hair.'  No  cognate 
terms  are  found  in  the  non-Teut  lan- 
guages. 

§ores,  3orus,  m.,  'confusion,'  ModHG. 
only,  from  Jewisli  zores,  '  oppression.' 

§om,  m.,  '  anger,  wrath,  passion,'  from 
MidHG.  zorn,  m.,  OHG.  zorn,  n.,  'violent 
indignation,  fury,  insult,  dispute ' ;  corre- 
sponding to  OSax.  torn,  n.,  '  indignation,' 
AS.  torn,  n.,  'anger,  insult,'  Du.  toorn,  m., 
'  anger '  (torn,  '  push,  fight ')  ;  in  Goth,  by 
chance  not  recorded.  It  is  an  old  partic. 
in  no-  from  the  root  tar,  'to  tear'  (Goth. 
ga-tairan,  OHG.  zeran,  '  to  tear  to  pieces, 
destroy ')  ;  hence  3cm  meant  lit.  '  rending 
of  the  mind'?.  Yet  note  Lith.  durnas,  'mad, 
angry,  insufferable,'  and  durnuti,  '  to  rage.' 

3ofe,  f-, '  obscenity,'  ModHG.  only  ;  of 
obscure  origin,  but  certainly  a  loan-word. 
It  is  most  probably  connected  with  Fr. 
sotie,  sottie, '  obscene  farce '  (in  the  carnival 
plays  obscenity  is  the  main  element),  Fr. 
sottise, '  abusive  language,  indecency,'  from 
Fr.  sot,  '  blockhead,'  Span,  and  Port,  zote, 
'booby.'  With  these  are  connected  ItaL 
zotico,  '  coarse,  uncouth '  (comp.  ItaL  zoti- 
chezza,  '  coarseness,'  zoticacco,  '  uncouth, 
clownish ' ;  they  are  not  derived  from  Lat. 
exoticus  (Lat.  x  is  never  equiv.  to  Rom.  z). 
Comp.  further  AS.  and  E.  sot,  Du.  sot,  and 
Ir.  sutltan,  '  blockhead,'  sotaire,  '  fop.' 

3offe(l.),  3offeI,  f.,  'lock,  tuft,  tangle,' 
from  MidHG.  zote,  zotte,  m.  and  f.,  '  tuft  of 
hair,'  OHG.  zotta,  zata,  zota,  f.,  zotto,  m., 
'mane,  comb  (of  birds),  tuft.'  MidHG. 
zotte  is  normally  permutated  from  todd&n-; 
comp.  OIc.  todde,  m., '  tuft,  bit,  tod  (weight 
for  wool),'  E.  tod,  Du.  todde, '  rags,  tatters ' ; 
also  Dan.  tot,  'tuft  of  hair,  tangle,'  Du. 
toot,  '  hair-net '  ?.  Nothing  more  definite 
can  be  ascertained  concerning  the  early 
history  of  the  word.  From  Ger.  are  derived 
the  ItaL  words  zazza,  zdzzera,  'long  hair,' 
and  tattera,  '  rubbish,  trash '  (perhaps  also 
ItaL  zatter,  zattera,  Span,  zata,  zatara, '  raft.' 

3of t c  (2.),  f.,  dial.,  '  spout  of  a  vessel,' 
equiv.  to  Du.  tuit,  *  pipe '  (see  35ute). 

joff cln,  vb.,  '  to  move  clumsily,  shuffle 
along,'  from  MidHG.  zoten, '  to  walk  slowly, 
saunter';  comp.  E.  tottle,  toddle,  totter; 
allied  to  3otte  (1). 

3tt,  prep., '  to,  in  addition  to,  at,  in  order 
to ' ;  adv.,  '  to,  towards,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zuo  (MidG.  zA),  OHG.  zuo,  zua,  z6j 


comp.  the  corresponding  OSax.  t6,  Du.  toe, 
OFns.  t6,  AS.  tS,  E.  to;  wanting  in  OIc. 
and  Goth,  (for  which  Scand.  til  and  Goth. 
du  occur).  It  corresponds  in  non-Teut  to 
Lith.  da-,  Olr.  do,  as  well  as  to  Zend  -da, 
Gr.  -be,  and  Lat.  -do,  whichmare  used  en- 
clitically. 

iBuber,  JSobcr,  m.,  'tub,'  from  MidHG. 
zuber,  zober,  OHG.  zubar,  n.,  '  vessel ' ;  pro- 
bably allied  primit.  to  MidE.  tubbe,  E.  tub, 
Du.  tobbe,  LG.  tubbe  and  tover.  In  OHG.  also 
zwibar,  which  compared  with  OHG.  einbar 
(see  (Sinter)  is  regarded  as  a  '  vessel  with 
two  handles,'  and  is  connected  in  form  with 
Gr.  8l<hpos  (from  dun,  4  two,'  and  root  <f>fp)- 

3ubltf?C,  I,  'additional  contribution,' 
from  late  MidHG.  zuobuo^e,  f.,  zuobuo^,  m., 
'supplement';  comp.  93ujje. 

3ud)f,  f.,  'breeding,  rearing,  breed, 
brood,  education,  discipline,'  from  Mid 
HG.  and  OHG.  zuht,  f., '  marching,  expedi- 
tion j  education,  discipline  ;  culture,  pro- 
priety ;  that  which  is  trained,  cultivated  ; 
posterity.'  A  verbal  abstract  of  gieben 
(comp.  jylud)t  from  fltefien) ;  corresponding 
to  LG.  and  Du.  tucht,  AS.  tyht,  Dan.  tugt, 
Goth.  *tauhts  (in  usta&hts, '  completion'). — 
Derivatives— giicfjf en,  vb.,  'to  breed,  cul- 
tivate, bring  up,  discipline,'  from  MidHG. 
zichten,  OHG.  zuhten,  zuhtfin,  '  to  train  up.' 
— 3ttd)f ig,  adj.,  'modest, bashful,  discreet,' 
from  MidHG.  ziihtec,  OHG.  zuhttg,  'well 
bred, polite;  punitive;  pregnant' — 3ftd)- 
ftgen,  vb.,  'to  chastise,  correct,  punish^' 
from  MidHG.  ziihtegen,  '  to  punish.' 

3ud;,  m.,  'twitch,  start,  shrug,'  from 
MiaHG.  zuc  (gen.  zuckes),  m., '  quick  march- 
ing, jerk.'  Allied  to  juCKen,  judtcn,  vb., 
'  to  move  convulsively,  start,  jerk,  tug,' 
from  MidHG.  zucken,  ziicken,  OHG.  zucchen, 
zukken,  ' to  march  quickly,  snitch  away, 
jerk,  tug';  intensive  form  of  jiefyeit.  Hence 
the  Mo'lHG.  compounds  entjucfm,  serjucfen 
(MidHG.  enzucken,verziicken),  signified  orig. 
'  to  snatoh  away,  transport  in  spirit'  From 
the  base  tukk&n  is  derived  Fr.  toucher,  ItaL 
toccare. 

Jpudter,m.,  'sugar,'  from  the  correspond- 
ing MidHG.  zucker,  zuker,  m.  (OHG.  zucura, 
once  only) ;  comp.  the  corresponding  Du. 
suiker,  MidE.  sucre,  E.  sugar,  Ic.  sykr,  Dan. 
sukker,  Swed.  socker.  The  word  was  bor- 
rowed from  MidLat  zucara,  which  is  de- 
rived in  the  first  instance  from  Arab,  sokkar, 
assokhar ;  from  the  same  source  the  Rom. 
class  Fr.  sucre  and  ItaL  zucchero  are  ob- 
tained.   Span,  azucar  was  directly  adopted 


Zue 


(    4"    ) 


Zun 


from  the  Arabs,  who  cultivated  the  sugar- 
cane in  Spain.  Comp.  further  Lat.  sac- 
charum,  Gr.  cra/c^ap,  o-dicxapov,  Pers.  schakar, 
Sans,  carkard,  'granulated  sugar,'  Prakrit 
sakkara.  The  primit.  source  of  the  word 
is  probably  India. — jSudterkcmb,  m., 
'sugar-candy,'  ModHG.  only,  from  Fr. 
sucre  candi,  Ital.  zucchero  candito,  'crystal- 
lised sugar,  sugar-candy,'  which  is  derived 
from  Arab,  gand;  the  ultimate  source  of 
the  word  is  Indian  khand,  '  piece.' 

3lter|f ,  adv.,  'at  first,  firstly,  in  the  first 
place,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  ze  irest, 
zSrest,  OHG.  zi  Srist,  zSrist, '  at  first,  for  the 
first  time'  ;  comp.  erft. 

JpufctH,  m.,  '  chance,  incident,  occur- 
rence, accident,'  from  late  MidHG.  zuoval, 
m.,  'accident,  what  happens  to  a  person, 
receipts ' ;  allied  to  fa  Hen. 

fttlfvieben,  adv.  and  adj.,  'contented, 
satisfied,'  ModHG.  only  ;  originally  only 
an  adv.  formed  by  the  combination  of  the 
prep,  ju  and  the  dat.  of  the  subst.  Qrtebf. 
Hence  the  orig.  meaning  of  jufticbm  is  '  in 
peace,  quietly,  protection.'  In  MidHG. 
mit  vride  (comp.  abfjanben,  beljenbe)  was  the 
equiv.  expression. 

iBufl,  m., '  pull,  march,  expedition,'  from 
MidHG.  zuc  (gen.  zuges),  OHG.  zug,  m.,  a 
verbal  abstract  of  giefjeu  (comp.  glug  from 
fliegen).  Corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Du. 
teug,  AS.  tyge,  E.  tug,  and  Dan.  tog. 

^3  it  ft  cm  ft,  m., '  admittance,  access,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  and  OHG.  zuoganc,  m. 
(see  ©ana,). 

JBfiftet,  rn-»  'rein,  bridle,  check,'  from 
MidHG.  ziigel,  zugel,  m., '  strap,  band,  rein,' 
OHG.  zugil,  zuhil  (zuol),  m.,  '  band,  cord, 
rein';  a  derivative  of  jiefyen.  Correspond- 
ing to  OIc.  tygell,  m., '  strap,  cord,  rein,' 
AS.  tygel,  Du.  teugel,  Dan.  tfiile.  See  also 
3aum. 

ftuglctd),  adv.,  'at  the  same  time,  to- 
gether,' ModHG.  only,  implying  MidHG. 
*zegeltche, '  in  the  same  manner'  (see  gleicb). 

3Ut)cm5,  adv.,  '  at  once,  immediately,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zehant,  lit.  'at 
hand.'  In  Ger.  many  adverbial  expressions 
are  formed  from  the  word  $anb,—  abfyan- 
ben,  vovfyanben,  attcrl)anb  ;  comp.  jufrieben. 

,\u let  \i ,  adv., '  finally,  ultimately,'  from 
MidHG.  ze  leftist,  ze  leste,  OHG.  zi  l^ist; 
comp.  lefct. 

3ullc,  f., '  lighter,  boat,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  ziille,  zulle;  early  history  obscure. 
The  G.  word  is  related  only  to  the  Slav, 
class,  Rus8.  S&nu,  Pol.  czotn,  Czech  Slun ; 


on  which  side  the  word  was  borrowed  can- 
not be  ascertained. 

3ufp,  m.,  'sucking  mark  (on  the  skin), 
spot  made  by  sucking,'  ModHG.  only  ; 
allied  to  juflen,  '  to  suck ' ;  origin  obscure. 
Probably  related  to  Du.  tul,  '  bottle, 
tippler,'  tullen,  '  to  tipple.' 

3iunctf,  adv.,  'especially,  particularly,' 
from  MidHG.  and  OHG.  ze  mdle,  'at  the 
point  of  time,  forthwith,  immediately' ; 
comp.  5Wal. 

gttnbcn,  vb.,  '  to  take  fire,  set  on  fire, 
kindle,'  from  MidHG.  ziinden,  '  to  set  on 
fire,'  OHG.  zunten  (from  zuntjan),  wk.  vb., 
'  to  kindle ' ;  also  in  MidHG.  zunden,  '  to 
burn,  give  light,'  OHG.  zundin,  'to  be 
aflame,  glow.'  Comp.  Goth,  tundnan,  'to 
be  kindled,'  tandjan,  wk.  vb., '  to  set  on  fire,' 
AS.  tyndan,  MidE.  tenden,  E.  (dial.)  teend, 
tind, '  to  kindle,'  OIc.  tendra,  Swed.  tanda, 
Dan.  tamde.  MidHG.  zinden,  str.  vb., '  to 
burn,  glow,'  implies  a  Goth.  str.  vb.  *tin- 
dan;  to  this  is  allied  OHG.  zinsilo,  m.,  zin- 
sil6d, '  fomes,'  zinsera,  f.  '  censer '  (not  from 
Lat.  incensorium),  and  zinsil&n, '  machinari.' 
With  Goth,  tandjan,  '  to  set  on  fire,'  are 
connected  OHG.  zantaro,  MidHG.  zander, 
'  glowing  coal,'  OIc.  tandre,  '  fire.'  The 
Teut.  root  tand  (Aryan  dnt  ?,  dndh  X),  '  to 
burn,'  has  no  undoubted  cognates  in  the 
non-Teut.  languages. — Derivative  |un- 
bev,  |5uttbel,  m.,  'tinder,  touchwood, 
fuse,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zunder,  m. 
and  n.,  OHG.  zuntara,  zuntra,  f.  Comp. 
LG.  tunder,  Du.  tonder,  AS.  tynder,  E.  Under, 
OIc.  tundr,  Swed.  tunder,  Dan.  tender. 
Forms  with  I  also  occur ;  comp.  OHG. 
zuntil,  MidHG.  zundel,  ziindel,  m., '  lighter, 
tinder'  (ModHG.  proper  name  Suiibcl), 
Du.  tondel.  From  Teut.  is  borrowed  OFr. 
tondre,  '  tinder.' 

JBurtff ,  f.,  *  guild,  corporation,  club, 
sect,'  from  MidHG.  zunft,  zumft,  OHG. 
zumft,  f.,  '  propriety,  rule,  law  ;  society 
governed  by  certain  rules,  union,  associa- 
tion/guild';  allied  to  jiftnen.  OHG.  zumft 
is  derived  from  zfrnan,  '  to  be  proper,'  by 
means  of  the  -ti  (Goth.  -Jn),  which  forms 
verbal  abstracts  ;  for  the  intrusion  of  an 
/  in  the  combination  mt,  comp.  Jcunft, 
91»nft,  and  CRamft.  Hence  the  orig.  mean- 
ing of  Sunft  is  '  suitability,  propriety,  that 
which  is  becoming  or  according  to  law.' 
For  the  development  of  meaning  comp. 
©ilbf,  derived  from  LG. 

3imftc,  f.,  '  tongue,  language,'  from  Mid 
HG.    zunge,    f.,   'tongue,    tongue -shaped 


Zun 


(    412    ) 


Zwe 


piece,  language,'  OHG.  zunga,  f.,  '  tongue, 
domain  of  a  language.'  Comp.  OSax.  tunga, 
LG.  tunge,  Du.  tonge,  OFris.  tunge,  AS. 
tunge,  E.  tongue,  OIc.  and  Swed.  tunga, 
Dan.  tunge,  Goth.  tuggS.  In  non-Teut. 
occurs  the  cognate  Lat.  lingua,  which  is 
usually  supposed  to  come  from  *dingua 
(like  lacrima  for  dacrima,  see  3&fite).  Teut. 
tung&n,  with  3ange,  is  scarcely  allied  to  the 
Sans,  root  danc, '  to  bite,  be  pointed '  (3unge 
should  be  lit.  '  that  which  licks ') ;  the  rela- 
tion to  Sans.  juhH,  jihvd,  '  tongue,'  is  un- 
certain. 

3itnicf)fc,  adv.,  'ruined,  undone,'  in  the 
phrases  juntdjte,  toerben,  '  to  be  ruined,' 
gunidjte  mad)en, '  to  ruin,  destroy,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ze  nihte,  'to  nothing' ;  see  nidjt. 

IJuttsIer,  m.,  '  pilser,'  ModHG.  only ; 
probably  allied  to  OHG.  zinsilo,  '  tinder ' 
(comp.  MidHG.  zinden,  '  to  burn '),  men- 
tioned under  gitnben. 

gupfen,  vb., '  to  pull,  pluck,'  ModHG. 
only,  earlier  ModHG.  gopfcn;  denomina- 
tive from  3ojjf ;  hence  jupfen  means  lit.  '  to 
drag  by  the  hair '  ?. 

dltredjf,  adv.,  'in  order,  aright,'  from 
MidHG.  zerehte,  OHG.  zi  rehte,  'aright' ; 
comp.  LG.  te  rechte  (see  Sftedjf). 

jumen,  vb..  'to  be  angry,'  from  Mid 
HG.  ziirnen,  OHG.  zurnen;  denominative 
from  3<wi. 

jurit eft,  adv.,  '  back,  backwards,'  from 
MidHG.  zeriicke  (MidG.  zuriicke),  OHG. 
zi  ruche,  '  backwards,  behind  one's  back '  ; 
comp.  LG.  teriigge.  Allied  to  {Riicfen ; 
comp.  E.  back. 

3ttfammen,  adv.,  'together,'  from  Mid 
HG.  zesamene,  zesamt,  OHG.  zisamane,  '  to- 
gether, jointly' ;  comp.  fammetn,  famt. 

ftixfleltl,  vb.,  'to  pluck';  probably  a 
derivative  of  gaufen,  MidHG.  zusen. 

J3ut>cr fiefcd ,  f., 'confidence,  reliance, con- 
viction,' from  MidHG.  zuoversiht  (MidG. 
zuvorsiht),  OHG.  zuofirsiht,  f.,  'foreseeing, 
glance  into  the  future,  expectation,  hope.' 
Allied,  like  @idjt,  to  fefyen. 

3Ut>0¥,  adv.,  '  before,  beforehand,  for- 
merly,' from  late  MidHG.  zuovor,  zuovom 
(MidG.  zftvor),  '  formerly,  beforehand.' 
Allied,  like  be»or,  to  »or. 

3Utt>ecje,  adv.  in  jm&ege  bringen, '  to  bring 
out,  accomplish,'  from  MidHG.  ze  w'ege, 
OHG.  zi  w'ege, '  on  the  (right)  way.'  Comp. 
toegen,  adv.,  and  2Beg. 

3Utt>ciIcn,  adv.,  '  at  times,  sometimes,' 
ModHG.  only  ;  in  MidHG.  under  wtlen  or 
wtlen,  wtlent,  '  once,  formerly.'    Similarly, 


ModHG.  bidtoeilen,  aflcwetf,  twetfanb  ;  comp. 
ttjeil. 

3Utt)i&er,  adj.  (orig.  adv.),  'importunate,' 
ModHG.  only;  implying  MidHG.  *ze  wider, 
formed  in  a  similar  way  to  ModHG.  guge- 
gen  (MidHG.  zeg$gene),  lit.  '  against' ;  see 
toiber. 

3Wrtcftcn,  vb.,  '  to  pinch,  tease,  cheat,' 
from  MidHG.  zwacken,  '  to  pluck,  tug ' ;  a 
graded  form  of  jtoicfen. 

3t»acjcn,  vb., '  to  wash,'  see  3\vttyt. 

3Jt>ct  net,  m.,  '  compulsion,  force,  re- 
straint,' from  MidHG.  twanc,  zwanc  (g),  m., 
'  compulsion,  distress,  oppression'  (comp. 
MidHG.  des  libes  twanc,  '  tenesmus,  consti- 
pation '),  OHG.  dwang  (gidwang),  m.,  '  dis- 
tress, contraction,  compulsion' ;  abstract 
of  gwttgen.  Allied  to  3wci Jtcjcn,  vb., '  to 
squeeze,  constrain,  force,'  denomin.  of 
3tt>ang,  MidHG.  twpigen,  '  to  use  violence 
to,  squeeze  in,  oppress,'  OHG.  dwengen, '  to 
use  violence  to '  (OHG.  and  MidHG.  zwan- 
gen,  zwengen,  'to  pinch';  comp.  MidHG. 
zwange,  'tongs') ;  see  also  gttringen.  A  Teut. 
root  Jywenh  (Aryan  twenk)  is  implied  by 
OHG.  duhen,  Du.  duwen,  AS.  f>$an,  '  to 
press,  oppress '  (from  *Jmnhjan). 

3tt>cm3i$J,  num.,  '  twenty,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zweinzec,  zwenzic,  OHG. 
zweinzug  ;  a  common  West  Teut.  numeral. 
Comp.  OSax.  twintig,  LG.  and  Du.  twintig, 
OFris.  twintich,  AS.  twintig  (from  tweegen- 
tigV),  E.  twenty  (see  jjig).  The  n  of  the 
first  component  seems  to  be  a  mark  of  the 
nom.  plur.  masc,  as  in  OHG.  zioen-e,  AS. 
twegen;  see  jttjei. 

3tt>ar,  adv.,  '  indeed,  truly,  of  course,' 
from  MidHG.  zwdre,  ze  ware,  '  in  truth,' 
OHG.  zi  wdre  (MidHG.  wdr,  n.,  '  truth,' 
an  adj.  used  as  a  subst.).  Connected,  like 
fiirtoafjr  (MidHG.  viir  war,  'truly),  with 
tvafir. 

|ttt>ecft,  m.,  'nail,  plug;  aim,  object, 
design,  goal,'  from  MidHG.  zw'ec  (-ekes),  m., 
'  nail,  plug  in  the  centre  of  the  target ; 
aim,  object,  design' ;  conip.  ircatfen,  jlticfcn, 
aud  3tt>itf.  How  the  ModHG.  word  (orig. 
'  nail ')  acquired  its  most  prevalent  mean- 
ing 'design'  is  explained  by  the  MidHG. 
term,  of  which  the  central  idea  is  '  the 
object  aimed  at  in  the  target' ;  other  cog- 
nates of  the  MidHG.  word  are  wanting. 

3«JCCtt,  num.,  see  $tt>ei. 

gxoefyle,  f.,  '  towel,'  from  MidHG. 
tveehele,  twehel,  dwehele,  dwSle,  f.  (also 
quehele,  Thuring.  Oudfjle),  '  drying  cloth, 
towel,'  OHG.  dwahila,  dwe.hila,  dwahilla. 


Zwe 


(    4i3    ) 


Zwe 


f.,  '  towel,  napkin,  small  napkin.'  The 
implied  Goth.  *pwahlj6  (old  AS.  thwehla) 
is  a  derivative  of  Jywahl,  *  bath,  washing,' 
and  hence  signified  '  that  which  belongs 
to  bathing.'  The  cognates  are  connected 
with  ModHG.  (dial.)  gtoagen,  'to  wash,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  twahen,  dwahen, 
OHG.  dwahan  ;  an  old  common  Teut.  word 
for '  to  wash.'  Comp.  Goth,  fiwahan,  OSax. 
thwahan,  AS.  pwedn,  OIc.  Jrvd,  Dan.  toe, 
tvcette,  Swed.  tvo,  tvdtta,  '  to  wash.'  With 
these  are  connected  Goth,  pwahl,  'bath,' 
AS.  frwe&l, '  washing,'  OHG.  dwahal,  *  bath,' 
OIc.  pvdl, '  soap,'  MidHG.  twuhel, '  bathing 
tub.'  In  the  allied  Aryan  languages  only 
Pruss.  twaxtan, '  bathing  apron/ is  cognate  ; 
Gr.  Te'yyo),  Lat.  tingo,  '  to  moisten,'  are  not 
connected  with  it.  From  OTeut.  is  derived 
the  Kom.  class,  Ital.  tovaglia,  Fr.  touaille, 
equiv.  to  E.  towel. 

Atoei,  num.,  '  two,'  from  the  equiv.  Mid 
HG.  zwene,  m.,  zwd,  f.,  zwei,  n.  ;  OHG. 
zwSne,  m.,  zwo,  f.,  zwei,  n.  ;  common  to 
Teut.  and  Aryan.  Comp.  OSax.  twSne,  m., 
tw6,  twd,  {.,  twei,  n. ;  Goth,  twai,  m.,  twds,  f., 
twa,  n. ;  AS.  twSgen,  m.,  twd,  t,  tH,  n.  ;  E. 
two,  Du.  tw$,  OFris.  twSne,  m.,  twd,  i\,  twd, 
n. ;  OIc.  tveir,  m.,  tvcer,  f.,  tvau,  n. ;  Swed. 
tvd,  Dan.  to,  tvende,  m.,  to,  f.,  to,  n.  Comp. 
further  gtoangig  and  grootf-  Corresponding 
in  the  non-Teut.  languages  to  Sans,  dva, 
Zend  dva,  Gr.  8vo,  Lat.  duo,  Olr.  old,  Lith. 
dil,  Russ.  dva.  In  earlier  ModHG.  the 
forms  for  the  different  genders  were  kept 
separate  (gtccen,  m.,  giro,  f.,  gtoet,  n.),  until 
in  the  17th  cent,  the  neuter  form  became 
the  prevalent  one.  For  further  cognates 
see  3rt>cifel  and  3nufl. — ftweievlei,  adv.  and 
adj., '  of  two  kinds,  twofold,'  from  MidHG. 
zweier  lew,  '  of  a  double  sort ' ;  comp.  4ei. 

QmeifaUer,  m.,  '  butterfly,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zwtvalter,  m.,  corrupted 
from  MidHG.  vlvalter,  OHG.  fifaltra, 
*  butterfly.'    See  gaiter  and  ©djmettcrling. 

<8tt>eifel,  m., '  doubt,  uncertainty,'  from 
MidHG.  zwivel,  m.,  '  uncertainty,  distrust, 
fickleness,  perfidy,  despair,'  OHG.  zwtfal, 
m.,  '  uncertainty,  apprehension,  despair.' 
Comp.  Goth,  tweifls,  m.,  '  doubt,'  OSax. 
twtfal,  Du.  hvijfel.  The  following  forms 
also  occur,  OHG.  zwtfo,  zw'eho,  m.,  'doubt' 
(equiv.  to  OSax.  tweho,  AS.  ticeO, '  doubt '), 
and  OIc.  tyja  (base  twiwjdn),  'doubt.'  All 
are  based  on  a  pre-Teut.  dioeiq  (dwfp),  '  to 
doubt.' — Allied  to  awcifcln,  vb.,  'to  doubt, 
suspect,'  from  MidHG.  zwlvelen,  OHG. 
zioifaldn,  '  to  waver,  doubt ' ;  comp.  OSax. 


twiflOn, '  to  waver,'  Dan.  tvivle,  Du.  twijfelen,. 
'to  doubt.'  These  cognates  are  unques- 
tionably connected  with  gtoet  (comp.  Gr. 
doirj,  '  doubt,'  Sans,  dvayd,  '  falseness ')  ; 
the  formation  of  the  noun  is,  however,  not 
clear  (see  3»ct9  and  gunes). 

|5tt)eig,  m.,  '  branch,  bough^twig,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  zwic  (-ges),  n.  and  m.r 
OHG.  zwtg,  m. ;  corresponding  to  AS.  twig, 
E.  twig,  Du.  twijg ;  also  in  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  zwt  (gen.  zwies),  n.  The  g  is  pro- 
bably evolved  from  j,  and  zwt,  gen.  zwtges, 
may  be  traced  back  to  a  nom.  zwtg.  The 
AS.  form  twig  is  implied  by  the  ace.  plur. 
twlgu  (twiggu).  Yet  the  primary  forms 
cannot  be  ascertained  with  certainty/hence 
it  is  not  quite  clear  how  3»etg  is  connected 
with  the  numeral  groei  (3»f tg,  lit.  '  a  divi- 
sion into  two  parts '  1). 

$weite,  ordin.  of  gtoet,  '  second,'  a  Mod 
HG.  form.  The  form  in  MidHG.  is  ander, 
OHG.  andar,  '  the  other ' ;  see  anber. 

l&tt)erd);,  '  athwart,  across,'  in  com- 
pounds such  as  3>t>etd()fen,  'diaphragm,' 
3toerd)l>feife,  '  fife,'  3n>erd)facf,  '  knapsack, 
wallet,'  from  MidHG.  tw'erch,  dwerch  (also 
querch),  adj.,  '  oblique,  reversed,  athwart,' 
OHG.  dwerah,  twerh,  'oblique,  athwart.' 
Corresponding  to  AS.  fiweorh,  'perverse,' 
Goth,  pwairhs, '  angry '  (fiwairhei,  t, '  anger, 
dispute'),  Du.  dwars,  Dan.  tveers,  tveert, 
'athwart.'  With  these  is  also  connected 
ModHG.  ubetgtoerdfj,  adj.  and  adv.,  '  across, 
athwart,  crosswise'  (MidHG.  iiber  twerch, 
uber  zwerck).  The  same  Aryan  root  tverk 
appears  also  perhaps  in  AS.  purh, '  through' 
(see  burcfy).  Beside  twerh,  the  MidHG.  and 
OHG.  variant  tw'er,  '  oblique,  athwart,'  oc- 
curs (in  MidHG.  also  quer ;  see  quer),  OIc. 
Jwerr,  'athwart,  impeding.'   Teut.  Jywerhwo- 

Eoints  to  an  Aryan  root  twerh,  with  which 
at.  torqueo  is  connected. 
J3tt>et,g,  m.,  'dwarf,  pigmy,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  twerc(g),  getwerc  (also  querch, 
zw'erch),  OHG.  tw'erg,  m. ;  a  common  Teut. 
word.  Comp.  Du.  dwerg,  AS.  dweorh,  E. 
dwarf,  OIc.  dvergr,  m.,  Swed.  and  Dan. 
dverg.  The  Teut.  base  is  dwergo-,  which 
is  perhaps  also  connected  with  the  Teut 
root  drug, '  to  deceive ' ;  hence  3nwg  meaus 
lit  '  phantom,  illusion '  ?. 

;5tt>cifd)e,  gtuctfd)C,  f.,  'damson'; 
ModHG.  only  ;  a  difficult  word  to  explain. 
Bav.  zwiSen,  zwiSpen,  Swiss  zwetSke,  Austr. 
zwespen,  Thur.  and  East  MidG.  quatige,  seem 
to  be  related  like  quer  and  3tt>tr(fy,  qudngclit 
and  jUungcn,  so  that  we  must  perhaps  assume 


Zwi 


(    4i4    ) 


Zwi 


an  initial  tw.  Since  damsons  were  orig. 
obtained  from  Damascus  (the  Crusaders 
are  said  to  have  introduced  them  into 
Europe ;  comp.  E.  damask  plum,  damascene, 
damson,  Ital.  amascino,  Portug.  ameixa),  it 
seems  probable  that  the  Teut.  cognates 
(Bav.  zwischen)  are  derived  from  MidLat. 
damascena  or  Gr.  Safida-Knvov  through  the 
intermediate  forms  dmaskin,  dwaskin, 
which  appear  in  Transylvanian  maschen, 
mdschen.  Yet  the  phonological  relations 
of  the  numerous  dialectic  forms  are  so 
indistinct  that  a  final  solution  of  all  the 
difficulties  has  not  yet  been  found.  From 
HG.  are  derived  Du.  kwets,  Dan.  svedske, 
Boh.  Svetska. 

gttndt,  m.,  'peg,  sprig;  pinch,  nip, 
twinge,'  from  MidHG.  zwic,  a  variant  of 
zwec  (see  3toed%  '  nail,  nip,  pinch.'  From 
G.  is  derived  the  equiv.  Dan.  svik. — 
^pttnc&el,  m.,  '  wedge,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zwickel,  m. ;  a  derivative  of  the 
preceding  word. 

3iuicuctt,  vb.,  'to  pinch,  twitch,  peg,' 
from  MidHG.  zwicken,  'to  fasten  with 
nails,  squeeze  in,  pinch,  tug,'  OHG. 
*zwicchSn  ;  comp.  LG.  twikken,  AS.  twiZcian, 
MidE.  twicchen,  E.  to  twitch  (see  jteacfen, 
3»ecf). 

axoie--,  in  compounds  'two,'  from  Mid 
.  and  OHG.  zwi-,  LG.  twi-,  Du.  twee-, 
OIc.  twl-,  AS.  twi-,  Goth.  *tvi-.  It  is  the 
form  of  the  numeral  jtoei  as  the  first  element 
of  a  compound ;  comp.  in  the  non-Teut. 
languages  St-  (from  &Ft-),  Lat.  bi-,  Sans. 
dvi-,  used  in  a  similar  way. 

~§XX>ieba<k,  m., '  biscuit,'  McdHG.  only  ; 
probably  a  rendering  of  Fr.  biscuit  (Ital. 
biscotto) ;  comp.  Dan.  tvebak,  Du.  tweebak 
(also  beschuit). 

^hrncbcl,  f.  (Swiss  zibele,  Bav.  zwifel, 
Thuring.  zippel),  'onion,  bulb,'  from  the 
equiv.  MidHG.  zwibolle,  zibolle  (with  the 
variants  zwippel,  zwifel,  zibel,  zebulle),  m. 
OHG.  zwibollo,  zwivolle,  m.  A  corruption  of 
Lat.  caepulla, '  onion,'  whence  also  the  Rom. 
words,  Ital.  cipolla,  Fr.  ciboule ;  Dan.  swible 
has  been  adopted  from  Ger.  The  genuine 
G.  word  for  3»it&el  i8  93ol(e  (properly '  bulb, 
ball'),  on  which  MidHG.  zwibolle  was  based. 
The  E.  word  bulb  is  derived  from  the  Lat. 
bulbus  (Gr.  /9oA£os),  '  bulb,  onion.' 

3U)icfad),  adj.,  '  twofold,  double,'  from 
the  equiv.  MidHG.  zwifach ;  for  the  mean- 
ing of  the  second  component  see  5adjj|. — 
3tr>iefciHtg,  adj.,'  twofold,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zwivaltic  (also  in  MidHG.  and 


OHG.  zwivalt) ;  comp.  fait. — $\viclid)t , 
n.,  '  twilight,'  ModHG.  only,  formed  from 
LG.  twelecht;  the  MidHG.  expression  is 
zwischenlieht ;  comp.  E.  twilight. 

JttJicr,  adv.,  '  twice,'  earlier  ModHG., 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zwir,  OHG.  zwir&r, 
zwiro;  coin  p.  OIc.  tysvar,  tvis-var  (-var  cor- 
responding to  Sans,  vdra, '  time ').  OHG. 
drir&r,  '  thrice,'  is  similarly  formed. 

J3tt>iefel,  f., '  fork,'  from  MidHG.  zwisde, 
OHG.  zwisila,  f.,  '  fork,  forked  branch ' ; 
a  derivative,  like  3»eig  and  3tt>eifc(,  from 
the  stem  twi-  (see  jtoifj). 

JpttJtefpctlf ,  ra.,  '  division,  discord, 
schism,'  ModHG.  only,  from  jttie;  and 
<Bpait ;  in  MidHG.  the  form  is  zwispel- 
tunge,  f.,  'division,  discord.' — pvncfpa  uig, 
adj.,  'discordant,  disunited,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zwispeltic,  zwispaltic,  OHG.  zwis- 
palttg  ;  allied  to  fpalten. — $rv\cfpxad)C,  f., 
'  dialogue,  colloquy,'  ModHG.  only  ;  in 
OHG.  zwisprehho,  m.,  with  a  different  sense, 
'bifarius,'  and  in  AS.  twisprdece,  adj., 
'double-tongued,  deceitful.' — ^ttjiefrod)f, 
f.,  'dissension,  discord,'  from  MidHG. 
zwitraht,  f.,  'disunion';  3trnctrad)fifl, 
adj.,  '  discordant,  at  variance,'  from  Mid 
HG.  zweitrehtic,  'disunited,  discordant'; 
as  a  MidG.  word  it  is  allied  to  trejfen  (comp. 
(5'tnttad)t). 

JBttnlltd),  J3tt>Udj,  m.,  'twilled  cloth, 
tick,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zwilich, 
zwilch,  OHG.  zwiUh  (hh),  m. ;  properly  an 
adj.  used  as  a  subst.,  from  zwilich,  '  twofold, 
consisting  of  two  threads'  (to  this  MidHG. 
zwilchen, '  to  weave  with  two  threads,'  is  al- 
lied). Formed  on  the  model  of  Lat.  bilix, 
'  consisting  of  two  threads ' ;  comp.  35rilltd?. 

^willing,  m.,  '  twin,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zwinelinc,  zwillinc  (g),  m.  (also 
zwiselinc  and  zwilich-kint),  and  zwinelin,  n., 
OHG.  zwiniling,  m.  A  derivative  of  the 
OHG.  adj.,  zwinal,  'geminus,  gemellus,' 
and  also,  like  zwinal,  from  zwi-, '  twofold ' ; 
comp.  the  equiv.  E.  twin,  Du.  tweeling, 
Dan.  tvilling. 

jjttnngen,  vb.,  'to  force,  compel,  van- 
quish,' from  MidHG.  twingen,  dwingen,  'to 
press,  cramp,  force,  compel,  dominate,' 
OHG.  dwingan,  thwingan,  '  to  crowd,  sup- 
press, conquer,'  corresponding  to  OSax. 
thwingan,  OIc  frwinga,  Dan.  tvinge,  Du. 
twingen,  OFris.  dwinga,  twinga,  MidE. 
twingen,  'to  force'  (E.  twinge),  see  also 
3»ang.— Derivatives  ^tt)ing,  tStoinh,  m., 
'fortress,'  from  MidHG.  twine,  m.,  'that 
which  constrains,  confines  ;  jurisdiction.' — 


Zwi 


(    4i5    ) 


Zwo 


gromge,  f.,  'vice,  clamp,  holdfast,'  lit. 
that  which  encloses  or  presses  together ; 
corresponding  to  the  equiv.  Dan.  tvinge. — 
"QtvitlQet,  m.,  '  fortified  castle,  prison, 
narrow  space,  wild  beast's  cage,  arena,'  from 
MidHG.  twingcere,  m.,  'oppressor,  space  be- 
tween the  walls  and  ditch  of  a  citadel, 
promurale,  fortress.'  Comp.  Dan.  twinger, 
*  prison,  wild  beast's  cage '  (Du.  dwinger, 
'despot,  tyrant'). 

3ttmt&en,  jwinfecrn,  vb.,  '  to  wink, 
twinkle,'  from  MidHG.  zwinken,  zwingen, 
'  to  blink,  twinkle '  ;  also  in  MidHG.  zwin- 
zen  (from  *zwingezen)  and  zwinzern.  Corre- 
sponding to  AS.  twinclian,  E.  to  twinkle. 

anurbeltt,  vb,  '  to  twirl,'  from  MidHG. 
zwirbeln,  zwirben,  'to  move  in  a  circle, 
whirl'  (zwirbel,  m.,  'in  circular  motion,' 
zwirbelwint,  '  whirlwind ').  Allied  to 
OHG.  zerben  (*zarbjan),  'to  turn  round,' 
AS.  tearflian,  '  to  roll '  ?.  Undoubted  cog- 
nates in  the  non-Teut.  languages  are 
wanting. 

^ttritrn,  m.,  'thread,  twine,  twisted 
yarn,'  from  MidHG.  zwirn,  m.,  '  double 
thread' ;  like  AS.  twin,  E.  twine,  Du.  twijn 
(Dan.  tvinde,  'twine  wheel'),  it  points  to 
a  base  twizna-.  A  Teut.  root  twis  appears 
also  by  a  different  derivation  in  E.  twist. — 
3tt)irrtcn,  vb.,  '  to  twist,  twine,  throw 
(silk),'  a  denominative,  from  MidHG.  zwir- 
nen,  OHG.  zwirnSn,  -non, '  to  twist  a  double 
thread,  twine ' ;  comp.  Du.  tweernen,  E.  to 
twine,  and  the  equiv.  Dan.  tvinde. 

3tt>ifd)ett,  adv.  and  afterwards  prep., 
'  between,  among,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG. 
zwischen,  zwiischen,  adv.  and  prep.  Orig. 
a  shortened  form  of  the  adverb,  expres- 
sions MidHG.  inzwischen,  under  zwischen, 
OHG.  in  zwisken,  untar  zwiskin,  '  between 
each  pair.'  Allied  to  MidHG.  zwisc,  zwisch, 
adj.,  OHG.  zwisk,  zwiski,  adj.,  '  twofold, 
two  and  two ' ;   comp.  OSax.  twisk,  Du. 


tusschen,  E.  betwixt. — Derivatives  ModHG. 
bajnnfdjen,  inj»ifd)en. 

^tt)i(l,  m.,  'dissension,  quarrel;  twist,' 
from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zwist,  m.  ;  pro- 
perly a  LG.  word  which  has  passed  into 
HG.  Comp.  LG.  and  Du.  twist,  '  quarrel,' 
also  Dn.  and  E.  twist,  Dan.  twist,  '  twisted 
stuff,'  MidE.  twist,  'branch'  (twisten,  'to 
plait '),  OIc.  tvistr,  '  sad,  disunited,'  Ic. 
tvistra, '  to  dissever.'  The  Aryan  root  dwis, 
on  which  these  words  are  based,  appears 
in  Sans,  as  dvi$,  '  to  hate,'  with  a  significa- 
tion that  resembles  ModHG.  3tt>ift  ;  it  may 
have  been  'to  be  at  variance,  disunited.' 
Perhaps  Lat.  bellum,  duellum,  'war,'  from 
the  base  *dwerlo-,  equiv.  to  *dwislo-1,  is 
also  connected  with  this  word. 

3tt)if fdjern,  vb.,  'to  twitter,  chirp, 
warble,'  from  the  equiv.  MidHG.  zwitzern, 
OHG.  zwizzirdn;  comp.  MidE.  twitercn, 
E.  twitter  (Dan.  qviddre).  An  onomato- 
poetic  form. 

^tt)if fer  (earlier  ModHG.  3tt>ifbom),  m., 
'mongrel,  hermaphrodite,  hybrid,'  from 
MidHG.  zwitar, zwetorn,  zwidorn,  m.,  'her- 
maphrodite, bastard,  half-caste,'  OHG.  zwi- 
tam,  zwitaran,  m.,  'nothus,  hybris.'  A 
derivative  of  zwi-,  '  duplex '  (see  jttne;) ; 
comp.  ModHG.  dial.  3roifter, '  hermaphro- 
dite.' Different  forms  occur  in  OIc.  (tvltCla) 
and  Dan.  (tvetulle,  'hermaphrodite'). 

3tt)5If,  num.,  '  twelve,'  from  the  equiv. 
MidHG.  zwejf,  zwelif,  OHG.  zwelif.  A  com- 
mon Teut.  num.  ;  corresponding  to  OSax. 
twelif,  Du.  twaalf,  AS.  twelf,  E.  twelve,  Goth. 
twalif,  OIc.  tolf,  Dan.  tolv,  Swed.  tolf.  It  is 
a  compound  of  Teut.  two-  (HG.  jttjft),  with 
the  component  -lif,  which  appears  also  in  etf 
(Goth,  ain-lif).  In  the  allied  Aryan  lan- 
guages a  corresponding  form  occurs  only  in 
Lith.  twylika, '  twelve,'  venolika, '  eleven '). 
For  the  signification  of  the  second  com- 
ponent, Teut.  -lif,  Lith.  -lika,  see  elf. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS 

By  PROFESSOR  KLUGE. 


"gScfert,  Lat.  ferula,  'ferula,'  is  perhaps  connected  with  this  word  ;  base  Ihes. 

(Sflge,  is  derived  rather,  like  Sftoggen,  from  UpG.  (Swiss  egge,  pronounced  ecke),  but  the 
pronunciation  of  the  gg  was  softened  in  LG.,  probably  ou  account  of  the  spelling 
(see  (Spijtn) ;  yet  egge  is  also  Livonian.  In  MidG.  and  LG.  the  harrow  is  called 
icke  (in  MidG.  also  ike).  The  term  for  '  wheat'  (©etjen)  seems  also  to  be  influ- 
enced by  UpG. 

frof)tt,  OHG.  fr6  and  Goth,  frauja,  l  lord,'  are  cognate  with  Sans.  pArva,  pArvya,  and 
OSlov.  pruvu,  'first'  (OHG.  frd,  from  frawan,  equiv.  to  prwo-,  Goth,  frauja,  from 
frawjan,  equiv.  to  prwyo ;  Sans,  p&rvya,  aa  an  attribute  of  the  gods,  corresponds 
to  OIc.  Freyr  (comp.  ©ott). 

(Sefd)ttHfferr  read  OHG.  giswester. 

<^tnabe  may  with  Olr.  gnia,  '  servant,'  point  to  a  common  base,  gnopot,  gnepot. 

leev,  if  derived  from  Teut.  ISya,  may  be  connected  with  Olr.  lia,  '  hunger.* 

"gJItff ,  read  AS.  mist  (equiv.  to  LG.  mist). 


'J  D 


INDEX 


TO  THE  WORDS  QUOTED  FROM  GREEK,  LATIN,  ITALIAN,  FRENCH, 

AND  ENGLISH,  SHOWING  THE  GERMAN  WORD  UNDER 

WHICH  THEY  WILL  BE  FOUND. 


GREE K . 
(Old,  Middle,  and  Modern  Greek.) 


o-,  un* 
daros,  fatt 
afipbrovov,  Stberraute 
dyaOds,  gut 
dyyeXos,  (£nget 
dyyoiiptov,  ©urfe 
AyKiffTpov,  2lngel 

d7p6s,  2(cfer 

d7W,  2ltfer,  Std^fe 
&5e\<p6s,  i?alb 
dS^p,  fatt 
detfXos,  toett 
def,  see  aid 
dii-w,  madjfen 

dfrxfo  3a9b 
dyfii,  roeljen 
017x775,  SBinb 
dtf^w,  JBJunbet 
dief,  je,Gfje 
altfos,  <£ffe 
aWw,  eitel 
afyta,  <2eim 
aWXoj,  <£ee 
ato,  Gfje,  eroig,  }e 

d(C?),  »rt 
axis,  grf 
&Kfiwv,  jammer 
d^oi/w,  fiiJrcu 
&Kpos,  &l)ze 

^Mfflttid) 
a  7V>  J 
Akuv,  2l(ire 


dXdfiaarpov,  2ltabafter 
dXet'^w,  ©albe 
dXetfw,  eerlieren 
dX»cu<ii»',  Sdjroatbe 
dXXos,  eteub 
dXfievtxta-Kd,  SUnunad) 
dXoxoj,  liegen 
fiXj,  ©atj 
dX<roj,  SSatb 
&/jm.6os,  ©nnb 
dfidpa,  SDieer 
d/MapaKov,  SWaforan 
dfjuiu),  mSf)cn,  3Jtaljb 
tiixflpoTos,  SDJorb 
d(tA7w,  melfen 
dp.evai,  fatt 
dV*;,  Ofjm 

d/x»jToj,  SKatjb,  maljen 
d/j.T)T6s,  SDtaljb 
djiirySdXi?,  2Hanbet  (2) 
dfivXov,  SImetmcbJ 
d/x^f,  bci,  urn 
dp.(piXiJKT),  Sidjt 
'Avylfiapos,  2Jleer 
dfi<popd,  Gitner 
&H<pu,  bribe 
dfd,  an 

di'axwp^Ti^j,  (Einfieblcr 
dcddcu,  fiifj 
dvSpdiroSov,  flebfe 
&v(/xos,  aljnbcn 
dKe^idy,  5Reffc 
dt'f  l',  cluic 

dviaov,  an  18 
d«r/,  ant» 
dwdpos,  Otter 
d£  tVi;,  Sljt 


dfwi',  2fd)fe 
d7reXoj,  gell 
d7T7j«^7s,  ggunen 
a7r6,  ab 

dvoO^Ki),  ©ottid) 
a7roXai5w,  Soljn 
dpy6s,  flint 
dpyvpot,  ©itber 
d/>7)V,  SRamme 
dpKTos,  ©ar  (2) 
dpp.6s,  2lvm 
dp6w,  3toer,  Strt 
dp7T77,  fdjarf 

dpxiarpds,  9trjt 
daKi}0r\i,  <Sd)abe 
dar-fip,  &<rrpov,  ©tern 
drfids,  Sltem 
drpa/cTos,  2)red)fel 
a5  7e,  aud) 
ai'fdi'w,  toad)fen 
dxdnjj,  9ld)at 
dx«^7,  3tb,ne 
d^j,  Slbfeite 
dxoj,  Gibed)fe  jag 
dxvpov,  2lb.ne 

/Jafrw,  tommcn,  OTauj,  ted 
/3aXXtfw,  Salt  (2) 
/SdXXw,  Sttmbruft 
PaXcrafiov,  ©alfam 
/Sdpaueroi,  ©Bljnljafe 
/3dirTW,  ©ab 
/35<?w,  gift 
(ievdos,  Stoljc 
PipvXXof,  »en)n,  ©rille 
/3i/3Xta,  ©ibet 
^Jios,  tccf,  tomtnen 
tiloTOf,  /3(6w,  ted 


/3X^/>,  SBbet 
PXItov,  SKetbe 
/3oXj36s,33oMe(l)3»tebet 
fUdfifivZ,  ©ombaf  in,  ©otn- 

baft 
B6<riropoy,  5"rt 
/3oi;j3aXoj,  ©iiffel 
PovKdXiov,  <)3ofaI 
/3oi//c6\os,  fatten 
fiotiXofiai,  roolten 
/3o0s,  itub. 
fiofrrvpov,  ©utter 
(ipifJM,  brummcit 
fipixu>  SHcgen 
Pp6yx<x,  ifragcn 
fiporos,  3)Jorb 
Pp6x6os,  Sragen 
/3/)6xoy,  string 
fipvov,  ihraut 
fipvTov,  brauen 
/3/Ji'w,  Jtraut 

/3i)p<ra,  ©Brfe,  Wrfdjner 
(itavop,  Staui 
/3wX/ttjs,  ^Jilj 

7d77pat»'0,  banter  (2) 
yalffov,  yatffoi,  ©er 
7dXa,  9Jtild) 
7aXd77a,  ©atgant 
yatxipal,      \Stamm, 
ya/x<pT)Xal, )  Riefer  (1) 
7ouXoj.  yavX6i,  JNel  (2) 
7c,  aud),  ba 

^"ftdl')«inn 


418 


INDEX. 


ytvos,     fiinb,     fluent, 

5(pKop.ai,     tradjteu, 

tXvos,  1  —  ,, 

A0oy;)aatbe 

Ijpi,  erft 

filiafe,  Veil 

XxatjC 

^rop,  Slber.  ?ttem 

ytws,  Sinn 

Sipw,  jefyrett 

^Aiir/s,  3mme 

■^rpoj',  Slber 

yipavos,  Sranidj,  firaljn 

Si-,  jmie- 

IfiirXaffTpov,  ^Jftafter 

■/jus,  Cften 

yvbti),  tiefen,  tauen 

SidfloXos,  Seufet 

iud>vTfV(i>,  \  . 

£pW     ),mv,c'1 

yripdtTKu,  firanid) 

oWoXtoj,  =-falt 

0aip6i,  2b,ilr 

ylyuofjutt,  fiiub,  Stnabe 

6tirXd<rioy,  ^falt,  fatten 

Iv,  ^t,  in 

fidXXw,1!  _  rv 

yiyvuxfKW,  touucit 

SItttclplvos,  Tivtam 

iviiru,  fogd 

y\^*,\ 

Sic/cos,  Jifrti 

^wla,  nenn 

Odnvos,  %arme 

Sl<ppos,  3"ber 

trvvp.i,  iiJcfte 

ajs}-* 

T*t"'  jflcin 
yX-qvos,  J 

SiiI)kw,  3agb 

ft  fect>S 

Sotj;,  3rocifct 

O-dfUTov,  (Samt 

tftXa?,  rcotten 

yXl^  1-AIei 
7X^1^7,  J 

5ojc6s,  3a<fet 

e6s,  ji(^ 

0epfi6s,  Carme,  warm 

8oXtx<5j>  Ictitci 

^ir/TrXooy,  gelt 

&VKV>  Sicty 

7X0(6$,  filet,  Tlein,  £eim 

5oX#6s,  fiatb 

exLffKoiros,  $Jif(6of 

drjpiaKbv,  2^eriat 

yXvKvjipifa,  Safri^e 

o*6p.os,  ©abeu,  3immcr 

iirl(TTa/jMi,  SBerftanb 

6ts,  2)iine 

7\i;7rnjj,  'j 

o\5pu,  2eer 

1-irop.ai,  §eu,  fe^en 

»6Xoy,  2)otbe,  2^at 

7\i)0ai'oj,  j-tlieben 

5ox4  3>au6e 

Ixoy,  erioa^nen 

t^p^voj,  br6b,nen 

7Xy0w, 

Spdtcwv,  2)rad)e 

eirrd,  fie&en 

Opbvos,  2tircn 

7Xwfw,  filncfe 

Sp6p.os,  treten 

fpafc,  (£rbe,  S^ren 

OpvXos,  2raum 

22    -  Ifeta 

7«'i;jrereiJ', ) 

5p0s,  Gidje,  Sect 

Zpyov,  SBerf,  rcirfen 

dpwva£,  2)rofme 

SiJo,  jwei 

ipepivOos,  grbfe 

dvydrr/p,  a^odjter 

yvwos,  J 

5uj-,  jer» 

ipirris,  IRuber 

Ovvvos,  S^unfifaj 

iper/ids,  SRuber,  Gid)e 

t^i;pa,  Kbiir 

ybyypos,  fianfer  (2) 

ipetiyu,  raufpern 

dvpa$e,  2>une 

y6fi<pos,  fiamm,  itcact  ( 1 ) 

4W 

ipevdos,  ~\     . 

1     >a      rrot 
tpevOw, ) 

dtiprrpov,  2biir 

fiuebel 

lap,  8en$ 

Ovpoos,  I)orfd)e 

76 w,  Jtnie 

{(ievos,  l£6eubaum 

ipewdw,  rauncn 

0vpwv,  2b,ur 

ypdtpw,  tcrt>en,  ©rafc 

^77t5s,  nalj 

^to,  2Sort 

ypdw,  firatte 

fyxeXi's,  Stat 

ZpiOos,  reitcn 

ipioKO?,  eibifd) 

yp&fa,  gangm 

tyXtvip-uoos,  9JIardjen 

Iptoi',  SGJotle 

t^viJa,  finie 

7pi)\Xos,  ISrille 

iyd),  id) 

Ipvyfi,  raufpern 

i5er^,  loiffen,  SScrroeiS 

ypvfida,  firume 

thaviv,  effen 

4pv0p6s,  Scnbe.  rot 

Wtw,  fcfircifcen 

ypwr6s,  firopf,   Irumm, 

iSvov,  SSMttum 

^pyffta-eXas,  g-cll,  rot 

iopuu,  ft^cn 

firiippel 

tSop.a.1,  effen 

tpoi-fl,  SRu^e 

ZSpwy,  fd)n)i5en 

yofrrrj,  firuitt 

?5pa,  ©effet 

icr-rrtpa,  2Beilen 

Ifrat,  eiten 

ypvip,  ©reif 

leSva,  23ittum 

Zcrirepos,  Sltenb 

Z/cjads,  ©ei^e 

7wi),  fiinb,  finest,  Tom- 

Hfo/Mai,  fifcen,  -Seffel 

timere,  fagen 

ip-ds,  ©aite,  Scit 

men,  ©rant,  23eib 

^0<-Xw,  tootten 

Itoj,  23ibber 

2p;ovid,  ©eit 

yvpbw,  ©eier 

tdvacus,  2)eut)'d) 

(tvh<x,  Sitte 

Tves,  ©efjne 

ytyos,  ©ip§ 

£0oj,  ©itte 

Ey/teviSfs,  2)rube 

16s,  Sift,  oerroefen 

etKu,  roeidjen 

^"'os,  3get 

lirvds,  Cfen 

e/XiJw,  2Belte 

^Xw  (^(^X0")!  ®'6g 

tiriros,  ^»eu,  iHog  (1) 

5d/cfa>,  3aifle,   fiteifter, 

e//ta  (t<rrl),  fein 

tffTrjpu,  fiefjen 

riniten 

el/it,  geljen,  eiten,  ©afte 

&,  }aSre'1 

ir^a,  ffieibe 

8d.Kpv,  3af)re 

erp7w,  radjen 

Sd/cri/Xos,  battel,  3Ǥ 

elpos,  SBotte 

fei^vu/xt,  3o(^ 

Ka7xdfw,    1 

dafidu),  jaf)m 

i<a.T6v,  fyunbert 

Zei/j,  Dkittafl 

#ca7xaXdw,  J-ticf;cni 

8a.p£<TKr)vov,  3roetfdje 

£ZJ>~* 

flw,  garen 

<ca7xXdfw,J 

8auX6s,  burr 

Syria,  jatm 

KaSfieLa,  ©atmei 

5e,  ju 

ixvpd,  -6s,  @d)u?al?er 

fryyifiepis,  3ng»er 

KaOapos,  ficljer 

Seiypui,  3ei(t)cit 

Ad  7-17,  Siube 

firydi',  garen,  3o<ft 

#catp6j,  Weil 

oiLkw/ju,  &eigen 

£Xa<pos,  ^irfct) 

fw»'57,  3one 

icaK/cda;,  "| .  . 
,      '  >fa(fen 

KO.KOS,     J 

SftTrvov,  3eo)e 

iXa<ppos,  gelingen,  Icicr)t, 

oVuca,  jel)n 

Iungern 

■tryio/jMi,  fuc^en 

KaXafMos,  .<>alm 

Of  Xerpov,  J 

Aax^J,  teidjt 

ijdo/xai,  "I 
■ijSovri,    HUB 

KaXeu,  b>len,  taben  (2) 

i\(7]/j.offvvT},  Sttmcfen 

#cdXXoj,  #caX(Ss,  tyeil 

!X»}~ 

iXtudcpos,  lieberlicb. 

*caXi5/3i;,  ^e6.Ien 

fXf<pas,  Gtfenbein,  fiamel 

ijt^eoj,  SBittife 

«cdXv^,  fiett^ 

6Vuas,"l  -. 

iXiKi),  ©atrceibe 

^Xios,  ©onue 

iraXiJ7rrtt,  b^eb^len 

IXicw,  SBotf 

^M«s,  un§ 

Kaudpa,  fiammer 

5e£t6j,  fat>t 

IX/ms,  Bunn 

^Trap,  Seber 

Ka,aapos,  Rummer 

INDEX. 


419 


K&p.Tj\os,  >t.imc( 

KXifia^,  letjuen  (1 ),  Writer 

Kibfir),  §»rim 

p.avovas,  Sftantet 

ndpuvos,  £immet 

k  Xu<77,vetjne(  1  ),lef)nen(l ) 

Ktoirrj,  ^cbcn,  $ippe  (1) 

p.aVcdKVh        | 
/j.avvos,/jLavos,) 

*dp:p.apoy,  §ummcr 

k\Ivw,  teljnen  (1) 

Kdp.vo)  (icafibvTes),  fter- 

k\ktIo.,  Ieljnen  (1),  Setter 

XSay,  2d 

pxipaivd),  mitrbe 

6en 

xXn-oy,  kMtos,  lefmen  (1 ) 

Xct75i7i',  lecfcn  (2) 

pidprvp,  -iptov,  ajiartcr 

ndvaarpov,  Aiiafier 

*cX«-t)y,  Ie^nen  (1) 

XdTTjvoy,  -woy,  i'egel 

fjArrip,  aflutter 

KavOapos,  tfamte 

k\oi6s,  §at§ 

Xa/cifw,  €d)tag  (2) 

p.f,  niein 

K<ii>0os,  tfante 

kXi"'5<<m\  ^ ,     , 
,  ,>.     '  J-lautcr 
kXujw,   J 

XaX^o>,  taltcn 

/ie7oy,  gro§ 

rowaj3i5,  $anf 

Xa/i5rdy,  Sampe  (1) 

pi4$ip.vos,  \ 

K&irpos,  £aber,    $aber- 

KXi/roy,\j 
kXuw,    / 

Xd$,  Ictfen  (2) 

fidoonal,  J-nieffcn 

gei§,  33ocf 

Xa7rdpa,  Seber 

p.iboiv,     J 

ndirwv,  jtapauu 

kW5ij,  9ieffet 

X^7w,  Iefen 

/cdpa,  §irn 

tcbfiaXos,  flobolb 

Xe?oy,  teife,  ©f)tcim 

icdpafios,  tfrabbe,  &ccb§ 

ko£,  fjoreu 

Xei7rw,    lei^en,    bteiben, 

/A.ei6u),  /leloiv,  minber 

Ka.pSap.ov,  &arj 

ko^w,  fdjauen 

Seib 

/t4\Su,  fdjmeljcn 

Kapbia,  £er$ 

Kot'7-17,  9?eft 

X«i'xw,  Ierfen  (1) 

pi.ent,  Sfle^Itau,  $>onig 

K&prjvov,  §im 

(c6X-n-oy,  ©olf,  roolben 

\iKrpov,  ticgen 

fievos,  mafjnen,  iDiinne 

KapKalpu,  gurdjt 

/c6X<poy,  (Mf 

\£tros,  2aub 

fieffodftri,  @aben 

icdpvov,  4?orc 

*c6/t?7,  £aar  (2) 

XeuK6y,  8id)t 

fiecos,  mitte 

icdpov,  Jtarbe 

/COWX17,  Duenbel 

"S}^« 

AteVirtXoc,  SDiiipct 

Kapirbs,  £erbft 

(c6vty,  #onig 

/terd,  mit 

ndpra,  tjart 

Kov/y,  KO^Sey,  SRiB 

Xtapoy,  leife 

p£rpov,  9JiaI,  SOIonb 

KdpTaXXoy,\flrat3e  '(l) 
(cdpraXoy,   /.fjiirbe 

KOTrty,  $ippe  (1) 

-Xi/coy,  -lid) 

/j.7)5opLa.L,  meffcn 

KbirTU),  b^auen 

\i\aioixaL,  Vii ft 

fiilKaouai,  metfcrn 

Kaprepbs,  tjart  (1) 

KopaKH'os,  flarattfdjc 

X1P.17V,  8eim 

p.r)K<j)v,  SDlob^n 

*cacrffi;w,  ©aulc("^.) 

/c6pa£,  9labe 

Xtm/o,  -^a,  Seine 

/x/}\a,  fdntul 

Kaaravia,  ~\  _,  P1     . 
Kaarava,  J 

xdpvfa,  Sot? 

Xii'oj',  Seinen 

p;^Xov,  Stpfet 

"^      jriiften 

KOpVffffW,  J        ' 

Xi7ra,  ttein,  Seber 

yuiji',  3)ionb 

Kaviclov,  ®auffer 

"Kiwapita,  bteiben,  teben, 

p--hrt\p,  Gutter 

Kcupovpd,  flampfer 

Kopdivy,  SRabe 

Seib,  ffein 

pL-f)Tpa,  9Jlieber 

icaxdfa,  fidjcrn 

Korepos,  locr 

Xt7rapi)y,  teben 

fjiTjTpuia,  9)iubme 

K<*X^f,  ^ftflct 

aorta,  §aber  (1) 

Xin-apiy,   bteiben,    ftein, 

p.iyvvp.1,  mifd)en 

Kdxpvs,  §aber 

»c6rcy,  .§aber  (1 ),  nai;,$afs 

Seber,  teben 

p.iKp6s,  ©d)inad) 

Ktyxei,  #uuger 

K6ri/y,  §aber  (1) 

Xliros,  bteiben,  Ttein 

/xiXros,  3ftet)ttau 

K^dpot,  $eber 

Kpadaivu,  raffetu 

Xtra,  Seinen 

p-iuvriTKU,      mafjnen, 

Keip.a.1,  9Jcfl 

Kpaiirvos,  laufelt 

Xtx"os,    J 

aJHiuie 

Keipu,  fdjeren 

Kpavlov,  §trn 

fdvOa,  a)iinje 

Kf/xds,  Jpinbc 

Kparep6y,| 
Kparvs,    J 

Xo^6y,  Sappen 

^"^Iminber 

p.LVL(j},         J 

Kfiravpiov,  taufenb 

Xot7roy,  tei^en 

Kimpuv,  $aber  (^) 

Kpeas,  rotj 

Xo(''u>,  taben 

td<ry<a,  mifdjcn 

Ktpabs,  £irfd) 

Kpefidvvvp.1,  Siatimcit 

Xox^w,  Xoxoy,  ticgen 

puffdbs,  3)iicte 

/cepos,  §orn,  -§irfd),  Siinb 

/cpt^^,  (Serfte 

x?,t?W}WM'» 

/u'roy,  <2>amt 

K,       '       '  }- fluid) 
Ktpdatov,       J          ' 

Kpivw,  rein 

Motx^y,  Jpure 

/fpt6y,  iHinb 

Xirytfw,  Socfe 

piova.ffT-h.piov,  aniiMftcr 

Kipput,  ©djerftein 

kooki),  9ioa.cn 

Xi>yf,  Sud)8,  fdjtnrfcn 

pova\bs,  9Ji6nd) 

ntpvov,  $irn 

/cpuM6y,  9ieif  (2) 

Xiryoy,  Sorfe,  8aud) 

fibvvos,  1'idNic 

/ceuflw,  .§ort,  #iitte 

KpinrT&dios,  ciii.vg 

Xiry6w,  Sorfe 

p;i'o$,  9>ioo8 

/c«0a\ij,    ©iebel,    tfopf, 

Kpvirri},  flluft,  ^ruft 

Xiyfw,  fd)lncfen 

pivSuv,  lUobcr 

©djabct 

Kyj3oy,  ^iiftc 

Xu/fdv^pwiroy,  ©encotf 

p.u«a,  <Dioo8,  SOWrfe 

K7?jroy,  $of,  $ufe 

jcuSiivea,  Duittc 

XvudirepSov,  ©ofift 

p.vxdop.ai,  mucfcii,  mncn 

«W,  $<*J 

Ki5/cXoy,  Slab 

Xi5*coy,  SSJotf,  elf,  Sdjaum, 

/tuXij,  tTatjl 

Kiddpa,  Sit^Ct 

Kvp.driov,  Sim-J 

wcrfen 

/ii>\Xu,        >-mab,ten 

Ktvvdfiapi,  .jjiuucbcr 

KI'pLjioS,  ^uiiivc 

Xi/pa,  Scier 

jui'Xot,        J 

Kivvaptov,  3immct 

Kuirpoy,  itupfcr 

Xi/w,  oerlicreit 

pivpia,  taufenb 

Klffffa,  $at)er 

KvptaKdv,     VUmo'cii, 

Mr"')6^mett 

kLo-tt),  flifte 

2.im'jtag,  flirdjc 

tcirpov,  3itroue 

Aci/pie  tXeteroc,  ficiS 

fidyyavov,  SBian.ic 

p:0y,  SDiauS  (1),  (2) 

tax&piov,  flidjct 

Kvprij,  -ia,  -os,  $iivbc 

Haia,  Wiilmie,  lUuttcv 

p-uuiv,  9)iau8  (2) 

KXa-y-yiJ,  flta*g,  niitQCit 

KvaOos,  ^ort 

fialofiat,  liiiit 

p.uiXoy,  fiiXfy,  miib.cn 

•cXdSoy,  #olj 

Ki/Toy,  $aut 

-/uwpoy,  1'iardicu 

xMo?,  Seumunb,  Iant 

Kv<p6s,  -Vi.\fcr 

kX^7ttw,  ftcljlen,  ©clidjtcr 

Kt/wv,  4>uub 

p.aKwv,  Tlo\)ti 

vdpbos,  "}larbe 

420 


INDEX. 


ravs,    Riel  (2)  9Jad)en, 

3laue 
pfywai,       |n^men 
vifios,  vtp.o>,) 
veofiai,  genefcn 
feos,  neu 
viiroSa,  9?effe 
vtprepos,  SRorb 
v«pi\v,  ftebel 
i^^os,  SRebcl 
i»e0p6$,  Sliere 
p^w,  nafycn 
1^7-  (^epS^s),  ncin 
vrjua,  nafycn 
rriwTip,  nitdjtent 
vijrpov,  nafycn 
jtjw,  5Jaue 

vi}<pw,        J 
viiTTO),  SRijr 
w'</>a,  ytyet,  ©djnee 
vofjLos,  nefimen 
vbvva,  SRonne 
P60TOS,  genefen 
vorepfc,  voriw,  na§ 
ft/,  nun 
vvn<pT),  SSraut 
vuy,  nun 
w£,  9lad)t 
vi>6s,  ©d)nut  (2) 

set}"* 

<55oi/$,  3a^n 
«fos,  8ft 

ot,  ircl) 
of5a,  wiffcn 
oiSdui,  "Ire-*  r 

ol5/ia,  otdos,] 
dm),  \ 
olvds,  J 
6i"s,  Slue,  Scfraf 
oi^co.  SBeib 
6KTUJ,  adjt 
6X1705,  fdjtedjt 
oXicds,  ftolf 
5Xos,  felig,  alt 
6Xxtj,  ©albe 
6/Mxtw,  §ure,  SWift 

<WxH  bfdx^V,  2Wf* 

6/x6s,  gteid) 

6fi(pa\6s,  Sucbel,  5Rabe, 

5TCabet 
6m0i7,  ftngcn 
dvirrj/u,  gcuuen 
dviaKOi,  9)'fcl 
6vofta,  SRame 
6Vo»,  Slffel 
flw/f,  9lagel 


ciu 


d'xXoi',  SBaffe 

ox6j,  ©oft 

ipdu,  mafjren,  SSebr 

opytov,    ) 

dptyw,  IRedjen,  retfen 

opfirj,  ©turm 

6pm,  9lar 

Jpo/3os,  Grbfe 

ty/Jos,  Hrfd) 

flpri/f,  #abid)t,  SSaajtcI 

6pvyp.6s,  rSdjeln 

opuja,  fiUeiS  (1),  ffioggcn 

6pv\ov,  5Rei8  (1) 

6p<pavos,  Srbe 

tfs,  fid) 

oVSoj,  Hft 

oWa,  ertoaljnen 

6We,  Stuge 

6<tt£ov,  33ctu 

6ffTpeov,  2lufter 

oWap,  Guter 

oDXe,  o&Xoy,  felig 

ovpavbs,  fntnmel 

o5s,  £>!jr,  £>t?r 

6<pda\p.fc,  2tnge 

dippfc,  Sraue 

6^,  eroafynen 

6x0s,  SCagcn 


xa,  SSater 
ird-yTj,  gad) 
xcuSetfw,  ^ctant 
TraXdpLT),  fiitjlen 
ird;ras,  xaxas,  ^pfaffe 
ird7T7ra,  SBater 
xdxxas,  ^JJapft 
xdxi/pos,  papier 
irapd,  »er=,  $ferb 
xapd5«<70s,  <J?arabie§ 
xdpSaXts,  barber 
Trapoucla,  ^farre 
irdpos,  toor 
va.Tiop.ai,  gutter 
irarijp,  Ineten,  58atet 
irdroj,  ^3  fab 
irdrpus,  Setter 
iraxvs,  S3ug 
Trax^J,  !Bad)bunge 
t^St7,  Seffet  (1) 

iccidu),  bitten 
ireipo,  ©efabr 
ir€i<rp.a,  biuben 

irip.Tt,  funf 


itipirrot,  funf,  2)onner, 
^ftnjtag,  eamStag 

irevdepds,  binben 

neivre,  fiinf 

irfjT€/co(TrT7,  ^Jfingfien 

7r^irXoj,  gett 

iriiruv,  $febe 

x^pa,  irtpav,  fan 

irtpStD,  farjeu 

irepf-,  cer= 

iripKri,  gorette 

wepAfvos,  gorelte,  ©pren- 
yl (2) 

irtpvcri,  vipvTi,  ftrn 

T^Xw«    kabeu 
ireravvvp.1,  J  " 

Tirotxai,  gebcr 

Trerpoo-Ati'oi',  ^cterfilie 

iretiKT),  gid)te 

tt^tt;,  ^ftnjtag 

7ri77^,  ©ad) 

T7]d6v,  ^Jitct 

XJ7COJ,  J  "  ' 

t%w,  ©ug 

^'jfeift 
iriovu),J  '    ' 

irtXos,  gilj 

n-fytirXij/u,  poll 

irh'w  (ir^TrwKa),  trinlen 

Tiirwlfa,  piepen 

■xlovpes,  pier 

iriwi',  (gpecf,  Sier 

irXd^avov,  gtaben 

xXa(coCs,\„   , 

xXdf,      /^ 

-xXd<rtos,  -fait,  fatten 

xXoreto,  5pta§ 

xXoryj,  glaben,  platt 

xX^kw,  flcdtten 

xX^w,  fliefjen 

ir\rjyvvp.t,  gtegel 

xX^<ro-ci>,  ftud)en 

xXii/^os,  glinte 

xXo»ct),  xX6/coj,  fledjten 

xXww,  glut 

xX  orris,  xXww 


x6a,  \ 
7,i 


§c« 


xo^, 

xotxiXos,  ©ped)t 
xoinj,  gcb,me 
xoXios,  fab)I 
x6X«,  gelfen 
Ho\vKpdrT]s,  5D!angclb 
iroXvs,  Piel 
xoXi/rXas,  bulben 
xoXiJTpip-oj,  brcb^en 
xop;xij,  ©ombaft,  ^Jomp 
ropevu,    1 
itopOpLttis,  Vfabren 
ic6pdp.os,  J 


x6ptj,  garrt 
xopifoi,  gertel 
xdpot,  fafjren,  gurt 
x6pr«,  garre 
xofftj,  Sraut 
trbrtpos,  »er 
x67Tta,  S3raut 
xoi/j,  gufj 

xpeo-/3i)repos,  ^riefiet 
irp-^Ou,  bra  ten 
xpd,  per*,  cor 
irp6p.os,  gtirft 
Trpoarjvris,  gBnnen 
xpwt^  -fa,  -i'09,  fru^ 
vrtpis,  gam 
Trrtpva,  gerfe 
m-epdv,  geber,  garn 
XT^pu^,  gtoffe 
tt(Xoi»,  geber 
xtiJw,  fpeien 
xi>y/ioxoj,  xtry|i7},  gaufl 
irv0p.-fiv,  Scbcn 
irvdu,  faut 
xi/ip,  geuer 
xi/y^dvo/iat,  bietcn 
xi/f,  gauft 
xi;jij,  ©ud)fe 
xi/|os,  ©iidjfe,  »ud)3 
xi/ov,  faut 
xi^os,  ©icft 
xOp,  geuer 
irOpyos,  Surg 
■KipeOpov,  Bertram 
Tvpabs,  geuer 
xwX^ouat,  feit 
xtDXos,  gotten,  fottern 
xwj,  gu§ 

jar*}"-* 

^aij36s,  5Reif  (1) 
(mp.<p^,  pdp.(pos,  runtp- 

feu 
fidxvs,     ~\ 

ttivv'  m* 

pacpavos,  I 
pd<pvs,     ) 
/Wxts>  SJiid'en 
^fai,  wirten 
p"t(ipop.ai,  rumpfen 
p"ip.f}u>,  renlen 
^w,  etrom 

tt^jaBort 

PVTUP,)     ' 

{>lfa,  23ur^,  OTifl 
l>6pj3os,  r  en  ten 
^6/wJ,  pontes,  SSurm 
piVa,  JHicmeu 

pvffis,  5 1 rein 

ad&PaTov,  ©am§tag 
crdypxi,  ©aunt  (2) 


INDEX. 


421 


c&KKOs,  ©act 

crtpupos,  ©tarfe 

ti'/ctw,  2)egen  (1) 

<p0dp,  <pOdpw,  8au3 

o6.Kxa-p,  -ov,  Qurfer 

cripvov,  ©tirn 

tivw,  ge(;me 

<ptrp6s,  iBiebebopf 

advraKov,  ©aubel 

CTT\Kt\,  ©tUljt 

r'upos,  2eid) 

<p\e^or6fiov,  ^Itete 

adpSiov,  ©arber 

crr/a,  ©tein 

T\-f)p.<j)v}  TXrjvai,  butben 

<p\4y(o,  btetfen,  bteidjen, 

<rapKO(f>dyos,  ©arg 

OTlfw,      J  '     ^ 

t<5,  bet 

©H& 

(retooTvyis,  Sadjftelje 

Tot^oJ,  2etg 

^X6|,  btecTen.  53ti^ 

ariixepov,  fyettte 

crriov,  ©tein 

ro/fet/s,  tokos,  3)egot  (1) 

tppdTijp,  ©ruber 

otipiubs,  ©eibe 

ot6Xos,  ©telle 

roXtfdw,  butben 

<t>pia.p,  ©runn 

ffiydw,  ffiyr),  befdjmidjti- 

ardp-a,  ©ttmme      [w/u 

T6V0J,  ©onner,  2on 

<ppio~o<i),  93ret 

gen,  fdnoeijcn 

ffTopivvvp.1,  see  arp&v- 

t6^ov,  2>ad)§ 

<f>p6yw,  braucn 

chain,  ©enf 

<rr6pdr),  ©terj 

roTrd^v.j 
rdwajoy,  J      r 

<ppuvT),  <ppvvos,  braun 

clvdwv,  3inbet 

<rTpayydX7j,  ©trang 

<pv\ri,  baucn 

aivop.a.1,  fdjroinben 

crpevyopiai,  ftraudjeln 

r6pyos,  ©totdj 

0t/XXoi',  ©tatt 

cicdfa,  hi  11  fen 

^:*r}sM8<3> 

rdpvos,  brcben 

^fri/Xoi',  bauen 

cKairdtnj,  fd)aben 

TopCirr},  Ouivl 

<pvp.a,  bauen,  53aum 

GKairrov,  ©djaft  (1) 

ffrpv<pv6s,  ftrauben 

-Toy,  taut 

^ycrty,  baucn 

oicdirTw,  fdjaben 

ffTpibvvvp.1,  ©treu,  ©tint 

-Tpa,  Slattet 

<pvo~K<L,  93aud) 

OKd<piov,  ©cbeffel 

<ttOXoj,  arid),  ©taube 

Tpd/us,  3)arm 

0i/u,  bauen,  fein  (2) 

ffKacpis,  <TKdj>OS,  ©djiff 

<n5,  bu 

TpauXiy,  biirr 

0W7«,  batfett 

<tk{ttt<i),  fpafjen 

ovWafM),  ©itbe 

Tpf?s,  bret 

aKTjTTTpov,       3ePter, 

ffwrprjaai.,  breljen 

Tptvoiuu,  bredjfetu 

©djaft  (1) 

<rOy,  ©au 

rprj/jia,  brefien,  3)arm 

Xatoy,  ©er 

ck^ttwv,  ©djaft  (1) 

cv<f>ap,  fauber 

Tprjffis,  3)ra()t 

Xa-ip(<pv\\ov,  JJerbel 

(TAftd,  ©djemett,  ©djein 

<r0dXXw,  fatten,  falfdj 

-rpta,  ?eitet 

Xa/pw,  gcrn 

crri/Aimi),  fd)ief 

cxeSr?,  3ettcl 

Tpi-qprjs,  {Ruber 

Xa.p.alSpuov,  ©amanber 

ffKiovpos,  Eidjf)orn 

trx^Sos,  ©djafc 

Tpvydiv,  jDroffel  (1) 

Xa,p.atnr)\oi>,  Hamille 

ac'nrwv,  ©djeibe 

ffxlfa,  ©djeit,  fdjeiben 

tjoi)|,  2)rerf 

Xa.vddvw,  ttcrgeffen,  gan§ 

ffdpov,  fdjirmen,  ©djein 

crxifa,  fdjeiben 

Tt,  bu 

Xac5dy,  gan^ 

ckoIttos,  ©djeibe 

0X«'5aXp.d'y,  ©djinbel 

rtryxdvw,  tattgett 

xa°y'     >©aumen 
Xawoy,  J 

<7koXi6s,  fdjeet 

ti/Xij,  tvXoj,  2)aumen 

ck6tos,  ©fatten 

70776$,  ftinfen 

tvittu,  ftopfett 

Xeid,  gaf;iten 

(r/cOXoi',  ©djcuer,  §aut 

raivia,  befjnen 

Ttipfir),  35orf 

X«Mat  Xf'M^".  SBinter 

ckutos,  §aut 

Taicepds,  tauen 

ri;0X6y,  bumm,  toub 

Xt\iS6viov,  ©djettfraut 

(tkcOittw,  ©djtmpf 

Tava6s,  biinn 

rvxv,  taugeit 

Xew,  giefjen 

<r/caip,  $uve 

Tdvvp.a.t,  biinn,  beljnen 

TuOdu,  Sabel 

XW  ©an3 

SS3^}«*-» 

rapcid,  rapafc,  2)arre 

X^ey,  geftcrn 

rdeny,  betjuen 

OSpo,  Otter 

Xt'Xtot,  taufenb 

CIAIVVT),)       ^ 

raPpoy,  ©tier,  ittel  (2), 
ftinfen 

05w/j,  Staffer,  Otter 
w6s,  vlvs,  ©of;n 

XiT&v,  ©abcit,  ilittel 
xXapiy,  gelb 

<rp.\jX<^,  ©djmaudj 

re,  nodj(l),  (2) 

t'-Xid,  ©ofjte  (2) 

vXtaivw,  1    ,. 
XX<ap6y,/3I,mmen 

<76/3r/,  ©d)iocif 

rtyyw,  tunfcit,  3»eljte 

inretp,  inrip,  iiber 

copupSs,  ©djroamm 

T470S,  2)adj 

(/7n/oy,  ©d;Iaf  ( 2 )  ©djwef  el 

XX677,  xXwpoy,  gelb 

cirddij,  ©paten,  ©pan 

rekw,  bebnen 

i's,  ©au 

Xotep*,  Poller  (2) 

ffiralpti),  ©porn 

^erxos,  SEeig 

0(r<rwiroy,  3fop 

XoXtJ,  x^^oj.  ®affe  (1) 

cirapvds,  fparen 

Te'/cyw^gent  1  ),gebeif;en 

&0,,     )mcbeu 

Xop5^,  ilorbe 

<rird«,  ©efpenft 

t^ktuv,  3)adj8 

Xjp70S>  ©artcn,  ©raS 

ffirtlpu),  fpareu 

re'Xfloy,  gcltcn 

Xpep^Ou,  gram 

™£t>"'»*" 

reXdnov,  3°tt 

Xfi6p.aSos,  gram 

Tev0pi)6d)v,  \~.    , 
TivBprtyrq,    j 

tpaycTv,  ©udje,  ©audj 

XPVff6s,  ©olb 

crrd/iKOj,  ©tamm 

0a7<iy,  ©udbe 

X0/*a,  gicf?en 

araupdy,  ©teuer  (2) 

rtvwv,  bebnen,  Doljite 

<palvu,  bobnen 

Xiv*6si  aidjimie 

CT^yr),  Dadj 

TtptrpovA 

Ttptd),         J         7 

<pai(6s,  !6of)ne 

CTiyw,  2)adj,  bctfen 

^dXa7f,  ©alfcn,  S3ob]re 

\f/lrra.Kos,  ©tttid) 

oTtipos,  ©tarle 

rep/xa,  5Crumm 

(papdio,  bof^rcn 

^t/XXo,  glob, 

(rreXefr,j6ta<> 

•repos,  Winter,  Potber 

<pa,<rtav6s,  (Jafatt 

Ttpoop.a.1.,  J 

itpdoKu,  ©aim 

ariXexos,  ©tiel 

^aOXoy,  bi5fe,  faul 

ciX^»»7;,  Gffe 

<ttAXw,  ©tefle 

riffaapet,  oier,  5^n't 

uptpofwu,  Mm 

elvi',  Si  ' 

arinfiu,  ftampfen 

TirpaLvhj,  bvehen 

0^/>«,  ©ab^re,  bob^ren 

wira,  Sluge 

oreVw,  fi&fjnen 

ttJacw,  tauen 

^etVyw,  btegen 

<Spo,  tSpoy,  $abt 

orepeds,  ftarr 

•rr)\licos,  =ltd) 

i^Ty^y,  ©udje 

(iretXi),  Wunb 

creplcKU,  ftetjtett 

Tldrjm  (tOrjKa),  tb^un 

<frr;/xZ,  ©ann 

wXP*-  Orfet 

422 


INDEX. 


LATIN. 


Comprising  Old,  Low,  and  Middle  Latin. 


abbas,9lbt,€f|ig,ffctte(2) 
abbatia,  Stbtei 
Abellanuin,  Slpfct 
abrotonum,  Slbcrruirtc, 

gbrifc 
absida,  Slbfeite 
abyssus,  SRobiStrug 

accipiter.J  y       ' 

acer,  Styorn 

acetum,  Cfffg 

achates,  Sldiat 

acies,  go*,  ©gge,    Sityre, 

Slrt 

acre  (vinura),  ©fug 

acte,  Slttify  Sattid) 

aculeus,  Slr>re 

acus,  St^rc 

ad,  biS 

ad  am  as,  2>emaut 

adspectus,  fpatjen 

advenire,    1  a<t     . 

.    '     J-Slbeuteuer 
ad  ventura,  J 

advocatus,  ©ogt 

aequus,  cben,  gf)e 

aes,  grj,  gifen 

aesculus,  (if*c 

aestivale,  gtiefct 

aestumare,  gljre 

aeternus,  gl;e 

aevum,  gfje,  eroig,  Seek 

ager,  Slcfcr 

agere,  Stcfcr,  Sld)fe 

agnus  castus,  fcufdj 

agrimonia,     Ooerincu- 

nig 

ala,  Stdjfct,  2)eid)fcl 

alabastrura,  Sllabafter 

alba,  Sllbe  (1) 

albula,  Sllbe  [2) 

albus,  Sllber 

alces,  gleutier 

alere,  alt 

Alisatia,~\  r    . 
,.  '  >eteub 

alius,       J 

allodium,  Mob 

almutia,  -uin,  iiiiitje 

alnus,  Eric 

Alpes,  Stipe 

altare,  Slltar 

alter,  onbet 

alumen,  SUaun 

ama,  Cbm 

amandola,  TOmtbel  (2) 

amaracus,  SDJajoran 

amare,  aBnnen 

ainarellus,  Simmer 


amarus,  Slmpfcr 

ambaotus,  Slmt 

ambi-,  bet 

ambire,  lccrbcn 

ambo,  beibe 

amittere,  meiben 

a  in  n  is,  Ufer 

ampulla,  Slinpcl 

amputare,  impfeu 

amylum,  9tmelme()( 

an-,  an 

anachoreta,  gtnficbct 

anas,  Giite 

anas  crecca,1 

anas  quer-     J-flricfente 

qaedula,  J 

anceria,    "\  ~  ,    ,0\ 
,      .'    >  Sinter  (2) 
anchena,J  v 

ancilla,  gnfe 

ancora,  Slitter  (1) 

angelus,  gitgel 

angere,  eng 

anguilla,  Stal 

angulus,  Sluget 

angustiae,  Slngft,  ejtjj 

angustus,  eiiej 

an  h  el  are,  gfjig 

anima,  £ier,  afmbcit 

animadvertere,     33er- 

mei§ 
animal,  Sier 
animus,  arjuben 
anisum,  Slui3 
annona,  gnite 
ansa,  £fe 
anser,  ©an§ 
ante,  ant- 
antiae,  <Stirn 
anus,  3)fann,  §ebamme, 

Slfm 
aper,  gber 
apium,  gppid) 
apostolus,  ©ifdjof 
apotheca,  ©ettid) 
apricus,  aber  (2) 
Aprilis,  Slpril 
aqua,  »aff,  Slu,  SBaffer 
Aquae,  Sab 
aquaeductus,    Stbjudjt, 

Slnbaud)e 
aquilegia,  Slglei 
arare,  Slrt,  Slcfcr 
arbalista,  Slrntbruft 
arbor,  Stlber,  gfpe 
area,  Slrdje 
archangelus,^ 
archi-  jtrj 


Slwt 


archiater,     \ 
Archigenes,  / 
arcora,  grler 
arcubalista,  Sfrmbruft 
arcus,  ^Pfeil,  grter,  Stim- 

bruft 
area,  Sir,  Stfe>en 
argentum,  ©ilber 
argentum  vivum, 

DuedTitber 
aries,  SraTju 
aristolochia,  Cftcrlit§ei 
armenius,  $ermclin 
armus,  Slrm 
armutia,  -JJiiitjc 
ars,  Slrt 
artista,  9tr,t 
arvum,  Slf/rcn,  grbe 
as,  m 
ascalonium,    9ljd)tand), 

©djalotte 
ascia,  Slrt 
asellus,  gfel,  Slffel 
asinus,  gfel,  Qgel 
asparagus,  ©pargd 
assis,  Sljj 
astraeus,         astricus, 

gftrid) 
atramentum,  Siute 
-atus,  giuBbe 
audire,  fjBrett 
augere,  aud},  SBudjer 
augia,  Slu 
Augustodunum,  2)iuie, 

3aun 
Augustoritum,  ftnrt 
augustus,  Sluguft,  aud) 
auris,  Df)r 
aurora,  Often 
auscultare,  fjBren,  Cf)r 
avena,  £afer 
avis,©oget,  gi,  ©traufi(3) 
avunculus,     gnlel     (2) 

DIjeim 
avus,  Dtjeim 
axilla,  Sldjfel 
axis,  Sld)fc 

babuinus,  Parian 
baburrus,  ©ube 
bacar,  ©edjer 
bacca,  Seere,  ©ecfcit 
baccalaureus,  fwgeftolj 
baccinum,  ©eeien 
bacilletum,  "\  <picfel- 
bacinetum,/f)aube 
baco,  ©ad)e 


bajulus,ballia,| 
ballivus,  J 

balneum,  S3ab 
balsainum,  Salfam 
balteus,  SSelt 
bandum,  ^Banner 
barba,  Sort,  ©arte  (1 ), 

(2),  S3acfe  (2),  ©atfce, 

©arbier,  Cenbe 
barbarius,  ©arbier 
barbarus,  bra» 
barbellus,  ©arbe 
barbus,  ©arbe 
barca,  ©arfe 
barcanus,  ©ard)cnt 
barica,  ©arfe 
baro,  ©aron 
barracanus,  ©erlan 
Batavia,  Slu 
Baunonia,  ©of)ne 
bedel  lus,  ©iUtel,  ^ctxfi 
bellum,  3ro'f 
benna,  ©euiie 
bersare,  biridjen 
beryllus,  ©er^a,  ©riffe 
beta,  ©eete 
betonica,    -ula,    ©at^- 

engel 
bi-,  jraie» 
biber,  ©iber 
bibere,  ©iet 
biblia,  ©ibel 
Bibracte,  ©ibet 
bicarium,  ©edier 
bidellus,  ^ebett 
bilix,  3roilli<fj 
billa,  ©ia 
birretta,        "\ . 
birrum,  -us,/ 
bisamum,  ©iiam 
biscopus,  ©ifd)of 
biiumen,  fiitt 
blaterare,  plaubcnt 
blundus,  blonb 
boja,  ©oje 
boletus,  <pilj 
bombyx,    ©ombafm, 

©cmbajl 
bos,  Sub, 
braca,  ©rud)  (3) 
bracellum,    \~,       f 
brachiolum,/       " 
brachium,      ©refcel, 

©raffe 
breve,  brevis,  ©rief 
Brigantes,  -ia,)^ 
Bngiani,  J       ° 


L©arett 


INDEX. 


423 


bubalus,  Siiffel 
bucca,  53atfe  (2) 
buccina,  ^Jofaitne 
buccula,  SBucfel  (1) 
bucina,  ^ofaune 
bulbus.SBotte  ( 1  ),3n>ictct 
bulga,  ©atg,  33ulge 
bulla,  JBitt,  58utte(3) 
Burgundiones,  5Jcrj 
burgus,  SBurg 
buseus,  33ufdj 
bussa,  ©iife 
butina,  ©iitte 
butyrum,  33utter 
buxus,  a3ud)§ 

caccare,  fatten 

cadena,  Sctte  (2) 

cadmia,  ©almei 

caecus,  blinb 

caedere,  fdjeiben 

caepulla,  3roiebd 

caerefolium,  Serbet 

Caesar,  ilaifer 

caesaries,  $aar  (2) 

cafura,  Sampfer 

calamancus,  Satmcmt 

calaminaris,  ©almei 

calamus,  .§alm,<2d)alnta 

calare,  tjotcit 

calcare,  SKafyr,  better 

calcatorium,  \  ff  -. 

calcatura,     / 

caldumen,  "\  _  r. 
,  ,  '  j-Salbaitucn 

calendarium,  Salcubcr 
calidus,  Salbaitiu'ii 
calix,  Sardje,  Seld) 
calvus,  fabt 
calx,  Stall 

camamilla,  SamiUe 
camelus,  Samel 
caminata,  Samin,  Scmc- 

ltate 
caminus,  Samin 
camisia,  £>emb,  jtamifol 
camphora,  Sampfer 
campus,  Ramp,  tfampf, 

S°f   . 
cancelli,  -us,  Sanjel 
cancer,  Ann  let  (1),  (2) 
canere,  $abn,  ©djtuau 
caniculus,  Sauiiidjcu 
can  is,  §unb 
canistrum,  Snoftcr 
canna,  Saiief,  Sannc 
cannabis,  $auf 
cannetta,  Sannc 
cantharus,  Sanue 
capa,  Sapetfe  (1) 
capella,  Sapetfe  (1),  (2) 
capellanus,  Saplan 


caper,  ipabergciji,   Sod", 

§aber 
capere,    Ijeben,    tjabeu, 

£abid)t,  fjafdjen 
cap  i  Hare,  tafjl 
capillus,  £>aupt 
capito,  Ouappe 
capituluin,  Sapitet 
capo,  Sapaun 
cappu,  nappe 
captivus,  §aft  (2) 
captus,  |jaft  (2),  -baft 
capucinus,j 
capucium, )      r  ° 
capulum,  Sabet 
capus,  .£abid)t 
caput,   $aupt,   Sappe?, 

Saub 
carabus,  ©roppe,  Srabbe 
carbunculus,  Savfuufd 
career,  Setter 
cardus,  carduus,  Sarbe 
carere,  $aar  (2) 
careum,  Aarbe 
carpere,  £>erbft,  Sarpfen 
carra,  Sarren 
carruca,  Sard; 
carrus,  Sard),  Sarre 
cartusia,  Sartbaufe 
carus,  £ure,  jart 
caseus,  -inn,  Safe 
cassis,  t)iitcn 
castanea,  Saftanie 
castigare,  fafteieu 
castus,  !cufd) 
catapulta,  S9of$ 
catena,  Sctte  (2) 
catillus,  Seffd 
catinus,  JCeffet,  3gd 
cattus,  Sa^je 
Caturiges,  £abcr  (1) 
caulis,  Sotjt 
caupo,  taufen 
causa,  causari,  tcfcit 
cavea,  Saftg,  Stout 
cavere,  fdjauen 
cavia,  Sdfig 
cednis,  3eber 
celare,  bebtcn 
eel  la,  3elle 

cellarium,  Salt,  Setter 
celliirius,      \( 
cellenarius, /' 
celsus,  $albc 
cenialum,  3inbft 
census,  3i:ii 
centa,  8"''" 
centaurea,  tanfenb 
centenarius,  gent  act 
cento,  $aber  (2) 
centum,  tjunbcvt 
cera,  Scvje 


l-Scfliicr 


ceraseus,  Sirfdje 
cerasum,       iiiifcbe, 

SPftaume 
cerata,  Serje 
cerebrum,  §irn 
cernere,  SRaber 
cervus,  £irfd) 
chamandreus,  ©aman- 

ber 
chelidonia,  ©djettfraut 
cholera,  Softer  (2) 
chorda,  Sorbe 
chorea  S.  Viti,  SSeitS- 

tanj 
cicer,  -a,  Sidjer 
cichoria,  Sidjet 
ciconia,  $dbcr 
cicoria,  Sidjer 
cinamouium,  3inimet 
cingere,   \ 
cingulus,/rf,U3Cl 
cinnabaris,  yinnebev 
circulus,  girtel 
circus,  ©esjirf,  girlcf 
cirrus,  $irfe 
cis,  t)eute 
cisimus,  3«cfd 
cista,  Strdje,  itifte 
cithara,  3ittjet 
citra,  fjeute 
citrus,  3itvone 
civis,  ."peivat 
clangor,  Slang,  flingcu 
clarus,  ftar 
claudere,  Staufe,  fd)lic- 

fjen 

claudus,  tafmt 

clausa,         "1  _,    . 
,         '  ■       J- Staufe 
clausarms,  J 

claustrum,  Sloftcr 

clausula,  Staufcl 

clausum,  Slaufe 

clericus,  $faff( 

clinare.l , ,        ... 

,•  Hemicn  (1) 

cuvus,  J     '       y  ' 

clocca,  ©tocfe 

closum,  Sbafc 

cluere,  taut 

clusa,  I 

elusinaria,  Vitlaufc 

clusus, 

cochlear,  i'Bffel 

cofea,  Sopf 

cognomentum,     t'cu- 

111  unb 

cohors,  ©arten 

coleus,  ^>obc 

coliaiuirum,  Soviantcv 

colis,  So^l 

collarium,  Sofler  (1) 

collie,  $albe,  -viim 

collum,  collus,  $>ato 


coma,  ^aar  (2) 
combrus,  Summer 
comes    stabuli,    2War- 

fd)afl 
commendator,  Somtur 
communis,  eiii,  SDJeiueib, 

gemein 
companio,  Sumpan 
compater,  ©euatter 
com  pes,  Scffel  (1) 
complere,  Boff 
con-,  ge=,  ©aiievbe 
conila,  Ouenbet 
conivere,  iieigen 
conscientia,  (Seroiffen 
consolida,  ©iinfet 
conspicere,  fpd^en  [(1) 
constare,Soft,(l),!ofteu 
contra,  ©egenb 
contrafactus,    tuiitet- 

bunt 
conucula,  Simfel 
convenire,  bequem 
copa,  Sufe  (-2) 
copula,  Soppet 
copulare,  luppedt 
coquere,  Iocben,  Sud)en 
coquina,  Sitdje 
coquus,  Sudjen,  Sod) 
cor,  #erj 

coracinus,  Saranfd)e 
corallium,  -ius,  SoraHe 
corbis,  Sorb,  SReff  (1) 
coriandrum,  Sorianber 
comix,  JRabe 
cornolium,  Sornette 
cornu,  J^orit 
cornus,  Sonieffe 
corona,  Svoue 
coronare,  fiiMicn 
corpus,  fHftpet 
cortex,  Sort 
corulus,  $>afel 
corvus,  Wabe 
costa,  Softd),  Siiftc 
costare,  loften  (1) 
costurarius,  Sitftcr 
costus,  Sofl  (1) 
cotagium,  Sot  (1) 
cotonea,  Ouitte 
cotta,  Sofce,  Sutte 
cottanum,  Duitte 
cottus,  Sutte 
coxa,  coxim,  .ftccbjc 
crabro,  $oraifje 
eras,  geftern 
crates,  Sorn,  $iirbe 
crecca,  Sricfeutc 
crecopulus,    SKo^rbom- 

mel 
cremare,  $>crb 
creta,  Svcibe,  2oitc 


424 


INDEX. 


creteus,  s.Hdt>cr 

decuria,  £>cd)cr 

excurare,  fd)eucrn 

flamma,  flammcn 

cretobulus,     {Robrbom- 

decus,  3ier 

exoticus,  3"te 

flare,  bldbcn 

mel 

defrutum,  brauen 

expendere,     ©peife, 

flasca,  -o,  glafdje 

cribrum,  rein,  9?eiter 

delere,  ti(a.cn 

©penbe 

flavus,  bl.m 

crimen,  Seumuitb 

delirare,    irre,    ©Icife, 

extendere,  ©tanbarte 

flere,  bell  en 

crispus,  Iat)I 

letjren 

flexu8,  gled)fe 

croca, 

dens,  3abn 

faba,  ©ofme 

fligere,  bldncn 

croccia, 

densus,  titrr 

fabula,  gabet 

floccus,  glotfe 

crocea,  »U8, 

-ftrucfe 

derbiosus,  3itterod) 

facere,  beben,  ttyun 

florere,  ©Inme,  ©luft 

crucca, 

deus,  ©ott 

facula,  gatfel 

florinus,  florin 

crucea,  -us, 

dexter,  redjt 

fagus,  ©ud)e 

flos,  ©lume,  florin 

crudus,  rofy,  SRaubc 

diabolus,  Seufel 

falco,  galte 

floscellu-,  gloSfel 

cruentus,  tRaubc 

dicere,  jeigeu 

faldistolium,  \f  1f 
faldistorium,/' 

forare,     "j 

amor,  SRaube,  rob; 

dictare,  ciditen 

focarius,  j-gadjer 

cru8ina,-inna,  \ tfiirfdj- 
crusna,            /  iter 

dies,  SWorgen  (2),  lag 

fallere,    fatten,    falfd), 

f  oculare,  J 

dies  Lunae,  iDtontag 

fefjlen 

focus,  gddjer,  batfen 

crusta,  Srttfte 

digitus,  3eb; 

falsus,  falfd) 

fodere,  ©ett 

crux,  ©imS,  tfelrt),  tfreuj, 

dignus,  3eifl}cn 

falx,  galfe 

foeniculuin,  gend)el 

ffiifter 

discus,  5£ifd) 

far,  ©arn 

folium,  ©tatt 

crystallus,  5Jrt)flaII 

diurnalis,  9)Jorgen  (2) 

fari,  ©ann 

follis,  ©alg 

cucina,  Siidje 

-do,  ju 

fasianus,  gafan 

forare,  bob^ren 

cuculus,  Sucfucf,  ©attd) 

doceo,  doctus,  gelebrt 

fastidium,  garftig 

fores,  Slnir 

cucurbita,    Sartoffel, 

domare,  jab^m 

fastigium,  ©orfte 

ST"}** 

SiirbiS 

domina,  SDambrett,  grau 

fatum,  gee 

cucurum,  $3d)er 

Dominica  in  Albis, 

faux,  ©djlattdj 

forma,  germ 

culcita,  Stiffen,  wBtben 

Spfingften 

favonius,  %'cbn 

formica,  Stmeife 

culleus,  iletfe 

dominus,  grau 

favus,  SSabe 

formula,  gormet 

culmen,  $alnt,  |joIm 

domus,  SDoin,  3immer 

fax,  gatfel 

formus,  ©dmic,  icarm 

culmus,  $atm 

draco,  2>rad)e,  gttte 

febris,    ©ffig,    gieber, 

fotrale,  gutterat 

cum,  ge= 

ducatus,  Sufaten 

©ieber 

fraces,  Sreber 

cumbia,  ffumpf 

ducere,  jieben 

fel,  ©atfe  (1) 

fragrare,  ©rarfe 

cuminum,  fiummel 

ductile,  Sitlle 

felix,  ©ilfcufraut 

framea,  granfe 

cunctari,  tjangen 

dumus,  jaufen 

fenestra,  geufter 

frangere,  brcd)cK 

cuniculus,  tfattindjcn 

duo,  2)au§,  jttei 

feniclum,  \ 

frater,  ©ruber 

-cunque,  irgenb 

duodecim,  £>u(;enb 

-culum,      V(jend)et 

fremere,  ©reme,  brunt- 

cupa,  ffopf,  Jhtppe,  fta- 

durare,  baueru  (1) 

fenuclum,J 

men,  gram 

peffe  (2),  Aiepe,  Uiibel, 

feria,  geier 

frendere,  ©rattb,  ©erfte 

flufe  (2)           [fiiibet 

ebenus,  Gbcnbaum 

feriae,  geier,  ©eete 

fri^'-'re,  brauen 

cupella,     flapelle    (2), 

ebur,  Gtfenbein 

feriari,  geier 

frigere,  fricren 

cupellus,  tfiibel 

edere,  effen 

ferire,  ©dr  (1) 

frons,  ©raue 

cuper,  Jhtpfer 

ego,  id) 

fermentum,  ©arme 

fructus,  grudjt 

cupere,  fjoffen 

electuarium,  Satwerge 

ferre,    ©ab^re,    gebaren, 

f  ruges,  1 , 

fru?,     )trau*«» 

cupla,  itoppet 

eleemosyne,  Slhitofen 

boljren 

cuppa,  Sopf 

emere,  neb^mcn 

fertilis,  gebaren 

fugere,  biegen 

cuprum,  Supfer 

emplastrum,  Rafter 

festum,  geft 

fuisse,  bauen 

currere,  SRofj  (1) 

encaustum,  Sinte 

fiber,  ©iber 

fulgur,  ©li^ 

curtus,    Turj,    ©djurj, 

endivia,  gnbicie 

ficus,  gcige,  geigmarje 

fulica,  ©etd)e  (2) 

ntager 

episcopus,  ©ottid)  (©i- 

fidere,  bitten 

fulmen,  ©It^ 

curvus,  tfiirbe 

W\) 

fieri,  fein 

fundere,  giefjen 

cussinus,  Stiffen 

equuleus,  foltcrn 

figulus.1  _. . 

fundus,  ©oben 

custor,  Scitfter 

equus,    foltcnt,    Speu, 

fungi,  ©aud) 

custos,  tfiifter,  §au§ 

5Ho§  (1) 

filix,  ©ilfcnlraut 

fur,  grettd)eu 

cutis,  $aut 

errare,  irren 

filtrum,  gilj 

furca,  gurfe 

cyprium,  Jhipfer 

eruca,  JRaufe 

fimbria,  grattfe 

furere,  2bot.(l) 

erugere,  rdufpern 

findere,  beifjen,  ©eil 

furetum,  -us,  Igrett- 
furo,               /d)en 

dactylus,  Stttid),  ©artel 

ervum,  grbfe 

fingere,  SEeig 

dama,  2>amborf 

esse  (est),  fein 

finire,  fein 

furvus,  ©ar  (2) 

damascena,  Qcott\^t 

esus,  effen 

fistula,  giftel 

fusilis,  gufel 

damnare,  eerbammcn 

et,  ober 

fixus,  fir 

fustis,  ©attfd) 

decanus,  Decant 

examitum,  gamt 

flado,  glaben 

futurus,  bauen 

decern,  jeljn 

excellere,  #alm,  #al§ 

flagellum,  glegel 

decorus,  3iet 

exclusa,  <£d)leufe 

flagrare,  blecfen,  flarfern 

gabalus,  ©abel 

INDEX. 


425 


gaesum,  @er,  jtaifer 
galanga,  ©atgaut 
galatina,  ©atferte 
galeta,  ©elte 
galla,  ©atfapfel,  ©alle(2) 
gamandraea,  ©am  Jitter 
ganta,  ©an§ 
gelare,  ©aHerte,  Ialt 


gelidus,\ 
gelu,      J 


fait 


klei 


gel 

gena,  Sinn 

genista,  ©ittit 

gens,  Stittb 

gentilis,  ©efdjledjt 

genu,  Snte 

genuini  (dentes),  ffinn 

genus,    "\  Stub,    Slttabe, 

gignere,/$tted)t,  $ei£ 

glaber,  glatt 

gladius,  Jtlo§ 

glesurn,    2ltter,    ©Ia§, 

23entfteitt 

glis,  Alette 

globus,  JJoIben,  Suaitel 

glocire,  ©lucre,  Slucfe 

glomus,  Snauel 

glubere,  Hieben 

cluere,^  „  ..  , 
h,  '  VKitauel 
gluma,  J 

glus,     1 

gluten,/ 

(g)noscere,  JBtttien 

gradus,  ©tab 

Graecus,  Jtaifer 

gramen,  ©ra§ 

grandis,  grofj 

granum,  Kortt,  ©van 

graphium,  ©rtffel 

griphus,  ©retf 

griseus,  ©ret§ 

grossus,  ©rofd)en 

grunnire,  gruujeit 

grupta,  ©ruft 

grus,  Jtrauidj,  Slrarm 

gula,  5let)te 

guasdium,  SBaib 

gubernare,  fdjaltcn 

guerulfus,  853ertDolf 

gurges,  Stoll 

gurgulio,  ©urge! 

gustare,  fiefeit,  Tofteu  (2) 

gustus,  tiefcu 

gypsum,  ©ip8 

gyrare,  ©eier 

habere,    fatten,    =^aft, 

KM  en,  biiitcu 
haedus,  ©ei& 
halec,  faring 
hamus,  $ameit 
hariolus,  \_  _, 
haruspex,/®0™ 


^©arii 


hasta,  ©erte 
hederacea,  $eberidj 
helvus,  gelb 
heraldus,  £eroIb 
Hercynia,  33erg 
heri,  geftent 
hiare,  gal)iicn 
hie,  nun 
hiems,  SBttttcr 

vlla')' 
hna,  J 

hiscere,  gatjnen 

Hispanurn     (viride), 

©riinfpan 
hoc  enim  est  corpus 

meum,  §ofu3poIu3 
hodie,  Ijeute 
holcas,  #olf 
homicida,  <Papft 
homo,  33rattt,  man 
hora,  Ufyr 
hordeum,"^    _ 
horrere,    J       ' 
horridus,  garfttg 
hortus,  ©arten 
hospes,  ©aft 
hospitale,  Spiral 
hostia,  ^  ,„  _ 
hostis,)®0'4 
humlo,     "J 
humulus,  >$opfen 
hupa, 
hysopum,  $fop 

ibiscum,  Eibifdj 
id,  er 

imperator,  ftaifer 
implere,  toll 
imputare,  impfen 
in,  in 
in-,  mu 

incensorium,  jiinben 
inclutus,  laut 
incubo,  $aitfe 
incus,  9lmbofj 
inferior, 
infra, 

infundibulum,  jEridjter 
ingimus,  Sautter 
insece,  ^  f 

insectiones,/^011 
insistere,  iuftauttg 
instigare,  ftect/cit 
insula,  ,V:ki 
intibus,  ©ubipie 
intrare,  enterit 
in  venire,  finbeu 
ire,  ©affe,  getjen,  eilcn 
is,  er 
ivus,  (Eibe 

Januarius,  fanner 


>unten 


jecur,  Seber 
joculari,  ©aiifler 
jocus,  3u!§ 
jubilare,  jiibetn 
jugerum,  ^audjert 

jungere, )  "    ' 
juniperus,  gtttbeere 
Jupiter,  2)ieit§tag 
jus,  Safe,  3aud)e 
juvencus,'! 
juvenis,     Hung 
juventa,    J 

labare,"* .,,  „ 
labi,  j^ 
labina,  Sahrine 
labium,  Sippe 
labor,  Slrbeit 
Laburdanus,  Sabberban 
lac,  50c  ild) 

lacerare,  <2d)lag  (2) 
lacruma,  Qafyxe,  3unge 
lactuariutn,  Satrcerge 
lactuca,  Stttid),  Sattid) 
lacus,  Sadje,  2tteer 
lagena,  -oena,  \  „     r 
lagona,  /    ^ 

laicus,  Saie 
laisius,  Setfte  (2) 
lallare,  lallen 
lambere,  Sippe,  Soffel 

lancea,  Sattje 
lapatica,  ~\ 
lapatium,  j-Satttd) 
laptica,     J 
laqueus,  8a§ 
larix,  Sardje 
larva,  Sarce 
lassus,  laf;,  laffen 
laterna,  Saterne 
latinus,  (ateinifd) 
lattica,  -uca,  Sattid) 
laubia,  Saube 
laurus,  Sorbeer 
laut  us,  tauter 
lavare,  labcn,  Sauge 
lavendula,  Sauenbel 
lectus,  licgen 
lefa,  Semite  (2) 
legere,  lefeu,  ffiedjen 
lenis,  Iinb 
lens,  Siufe 
lentus,  Iinb,  Sinbe 
leo,  SiJme 
lfvis,  icidit,  leife,  Sunge, 

<£d)lcim 
libens,  lieb 
liber,  Iebig 
libido,  lieb,  Sob 


Sob 


libum,  ?ebfud)en 
licium,    SDriKid),    Silie, 

8i^e 
ligusticum,  SiebftBd'el 
lilium,  Silie,  Slofe 

liSare,}^Ieim 
limus,   ©djleim,   8ef)m, 

Seim 
linea,  Silie,  Sinte,  Seine 
linere,  Sleiflev,  Seitn 
lingere,  lerfeu  1 
lingua,  Icrfeit,  3ullcje 
linquere,  leiljen,  bleibcn, 

8eib 
linuni,  Seinen,  Seine 
liquiritia,  Safci^e 
lira,  letjren,  irre,  ©leife 
lolium,  Sold) 
longus,  laug 
lora,  Sauer 
lubere,^„.  , 

iubid0;}8ie6' 

lubricus,       ©djleife, 

©djlupf 
lucere,  Stdjt,  Sob^e  (1) 
lucerna,  Rait,  Sidjt 
lucidus,  Sidit 
lucrum,  Soljii 
Lugdunum,      2)iine, 

lumbus,  Senbe 

lumen,  Sidjt 

luna,  Saune,  Stdjt,  cf. 

9Kotttag 
lupus,  2BoIf,  (Sdjaum 
lutum,  Setten 
lux,  Sid)t,  Sobe  (1) 
lycoperdon,  ©ofift 
lycopodium,  SBarlapp 
lyra,  Seiev 

macarellus,  OTatrele 

inacer,  ntager 
macula,  HJafcI 
magister,  SWeiftcr 
magistratus,  ©iuBbe 
major,  i'iajovaii,  I'lciot 
major  domus,  'JJIeta 
«najoraciW,|      j 
majorana,  J       * 
Majus,  Sliai 
maledicere,  ntalcbcien 
malum,  Sipfcl 
malus.  SWafl  (1),  9Jeft 
malva,  SKaloe 
mancipium,  Jfcbfe 
mancus,  niattgeln 
mandala,  Wanbel  (1) 
mane,  SRorgen  (1) 


426 


INDEX. 


manipulus,  Dotf 
Manims,  Maun 
inansio,  \Mefj- 

mansinnarius,  /  iter 
mantellum,  Mantel 
manus,  Munb  (2) 
maquerellus,  MafrcTe 
maragium,  Moraft 
marca,  Mart  (2) 
mare,  Maft  (1),  Marfd), 

Meer 
marga,  margila,  Metgcl 
margo,  Mart  (1) 
mariscalcus,  Marfd)a(( 
mariscus,  Marfd) 
marmor,  Mantel 
marscallus,  Marfdjatf 
martes,  Marber 
Martins,  Ma'rj 
mertus,  Marber 


martyr,        \ 
rium,  / 


.  barter 
martyrium,  | 

maserini      (scvphi), 

Mafer 
massa,  Maffe,  Mcffing 
mater,  Mutter 
matratium,  Matra(je 
matrina,  9pate 
matrix,  Mieber 
matta,  Matte  (2) 
mattina,  Mette 
mattus,  matt 
matutinus,  Mette 
Maurus,  Mofyr 
medicus,  2lr$t 
medius,      Sefanmaft, 

Mitte 
mejare,  Mift 
mel,  Mefyltau,    $onig 
meminisse,  \tnal)ncn, 
mens,  JMiune 

mensa,  ©peife 
mensis,  Monb 
menta,  mentha,  Minjc 
mentiri,  Meineib 
men  turn,  Munb  (1) 
mercatus,  Marft 
mergere,  Marl  (3) 
merula,  Slmfet,  ©djmcrl 
mespila,  Mtfpel 
metere,  Matte  (1) 
metiri,  Mai  (1)  meant 
meus,  mihi,  mciii 
milia,  Meife,  taiticnb 
mingere,  Mi  ft 
minimus,  minber 
minium,  Mennig 
minor,     1     .  . 
«,;«„„»„  J-mtnber 
minuere,  J 

miscere,  mifdien 
miser,  \barm- 
iniseri,/ farjig 


misericordia,  \6arm- 
-cors,  /fatiig 

inodius  meffen,  Mege  (2) 
modus,  Mafi,  meffen 
tnolere,  marten,  ma&ncn 
moenia,  Muitb  (2) 
mola,  Mitfjle 
moles,  miifjen 
molina,  Miibte 
molinariiis,  -.Uiiiftcr 
moliri,  mitten 
mollis,  mitb 
monachus,  Mond) 
monasterium,  Mitiiftcr 
monere,  maf)nen,  Miune 
moneta,  Miiiije  (1) 
monile,  Mafjne 
monstrare,  Mufter 
mopsus,  MopS 
mordere,  ©djmerj 
mordrum,^ 

mori'  Uotb 

mors,  / 

mortuus,  ) 

mortarium,     Moifer, 

M5rtel 
morum,  morus,  'tpflan- 

me,  Maulfaere 
Mosaetra-\_.  .,. 
jectum,   /      ™ 
muff ul  a,  Muff  (1) 
mulctra,  Mulbe 
mulgere,  melten 
mulus,  Maul  (2) 
munire,  Munb  (2) 
murinurare,  murnietn 
niuius,  Manet 
mot,  SRanS  (1) 

musmon-     ^  _„        , 

Murmet- 
tanus,       J- 

mu8montis,  J 

musculus,     MauS   ("2) 

Muftfal,  MuSIel 

muscus,  MooS,  SRoljr 

mustum,  Moft,  Moftcrt 

tnuta,  Maufe,  Maut 

mutare,  Maufe,  Mutter 

mutilus,  §ammel 

nancisci,  genng 

nardus,  92arbe 

nare,  Matter 

nares,  9?afe 

nario,  9iarr 

nassa,  9?et} 

nasus,  9iafe 

natare,  "\  m  . . 

.  .   '  !  Matter 
natrix,  J 

natus,  alt 

navis,   Stitl  (2)  3?ad)cii, 

SRaue 

ne,  nod)(2)un-,  nein 


ciutcn 


ne-,  ncm 
nebula,  9iefal 
nectere,  9?cftet 
nefas,  nein 
nefrones,  SRiere 
nemus,  nctjmeti 
nepos,  SHcffe,  SRidjte 
neptis,  9Jid)te 
neque,  nod)  (2) 
nere,  no  fan 
nervus,  9Jer» 
nicere,  "^ 
nictare,)"c,!ic" 
nidus,  fteft,  fteftel 
ninguere,  <£d)iice 
niti,  92eib 
liitidus,  nett 
nix,  ©djnee 
nocturnus,  niidjtcnt 
nodus,  SReftel 
nomen,  Stamen 
nona,  Sftoue 
nonna,  Sftonue 
nos,  un§ 
noscere,  f 611  lien 
noster,  uu§ 
nota,  Sftote 
notio, 
notuf 
novem,  iicim 
novicius,  9iooije 
novus,  neu 
nox,  SWadjt 
nudus,  narft 
nunc,  nun 
nurus,  ©djnur  (2) 
nux,  9htfj  (1) 

oblata,  £6fate 

oblongus,  ablauo, 

obscurus,  ©djeuer 

occa,  6gge 

occulere,  t)eljleit 

ochra,  Oder 

octo,  adjt 

oculus,  Stuge 

offendimentum,  biuben 

offerre,  opfern 

oleum,  DI 

oliva,  Olice 

onocrotalus,  Ko^rbcm- 

mel 

operari,"l  .., 

'  >ubcn 
opus,      J 

orbus,  (tvfa 

ordaliuun,  Urtel 

ordinare,"!  - 

ordo,        jCltcn 

organa,  -um,  Crgel 

oryza,  -on,  JHeiS  (1) 

os,  SBein 

OBtrea,  ostreum,  Sufter 


ovi8,  aue,  ©djaf 
ovum,  Si 

pactum,  -us,  ^ad)t 
paganus,  .VSeibe 
palafr.-dus,| 
palafrenus,J  r' 
palantia,  -un.,\ 
palatinus,        /?faIj 
palatium,  q?alaft,  ^Jfal} 
palenca,  -um,  )  mc  , 
palitium,  J  Wal* 

palleo,  pallidus,  fabl 
palma,  fii^len,  ^alme 
palus,  $fat}I,  $fub,t 
pancerea,  ^aiijer 
pangere,  faugeu 
pannus,  fja^ne,  ^Jfanb 
panther,  -a,  «|?antfax 
papa,  <Papft,  ^Jfaffe 
papaver,  Mobu 
papio,  $aeian 

pappare,J  v  *r 
papula,  tappet  (1 ) 
papulus,  ^appel  (2) 
papyrum,  papier 
par,  $aar 

paradisus,  ^JarabieS 
paraveredus,  ^Jferb 
parcus,  *Pferd) 

parifredus,  ^Jferb 
parochia,  "j 

parochusj 
paroecia,  j  rl 
parra,       J 
parricus,  ^Jfercb, 
pars,  rciber 
passer,  ©pal} 
pastata,  $aftete 
pater,     fneten,     SSater, 

$ate 
patere,  ^abcu 
patina,  ^Jfaitne 
patrinus,  <pate 
patruus,  Setter 
pausa,  I'aufe 
pavo,  ^?fau 
pax,  fangen 

Pec'V        Web 
pecuhum.J       ■ 

pecunia,  Sieb,  2d)a& 

pecus,  SBieb, 

pedellus,  fjcbell 

pedere,  gift 

pedica,  geffel  (1) 

pelicanus,  ^Jelifan 

pellicia,  ^elj 

pellis,  gett,  beljen 

pena,  $ein 


INDEX. 


427 


penicillus,  <piufet 

plicare,  fterfjtcn 

ptr,rio,  gauft 

rapuncium,  )  SHapun- 
rapunculus,  \     jet 

penna,  geber,  giune  (1) 

plorare,  fteiiueit 

pugna,     ^ 

pennale,  Retinal 

Plotus,  glaben 

pugnare,  J-gauft,  fed)ten 

rarus,  rar 

pentecoste,  Spfiitgften 

pluere,  fliegen 

pugnus,  J 

ratio,  9lebe 

pepo,  ipfebe 

pluma,  glaum,  fliegen 

pulejum,  *polei 

ratis,  SRuber 

perca,  Sarfdj 

poena,  <Pein,  oevpeiien     ' 

pulex,  grot) 

raudus,  gro§. 

peregrinus,  Spitger 

poeta,  SPapft 

pulletrus,  foltent 

rebus,  tRebu^ 

perferre,  bulbeit 

poledrus,  folterit 

pullus,  gobjeu 

rectus,  ted)t 

periculum,  ©efafyr 

pollere,  Piet 

ESSO** 

reda,  reiten 

peritus,  fasten 

pomarancia,  «Pomeraiije 

regere,  red)t 

perna'  We 
pernix,/0    ' 

poinpa,  '•Pomp 
pomum,  $fCaratC 

#£>■■ 

regius,  reid) 
regula,  SReget 

persicum,  spfh'fid) 

pondo,  "I  „,.    . 
pondu8,.P',mb 

pulver,  juicer 

relinquere,|t£ 
reliquus,     J     7 

perula,  ^Jerle 

pulvinus,/^'  ' 

pes,  gu§ 

ponticus(mus),  bunt 

reminisci,     ma^neii> 

pesna,  ftiitne  (1) 

populus,  spappel  (2) 

pumex,  Sim§ 

3JJitme 

pestilentia,  $eft 

porca,  gurdje,  ©teife 

puncta,  ©punb 

remus,  SRuber 

pestis,  <Peft 

porculetum,  gurdje 

punctio,  SSunyit 

renta,  iHente 

petrosilium,  <Peterfitie 

porcus,  gerM,  33avd) 

punctum,  ©piuib 

reri,  SRat 

Petrus,  SBeete 

porrigere,  retfeu 

punetus,| 
puntus,  J 

res,  9le6u§ 

phlebotomum,  glinte 

porta,  rurj,  <Pforte 

respondere,  fdjtoBreu 

pictor,  geife 

porticus,  Spforte 

pupa,  Spuppe 

reubarbarum,  \9l^a- 
reuponticum,  /barber 

5S?H« 

portulaca,  SJurjel 

purgatorinm,  gegcfeitcc 

portus,  gurt,  sport 

purus,  put 

rex,  JReid) 

itCK 

poscere,  forfeit 

pus,  faut 

Rhaetia,  SRie§Iing 

posita,  -us,  <poft 

putare,  puter.l .   .. 
putere]            }m^m 

rhopalici      (versus), 

pileus,  gify 

postellus,  ^Pfofteit 

tfiiitteleerS 

pilula,  <pif(e 

postis,  Sjjfoften 

puteus,  SPfii^e,  93ruim 

rhythmus,  5Heim 

pilum,  ^feif 

potio,  (Sift 

pyrethron,  Bertram 

rigare,  *Rcgeu 

pilus,  gilj 

potus,  tvinfen,  trunreit 

risma,  SHic-J 

pimpinella,  33i6evitetfe, 

praeambulum,  spriamel 

quaccila,  2Sad)teI 

risus,  9lei§  (1) 

pmperneffe 

praebenda,  *Pfriinbe 

quadrum,  -us,  Ouabct 

-ritum,  (Jitvt 

pingere,   geite,   gittcjcr, 

praedicare,  opfern,  pre- 

quantum,  ®ant 

robigo,  3toft  (2) 

€>ped)t 

bigett 

quartana,  ffartauue 

roccus,  aiorf 

pinna,  finite  (1)  gloffe, 

praehendere,  toergeffen, 

quarto,  Ort  (3) 

rodere,  {Riiffet 

«Pinu 

$rei§ 

quattuor,  loerfen,  gotjre, 

ro<a,  JRofe 

pinsellus,  Spiufct 

praepositus,  SJJropfl 

Pier 

rosina,  Dlofine 

pipa,  <)5feife 

precari,  "|  . 
preces,  )fra3£n 

que,  nod)  (1),  (2) 

rosmarinus,  5Ho§mariit 

pipare,  «Pfeife,  piepcn 

quercus,  gbtjre 

rota,  Slab,  gerabe(2) 

piper,  qjfeffer 

presbyter,  ^Jricfter 

querquedula,  itvicfciite 

rotula,  -us,  JHoKe 

pipinella,  33ibernetfe 

pressa,  Setter,  *|}reffe 

querquerus,  gurd)t 

rotundus,  ruiib 

pipita,  9pip§ 

pretiare,  preiiat 

quietare,  quitt 

ruber,  Ceube,  Weiter,  rot 

piruin,  $3irne,  Spflaume 

pretium,  <prei§ 

quietus,  roeil 

rubere,  rot 

piscis,  gifdj,  finite  (1), 

princeps,  *Prinj 

quinque,  fiinf,  werfeii 

rubeta,  Stalraupe 

SKaft  (1) 

prior,     ~i 

quintinus,  Dueutdjeii 

rubidus,  rot 

pisum,  grbfe 

priscus,  Mrifd) 

quintus,  fiinf 

rubigo,  9{oft  (2) 

pituita,  ipipS 

prius,     J 

quod,  »oer,  »a€ 

rubrica,  rot,  SJubril 

pix,  qkdj 

pro,  cor 

ructare,  rdufpern 

placenta,  ffad) 

probare,  priifcn 

rabarbarum,  5Hb>6arbet 

rudis,  "i      . 
rudu8,/9rDS 

plaga,      fladj,      Page, 

procax,  "J  r 
procU8,)fvaaeu 

racemus,  JRofiue 

^[acfen 

radius,  SRofe  (2),  JRute 

rufus,  rot 

planca,  faille 

prodigium,  3eid)en 

radix,  SRcttid),  SBiirj 

ruga,  9iiui}c( 

plangere,  ftlegel,  fludjen 

propago,  propfen 

radix  barbara,\5Hba- 
radix  pontica,  /bailer 

rugire,  rBdicln 

planta,  !;>i  mje 

propheta,  $apft 

ruminare,  raufpern 

planus,  flad),  glut 

proponere,  ^Jropfen 

raja,  iHodje  (1) 

rumpere,  SHaub 

plastruin,  ^Jflciftcr 

propositus,  qjropft 

rancidus,  raitjig 

rupicapra,  (Scmfe 

platea,  <piaft  (1 ) 

provenda,  <Pfriinbe 

rapa,  9iapuiije(,  :Hiite 

rupta,  Motte 

platessa,  ipiatteife 

pruina,  fricren 

rapicium,  9tapd 

ruptarius,  iReuter 

Plautus,  ftlabett 

prununi,  spflaume 

rapidus,  iHatte 

rus,  iHaum 

plectere,  fledjtcn 

prurire,  frieren 

raponticum,  9J^abavbet 

ruscus,9?aufd)(l),9lof)r 

plegium,  vfteQcit 

psittacus,  2  ittid) 

raptus,  Watte 

russus,  {Raufd)gelb 

plellUS,   Sail.  Dofl 

pugil,  gauft 

rapum,  Siiibe 

ruta,  5Hautt  (1) 

428 


INDEX. 


rutarius,  {Renter 
rutilus,  rot 
rutta,  diotte 

sabbati  dies,  ©am§tag 

sabellinus,  \  „  .  . 

sabellum,  /" 

sabinus,  ©ebenbaum 

sabulum,  ©anb 

saccellum,  ©etfel 

saccharum,  Qwter 

saccus,  -2.  ait 

8acramentum,  fatferlot 

sacrista,  ©thrift 

saeculum,  ©eele 

saevus,  ©ee 

sagire,  fudjcit 

sagma,        )@aum  (2) 

sagmarius,J  v  ' 

sagulum,  ©eget 

sal,  ©atj 

salamandra,  ©alaman- 

ber 

salix,  ©alroeibe 

sallere,  ©alj 

sal  mo,  ©aim 

saltare,  £anj 

salvator,  ©albaber 

salvegia,~|  _  ,,  . 
,   •  °       >©atbet 
salvia,      J 

sambuca,  <paufe 

samitum,  ©mnt 

sanus,  ©iilme,  gefuitb 

8aPa'    Wt 

sapere,  J      ' 
sapo,  Scife 
sapor,  ©aft 
sarda,  ©arbcKe,  ©arber 
sat,  satis,  \,  .. 
satur,        / ' 
satureja,  ©aturei 
Saturni  dies,  ©amStag 
sauma,  ©aum  (2) 
saxum,  SOicffcr 
Bcabellum,  ©d)cmel 
scabere,  fdjaben 
Bcabinus,  ©djbffe 
scalmeia,  ©d)almei 
scamellum,  ©djemel 
scancio,  ©djeitl 
Scandinavia,  2Tu 
acandula,  ©d)inbel 
scapellus,  ©djeffel 

scapus,  ©d)aft  (1) 
scarlatum,  ©djarlad) 
searleia,  ©djarlei 
scedula,  3ettcl 
scelus,  ©dmlb 
sceptrum,  Qtytn 
schedium,  ©lijje 


scindere,  fdjeiben 
scindula,  ©djiubet 
scirpus,  ©d)ilf 
sciurus,  05id)()orn 
sclareia,  ©djarlei 
Sclavu.«,  ©tTat/e 
sclusa,  ©djleufe 
scola,  2)om,  JRofe,  ©djule 
scorbutus,  ©djarbod 
scribere,  fdjreiben 
scrinium,  ©djrein 
scriptum,  ©djrift 
scrupulus,  ©frupcf 
scrutari,  ©djrot 
scurare,  fdjeuetn 
scutella,^  —  ,.,„  , 

scutum,  ©djeuer,  £aitt 
se,  fid) 

sebum,  ©eife 
secare,     ©age,     ©eitfe, 

feljen 
secula,  ©idjel 
securis,  ©age,  ©enfe 
securus,  furj,  fid)er 
sedere,  ©effel,  fi|jeit 
sedile,  ©attel 
Segestes,        "1 
Segimundus,  >©ieg 
Segiomerus,  J 
segrista(nus),  Sigrift 
sella,  ©effel,  fi(5en 
semen,  faeit,  ©ame 
semiplotia,  glabeit 
semper,  ©ingriiit,  ©iinbe 
senatus,    Ginobe 
senex,  ©etiefdjaff 
senior,  ©enefdjatf,  §err 
sensus,  ~l  „. 
sentire,/ 
sepelire,  befeljlen 
septem,  fteben 
sequi,  £eu,  folgen,  fcr)en 
sericus,  ©eibe 
serere,  fden 
seta,  ©eibe 
sex,  fedjS 
sextarius,  ©edjter 
sibi,  fid) 
sidere,  ft^jen 
sigillum,  ©iegel 
signare.j 
signum,J      ° 
silva,         \    .. 
silvaticus,/ 
sima,  ©imS 
simila,  ©emmel 
similis,     ~|  mi ., 
simulare,  J        p 
sinapi,  ©enf 
siniscalcus,  ©cnefdjaK 
situla,  ©eibel 


hoitb 


Slavus,  ©fTa»e 

smaragdus,  ©maragb 

sobrius,  fauber 

socculus,  ©orfet 

Boccus,  ©orfe 

socer,  ^  _ ,    .., 

socrus,/®^" 

sol,  ©onne 

solarium,  ©iJfler 

solea,  ©of)le  (l),  (2), 

solidus,  ©olb   [©djioefle 

sollus,  felig 

solum,  ©aal 

solvere,  eerlieten 

somnu8,       ©djtaf    (2) 
©djicefel 

sonare,  ©djioan 

sons,        ^  _ ..  . 

sonticus,)®unbe 

sordes,  fdjraar^ 

soror,  ©djmeftcr 

sparua,  ©peer 

spatium,  fputen 

speculum,  fpdfcen,  ©pie- 
gel 

spegulum,  ©picget 

speusa,  ©peife 

spernere,  ftleifter,  riu- 
neit,  ©pom 

spesa,  ©peife 

spicarium,  ©peidjer 

spina,  ©pitting 

spondere,  fdnrorcn 

spuere,  fpeten  (©pott) 

spuma,  ©djaum 

sputum,  ©pott 

squiriolus,  Gidjborn 

stabulum,      SDJarfdjatf, 
©tabel 

stannum,  3imt 

stare,  ©tabel,  ftetjen 

status,  ©taat 

stella,  ©tern 

sterilis,  ©tarte 

sternere,  ©treit,  ©tirti, 
©tnrm 

stilus,  ©tiel 

stipes,  fteif,  ©tift  (1) 

stipula,  ©toppel 

stiva,  ©teifj 

strata,  ©trafje 

stridere,  ©trubel 

striga,  ftreidjeu 

strigilis,  ©triegel 

stringere,      ©traiig, 
ftreidjeu 

struthio,  ©traufj  (3) 

stultus,  ftolj 

stupila,  ©toppel 

sturio,  ©t3r 


sturnus,  ©tar 
suadere,  fiifj,  fdjroafccn 
suasuin,  fd)roarj 
suavis,  fiifj 
subula,  ©ante  (2) 
sudare,  fdjmi^en 
sudor,  ©d)ioei§ 
suere,  ©du(e  (2) 
sugere,  faugen 
sulcus,  ^3flug 
sulphur,  ©dnoefet 
super,  iiber 

superstitio,  Stfeerglaube 
surdus,  fd)raarj 
8118,  ©au 

sutor,  ©djufter,  ©aule  (2) 
suus,  ©djtoefter,  fid) 
syllaba,  ©ilbe 
synodus,  fetnperfrei 

tabella,  Zafet 
tabula,  Safet,  ©djadj 
tacere,  Wlotyi 
tapetum,  Seppid) 
taurus,  ©tier 
taxare,  taften 
taxus,  2>ad)3 
tegere,    %>a<f),    be^nen, 

®eroaitb,  betfen 
tegula,  3ieget,  Siegel 
tellus,  SDiele 
telonium,  3off  (2) 
temo,  2)eid)fel 
templum,  Uempel 
tempora,  ©djlaf  (1) 
tempus,  ®ing 
temulentus,  bamifd) 
tendere,  betmen,  3^t 
tenebrae,      bainment, 

b  iifter 
tenere,  befmeu 
tenuis,  bitnit 
tenus,  be^nen,  3)o^ne 
terebra,  brefen 
terminus,  £rumm 
tertius,  britte 
testa,  jTopf 
textus,  Uert 
theca,  3iedje 
theodiscus,  betitfd) 
theriacum,  Sberiaf 
thronus,  Sfjrcn 
thunnus,  S^uitfifd) 
thyrsus,  ©orfdje 
tincta,  2inte 
tiugere,  tiuilcn,  3rceb.Ie 
titulus,  Xitd 
toga,  SiaS),  ®croanb 
tolerare,  "| .    ,. 
tollere,   )buIbeK 
tonare,  2)onner 
tongere,  bttulen 


INDEX. 


429 


tongitio,  fciiitfeu 
tonitru,  $>onner 
tonus,  !Xon 
topazius,  -us,  SopaS 
tophus,  5£uff 
torcula,  £orM 
torcular,  bredjfeut 
torculum,  2orfeI 
torquere,      bredjfetit, 

3roeraV 
torrere,  bfirreit,  £>arre, 

garftig 
torridus.l  _, 
torris,      J 
tractare,  tradjtcn 
tractarius,   \_.  . , 
tractorium,  / 
trahere,  tvetbeln 
trajectorium.j 
trajicere,         J        ' 
trames,  £>arm 
tranquillus,  loetl 
trans,  burd) 
tres,  brei 
tribus,  2)orf 
trifolium,  £reff 
trilix,  2>riflid) 
tripudium,  gufj 
tristis,  breift,  tapfcr 
triumphus,  £rumpf 
trna,  Ouirl 
trucca,  Srulje 
trudere,  perbriefjen 
truncus,  Srufje 
tu,  bu 

tugurium,  SDad) 
tumere,  2>annicn 
tundere,  ftofjcn 
tunica,  tiindjcn 
turba,  2)ovf 
turdela,  ©roffet  (1) 


turdus,  3)rof'el  (1) 
turris,  S£utm 
turtur,  Surteltaube 
tuticus,  beutfd) 

uber,  Guter 
ulmus,  Ulme 
ulna,  Gtte 

Ultrajectum,  Ividjter 
umbilicus,  \5Ra6e, 
umbo,         J9ZabeI 
uncia,  Unje 
uncus,  Sin  gel 
unda,  2Baffer 
unguere,  Sfiitc 
unguis,  Sftagel 
unus,  eiu,  gemein 
urceus,  $rug  (1) 
urgere,  rcidjen 
ursus,  33ar  (2) 
urus,  Stucr 
uva,  Scfen 

vacca,  Ddjfe 
vadere,  roaten 
vadimonium,  mett 
vadum,  waten 
vae,  wclj 
valere,  roatten 
Valeriana,  SJalbrian 
vallum,  J 
vallus,  J 
vannus,  23anne 
vas,  njctt 

vasculum,  gtafdje 
vastus,  SQJuft 
vates,  SSut 
vehere,    reiten,    2Bcg, 

toegen 
vehiculum,  SBagen 
velle,  toottcn 


vellus,  SJoITe,  Srliefj 

vindobona,    \ 

venari,  SSeibe  (2) 

vindomagus,  >-2Biitter 

venerari,  SSaljn 

-nissa,        J 

venire,  fomtnen 

vinitor,  SSinjer 

venter,  SBanft 
ventilare,  SSanne 

vinuin,  1  „.,..     _  . 
vmns,  J    "  w 

ventus,  SBtnb 

viola,  -etta,  SBcidjcn 

Venus,  »oo()iicn 

vir,  SBerrootf,  SEBirt 

ver,  2enj 

virga,  SBifd) 

verbum,  2Bort 

viride      Hispanum, 

veredus,  $ferb 

©ri'mfpan 

vermis,  SBurm 

viridia,  SBirfdjtng 

verrere,  loirr 

virus,  perwcfcn,  SBiefd 

verres,  33ard) 

Sift 

verruca,  2Sar$e 

viscus,  SDIiftet 

versus,  S5cr8 

Visegothae,  SSJcflcn 

vertere,  merben 

"Vistula,  2Beid)fet 

verus,  uufyr 

vitis,  SSetbe(l) 

vesica,  SSanft 

vitrum,  giriiiS,  SBaib 

vespa,  2Befpe 

vitulus,  SSSibber 

vesper,  SBeften,  2lbeiib 

Vitus,  SSeitStan^ 

vespera,  SPefper 

vivarium,  2Bei()er 

vester,  eudj 

vivere,  ted* 

vestigium,  Steig 

viverra,  Gidje 

vestis,  SScfte 

vivus,  fed",  fommen 

vetula,  SBettet 

vocare,  erwafjnen 

vetus,  SBibber 

vocatus,  SBogt 

via,  2Beg 

Volcae,  welfd),  ftalfe 

vibrare,  lcetfen,  2Bippe 

volvere,  SBctte 

vicedominus,  SSijbom 
vices,  SBedjfel,   tocidjcn, 

vorago,~\  _,,     , 

a  '  ><2ditaud) 

vorare,  J      '       ' 

2Bod)e 

vo8,  eud) 

vicia,  SDBirfe 

vox,  crwa^iieit 

videre,  loiffen,  SSerroeiS 

vulgus,  ffiolt 

vidua,  SBittib 

vulpus,  gutf)8,  aOSoIf 

vigere,  vigil,  icerfeit 

villa,  villare,  SBeilcc 

wambasium,  SBamS 

villus,  Sffiorfc 

vincere,  Sikigmtb 

zeduarium,  3it>"« 

vindemia,  ftranfe,  21'eiu 

zona,  3o»e 

vindemiare,  ZBein 

zucara,  3ucfer 

ITALIAN. 


abate,  9lbt 
aceto,  gfftg 
agosto,  Stugitfl 
albaro,  Stlber 
albergo,  $erbcrge 
alchimia,  31ld)imie 
alenare,  ffifftg 
allarmc,  SUarm,  Sarin 
alna,  li He 
auiascino,  3>vctfd)e 
ambasciata,  vimt 
ancora,  9tiir«  (1) 
aprile,  Slprit 
araldo,  ^crolb 
arancia,  ^ommeranje 


arciere,  $atfdjier 

argento  vivo,  JDuecffit- 

ber 

aringo,  {Ring 

arlecchino,  ^artefin 

arnese,  $arnifd) 

arraffare,   ^     _ 

'    >  raff  en 
arrappare.J     " 

arrostir,  9(oft  (1) 

asello,  SUfJel,  Cfel 

asino,  li-iel 

aspo,  ^afpe 

astracu  (Sicil.  )"i  _..  , 

astregh  (Mil.)/^'* 

astuccio.  2  taiulje 


avorio,  Gffeii6ein 

babbeo,  \ 
babbole,/18"6' 
babbuino,  ^auian 
bacinetto,  ^id*elb,aube 
bacino,  $3eden 
baja,  »ai  (2) 
baldncchino,  ©atbadjin 
baldo,  balb 
balestra,  Hrmbruft 
balsamo,  Salfani 
banca,  -i\nit 
banco,  SJanf,  ©antett 
banda,  Sanbe 


bara,  barella,  Cab]« 
baracane,  ©ertan 
barbio,  ©avbe 
barca,  "i'arte 
basso,  vi<af; 
ba>ta.  -i<a|"t 
bastione,  1  m  a  , 
bastire,    )^n 
basto,  ©aft,  ©aftarb 

EST}«» 

benda,    \*.  . 
bendare,|6,nben 
bevero,  IMber 
bezzo,  i'a^en 


43° 


INDEX. 


bianco,  blanf 
biavo,  ll.ni 
bica,  ©eige 
bicchiere,  S3ed>er 
bidello,  <Jkbell 
bieta,  S?eete 
biondo,  blonb 
biscotto,  3ro«c6a(T 
boccale,  l;cf.il 
bordo,  :8orte 
borgo,  i'urg 
borragine,  Soretfd) 
borsa,  333rfe 
bosco,  53ufd) 
bosso,  S3uc^§ 
bossolo,  33iid)fe 
bottega,  iBottidj 

bracciatello,  SBretjel 
bracco,  SBrarfe 
brache,  23md)  (3) 
brando,  >-8ranb 
brodo,  JBrot 
bruno,  braun 
brusco,  barfd) 
bucare,  baud)en 
buccina,  <pojauiie 
buffettare,~\      u  . 
buffo,  >ufTCU 

burro,  ffiuttcr 

cacio,  Safe 
cadenza,  Sdianje 
cadom  (Bologn.),  Sat- 

tauncn 
cafura,  Sampfet 
camamilla,  Samifle 
camello,  Samel 
camera,  Hammer 
camerata,  Samerab 
camicia,  $emb 
camminata,  Semeuate 
camozza,  ©emfe 
campana,  ©locfe 
canella,  Stand 
canfora,  Sampfer 
cantaro,  3entner 
canto,  Sante 
capuccio,      SappeS, 

SapUje 
carato,  Sarat 
cardo,  Sarbe 
carpione,  Sarpfen 
carvi,  Sarbe 
castagna,  Saftanie 
cavezzone,  Sappjaum 
cavoli  rape,  Soljlrabi 
cavolo,  Sotjl 
cece,  Sid)er 
cedola,  3ettel 
censo,  3in8 


(Murfe 


cerceta,  Sriefcute 

cerfoglio,  Serbel 

cesoje,  @d)ere  (1) 

cetera,  3itf?er 

chioccia,     V 

chiocciare,/ 

chiostro,  Slofter 

chiusa,  Staufe 

chollera,  Softer  (2) 

cifra,  3iffer 

cinta,  3«»t 

ciovetta,  ©djubu 

cipolla,  3rciebel 

circo,    ~l  „.  .  , 

cirCoio,)3irW 

ciriegia,  Sivfdje 

citra,  3it^cr 

cizza,  3i(?e 

codatremola,  SPadjftelje 

coltra,  Poller  2 

composto,  Sumpefl 

conipra,     \©rempet- 

comprare,  /marft 

coniglio,  Saniiidjeit 

conocchia,  Sunfel 

contrada,  ©egenb 

coppa,  Sopf 

coracino,  fiaraufd)e 

corniolo,  Soraelle 

costo,  Soft  (1) 

cotogna,  Ouitte 

cotta,Sot(l),So5e,Sutte 

cerescione,  Bxcffc 

creta,  Sxeibe,  Scibe 

croccia,!  _  .. . 
'  >Srad*e 
crocco,  J 

crompare,      ©rempel- 

marft 

cucina,  Sftd)e 

cucuzza,  SiirbiS 

cuffia,  Sopf 

cuocere,  fodjeii 

cuoco,  Sod) 

cupola,  Suppet 

cuscino,  Siffen 

cutretta,  JBa^jte^e 

damasto,  Tamaft 
dannare,  berbammeii 
danzare,  2anj 
dar  presa,  qjrciS 
dattilo,  ©attet 
decano,  2)ed)ant 
desco,  £tfd) 
diamante,  £emant 
digrignare,  greiueit 
donna,  grau 
dozzina,  2)utsenb 
droga,  j>roge 
druda,  diudo,  traut 

elmo,  £elm  (1) 


empiastro,  SPflafier 
ermellino,  $ermelin 

fagiano,  gafan 
falbala,  pallet 
falbo,  fobt 
falcone,  galfe 
faldistorio,  faltert 
fallire,  fct)len 
falso,  falfd) 
fata,  gee 
favonio,  gebn 
feltro,  gilj 
festa,  geft 
fiadone,  glaben 
fianco,  gtante,  ©etcitf 
fiasco,  ftlafdje 
fico,  geigmarje 
fiera,  fjcict 
figa,  feige 
fino,  fein 
finocchio,  gendjel 
finta,  gittte 
fiore,  glorin 
flauto,  gIBte 
forbici,  @d)ere  (1) 
fonnaggio,  Saje 
franco,  franf 
frangia,  granfe 
frasche,  gvafce 
fresco,  frifd) 
fuga,  guge 
furetto,  grettdjen 


gabbia, 
gabbiuolo, 


Saftg 


gaggia, 
gaggio,  wett 
galanga,  ©algant 
galea,      \  _  f 
galeotta, ) 
galla,  ©alle  (2) 
gatto,  Safce 
Gazari,  Sefcer 
gazza,  glfter 
gherone,  ©cljren 
ghindare,  iJinte 
giaco,  3arfe 
giga,  ©eige 
girfalco,  ©eiet 
giubba,  3oppe 
giubilare,  jitbetu 
giuoco,  3uf3 
giuppa,  3oppe 
golfo,  ©olf 
gonfalone,  galjiie 
gramo,  gram 
grappa,  Srapfeii  (2) 
grattare,  fra^en 
greppia,  Srippe 
greto,  ©rief 


griffo,      | 


©reif 


griffone, 
grigio,  greiS 
grillo,  ©rifle 
grimaldello,  Dietrio) 
griso,  greiS 
grosso,  ©rofd)«n 
grotta,  ©raft 
gruzzo,  ©rii^e 
guadare,  toaten 
guado,  SBaib,  reatcn 

guajoj 

gualcare,  roalfcw 
gualchiera,  toalfen 
guancia,  SBange 
guardare,  ©art 
guarentire,\  „__, 
guarento,    J  ° 
guarnire,  Warren 
guerra,  nrirr 
guisa,  2Beife 
guitarra,  3»'^ 

incanto,  ©ant 
inchiostro,  2inte 
ingombro,  Summer 
insalata,  ©alat 
intonicare,"j 
intonicato,  j-tuitd}en 
intonico,    J. 
isola,  3nfet 
isopo,  3fop 
izza,  ^>i^e 

lacca,  ?ad)e 
lacciu,  Sag 
laido,  t'cib 
lancia,  ganje 
landa,  8anb 
lasco,  afd)e(2)tafcb: 
lasso,  lag 
lasto,  2aft 
lastrico,  eftrid) 
latta,  Satte 
lattovaro,  gattoerge 
lauro,  gorbeer 
lavagna,  8ei 
lavendola,  Saeeitbel 
leccare,  letfen  (I) 
lega,  SWeile 
lesina,  ,'i:ic 
lesto,  8ift 
levistico,  8tebfl5d'el 
limosina,  atmofen 
lira,  Jeter 

lista,  8eifte(l),  gift* 
liuto,  gaute 
loggia,  ?aube 
loja,  gauer 
lotto,  8o8 
luchina,  gag 


INDEX. 


431 


luna,  ?aitne 

luna  di  miele,  glitter 

lunedi,  SWontag 

madreperla,  SPcrtmutter 
maestro,  SDieifter 
Maggio,  3Kai 
magon,  "4  „- 
magone,/^" 
magro,  tnager 
magan,  SWagen 
ma  jo,  ioiait 
majorana,  SHajoratt 
maledire,  molebeien 
malva,  5Malt>e 
mandola,  SWanbel  (2) 
mangano,  SKange 
mantello,  Stflantet 
marca,  (Wart  (1) 
marese,  SWarfd),  SWoraft 
marga,  2Werget 
mariscalco,  2ftarfdjaff 
marmotta,  SJiurmelticv 
martirio,  Waiter 
mar  tor  a,  SWarber 
maschera,  3fta3fe 
mattino,  3Kette 
inatto,  tnatt 
medico,  girjt 
mercato,  SDiarft 
mescere,  mijdjeit 
messa,  SKeffe 
mezzana,  SJefamnaft 
miele   (luna    di    in.), 

glitter 
mij'lia,"!  ._.  ., 
mighoj 
milza,  aJIifj 
monaco,  SKBud) 
moro,  SWoIjr 
mostarda,  9Jioftevt 
mosto,  2Roft 
mostra,  $0htfter 
muffo,  SKitff  (2) 
mulinaro,  SMilffet 
raulino,  3>Jiit)Ic 

nabisso,  9lobi3rrug 
nappo,  SRapf 
n  astro,  Steftcl 
nespola,  SDiifpct 
niffo,  ©djnabel 
nona,  Sttone 

nonna»Wi«e 
nonno,  J 

norte,  SJiorb 

ocra,  Defer 
oleandro,  Oteanber 
ora,  Utyr 
orda,  #orbe 
organo,  Drget 


ostrica,  Shifter 
ovate,  SSJatte 

pacco,  Spacf  (1) 
pagano,  £eibe  (2) 
palafreno,  SPferb 
palco,  S3atfeu 
palizzata,  Spaffifabe 
panca,  SBant 

P*110^     j^anjer 
panciera,J  v    ° 

pantofola,  Spantoffet 

papa,  Spapft 

pappa,  Spappe 

pappagallo,  Spapagei 

parco,  SPferdj 

parrochia,| 
parroco,     J  Tl 
partita,  Spartei 
passare,  pafdjen 
pasta,  Spaftete 
patata,  Rartoffet 
patrino,  Spate,  Setter 
pausa,  Spaufe 
pavone,  Spfau 
pece,  spedr) 
pedante,  Spebant 
pellegrino,  Spitjer 
pelliccia,  Spelj 
peluzzo,  Sptiifd) 
pena,  5}Jetu 
pentecoste,  Spfiugftett 
pepe,  Spfeffer 
pera,  Sirne 
perla,  Sperte 
pes.a,  Spfirfid) 
piaga,  Sptage 
pianca,  Sptanfe 
pianta,  ?pftaitje 
piastrello,  Spftaftcr 
piatto,  platt 
piazza,  Spfafc  (1) 
picca,  <pi<f 
pie  d'oca,  (Saiifertd) 
piliere,  SPfeiter 
pillola,  Spiffe 
piluccare,  pp<fen 
pincione,  ginl 
pioppo,  Spappel  (2) 
pipillare,  ptepeu 
pipita,  SpipS 
pisciare,  piffen 
piva,  spfeife 
poleggio,  Spolri 
polso,  SpuIS 
polvere,  spuu-er 
pomice,  ©imtf 
pomo,  Spomeraii^e 
poacellana,  spovjdlaii 
porto,  Sport 

saw 


potare,  impfeu 
potassa,  Spott 

pozza'Wu&e 
pozzo,J  rl  * 

prebenda,  Spfriiiibe 

predicare,  prebigeu 

prence,  Sprinj 

presa,  SpreiS 

prete,  Spriefter 

prevosto,  Spropft 

prezzare,  preifeit 

prezzo,  SpreiS 

propaggine,  pfropfen 

prova,  Sprobe 

pro  v  are,  priifen 

provenda,  Spfriiiibe 

prugna,  SPflaume 

pulpito,  Spirit 

punto,  bunt 

punzona,  SBuitjen 


Ouabcr 


quadrello,  \ 
quadro,      / 
quaglia,  SBadjtet 
quartana,  ii.ivt.iune 
quarto,  Duart 
quarzo,  Quarj 
quintale,  3eitt»er 

rabarbaro,  SRfjabarber 

racimolo,  SHofiue 

rada,  SJifjebe 

raja,  SRodje  (1) 

ramponzolo,  SRapmijet 

rancare,"!      , 

'  J-renfeit 

ranco,    J 

rangifero,  SJleuntier 

raspo,  SRapp 

ratto,  SRatte 

razza,  SHoffc 

recare,  recfeit 

rendita,  SReute 

ricco,  retdj 

rigoletto,}9"^ 

rima,  {Reim 

risma,  9Hc-3 

riso,  8?ei8  (1) 

roba,  SRaub 

rocca,  SJocfen 

rodomon-    1  m  . 

tata,  Rodo-  [mo*°- 

moutabe 
monte,         J 

rosa,  SRofe 

rossi),  {Raufd^gctb 

rotolo,  fRolle 

m^    )5Wa„6 
rubare.J 

ruc?«ff    Itab 
ruchetta,  J 

rullare,1m  „ 

rullo,    ) 


ruta,  SRaute 

8abbato,  ©amStag 
sacco,  ©a* 
sagire,  fe^en 
sagrestano,  €igrift 
sal  a,  ©aal 
salata,  ©atat 
salma,  ©aunt  (2) 
sandalo,  ©aubel 
sapone,  ©eife 
8ardella,| 
sardma,  J 
satureja,  ©aturei 
scabino,  ©d)6ffe 
scacchi  (a),  fd)«fig 
scacco,  ©a)a^ 
scaflfale,  ©djeffel 
scaglia,  ©d)ale 
scalco,  ©djalf 
scandola,  ©d)inbc( 
scarafifare,  fd)rbpfcu 
scarmuccia,      £d)ar- 

nnl^el 
scarlatto,  ©djartad) 
Scarpa,  (d)arf 
scartata,  ©djartete 
scatola,  ©d)ad)tel 
scellino,  ©djifliug 
schermire, )  r,. 
schermo,    J  ,n 
scherzare,  ©djcrj 
schiaffo,  ©djtavpe  (2) 
schiarea,  ©d)arlei 
schiavo,  ©ttape 
schiena,  ©djieubein 
schiera,  ©djar  (2) 
schifo,  ©djiff 
schinco,  ©dnnTeit 
scliiniere,  ©djienbcin 
schippire,  fd)teifen 
senium  a,  ©djaum 
schivare,  ©djeu 
schizzo,  ©fijje 
sciabla,  ©abet 
sciamito,  ©amt 
sciarpa,  ©d)5rpe 
Bcito,  fdjeifeen 
scodella,  ©duffel 
scorbuto,  ©djarbocf 
scoss  (Lomb.),  ©djojj  (3) 
scotolare,  ©djutt 
scotta,  ©djote  (2) 
8cotto,  ©djofj  (2) 
8crigno,  ©djreiii 
sdrajarsi,  ©treu 
secchia,  ©eibel 
secco,  vino,  ©eft 
seda  (Nor.  It),  ©cibt 
segno,  ©egen 
segolo,  6id)et 
seinola,  ©emmel 
2  E 


43* 


INDEX. 


uena,  ©ciicvbaum 

spillo,  ©pitting 

stufare,  ©tube 

trionfo,  Irumpf 

s.  ii  mi,  fin  iicu 

epione,  fpcifycit 

suolo,  ©ofjle  (2) 

troinba,      )  _.         _, 
trombetto,)3:ronnnd 

sestiere,  ©editer 

sportula,  ©portcln 

eeta,  ©cibe 

springare,  fpriiujen 

taliacco,  lata! 

trono,  £()roit 

st'ttimana,  2Bcd>e 

sprizzare,  fpri^eii 

tnccoln,  $>obte 

trotto,  2rctt 

sgabello,  ©djemcl 

sprone,  ©pom 

taccuino  (Milan.),  211- 

t  ruogo,  fcrojj 

sghembo,  fdjHmm 

spruzzare,  fpvifjcn 

maitad; 

truppa,  Irupp 

Bgneppa,  ©dntcpfe 

spuntare,  1  __     k 
'  >©punb 
spuntone,  J 

taglia,     "k 

tufo,  5Euff 

sgraffiare,  fdjraffieveii 

tagliare,  j-Xcflcr 

tulipa,      1  -.  , 
tulipano,)2"^ 

sguancio,  fdjraant 

spuola,  ©pule 

tagliere,  j 

sgurare,  fdyuerii 

squadrone,  ©djroabvon 

talero,  %1)a\ev 

sicuro.  lirfjer 

squassacoda,  JBadjfteljc 

tanghero,  3n"ije 

uracano,  Crtan 

signora,,  -e,  .<j>err 

s(]uilla,  ©djelte 

tappeto,       |         ^ 
tappezzare,  J     rr  ^ 

urto,  (initio. 

einiscalco,  ©ciicfd)afl 

squillare,  ©djatf 

slitta,  ©djtitten 

stacca,  ©tateu 

targa,  3ara.e 

veccia,  2Bitfe(l) 

smacco,  ©dmiad) 

staffa,  ©tapfe 

tartufo,  tfartoffef,  Xviif- 

vernice,  giniiS 

smalto,  ©djmalte,  fdjmel- 

staffetta,  ©tapfe 

fet 

versa  (Lomb.),\  8Bir- 
verzotto,           /  fdjing 

jen 

stagno,  3iun 

tartufolo,  flavtoffel 

smalzo,  ©djntatj 

stalla,     ) 

tasca,  Safdje 

vescovo,  ©ifi^of 

smeriglio,  ©dpnergel 

stallo,      j-Statf 

tasso,  2)ad}8 

vespro,  Skfpet 

smeriglione,  1  __      , 
.nu-rlo,          }Sd>merl 

Stallone,  J 

tastare,  taften 

viola,  gicbel 

stampa,    j 
stampare,J  ' 

tattera,  3otte  (1) 

violetta,  Skitdjcii 

snello,  fdinell 

tavola,  Safel 

visciola,  2Bcid)fel 

socco,  ©ode 

stanga,  ©taitije 

lazza,  £affe 

visiera,  Sifiet 

soglia,  ©obk  (1),  (2) 

stato,  ©taat 

t*>gghia,"Uicicr 
tegola,    J^C'yl 

tenda,  3elt 

vivajo,  SHJeifjer 

Ro]aio,~\  ^„,, 
solarej^" 

stecca,\„  rf 
stecco,  / ' 

zaflfo,  3apfc 

soldato,  "I  _  .. 
1  .         >©o!b 

Soldo,       J 

stendardo,  ©tanbarte 

terno,  Serne 

zafferano,  ©afran 

stinco,  ©d)iitlen 

terrazzo,  £ra§ 

zatta,     "j 
^ttera,  1           (1) 
zazza,     j "        * 
zazzera,J 

si.lzia.  €ntjc 

stivale,  ©tiefel 

tetta,     ^  _j. 
tettare,/3'^ 

sorta,  ©ovte 

stocco,  ©tod* 

spada,  ©paten 

stoffa,  ©toff 

tinta,  Hiitte 

spanna,  ©pamte 

stolto,  ftjlj 

titolo,  £itcl 

zecca,  3erfe 

sparagio,  ©parget 

stoppare,  ©tSpfel 

tonfano,  Siimpcl 

zendado,\j,.  .  * 
zendale,  }** 

sparaviere,  ©pevber 

stoppio,  ©toppet 

tonica,  tiindieii 

spasso,  ©pafj 

storione,  ©toe 

tonno,  Sfumfifcfr, 

zenzero,     "\__  , 

}3na'Pet 
zenzovero,J  v  ° 

spato,  ©pat 

stormo,  ©titvm 

toppo,  3opf 

spaziare,  fpajieren 

straccare,  ftreden 

torba,  Sovf 

zettovario,  3int>et 

specchio,  ©piegel 

strada,  ©traf;e 

torre,  2urm 

zezzolo,  3i(K 

speglio,  ©pieflet 

strale,  ©trafyl 

torso,  2>orfd)e 

zibellino,  3o^ 

Siith* 

strappare,  ftraff 

tortora,  5£urtettan6e 

zitta,  3>(e 

g^}**** 

tovaglia,  3,De^c 

zoticacco,   "j 

spendere,        ©pcife, 

tratta,  Sratte 

zotichezza,  J-3ote 

©peitbe 

US,}**'* 

trattare,  tradjten 

zotico,        J 

spesa,  ©pcife 

tregna,  trcu 

zucchero,  Quiet 

8pezieria,  ©pejerei 

struzzo,  ©traufj 

trescare,  bvefdjen 

zucchero     candito, 

spiare,  fpatjeii 

stucco,  ©tiirf 

trillare,  tiiUent 

3u<ferfanb 

spito,  ©piefj  (2) 

stufa,  ©tube 

trincare,  trinlen 

zuppa,  ©uppe 

FRENCH. 


a  mont,  2)fine 
abW,  Bbt 
able,  aibe  (2) 
agace,  Gtftcr 
aire,  Sb.ren 
alarme,  Sltann,  garm 
alchimic,  aidjimie 


alc6ve,  STTTopcii 
alone,  3tMe 
alize,  6rte 
almanach,  Jtlmaitadj 
alun,  Stlaun 
amande,  Wanbel  (2) 
ambassade,  Stmt 


anche,  Culel  (1) 
ancolie,  Stglei 
ancre,  anfer  (1) 
ane,  gfet 
anis,  StuiS 
aodt,  aujiifl 
arbalete,  arni6rujt 


archer,  $atfd)ier 
are,  Ht 

arlequin,  ^arlefin 
Arras,  9iaf$ 
artiste,  arjt 
as,  as 
asperge,  ©parjjef 


INDEX. 


433 


8tre,  l£ftrid) 
aubcrge,  $crfrcrge 
aumone,  SUmofeu 
aumuce,  1  _,„. 
auuiusse,J       Y 
aune,  Gffe 
aurone,  Stfrctraute 
autruehe,  ©trauf;  (3) 
a  venture,  Jloeutcuer 
avou^,  ©oo,t 
avril,  Stpvil 

babiller,  papp  In 
babord,  ©arfborb 
babouin,  ^auiait 
bac,  barf 

bachelier,  £>ageftotj 
baie,  ©ai(l),  (2) 
l>ailif,  1  „    „  . 
bailli,]*'1"" 
bal,  ©air  (3) 

ban,  ©aim 
banc,  ©ant,  ©antett 
bande,  ©anbe,  ©anb 
banniere,     ©aimer, 

bonier 
banque,  ©ant 
banquet,  ©aufctt 
bar,  ©afire 
barbeau,  ©arbe 
barbier,  ©avbict 
baron,  ©avou 
baroque,  ©rorfpcrte 
barque,  ©arte 
barre,  ©arre 
barrette,  ©arett 
bassin,  ©erfen 
baste,  ©aftnrb 
bastion,  ©aftei 

bStir,  ©aftei 
Baudouin,  balb 
baume,  ©alfam 
bazar,  ©ajar 
beaupr<S,  ©ug 
bee,  ©irfe 

bec-d'oie,  ©anferid} 
beche,  ©irfe 
bedeau,  ©iitter,  <rjebett 
belette,  ©ild) 
belier,  \ 

be"liere,  }-©e(ll)ammet 
Belin,    J 
beune,  ©enne 
berline,  ©erline 
beton,  ©ieft 
bette,  ©cete 
beurre,  ©utter 
bible,  ©ibel 


biche,  <J?e(je 
biere,  ©afyre,  ©ier 
bievre,  ©iber 
bigot)  bijjott 

billet,  ©itt 
biscuit,  S^iebacf 
bise,  ©iefe 
blanc,  blaut 
bleu,  Man 
bloc,  ©lorf 
blond,  blonb 
bloquer,  ©lorf 
boc,  ©orf 
bocal,  «Polat 
boie,  ©oi 
bois,  ©ufa) 
bolet,  $ilj 
bombasin,  ©onibafin 
bonierie,  ©oben 
bonde,   1  m      . 
bon<l.,n,j€*uub 
bord,  ©orte 
bordel,  ©orbed 
border,  borbieren 
bosse,  $offe 
bosseler,  boffetit  (2) 
bossette,  ©iidjfe 
botte,  ©iitte 
bouc,  ©orf 
boucle,  ©urfct  (1) 
boude,  ©ofe 
boulevard,  ©otfirert 
bouracan,  ©eitan 
bourg,  ©urg 
bourrache,  ©oretfd) 
bourse,  ©ihfe 
bousiller,  pfufdjen 
bouteille,  ©ufte  (2) 
boutique,  ©ottid) 
brachet,  ©varfe 
braies,  ©rud)  (3) 
brailler  prafyleii 
brandon,  ©ranb 
braque,  ©rarfe 
bras,  ©raffe 
brasser,  ©raffe 
brave,  brao 
breche,  ©refd)e 
breme,  ©rafjeu 
breuil,  ©riibl 
brise,  ©rife 
broche,  1  _  , . 
brochetj^' 
bru,  U'raut 
brnn,  brauu 
brusque,  barfd) 
burr,  baudjeu 
bufle,  ©uffet 
buia,  ©ud)3 
bulle,  ©utle  (3) 
bulo  (Vosges),  "Vilj 
bure,  ©ubre 


busard,  ©ufjaar 
buste,  ©iifte 
butin,  ©eute  (2) 

cabane,  "|  _  ,   r 

cabinet,  rfl6"fe 
cable,  Sabel  (1) 
cabus,  tfappeS 
cage,  Saftg 
calamine,  ©almci 
cajute,  flajiite 
calandre,  tfatenber 
calfater,  lalfateru 
calice,  jjcld) 
calmande,  italmanf 
caline,  £atnt 
camarade,  fMKtofe 
cainbuse,  ftabufe 
camisole,  JJamifot 
camphre,  ftampfer 
canelle,  Waiter 
canette,  tfanne 
cannelle,  Kane! 
canot,  ,'tal'ii 
cant,  «aiite 
cape,  £appe 
capot,  taput 
capuce,  ffapuje 
carassin,  tfaranfdje 
carat,  Sarat 
carpe,  Sarpfen 
carraque,  jirarfe 
carreau,  Ouaber 
carriole,  ilavre 
carte,  Sarte 
carvi,  Sarbe 
cauchemar,  5Waf)r 
causer,  tofeu 
cavern,  Sappjaum 
ee"dule,  3ettel 
ce"leri,  ©eflerie 
cercelle,  5h:ictei:te 
cercle,  3frtet 
cercueil,  ©arg 
cerfeuil,  Slerbet 
cerise,  Sirfdje 
chacal,  ©d)atal 
chafaut,  ©(bafolt 
chaine,  ttette  (2) 
chalemie,  ©djatmei 
chaloupe,  ©cbaluppc 
chalumeau,  ©dwrmci 
chambre,  flammer 
chameau,  itamel 
chamoisi?,  ©enife 
chamoiser,  ©duiifdjlcbcr 
champion,  Stampf 
chance,  ©djanje  (1) 
chancre,    Jtaufet    (2) 
©djautcr 

c^'     We 
chapeau,  J      * 


ihapelle,  tfapcHe  (2) 
chaperon,  Jtappe 
char,  £arre 
chardon,  Sarbe 
charrue,  Jlard) 
Chartreuse,  ^artbaufe 
chat,  Sa^e 
chataigne,  Jcaftanie 
chatier,  tafteieu 
chaudin  (S.W.  Fr.), 

jtalbauucn 
chauve,  tabl 
chdlidoine,  ©djeirtraitt 
cheminee,  Jtamiit,  .Roue- 

nate 
chemise,  $emb 
chiche,  JRidjer 
chiffre,  3iffer 
Chivert,  §emb 
choc,  @d)autel 
chose,  fofen 
chou,  itol)[ 
choucroute,  ifrant 
cho\iette,  ©d)ubu 
chou-rabe,  Jcotjfrabt 
ciboule,  3i"ie6el 
cinabre,  ^innobet 
cingler,  @eget 
ciseaux,  ©d)cre  (1 ) 
citron,  3itrone 
clair,  tlar 
cloche,  ©fotfe 
clocheman,  \©eflbam- 
clocman,     /met 
cloitre,  tftoftet 
coche,  Jtutfdje 
coffre,  itoffec 
coiffe,  Sopf 
coing,  Cuitte 
colere,  aoHer  (2) 
collier,  flofler  (1) 
conndtable,  SWarfd)att 
connin,  Jtaitiudicit 
contrde,  ©egenb 
coq,  5tiid)(ein 
coquelourde,   Jvud)cn> 

fcbetle 
corde,     "\  .    . 
cordelle,)^0^ 
corinthe,  Jtorinttje 
cornouille,  JtomeKe 
cdte,  itiifte 
cotillon,  Stot  (1) 
coton,  itattuu 
cotte,    tfot  (1),  Sot}t, 

itutte 
coucou,  Jlurfurf 
coupelle,  Jtapede  (2) 

coupole,/*  vv 
courbe,  jturbe 
coussin,  ftiffen 


434 


INDEX. 


cat,  soft  (i) 

couter,  lofteu  (1) 
c<  nitre,  itiifter 
crabe,  Jrrabbe 
craie,  Slreibe 
crampon,  itrampt 
creche,  Strippe 
creque,  Sriedje 
cresson,  Jlreffe  (1) 
crevette,  Artbi 
croc,  itritcfe 
crosse,  flturfe 
croupe,  ftvuppe, 
croute,  Jtvufte 
cruche,  SI  rug  (1) 
cuire,  fodjen 
cuisine,  jtiidje 
cuivre,  fiupfer 
cymaise,  ©im§ 

dague,  SDegen   (2) 

%£}*-* 

dais,  2Hfd) 
damas,  2>amaft 
dame,  3>ambrett,  gvau 
damner,  perbammen 
danser,  Xanj 
datte,  battel 
dechirer,  ©djarreiicn 
decombres,  Sum  met 
deguerpir,  werfcn 
demain,  SNorgen  (1) 
deVober,  SRanb 
detail,  Setter 
deux,  2>aii§ 
diamant,  Xcimut 
distrait,  $erftrcut 
dogue,  £>ogge 
double,  boppett 
doublet,  boppeln 
douille,  Suite 
douve,  S)aube 
douzaine,  35ufcenb 
doyen,  2)ed)aut 
dragon,  2>radje 
drogue,  SDroge 
drole,  brotlig 
dru,  traut 
dune,  £>iiue 
durer,  baueru  (1) 

e"baucher,  paufdjen 
4be,  Hbbt 
eblouir,  btBbe 
ecaille,!  _,  r 
eeale,    )^aIe 
^carlate,  ©djartad) 
dchafaut,  ©djafott 
^chalotte,  ©djalotte 
e"chandole,  ©djinbcl 
echauson,  €d>enl 


echarpe,  ©d;arpe 
echec,  ©djad),  fdjerfi^i 
dchevin,  ©djiiffe 
^chine,  ©djieubeiu 
echoppe,  ©djuppen 
e"cluse,  ©djteufe 
(Scot,  ©d)ofj(l),  (2) 
ecrevisse,  Stxcbi 
ecrin,  ©djrein 
Quelle,  ©djitffet 
ecume,  ©d)aum 
ecurer,  fdjeiient 
&mreuil,  giditvvn 
elan,  Crlcuticr 
electuaire,  Catttjevae 
e'lingue,  ©djlinae 
61inque,  fdrtentevu 
C'inivil,  fdjmetjcn 
e"merillon,  ©dnnevt 
empan,  ©panne 
empereur,  tfaifer 
emplatre,  <JJf(aftev 
encan,  ©ant 
encombrer,  .Rummer 
encre,  5Einte 
enseigne,  ©egeit 
enter,  impfen 
e*peautre,  ©pett 
e"pe"e,  ©palen 
e"peiche,  ©pedjt 
£peler,  ©eifpiet 
e"peron,  ©povit 
e"pervier,  ©pcvfrer 

eplucher,  pfliirfen 
epois,  ©piefj  (2) 
epreuve,  priifcn,  '}>iobe 
equiper,  ©djiff 
escabeau,"|  _ ,      , 
escabelle;)®^emeI 
escadron,  ©d)i»abron 
escalin,  ©djitlimj 
escarboucle,  JtarfiiiiTcl 
escarmouche,     ©a).n- 

mufcel 
escarpe,  \ ...    . 
escarper,/'™*' 
esclave,  ©flape 
espion,  fpaf)cn,  ©pion 
esquif,  ©duff 
est,  Often 
estampe,  ftampfen 
estourgeon,  ©tBr 
I'tain,  3>nn 

2»>teff 

Stamper,  ftampfen 
e'tape,  ©tapel 
e'tat,  ©taat 
otau,  ©taU 
e"tendard,  ©tanbarte 


etiquette,  ftctfeu 
£toffe,  ©toff 
e^ouble,  ©toppet 
e"toupper,  ©tbvfct 
(Strain,  ©tranb 
£tre*e,  ©trafje 
Grille,  ©triegct 
etui,  ©taudjc 
e"tuve,  1  ~.  , 
(Stuver,)®1"1* 
e>3que,  ©ifdjof 

fable,  gabet 
faillir,  fetjten 
faisan,  gafait 
fait,  fett 
falaise,  gclfcn 
falbala,  galbet 
fanon,  gafnte 
faucon,  gatte 
fauteuil,  fatten 
fauve,  faf)I 
faux,  falfdj 
fe"e,  gee 
feinte,  gtnte 
fenouil,  gendjet 
fete,  geft,  fett 
fetiche,  getijd) 
feurre,  gutter 
feutre,  gitj 
figue,  geige 
fin,  fcin 
flacon,  glafaje 
flamberge,  gtambcrj 
fiamme,  glide 
flan,  gtaben 
flanc,  gtanfe 
fl^au,  gtcget 
fleche,  gti^bogen 
flin,  gtinte 
flotte,  gtotte 
flou,  ftau,  lau 
flute,  gIBte 
foire,  geier,  9Keffe 
fondefle,  Sridjter 
foret,  gorft 
foudre,  gubet 
fourreau,  gutter 
frac,  gracT 
frais,  frifd) 

framboise,  Srombcere 
franc,  frant 
frange,  granfe 
frasques,  grafe 
fret,  gradjt 
frise,  grieS 
friser,  frifieren 
froc,  gradf 
fromage,  Safe 
furet,  grettd^en 

gage,  wett 


gai,  iaf> 

galanga,  Wat.ia  nt 

galiasse,"!  „,  ,. 
b  ,.  '  >®elte 
gahon,    J 

galop,  ©atopp 

gant,  ©ant 

.'     hieioabren 
garantir,J"       v 

garder,  S3)art 

garer,  1      , 
°       .     J-Joabren 
garnir,J      v 

gaspiller,  foftfpielig 

gauche,  welt 

gaude,  SBau 

gaufre,  SBaffef 

gazon,  2Bafcn 

gel^e,  ©aUevte 

gendt,  ©tuft 

gentil,  @efd)(ed)t 

geole,  ftafig 

gerbe,  ©arbe  (1) 

gerfaut,  ©eier 

gibel,  (Siebet  (2) 

gigue,  ©eige 

gingembre,  ^ngiccr 

giron,  ©eb^rcn 

glacier,  ©(etfd)er 

glousser,  ©lucfe 

glouteron,  itlette 

golfe,  ©olf 

gonfalon,  gifwe 

gourde,  JtiirbiS 

grain,  ©ran 

grappin,  Srapfcn  (2) 

gratter,  fra(jeu 

gr^,  ©rab 

griffe,  greifen 
griffon,  ©reif 
grippe,  ©rippe 
gripper,  greifen 
gris,  grei-3 
gros,  ©rofdjen 
grosse,  ©ros( 
grotte,  ©ruft 
groupe,  ftropf 
gruau,  ©rii(}e 
gue",  waten 
guede,  SBaib 
gu^pe,  2Befpe 
guerre,  tcirr 
guimpe,  SBimpet 
guinder,  SBinbe 
guise,  2Beife 
guitare,  3'tf?er 
gypse, 


hache,  $ippe  ( 1 ) 
haillon,  $aber  (2) 
haire,  §aar  (2) 
halener,  ©fftg 


INDEX. 


435 


halle,  §ailt 
hallebarde,  $ef(ebarte 
hanap,  9iopf 
hanter,  Ijaiitieren 
happe,  §ippe  (1) 
harangue,  9ting 
hardi,  fjart 
hareng,  paving 
harlequin,  #avlcfin 
harpe,  £arfe 
hase,  §afe 
hate,  §aft 
haubert,  $at§ 
heaume,  $elm  (1) 
he'raut,  £erolb 
hermine,  £evmeliu 
hetre,  £eifter 
heure,  Ufjt 
heurt,  ljurttg 
hisser,  Ijiffcit 
hochequeue,  ©adjftclje 
homme,  man 
honnir,  "I ,., 
honte,     )Wmi 
horde,  $orbe 
houblon,  ^ovfcu 
houx,  £ulft 
huile,  £)t 
huitre,  Stufter 
hutte,  #iitte 

if,  Gibe 
He,  Onfet 

ivoire,  Clfcnbein 

jale,  ©ette 
jaque,  3inrfe 
jardin,  ©avtcit 

JnPe-    Wppe 
jupon,J°  *r 

Labourd,  Sabbcvban 
lacet,  8afc 
lache,  lafd} 
laid,  Seib 
laie,  Semite  (2) 
lame,  vabn 
lampe,  Sampe 
lamproie,  Camprcte 
lande,  8anb 
lanterne,  Satcrue 
lapin,  Vamvc 
las,  Sag 
laste,  Soft 
latte,  Satte 
laurier,  Sorbecr 
lecher,  lerfen  (1) 
lendemain,  TOcrgcit  (1) 
lest,  ©affaft,  8aft 
leste,  Sift 
leurre,  Sitter 


levain,  'j 
lever,    J$efe 
levurej 

meurtre,  2Jiorb 

uieute,  aJJeute(l),  (2) 

miel,  glitter 

lice,  Sifee 

u.ille,  5DJeile 

lieue,  Wltilt 

mine,  SDJiene 

lion,  SBroe 

mizaine,  SJefaninaft 

lippe,  Sippe 

moine,  SDiiSna) 

liste,  Seifte  (1),  Siftc 

momerie,  ffliumnte  (2) 

liveche,  Siefcft5d\:l 

mont  (a),  2>iiiic 

livrer,  liefcni 

montre,  9Hufter 

loge,  Sattbe 

more,  Tlofft 

lorgner,     "1 

mort,  SUlorb 

lorgnon,    J-Iauern 

mortier,  2R5rer,  9H5vtc( 

lorgnette,  J 

moufette,  SWuff  (2) 

lot.         1  o  » 
loterie,)808 

moufle,  5Kuff  (1) 

moulin,  SWiifyte 

loup-garou,  SSerrooff 

mousse,  2)Joo» 

louvoyer,  laoiereii 

mout,  2ft  oft 

lundi,  SMotttag 

moutarde,  SRoftcrt 

lune,  Sauite 

moutier,  SRituftcc 

lune  de  miel,  fitter 

mouton,  $ammcf,  iicll- 

luquer  (Nona.),  liigeu 

fjammel 

luth,  Saute 
lyre,  Seier 

mue>  Waufe 
muer,J         ' 

ma9on,  9He^e  (1) 

naif,  ttaio 

madre",  9JJafcr 

nefle,  SOMfpet 

inai,  2Hai,  SWaie 

net,  ltett 

maigre,  magee 

neveu,  Steffe 

maire,  SKetcr 

nippe,  SRippfadjc 

mais,  SNaiS 

none,  9Jone 

inaison,  ajicjjjtcc 
niaitre,  9Mfter 

nonnain,  1  m 
uonne,      J 

malt,  attalj 

nord,  Storb 

maniere,  SWanier 

note,  9<Jote 

manteau,  SDJantct 

nouilles,  Sftubel 

maquereau,    niafcln, 

SDiafrele 

ocre,  Ctfer 

marais,  2J2arfdj,  W<t»P 

oeuf,  ©i 

march e,  SDiarl  (1) 

otfrir,  opfevit 

marche,  SMarft 

ole"andre,  Cteaiibct 

marechal,  SWarfdial'C 

on,  man 

marjolaine,  BhijoffW 

oncle,  Diifet 

marmotte,  9tturuic(tier 

ope",  impfen 

marne,  SWergel 

orange,  fltomeraiijc 

marque,  SWatte 

ordalie,  Uvtel 

mars,  2Mrj 

orgue,  Orgel 

inartre,  SDiarber 

ouais,  roef) 

martyre,  9)Jarter 

ouate,  SBatte 

masque,  9)ia8fe 

oublie,  Oblate 

mat,  matt 

ouest,  SBeften 

matelas,  afiatratje 

(Hiragan,  Oilait 

matelot,  SKatrofe 

ouvrage  a  boese,  ^Joffe 

matin  (matines),  Wkttt 

maudire,  malebeicu 

pa'ien,  ^eibe  (2) 

mauve,  9)talM 

paire,  $aar 

in. .  1.  t-iii,  Hrjt 

pal,  Wa$t 

mdler,  mifdictt 

palais,  $alafl 

mere-perle,  $er[ntitttcr 

palefroi,  ^Jferb 

mesange,  Weifc 

pallisade,  ^alltiabc 

tnesse,  2Heffe 

pamphlet,  ^amp^Iet 

iiieunier,  JDlfidei' 

panse,  isiitjcr 

pantoufle,  ^antojfel 
paon,  $fau 
pape,  ^papfl 
papier,  papier 
paquet,  «Pad*  (1) 
pare,  $acf,  ^5fcrd) 
paroisse,  ^Jfarre 
parrain,  ^5ate 
part,  raibcr 
partie,  ^artei 
passe-dix,  $afdj 
passe-poil,  ^afpel 
passer,  paffieren,  paffen 

(1),  (2),  paf^cii 
pate,  ) 
plt6,   J-^Jaflete 
p^t^ej 
patte,  ^Jfote 
pause,  ^Jaitfe 
peaux   chamoisees, 

<Samifd)(cbcr 
peche,  $firridj 
pddant,  $ebant 
p^lerin,  ^ilger 
pelisse,  ^Jelj 
pelletier,  beljen 
peluche,  <pliiid) 
penteedte,  ^fiugftcn 
p^pie,  $ip§ 
pepier,  piepctt 
perle,  <{5er(e 
peuple,  $i)6ef 
peuplier,  ^appet  (2) 

pilote,  <PiIot 
pilule,  ^pilTe 
pimprenelle,  ©iberneffe, 

«PimpcnieUe 
pinceau,  ^Jinfet 
pinion,  Jiuf 
pipe,  $feife 
pique,  ?pi<r,  ©^ilrpe 
piquenique,  ^Jiditiif 
pisser,  piffew 
placard,  'iUacfou 
place,  iUlafc  (1) 
plaie,  $(age 
plan,  '4.!  Mit 
p'.anche,  ^Jlattfe 
planchette,  ©(aitffdjcit 
plante,  ^Jflattje 
plaque,  ^(acfcit 
plat,  plait,  $  latte 
plat  re,  Rafter 
puinoiMi.  $)mijcit 
pois,  Crbjcit 
puisiiii,  (Sift 
poivre,  UJfeffec 
|>oix,  ipedj 
pom  me  de  terr  ,  Jtav 

tofW 


436 


INDEX. 


pompe,  $omp,  SJombajt 
poncer,  paufdjeu 
port,  !Port 
poste,  SPojt 

potasse, ) 
poteau,  ^Jfoflen 
poudre,  «Puber,  ^uloer 
pouliot,  Spotei 
pouls,  ^?ut3 

poupon.J 
prdbende,  <Pfriinbe 
precher,  prebigen 
presse,  $reffe 
pretre,  $rieficr 
prevot,  ^ropft 
prince,  ^Jriiij,  fiBittg 
prise,  9?rei3,  ^prife 
jiriser,  preifeu 
prix,  ^JreiS 
prouver,  pviifeu 
provende,  <pfritnbe 
provin,  pfropfcn 
prueve  (E.Fr.),  ptiifen 
prune,  $jlaume 
puits,  "ipfu&e 
pupitre,  spult 

quaille,  ©adjtel 
quart,  Quart 
quartz,  Ouarj 
quenouille,  ftunTet 
quintal,  3cntner 
quitte,  quitter,  quitt 

race,  {Raffe 

rade,  SRfjebe 

radis,  SRettidj 

raffer,  raff  en 

raffiner,  geim 

raie,  {Rodje  (1),  {Rcf}  (2) 

raisin,  {Refine 

rale,  Watte 

rauie,  SRieS 

rarnpe,  {Rarnpe 

ranee,  ranjig 

rang,  Slang,  Sling 

rangier,  {Reuntier 

rape,  Wapp,  SRappe  (3), 

{Rafpe,  {Happier 
rapes,  SRappe  (2) 
rapier,  {Rappier 


rapontique,  {Rljabarber 

rare,  rar 

rat,  Watte 

re*bii8,  {RebuS 

remarquer,  SRarle 

renne,  {Remitter 

rente,  {Rente 

reste,  {Reft 

rever,  rappefn 

rhubarbe,  SRIjabarber 

rhum,  {Rum 

riche,  reidj 

rime,  {Reim 

riper,  reiben 

riz,  5Rei8  (1) 

robe,  SRaub 

roc,  {Roaje  (2) 

rochet,  {Rod 

rodomontade,    {Robo- 

montabe 
role,  {Roffe 
rond,  ruub 
roquette,  {RanTe 
rose,  {Rofe 
roseau,  {Roljr 
rosse,  {Rojj  (1 ) 
rotir,  {Roft  (1) 
rouler,  {Rotte 
rubrique,  {Rubrit 
rue,  {Route  (1) 
rum,  {Runt 

sabre,  ©abet 
sac,  ©a<f 
sacre",  facfcrlot 
sacristain,  ©igrift 
safran,  ©afrau 
sage-femme,  $ebammc 
saisir,  fe^eit 
salle,  ©a at 
8amedi,  ©amStag 
sandal,  ©anbet 
sarcelle,  Jtrietente 
sarriette,  ©aturei 
sauge,  ©albei 
saule,  ©atroeibe 
sauvage,  witb 
savon,  ©eife 
scorbut,  ©djarbotf 
seigneur,  $err 
semaine,  SBodje 
semaque,  ©dnnacTe 
semoule,  ©emmet 
senau,  ©djnaue 


sene\  ©enesbauin 
senechall,  ©euefdjaff 
servant,  fdjarwenjclu 
setier,  ©edjtcr 
seuil,  ©oble  (s) 
simple,  ©imret 
smalt,  ©djmalte 
soc,  ©orf 
socle,  ©o<fet 
Boie,  ©eibe 
soldat, )  _,  - 
solde,  }son> 
sole,  ©o^le  (1),  (2) 
somme,  ©a urn  (2) 
sot,  ~j 

sotie,  sottie,  >3ote 
sottise, 
sou,  ©otb 
souffler,  V    _ 
soufnet,j>'uffen 
soupe,  ©uppe 
spath,  ©pat 
sucre,  3u<fer,  3u<*erfoitb 
Bur,  fauer 
stir,  ftdjer 

tabac,  ZabaX 
table,  SEafet 
taie,  3ica)e 
tailler,  !„.„ 
tailloir,/2^ 
taisson,  2>adj3 
tante,  iante 
tape,  3apfe 
tapis,  Eeppid) 
targe,  3arge 
tarir,  2>arre 
tarte,  Uorte 
ta<-se,  £affe 
tater,  tafien 

tete,  Hopf 
teter,  "J 
tetin, 
teton, 
tette,  J 
thd,  2&« 
thon,  £b>nfi)d) 
tique,  3«fe 
titre,  2itel 
tonne,     \ 
tonneau,/ 
tort,  Sort 


W 


2onne 


touaille,  3wef)(e 
toucher,  Suidie 
touer,  Zan  (1 ) 
toupet,  3"f  f 
tour,  jurm 
tourbe,  lorf 
tourner,  tumen 
tourtereau,  1  Xurtet- 
totirtre,       /  taube 
trailler,  treibelu 
traiter,  trad)ten 
trale,  2>roffel  ( 1 ) 
trefle,  fcreff 
tresse,  2reffe 
treve,  treu 
trinquer,  trinfen 
triomphe,  Srumpf 
tr61er,  trotfeu 
trompe       }2tomme, 
trompette, ) 
trone,  Ibron 
trot, 


2rott 


\5 

trotter,  / i 
trouble,  iritht 
trousse,  Stojj 
truffe,  Sruffet 
tuf,  SCuff 
tuilf»,  3'es1et 
tuyau,  2ulfe 

vague,  SBo^e 
vaisseau,  ©d)iff 
valise,  gelteifen 
vendange,  frranfe 
vent,  wittent 
vepre,  Sei'pet 
vernis,  ginii§ 
vesce,  SSJirfe 
veste,  SBefte 
vidame,  SSijbom 
vif,  DuecTjilber 

^,.}««- 

vinaigre,  Sffig 
viole,  giebel 
violette,  ©cifdxn 
virelai,  girtefauj 
visiere,  SJifier 
vivier,  SBeib^r 

z^doaire,  3ir»et 
zibeline,  3etct 
zinc,  3inl 


INDEX. 


437 


ENGLISH 
(Including  Scotch). 


a,  eut 

abbot,  9t6t 
Aberdeen,  ?a66erban 
above,  oben 
ache,  (Sfet 
acorn,  gcfer 
acre,  2t<fer 
adder,  iRaber,  Otter, 

Matter 
after,  Sifter 
aftermath,  TOaf)b 
again,  gegen,  eutgegcn 
aghast,  ©eift 
ails,  ?ifyre 
alb,  2t(be(l) 
alcove,  Sllfooen 
alder,  (Erie 
alison,  216tc 
all,  aft 

almond,  OTanbel  (2) 
alms,  Stlmofen 
alone,  alirin 
also,  atfo 
alum,  Vllauu 
amelcorn,  9lmelme(jl 
among,  ntcn^eu 
an,  eiit 

anchor,  Stnfer  (1),  (2) 
and,  u ub 
angel,  (Siiijct 
angle,  Sliigct 
anis,  Slnii 
ankle,  Gnfet  (1) 
answer,  Slutmort,  fc3f)tt?S5- 

reu 
ant,  9Imeife 
anvil,  fatjen,  Stmbojj 
ape,  Slffe 

»PlJ,e.  \aufcl 

Appledoro,J*Wel 
arbalist,  Slrmbrufl 
arch-,  (Erj= 
ark,  Slrdje 
arm,  9lrm 
army,  $eer 
arras,  SHafd} 
arse,  Hrfdj 
as,  at§,  alfo 
ash,  (£|'c()e 
ashes,  2tfdje(l) 
ask,  Gibedjfe,  tjc i fct>cit 
asker,  Gibedjfe 
asp,  Cfpe 
ass,  <£fet 
asunder,  fonber 
atter,  Citer 
auger,  SHaber 
aware,  geroaljr 


away,  2Beg 
awfshots,  Slip 
awm,  Dt;m 
awns,  2fljne 
ax(e),  2(rt 
axle, 
axle-tree 
aye,  ie 


J 


Bdjfe 


babble,  paWetn 
baboon,  <Pacian 
baby,  ©ube 
bac,  ©act 

bachelor,  §age(lotj 
back,    ©art,    ©adsorb, 

juriid* 
bacon,  ©ad>e 
bailiff,  ©alki 
bait,  6eijeu 
baize,  ©oi 
bake,  6a (fen 
baker,  SJccf 
bald,  6aar 
baldrick,  ©eft 
bale,  ©often 
balk,  ©olten 
ball,  ©aft  (2) 
ballast,  ©aflaji 
balm,  ©alfam 
ban,  ©ann 
band,  ©anb 
bang,    "!„.       r 

barb,    1  m    , 
barbel,}*3a,;,,e 
barbs,  ©arte  (2) 
bare,  baar 
barge,  ©arte 
bark,  ©orfe 
barley,  ©am,  ©erfte 
barm,    ©arme,    barm- 

^etjig 
barn,  ©am 
barracan,  ©erf an 
barrow,  ©ard),  ©afjre 
barse,  1.    .. 
bass,  raX^ 
bast,  ©aft 
bat,  glebcrmauS 
batch,  baifen 
bath,  Bath,  "l  m  w 

bath;,     )eab 

bay,©ai(l),(2),6eugeu 
baysalt,  ©oifalj 
be,  fcin  2 
be-,  6ti 
beacon,  ©afe 
beadle,  ©iittel 


beaker,  ©edjer 

beam,  ©aum 

bean,  ©ofjue 

bear,  ©ar  (2),  gebarcn, 

©afjre 
beard,  ©art 
beastings,  ©left 
beat,  Hmbofc  ©eutet(l) 
beaver,  ©iber 
beck,  Rati) 
beckon,  ©afe 
become,  beaucnt 

bed,  ©ett,  ©eet 

bee,  ©iene 
beebread,  ©rot 
beech,  ©udje 
beer,  ©ier 
beet,  ©cete 
beetle,  ©eutet  (1) 
beff,  6af 
before,  bettor 
beg,  bitten 
begin,  6eginneit 
behind,  tjiuten 
behoof,  ©cfyuf 
belief,  ©tau&e 

bell,  6etten,  ©euTjamntel 
bellows,  ©alg 
bell-wether,    ©cflfjam- 

niet 
belly,  ©alg 
belt,  ©clt 
bench,  ©ant 
bend,  ©anb,  binben 
beneath,  nicben 
bent,  \~.  . 

bentgrass,/    '  ' 
Bentley,  ©infe 
berry,  ©cere 
beseech,  fudjen 
besom,  ©efen 
best,  beffcr 
betide,  3c»tuuj 
better,  beffer 
betwixt,  jirifdjcu 
bibl.-,  ©i6el 
bickiron,  ©trfe 
bid,  bictcn,  bitten 
bide,  bitten 
bier,  ©afjre 
biestings,  ©icft 
bight,  ©udjt 
bile,  ©cute 
bilge,  ©ulge 
bill,  ©itt,  ©itle 
bin,  ©eiuic,  ©iifnie 
bind,  binben 
bing,  ©eige 


birch,  ©irfe 

bird,  ©rut 

bire,  ©auer  (1) 

birth,  ©eburt 

bishop,  ©ifdjof 

bit,  beijjen 

bitch,  spetje 

bite,  beifjen,  ©iffeu 

bitter,  bitter 

blab,  ttlatrern 

black,  ©laeffifd) 

bladder,  ©latter 

blade,  ©tatt 

blank,  blaut 

blare,  plarren 

blast,  blafeu 

blaze,  6Iafj 

bleak,  6Ieidj 

bleat,  6l3feu 

bleed,  ©tnt 

blind,  6Iiub,  blenben 

blink,  blinfeu 

block,  ©torf 

blood,  ©tut 

bloom,    1 

blooth,    V©tume 

blossom,  J 

blow,    b(af)cn,    blufjen, 

blaiicn 
blue,  6Iau 
blunder,  6Iinb 
boar,  ©ar  (3) 
board,  ©orb,  ©ort 
boat,  ©oot 
bode,  bictcn 
body,    ©and),    ©ottid), 

Wumpf 
boil,  ©eule 
bold,  balb 
bole,  ©obte 
bolster,  ^olfter 
bolt,  ©olj 

bombasine,  ©ombafin 
bombast  ©ombaft 
bond,  binben 
bone,  ©ein 
bone-a-h,  Bfdje  (1) 
book,  ©udj 
boom,  ©aum 
boon,  bebucu 
boose,  ©anfe 

^yJ©e„te(2),©u§e 

booth,  ©ube 
booty,  ©eute  (2) 
borage,  ©orctfd) 
bordel,  ©orbdl 
bore,  6otjrcn 


-138 


IXDEX. 


borough,  ©uvj 
borrow,  boro,eit 
bosh,  Jpoffe 
bosom,  ©ufcit 
bote,  ©use 
both,  beibe 
bottom,     j,,.obai 
bottomry,  J 
bough,  ©ua, 
bought,  ©ud)t 
bouk,  baucbcii 
bourn,  ©mint 
bouse,  baufen 
bow,  biegcit,  ©oa,en 
bower,  ©auer  ( 1 ) 
bowl,  SoUe(-),  Cottle 
bowsprit,  ©uajprict 
box,  bercii,  ©ua>S,  ©iidjfe 
boy,  ©ufre 
boyhood,  =f>cit 
brace,  ©raffe 
brach,  ©radle 
brack,    ©ratf,    ©ratf- 

ttaffae 
brackish,  ©ratfrcctffer 
brain,  ©ra^en.  >>ivn 
bramble,  ©rombecre 
brand,  ©raub 
brasse,  ©raffen 
brawl,  praljleit,  bviillcu 
bread,  ©rot 
break,  bredjcn 
bream,  ©raffeu 
breast,  ©vuft 
breath,  ©robem 
breech,     L     .,,, 
breeches}^^ 
breed,  ©rut 
breeze,  ©rente,  ©rife 
brew,  braueu 
bridal,  ^ 

bride, 

bridegroom,  J 
bridge,  ©riitfe 
bright,  »bert 
brim,  Berbrameit 
brimstone,  brummcii 
bring,  brin-icn 
brink,  ©riitf 
brisket,    ©rosdjcii, 

©raufc^c 
bristle,  ©ovfte 
broad,  breit 
brood,  ©nit 
brook,brattd)en,©ni;b(2) 
broom,     ©romfcceii:, 

©inft 
broth,  ©rot 
brothel,  ©orbett 
brother,  ©ruber 
brow,  ©raue 
brown,  fraun 


,'i'nut 


bruise,  ©vauj,  ©vojam, 

tara. 
brush,  ©ihfte 
buck,    ©ocf,    baudjcn, 

©aud) 
buckmast,  l«u4e 
buckwheat,/      ™ 
buff,  ©fiffcl 
buffet,  pxiffctt 
build,  ©ube,  ©i(b 
bulb,  ©oUe(l),  3:rietct 
bulge,  ©ula,e 
bull,  ©uHe(l),  (3) 
bullfist,  ©ofift 
bullock,  ©ulle  (1) 
bulwark,  ©ollrccvf 
bundle,  ©iiubel 
buoy,  ©oje 
burden,  ©itrbe 
burial,  bercjeH 
burn,  Dteraen 
burr,  ©orfte 
burrow,  ©lira, 
burst,  berfteit 
burthen,  ©iirbc 
bury,    ©erg,    beiQcit, 

©ura. 
bush,  ©ufdj 
buss,  ©iife 
but,  ©utte 
butt,  ©iitte 
butter,  ©utter 
butterfly,  (Sdjmcttcrlhia, 
buxom,  bicsjcu 
by,  be=,  6ei 

cabbage,  Sappe-3 
cabin,  Sabufe 
cable,  Sabcl  (1) 
caboose,  5?abufe 
caddow,  2)cble 
cage,  ficifia. 
cake,  Sudicn 
calamanco,  Salman! 
calf,  Salb 
callow,  fatjl 
calm,  Saint 
can,  Sarnie,  f&nncn 
canker,  Sanfer  (-2) 
cant,  Same,  ©ant 
cap,  Sappe 
capon,  Sapaun 
car,  Sarre 
caraway,  Sarbe 
carbuncle,  SarfiwTcl 
care,  Sarfreitaa,,  faro, 
carl,  Serf 
carp,  Sarpfen 
cart,  Stage  (1) 
carve,  Ierben 
cut,  1  „  . 

caterwaul, /*a*e 


^  Sin  it 


cellar,    . 
chafer,  Safer 
chaff,  Safer,  gpreu 
chain,  Sette  (2) 
chalk,  Salt 
chamber,  hammer 
champion,  Sampf 
chancel,  Sanjel 
chap,  Sappe 
chapman,  laufeit 
chary,  fara. 
chastise,  fafleicit 
cheap,  laufcii 
cheeky,  fc^cctig 
cheese,  Safe 
chervil,  Serbcl 
chest,  Sifte 
chestnut,  Safranie 
chew,  lauen 
chiches,  Sicber 
chickpeas,  ftUftt 
chicken,  Siidjleiu 
chill,  fait,  liibl 
chilver,  Salt 
chimney,  Samin,  Seme- 

nate 
chin,  \ 

chinbone,  / 
chincough,  feudwn 
chinte,  \  _ 

chintz-cotton,  J  °  * 
choose,  fiefcu 
chough,  SDoblc 
Christmas,  2)ieffe 
church,  Sirdje 
churl,  Sert 
churn,  leriicn 
cii)her,  3iffer 
clamp,  Slammer,  Stampe 

clan^}^"3'  ni"*c" 
clap,  Staff,  Ilabaftcut 
clash,  tlatfdj 
clay,  Slei 
clean,  ftein 
clear,  flar 
cleat,  Slojj 
cleave,  Ileben,  ftiebeit 
cleft,  Sluft 
clew,  Sitauel 
cliff,  Slippe 
clift,  Sluft 
climb,  flimntcu 
cling,  Sliiua,el 
clink,  flingen 
clip,  Slafter 
cloam,  8fd 
clock,  ©lorfe 
clot,  Slofc 
clotbur,  Slette 
cloth,  Steib 
clove,  Snoblautf 


clover,  Sfec 

club,  Solben 
club-foot,  Sluntpe 
cluck,  ©lutfe,  Sluie 
clump,  Slumpe 
coach,  Sutftbe 
coal,  Sofele 
coast,  ftiifte 
coat,   Sot  (1),    Sofce, 

tiindjen 
cock,   .fiabtt,    $emte, 

Siitblein 
cold,  fait 
cole,  Sob! 
colemouse,  Sofile ,  Scbl- 

nieife 
comb,  Samm 
comber,  Summer 
come,  fomnten 
comrade,  Samcrab 
cony,  Saniud;eii 
cook,  Sod) 
cool,  liibl 
coom,  Sabm 
coomb,  Sitmrf 
coop,  Sufe  (2) 
cooper,  Siifcr 
cop,  Sopf 
cope,  Sappe 
copper,  Supfer 
corb,  Sorb 
cord,  Sorbe 
coriander,  Soriaubct 
cork,  Sorl 
corn,  Sorit 

cornelian-tree,  Scrnclfe 
Cornwall,  irclia) 
cost,  lofteu  ( 1 ) 

coh    Wo) 

cottage,  J        v   ' 
cotton,  Sattun 
couchgrass,  C.uecfe 
cough,  leucrcii 
couple,  Sopycl 
couth,  Siub 
cove,  Soben 
cow,  Sub 
cower,  Iauent 
crab,  Srabbe 
crack,  fracben 
cradle,  Srage  ( 1 ),  SStcje 
craft,   "\  .    .. 
crafty,]*™" 
crag,  Sragcn 
cramp,  \Sranire, 

cramp-irons,  /  Sramvf 
cranberry,   Srammcte- 

eojel 
crane,   SrammetStogel, 

Sranid) 
craneberry,  Srammct?- 

rojel 


INDEX. 


439 


crank,     },      .       . 
crankle,j  ° 

craple,  Jirrapfen  (2) 
cratch,  Jtrippe 
crate,  Arafee 
crave,  Araft 
craw,  graven 
creak,  Jhiefcnte 
creep,  rricdjett 
cress,  Jrreffe  (1) 
crib,  firippe 
crimple,  Svanipf.  fvitium 
crinkle,  !rauf,  Xiing 
cripple,  flrt'tprel 
crisp,  fal)[ 
crop,  ilropf 
cross,  Arettj 
crouch,  Triedjen 
croup,  flrnppe 
crow,  flrafye,  freiljcn 
crown,  Stone 
crucian,  tfaranfdje 
crum,  Amine 
crumb,  Atume 


crump,    \ 
pie,/ 


Ttnmm 


ciumpl 
crust,  Atnfte 
crutch,  Atitcfe 
cuckoo,  Audita* 
cud,  ftijbct 
cudgel,  Augcl 
cup,  Aopf 
cushion,  stiffen 

daft,  beftig 
dag,  ©an  (2) 
dale,  2f)al 
dally,  bal)lcn 
dam,  ©antra 
damascene,  3,"ctfdje 
damask,      S'Widjd 

©amaft 
damp,  ©ampf 
dance,  ©anj 
dank,  bitmpf 
dapper,  tnpfer 
darling,  tenet 
date,  ©attel 
daughter,  ©odjtct 
daw,  ©of)te 
dawn,  Stag 
day,  lag 
dead,  lot 
deaf,  tanb 
deal,  let! 
dean,  ©ccbant 
dear,  tenet 
death,  J'.'b 
deed,  ©bat 
deem,  -turn 
deep,  tief 
deer,  liet 


dell,  ©f)al 

deu,  Senite 

depth,  tief 

deuce,  2)au3 

devil,  ©enfel 

dew,  ©au  (2) 

die,  Job 

dike,  ©etdj,  ©eid) 

dill,  ©ill 

dimple,  SEiimpel 

ding,  bengelu 

dip,  tief 

dish,  £ifdj 

ditch,  Seidi 

dive,  tief,  ©nube 

dizzy,  ©ufef,  fcfyor  ( 1 ) 

do,  limn 

dock,  ©od 

dodder,  ©ottet  (2) 

doe,  ©ambod1 

dog,  ©ogge,  #unb 

doit,  ©cut 

dole,  STeil 

dollar,  Scaler 

-dom,  \ 

doom,/" 

dot,  ©otter  (1) 

dough,  5£eia, 

doughty,  tiidtia. 

dovecot,  Aot  (1) 

dove,  ©ante 

dowel,  ©Sbel 

down,  ©aune,  Xiine 

dozen,  ©incite 

drab,  1  ~    , 

draff,)2"6" 

dragon,  ©rad)e 

drake,  Gute 

drake-fly,  ©tadje 

draw,  ttagen 

dregs,  ©rttfen,  ©rebcr 

dream,  ©taiun   [SSMKC 

dreary,    bauent    (2), 

drift,  Stiff 

drink,  trinfen 


drip,       \ 


©ripper 


drippe 

drive,  tteiben 

droll,      V     „. 

drolli8h,/bro(,,>J 

drone,  ©robnc 

drop,  Iwpfcit 

drought,  ttorfen 

drove,  ©rift 

drunk,  tuiitfcn 

dry,  ttoden 

dub,  tief 

duck,  Elite,  2nd),  taiidjen 

dull,  toll 

dumb,  bitinnt 

dun,  bnnfel 

dung,  ©nng 


dure,  bauera  (1) 
dust,  ©imft,  ©uft 
Dutch,  bent  id) 
dwarf,  3>oerg 

e-,  ge* 

Eames,  Oljetm 

e;ir,   'iifyre,  Sefjc,  Dfjt, 

earn,  Cntte 

eurm-st,  Grnjt 

earth,  Svbe 

east,  Often 

Easter,  £ftern 

eat,  effeu 

ebb,  gbbe 

edge,  g<f 

Edward,  Mob,  flobolb 

eel,  Stat 

egg,  Ci 

eider, 

eiderdown,  J-liicei: 

eiderduck,  J 

eight,  ad;t 

eils,  $f)te 

either,  jeber,  webet 

eke,  audj 

elbow,  Gffe 

elder,  §oluitber 

electuary,  Satiocrge 

eleven,  elf 

elf,  etf 

elk,  Glcntier 

ell,  glfe 

elm,  Ufme 

else,  elenb 

emboss,  boffclit  (2) 

erne,  Dljcini 

emmet,  Slntcifc 

emplaster,  spfioftcr 

empty,  cmfig 

end,  Gnbe 

endure,  banern  (1) 

enough,  gemig,  ge* 

ere,  ebtft 

eve,  Slbcnb 

even,  cben 

evening,  Slbcnb,  1'iev- 

gen  (1) 
ever,  trainer 
evil,  iibet 
ewe,  Slue,  ®d>if 
eye,  Huge 
eyeball,  Hpfel 
eyelid,  8ib 

fadge,  fiigen 
fail,  fi-Meii 
fair,  fegen 
fairy,  gee 
falcon,  gertfe 
fall,  fallen 


fallow,  fab,!,  gelge 
false,  falfd) 
falsehood,  =bcit 
fan,  2Baiiite 
fane,  gabjie 
fang,  fangen 
far,  fent 
fare,  fabren 
farrow,  getfel 
fart,  farjeti 
farthing,      pfennig, 

©djifling 
fast,  faften,  fejl 
fat,  feift 

father,  mutter,  SBatcr 
fathom,  gaben 
fay,  gee,  fiigen 
fear,  ©efaljr,  gurdjt 
feast,  geft 
feather,  gebet 
fee,  33ie$,  <Zd)a$ 
feed,  gutter,  Siater 
feel,  fiifylen 
fell,  gelt 
felly,  getge 
felt,  gitj 
fennel,  gendjet 
fern,  gartt 
ferret,  gtettdjen 
ferry,  gafjte 
fetlock,  gu§ 
fetters,  geffel  (1) 
fever,  gieber 
fey  (Scot.),  feije 
fiddle,  gtebel 
field,  gelb 
fiend,  gcinb 
fifth,  fiinf 
fight,  fedjten 
fig-tree,  grige 
file,  geile 
fill,  fflflett 
film,  gelt 
fin,  ginne  (1) 
finch,  gint 
find,  ftnbcit 
fine,  fein 
finger,  gingtt 
fir,  gBbw 
fire,  getter 

firelock,  glinlt 
first,  giirft 
fish,  gif$ 
fist,  gauft 
five,  ffinf 
flag,  gtaggt 
flail,  glegel 
flask,  gtaftfc 
flat,  fleid 
flxt-footed,  glatt 


440 


INDEX. 


flatter,  flattcrit 
flawn,  gtabeu 
flax,  g(ad)8 
flea,  gtob. 
fleam,  glicte 
fledge,  pgge 
flee,  flic^en 
fleece,  glieS 
fleet,   ftiefjen,   glotte, 

glo§ 
flesh,  gteifd) 
flew,  flau 
flick,  glrifd) 
flicker,  fta<fern 
flight,  gtud)t 
flint,  glinte,  Stiife 
flitch,  gled\  gteifd) 
flite,  glcif} 
flitter,  flattetn 
flittermouse,    gteber- 

mauS,  glitter 
float,  glofj 
flock,  glocfe 
flood,  gtut 
flook,  \n  * 

flook-footed,/'laa> 
floor,  glur 
flounder,  glunber 
flow,  glut 
fluke,  flad) 
flute,  glote 
flutter,  flattern 

fly,  gliege,  fliegcn 

foal,  gotten 

foam,  geim,  ©d)aum 

fodder,  guber,  gutter 

foe,  geb,  be 

fold,  fatten 

-fold,  =falt 

folk,  Eolt 

follow,  fotgev 

food,  gutter 

foot,  gujj 

for,  cor 

for-,  per* 

forbid,  bieten 

ford,  gurt 

forehead,  ©rim 

forget,  Pergeffen 

fork,  gurle,  ©abel 

forth,  fort 

fortnight,  9lad)t 

foster,  \;v    . 

fo8terbrother,/»u,tct 

fother,  guber 

foul,  faul 

four,  Bier 

fowl,  SSogel 

fox,  gud)3 

fraught,  gradit 

freak,  fred),  ©prentel  (2) 

freckle,  ©prentel  (2) 


free,  frei 
freeze,  friercn 
freight,  gradjt 
fresh,  frifd) 
fret,  freffcu 
Friday,  greitag 
friend,  greunb 
frieze,  grie3 
fright,     K     .. 
frighten,  J*™** 
frisk,  frifd) 

friJzle,}*™8 
frock,  grofd),  gratf 
frog,  grofd) 
frolic,  frot)lo<fen 
from,  frentb 
frosk,  grofd) 
frost,  groft 
full,  Pott 
funk,  gunTe 
furbelow,  gulbel 
furlong,  gurd)e 
furrow,  gurd)e 
further,  fiirber 

gaggle,  flarfern 
gait,  ©affe 
galangal,  ©atgant 
gull,  ©atle  (2) 
gall-oak,  ©atlapfel 
gallows,  OKalcjeit 
gallow-tree,  ©affapfel 
gander,  ©ait§ 

gang.  ) 

gangway,    V©ang 
gang  week,  J 
g;mnet,  ©an3 
gaol,  flafig 
gape,  gaffen 
garden,  ©arten 
garlic,  2aud) 
gate,  ©affe,  ©aben,  ©at- 

ter 
gather,  ©arte,  gut,  Der- 

gattern 
geld,  gelt  (2) 
get,  Pergeffen 
gherkin,  ©urfe 
ghost,  ©eift 
gilt,  gelt  (■>) 
ginger,  Ongwer 

give,  geben 

glad,  frof),  glatt,  fdjmei- 

d)etn 
glass,  ©Ia§ 
gleam,  glimmen 
gleed,  gliifjen 
glide,  glciten 
glimmer,  glimmen 


glitter,  gteifieu,  gliyevn 
gloat,  glotjen 
gloom,  gluten 
gloss,  gloften 
glow,  gliit'cit 
gnaw,  nagen 
go,  getjeu 
goad,  ©er,  ©erte 
goat,  ©eifj 
god,  ©ott 
godfather,  ©ote 
gold,  ©olb 
good,  gut 
goose,  ©an8 
gore,  ©etjren 
gospel,  ©eifpiet 
gourd,  MrbiS 
gowk,  ©aud) 
grab,  grapfen,  frabbetn 
grabble,   ©arbe   (1), 

frabbetn 
grapple,  frabbetn 
grasp,  grapfen 
grass,  ©ra8 

grasshopper,  §eufd)re(fe 
grave,  graben 
gray,  grau 
great,  grofj 
greaves,  ©riebe 
green,  griin 
greet,  ©rufj 
grey,  gran 
griffin,  (Sveif 
grim,  grimm 
grin,  greincu 
grind,  ©ranb 
gripe,  greifen 
grist,  ©erfie 
grit,  ©riife 
groan,  greinen 
groat,  ©rofd)en,  ©riijje 
groom,  ©raut 
groove,  ©rube 
ground,  ©runb 
grove,  ©rube 
grow,  griin 
grub,  ©rube 
grunt,  griiiijen 
guest,  ©aft 
guild,  ©ilbe 
gulf,  ©otf 
gums,  ©aunicn 

haberdine,  £abberbau 
hack,  bacfen 
hackle,  #ed)et 
hag,  fjager,  $ere 
haggard,  b>ger 
hail,  \-      j 

hailstone,/*  " 
hair,  §aar  (2) 
hale,  f)olen 


half,  tjalb  (1) 
hall,  §afle 
halm,  $alm 
halse,  #al3 
halter,  jpalfter 
hamble,  #ammet 
hammer,  $ammet 
hand,  £anb  (1) 
handicraft,  \ 
handiwork,  /° 
handle,  t)aubetn 
hang,  f)angen 
harbour,  £erberge,  §eer 
hard,  bart 

hards,  $aar  (1),  #ebe 
hardy,  bart 
hare,        \-  . 
hare-lip, J*  ' 
hark,  6,ord)en 
harm,  $arm 
harness,  £>arnifd) 
harns,  .$trn 
harp,  §arfe 
harrow,  £eer,  §arfe 
harry,  #eer 
harsh,  t)arfd) 

hart,  §irfrt) 

harvest,  £erbft 

hasp,  £afpe 

haste,  §aft 

hat,  $ut  (1),  biiten 

hatch,  £e<fe  (2) 

hatchel,  $ed)et 

hate,  §afj 

have,  tjaben 

haven,  #afen  (2) 

haver,  #afer 

haw,  §ag 

hawk,  §abid)t 

hawthorn,  §ageborn 

hay,  £eu 

hay -boot,  §e<fe  (1) 

hazel,  §afet 

he,  beute 

head,  £aupt,  Sopf 

-head,  *b.eit 

heal,  beMen,  beiteu 

health,  fjeilen 

heap,  .§aufe 

hear,  b,Bren 

hearken,  b.ord)en 

heart,  $er$ 

hearth,  §erb 

heat,  t)e"ijen 

heath,  $eibe  (1) 

heathen,  $etbe  (2) 

heave,  t)eben 

heaven,  §immel 

hedge,  $e<fe(l),  (2) 

hedgehog,  3gel 

heed,  tjiiten 

heel,  ^arfe,  gevfe 


INDEX. 


441 


heifer,  garre,  filee 

hell,  £8lle  [ter 

helm,§elm(l),(2),§alf* 

help,  tjelfett 

helve,  £alftet 

hemlock,  ©djierliitij 

hemp,  £attf 

hen,  ^emie 

hence,  bjiiuen 

herd,  §erbe 

here,  l;ier 

heriot,  §eer 

herring,  faring 

hew,  fjauett 

hide,  .£>ant,  §ttfe,  .§au3, 

•<Mitte 
high,  f)oa) 

hill,  .©albe,  £a(le,  $olm 
him,  Ijeute 
hind,  $inbe,  -ijcirat 
hind  berries,  §tmbeere 
hinder,  tjtitbevn 
hip,  $iifte,  ^iipfen 
hirse,  §irfe 
hive,  §eirat 
hoar,  tjeljr 
hoard,  $ovt 
hoarse,  ^etfer 
hoary,  tjcfyr 
hogshead,  £)rfi>ft 
hoist,  l)iffett 
hold,  Ijaltcii 
hole,  ljot)l 
hollow,  fyofyt 
holly,  $ulft 
holm,  $olm 
holster,  $ol[ter 
holy,  fjeiltg 
home,  §eim 
honey,  .§01113 
honeycomb,  ilanim 
honeymoon,  glitter 
hood,  $ut  (1) 
-hood,  =ljeit 
hoof,  $itf 
hook,  .fcate,  $cd;cl 
hop,  $ppfen,  biipfett 
h<>po,  fyoffen 
horde,  $orbe  (1) 
horn,  .$orn 
hornet,  $orniffe 
horse,  9W)  (1) 
horse-radish,    3Heer- 

tcttig 
hose,  $ofe 
hot,  Ivif; 
hotbed,  Sket 
hound,  .vuiib 
hour,  llljr 
house,  \\v.i  - 
housebote,  ©ujje 
how,  ttie 


-llOW,   f)0&) 

huckster,  $>ocfe  (2) 
hulk,  $oir 
hulver,  $ulft 
humble-bee,  ©unimel 
hundred,  fjuiibert 
hunger,  §unaer 
hunt,  §anb  (1),  §iube 
hurdle,  §itrbe 
hurricane,  Orlan 
hurst,  £orft 
husband,  1 
hussy,       V§au-5 
hustings,  J 
hut,  &»ttc 

I,  id) 
ice,  gi-3 
idle,  eitel 
if,  06  (2) 
fit,  gelt  (2) 
imp,  imbfen 
in,  in 
ink,  Shite 

irksome,  J 
iron,  ©ifeit 
island,  2ttt,  Qjilattb 
itch,  iitrfcn 
ivory,  ©Ifeitbetu 
ivy,  Gpfycu 

jacket,  %a<!t 
jail,  Jta'fig 
jig,  ©eige 
joke,  3u!§ 

kabljau,  JJabliau 
keam,  \  n  , 
keans,/^"1 
keech,  tfttd)ett 
keel,  Sti  I  (•-') 
keen,  ftiljn,  fdinctt 
kernel,  Jtern,  ifeni 
kettle,  Seflcl 
key,  tfeil 
kid,  tfhje(l) 
kidney,  SRtere 
kiln,  MiMHc 
king,  ftBnig 
kingdom,    turn 
kipe,  tfiepe 
kirtle,  Jtittct 
kiss,  liiffcii 
kitchen,  *tiid;c 

kittle,  lityelu 
knack,  htatfen 
knapsack,  fitavpcit 
knar,  £norre 
knave,  flnabe 


knead,  titeteu 
knee,  1  „  . 
kneel,  j*me 
knell,  Snail 
knick,  Inicfcn 
knight,  tfnedjt 
knit,  .uitetcit 
knitch,  Stnodt 
knob,  tfttopf 
knock,  flttodjeii,  Tttarfen 
knoll,  ftnollcti 
knop,  .Riiotof 
knot,  Jtttoteii 
know,  TBttnen,  9lante 
knuckle,  tfuBdjel 

lace,  gafc 

ladder,  getter 

lade,  Iabeit  (1) 

lady,  8aib 

lair,  VI  a  si e 

lake,  gadje 

lamb,  gamut 

lame,  lafytn 

lammas,  gatb,  SDJeffe 

lamprey,  ganuJrete 

land,  gattb 

lantern,  gatente 

lap,  gatoben 

larch,  "4  „„  , 

lark,  f^ 

larum,  gcirm 

last,   leiften,  gaft,   lefct, 

Sciflc  (2),  Scificn 
late,  lefct 
lath,  gatte 
lathe,  gabe 
lather,  ©etfe 
latin,  lateinii'di 
lattermath,  SWaljb 

lighter,}1**" 

laverock,  gerdje 

lax,  gad)3 

lay,  legen 

lead,  S3lei,  got,  Icitcn 

leaf,  gattb 

leak,  ledjjen 

leap,  lanfeti 

learn,  lernctt 

leas,  I08 

lease,  lefett 

leather,  geber 

leave,  blctbcn 

lee,  gee 

leech,  Strjt 

leek,  gaud) 

leer,  leer 

left,  lint 

lend,  letjnen  (2),  teitjtn 

lent,  \\n\ 

-less,  loi 


let,  lafjen,  lefcen 

letter,  93ud) 

lewd,  gate 

lick,  lerfen  (1) 

lid,  Sib 

lie,  licgen,  gug,  gauge 

lief,  lieb 

life,  geib 

lift,  Iid)ten,  gttft 

light,  letdjt,  gidjt,  lidjt, 

gunge 
lights,  leidjt,  gunge 
like,  fifcid) 
lily,  8tue 
limb,  ©lieb 
lime,  8cim 
limetree,  2inbe 
linchpin,  82nfe 
lind,  ] 

liuden,  linden-  >8inbe 

tree, 
line,  Seine 
lion,  2ome 
lip,  Siwe 
lisp,  Iifvedt 
list,  toufdjen,  Setfte  (1), 

Sift  8nft 
listen,  lanfdjen 
lithe,  Hub 
live,  leben 
liver,  Seber 

loadsman,  leiteit,  Sotfe 
loadstar,    \? 
loadstone,  / 
loaf,  Saib 
loam,  8ef;m 
loan,  gebcit,  lei  ben 
loath,  "J  _  .. 
loathe,)8c,b 
lobster,  Rummer 
lock,  ?od),  Sorfe,  Clocf 
long,  lang,  oerlangcit 
look  1,  tua.cn 
look  2  (Nor.  E.),  Socfe 
loose,  Io3 
lord,  8aib,  ©rot 
lore,  ge^re 
lot,  808 
loud,  taut 
louse,  gaitS 
love,  lieb,  806 
low,  Scfybe 

lower,  ^ordjen,  taitern 
luck,  ©tflcf 
lunacy,  \ 
lunatic,  J-?aune 
lune,      J 
lungs,  gunge 
lunt,  guttte 
lurk,  bordicn,  tauent 
lust,  8uft 
•ly,  4i4 


Heiten 


442 

lye,  Cau^e 
lyre,  fieter 

Macaulay,  SPiagb 
mackerel,      attafvele, 
ntafeln 

mad'   ,  Wbe 
maggot,  J 

maid,     "\  .«,    . 


INDEX. 


Hcit 


maiden,  m 
maidenhead,  "\ 
maidenhood, ) 
maize,  9)Zai§ 
make,  tnadjen 
mallow,  SDJatoe 
malt,  attalj 
man,  OJJauit 
mane,  Didbite 
mangle,  9Kange,    nuit- 

geln 
mantle,  aWantel 
many,  maud; 

maP?e'f      Waiter 
mapletree,  J 

march,  Wlavt  (1) 

March,  SDJarj 

mare,  9Kafjre 

marjoram,  SUlajoran 

mar,k'    W-re 
market,  J 

marrow,  £arTe,  a>Iav!(3) 
marsh,  9Havfd) 
marten,  9ftarber 
Mary,  SloSmariu 
mash,  ajfcifcfi 
masker,  2)ia§fe 
maslin,  aNeffutg 
mass,  aJZeffe 
roast,  3Jlaft(l),  (2) 
master,  aJJeiftcr 
mat,  aflatte  (2) 
match,  madjeu 
mate,  matt 
math,  3H(U}b 
mattock,       3Ret§e(, 

3Kefce  (1) 
mattress,  SDZatraJse 
mannd,  aHanbel  (1) 
maw,  aftagen 
mawk,  9J?abe 
may,  mogcn 
mead,  2Hatte(l),  Witt 
meadow,  SKatte  ( 1 ) 
meager,  mager 
meal,  9Ka$l  (2),  WltH 
mean,  gemeiu,  roeiiint 
measles,  aftafer 
meat,  3Heffer 
meed,  SKiete 
meek,  meud)el» 
mere,  afteer 
merl,  9lmfel 


merlin,  gdnnevt 

muff,  3Kuff  (1) 

of,  ab 

mermaid,  "I™, 

'  >2Jlecr 
merman,  J 

mule,  9«aul  (8) 

offsr,  opferu 

mulberry,  aflautbeere 

oft,  often,  oft 

mesh,  SWafdje 

mum,  aWumme  (1) 

oil,  CI 

mew,  ajjiime 

middle,    ntittc,    mittct, 

mumble,  |              (  } 
mumm,  J               '  ' 

old,  alt 
on,  an 

a?2ittel 

murder,  3J2orb 

once,  einft 

midge,  aMde 

must,  3Hoft,  nup'uu 

one,  ein 

midland,  ^ 

mustard,  atfoftcrt 

open,  offen 

midlent,    1 

muster,  Diufter 

or,  ober 

midnight,  J-mitte 

orchard,  ©arn 

midriff, 

nail,  Sftaget 

ore,  6rj 

midst,       J 

naked,  narft 

organ,  Drgel 

midwife,  §ebamme,  init 

name,  9lame,  ncimcit 

ostrich,  Strain)  (3) 

midwinter,  mine 

nape,  SRatfett 

other,  anber 

might,  2Had)t 

narrow,  Sftarbe 

otter,  Otter 

milch,  melt 

narwal,  Sftaripat 

ought,  eigen 

mild,  milbe 

nave,  9Jabe 

ousel,  Slnifel 

mildew,  SWeljttait 

navel,  92abel 

out,  au§ 

mile,  afteile 

near,  nab. 

oven,  Ofen 

milk,  9KiId),  metfen 

neb  =  nib 

over,  ober  (2),  itbtr 

mill,  3Rul}te 

neck,  §al§,  aZadfen,  Sage 

owe,  eigen 

milt,  aJJitj 

need,  9Jot 

owl,  6ute 

mind,  9)iimte 

needle,  SJabel 

own,  eigen 

mingle,  ineitgen 

neighbour,    9iad)bar, 

ox,  Ddjfe 

minster,  2)iiinftcr 

©alter  (1) 

Oxford,  ftitrt 

mint,  SUJiii5C,i'Jiiii5e  (1) 

nephew,  9Jeffe 

oyster,  3tufter 

mire,  Stmeife,  2)ioo3 

nesh,  nafdjen 

miss,  miffeu 

nest,  aZeft 

pack,  a3a<f  (1) 

mist,  9ttift,  aJJiftel,  SRetel 

nestle,  itiftcln 

paddock,  @cf;ilcvatt 

mister,  aHeiftcv 

net,  SRcfe 

pail,  a3egel 

inistle,  SDHftet 

nether,  tiiebcr 

pain,  aJein 

mitch,  meitdjel» 

nettle,  Rtffd 

pair,  a?aar 

mix,  mifdjen 

never,  iiimmer 

pale,  a3fabt 

mixen,  SDJift 

new,  neu 

palfrey,  aJferb 

mizzen,  ©efaimiaft 

next,  nab. 

pamphlet,  a?ampMet 

moan,  meinen 

nib,  ©djnabef 

pan,  a?fanite 

mole,  2RaI  (1) 

nick,  Nick,  9lij 

pap,  a)appe 

Monday,  SWoittag 

nigh,  iiar; 

paper,  papier 

money,  ®elb 

night,  aiadjt 

parish,  9}farre 

monk,  ajJBnd) 

nightingale,  ajaduigaff 

park,  ajferd) 

month,  9Honat 

nightmare,  aMaljv 

pasty,/* 

mood,  ajJut 

nine,  neun 

moon,  ajJonb 

nip,  taeipeit 

patch,  a?ta(fcn 

moor,  aJJoor 

nipple,  uippen 

path,  3Jfab 

mop,  2JZov§ 

nit,  9ZiB 

pause,  aJaufc 

morass,  9)2oraft 

no,  net  it 

paw,  35fote 

more,   aUBfyre,   mebr, 

noon,  aioiie 

pea,  (Srbfe 

Hbeub 

north,  9lorb 

peach,  ajfiriid) 

morning,  2>Jorgen  (1) 

nose,  Sab,  aJaft 

peacock,  %Jfau 

mortar,  2R8rfct,  9Kortcl 

nostrils,  aiiifter 

pear,  S3irne 

moss,  SDiooS 

not,  nidjt 

pearl,  a?erte,  >f?evlniiitt;r 

most,  metft 

nought,  itidjt 

pease,  Svbie 

moth,  SMotte 

now,  mm 

peel,  a?eac 

mother,  SMobcr,  RuttoC, 

nun,  aZointe 

peep,  piepeu 

95erUmutter 

nut,  Ship  (1) 

peewit,  StibUi 

mould,  9ftauln.nirf,3Ji  it  Uti 

pelt,  aJelj 

moult,  SDJaufe 

oak,  (Jidic 

penny,  ajfeiutig 

mouse,  2)Jau§  (1) 

oak-gall,  ©affapfcl 

people,  ajBbet 

mouth,  SNunb  (1) 

oar,  IRuber 

pepper,  ^?feffer 

mow,  milicit 

oath,  (Sib 

pick,  aJBfel,  picfen 

i    mud,  aJiobcr 

oats,  $afet 

pickle,  aJBtel 

INDEX. 


443 


pickle-herring,   95itfel- 

Ijariitg 
picnic,  spicfuitf 
pigeon-cove,  Stoicn 
pike,  -^eajt,  pirfen 
pile,  <PfeiI,  ^feiler 
pilgrim,  %>ilgcr 
pillar,  Spfeilev 
pillow,  <pfiity£ 
pin,  ipinii 
pinch,  gin! 
pine,  $ein 
pink,  giiif 
pip,  $ip§ 
pipe,  sjjfeife 
piss,  piffen 
pit,  <J5fiifce 
pitch,  $ed) 
place,  $tatj  (1) 
plague,  $(uge 
plaice,  ^(atteife 
plank,  iptaitte 
plant,  ^Pfloiije 
plaster,  ^flafter 
platch,  $lacfen 
plate,  Platte 
plat-footed,  platt 

&>«« 

plight,  $fiu$t 

plough,  \ 

ploughshare,/*1    a 
pluck,  pflitcf eit 
plug,  <J?f(orf 
plum,  spflaume 
plump,  plump 

pocket,  /  + 
poke,  ^Jocfe,  podjcn 
pole,  «Pfaf)t 
pool,  <|}fuf)I 
pope,  <pQpft 
popinjay,  <papagci 
poplar,  ^jappel  (2) 
poppy,  2Rolm 
porch,  ^pforte 
pose,  puften 
post,  ^SToften 
pot,  <£ott,  SEopf 
potash,  ajdje  (1),  ?ott 
potato,  tfartoffel 
pound,  ^Jfunb 
pout,  <j}ute 
praise,  preifett 
pranie,  <praf)m 
preach,  prebigen 
preen,  SPfriem  (1) 
price,  <p«i8 

$&,}*«" 

priest,  <priefter 
prince,  RBnig,  »^viii\ 


prize,  $rei3 
prong,  granger 
proof,  priifen 
prop,  ^Pfropfcit 
provost,  $ropft 
puff,  puffen 
pulpit,  <putt 
pulse,  ^Jul3 
pump,  spumpe 
punch,       ~| 
puncheon,  J-33uiijeu 
puncher,    J 
puppet,  ^puppe 

quack,    Duadfatber, 

quatat 
quart,  Duart 
quartz,  Duarj 
queen,  Sinb,  #i>nig 
quick,  led 

quicksilver,  SQiterffilbcv 
quill,  ffiel  (1) 
quince,  Quitte 
quit,  quitt 
quitch-grass,  Ductfe 
quite,  quitt 
quiver,  tfBdjer 

race,  rafen,  Dlaffe 

rach,  SSracfe 

rack,  SRadjeit,  recfeu 

radish,  9totid) 

raff,  raff  en 

rail,  {Ralte,  Kicget 

rain,        i  _, 

rainbow,  J      ° 

raise,  9leife 

raisin,  SRofine 

rake,  9?cd)cit 

ram,  {Ramme 

rampion,  SRapuujef 

rand,  SHaub 

rank,  Wang 

rant,  ranjen 

rap,  raffen,  rappetii 

rape,  SRapp 

rapier,  {Happier 

rare,  rar 

rasp, 

rasper, 

rat,  fllatte 

rattle,  raffcltt 

rave,  rappctn 

raven,  91abe 

raw,  rol> 

ray,  8teif)en(l),9?od)e(l) 

ray-grass,  IRaigraS 

reach,  rcidjen 

read,  Wat,  lefen 

ready,  beteit 

ream,  SRafjm,  8Jic« 

reap,  re  if 


rear,  SHeife 

rearmouse,  riiOven 

reave,  JRaub 

rebus,  SRebuS 

reck,  geru^eu 

reckless,  rudjtoS 

reckon,  redjneit 

red,  retten,  rot 

reed,  SRiet 

reef,  tReff  (2),  Miff 

reek,  SRaudj 

reindeer,  SHeiuitiev 

rest,  9?aft 

ret,  rBften  (2) 

rhyme,  9teim 

rib,  SRippe 

rice,  9teiS  (1) 

rich,  reidj 

riddle,  SRStfel,  SReitev 

ride,  reiten 

ridge,  Witrfcn 

rifle,  Wiefe 

right,  reti)t 

righteous,  gevedjt 

rim,  {Rinbe 

rime,  9ieif  (2) 

rimple,  riimpfen 

rind,  SRiube 

rindle,  5Riinte 

ring,  SRabellf  iifjrcr,  Wing, 

ringen 
ringleader,    SRabcl-3- 

fitfjrer 
rip,  Weff  (1) 
ripe,  reif 
ripple,  reffen 
rise,  Weife 
rivel,  Dliefe 
roach,  Wodje  (1) 
road,  reiten,  Btydbl 
roan,  Wogen 
roar,  rbfjren 
roast,  5Roft  (1) 
roch,  Wodje  (1) 
rochet,  SRotf 
rock,  Wodje  (2),  Mocfen, 

SRucf 
rocket,  Waiife 
rod,  JRute 
roe,  SRogen,  Web, 
roll,  WoHe 
rood,  JRute 
room,  Waum 
roost  (Scot.),  Woft  (2) 
root,  Wiiffet,  fiJurj 
rope,  Weif  (1) 
rose,  Wofe 
rosmary,  (RoSniavin 
rot,  rliften 
rough,  iMiib 
roun,  raimcn 
round,  raimeii,  runb 


rouse,  Waufd}  (2) 

rout,  Wotte 

row,  Weif)e,  Wuber 

rubric,  Wubvit 

rud,  rot 

rudder,  Wuber 

ruddle,    \ 

ruddock,  / 

rue,  Waute  (1),  Weue 

rule,  Wegel 

rum,  9lum 

rumble,  rumpeln 

rummer,  Wiimer 

rump,  Wumpf 

rumple,  riimpfen 

run,  rinnen 

rung,  Wunge 

rush,  Waufd)  (1),  raufdjen 

rushes  (bed  of),  '-Beet 

rust,  Woft  (1) 

ruth,  Weue 

rye,  Woggen 

ryegrass,  WaigraS 

sable,  3°&ef 
sabre,  ©Sbef. 
sack,  ©aef,  ©eft 
sad,  fatt 
saddle,  battel 
saffran,  ©afvan 
sage,  ©atbei 
sail,  Seget 
sake,  <3ad)e 
sallow,  (galioeibe 
salt,  ®alj 
salve,  ©albe 
same,  gleid> 

sand,  J 
sap,  ©aft 
satchel,  ©erfel 
Saturday,  ©am?tjg 
savin,  ©ebenbaum 
saw,  ©age,  ©age 
say,  fageu 
scale,  ©djate 
scarlet,  ©cfyartad) 
school,  ©djute 
schooner,  @d)oucr 
scissors,  ©djere  (1) 
score,  ©tiege  (2) 
scot,  ©djofj  (2) 
scour,  fdjeuem 
scrape,  fdjrappen,  fdjavf 
screw,  ©d)raube 
scrimp,  fd)rumvuii 
scrub,  fd)rubben 
scum,  ©d)aum 
scurf,  ©djorf 
scurvy,  ©djarboif 
scuttle,  ©djiiffel 
sea,  ©ee 


444 


INDEX. 


seal,  SJobbe 
seam,  ©aum  (1),  (2) 
see,  feben,  ©idjt 
seed,  ©aat 
seek,  fudjen 
seethe,  ficben 
seldom,  fcltcit 
sell,  ©albudj 
send,  fenbeit 
senna,  SeucSbaiim 
sennight,  SRadjt 
set,  fe^eit 
settle,  ©effel 
seven,  ftebeit 
sew,  ©ciule  (2) 
sexton,  ©igvift 

shabby,  /W^O 
shade,  shadow,  ©cbat= 

ten 
shaft,  ©djaft  (1) 
shale,  ©djale 
shall,  f  often 
shallop,  ©djatuppe 
shallow,  fdjal 
shame,  ©<fiam 
shammy,  ©amifdjleber 
shank,  ©djenlel 
shape,  fdjaffen 
shard  =  sherd 
sharp,  Jdjarf 
shave,  ©djabe  (2),  fd)a> 

ben 

sheaf,  ©djanb 

shear,  febcren 

shears,  ©djere  (1) 

sheath,  ©djeibe 

sheave,  ©djeibe 

shed,  fdjeibeii,  ©djeitel 

sheen,  fdjBn 

sheep,  ©d)af 

6heep-cote,  £ot  (1) 

sheer,  fdjier  (1) 

sheet,  ©djofs  (3) 

sheets  ©djote  (2) 

shell,  ©(bate,  ©djettfifdj 

shellac,  ©djeftacf 

shepherd,  $irt 

sherd,  ©d;arte 

sheriff,  ®raf 

shide,  ©djeit 

shield,  ©djilb  (1) 

shift,  ©d)iefer 

shilling,  @cbit(ing 

shim,        ~l  _, . 
,  •  >©dmnuier 

shimmer,  J      ' 

shin,  ©dnenbein 

shine,  ©efcein 

shingle,  ©djinbel 

ship,  ©cbtff 

shippen,  ©djuypen 

shire,  fdner  (1) 


shirt,  ©dntrj 
shit,  fdjeifjeu 
shive,  ©djeibe,  ©djicfer 
shiver,  ©djiefcr 
shoal,  ©d)olte(l) 
slmck,  .^icife  (1) 
shoe,  ©djub 
shoot,  fdjiefjen 
shop,  ©djuppen 
shore,  ©djornftein 
short,  Turj,  ©djurj 
shoulder,  ©djulter 
shove,  fdjieben 
shovel,  ©djaufet 
show,  fdjaucn 
shower,  ©djaiter  (2) 
shred,  ©djrot 
shrift,  fdjvciben 
shrill,  fcbvilt 
shrimp,  fdjvumpfen 
shrine,  ©djrein 
shrink,  fdjvumpfen 
shrive,  fdjveibeu 
shroud,  ©cirot 
shudder,  fdjaubevu 
shy,  ©djeu 
sick,  ftedj,  ©udjt 
sickle,  ©icbel 
side,  ©cite 
sieve,  ©icb 
sift,  fidjtcn 
sight,  ©idjt 
silk,  ©eibe 
sill,  gdjiocffe 
silly,  feltcu 
silver,  ©ilbev 
simper,  ympevtidj 
sin,  ©iiufce 
since,  feit 
sinew,  ©ebne 
sing,  jtngcu 
singe,  feugen 
sink,  tiiifcn 
sinter,  ©inter 
sip,  faufen 
siskin,  Scifig 
sister,  ©djroefter 
sit,  fi(jeit 

sithe,  ©age,  ©eufe 
six,  fed}8 
skew,  fdjief 
skin,  fdjiuben 
skirmish,  ©djatmitycl 
skute,  ©du'ite 
slag,  ©(blade 
slap,  ©djlappe  (2) 
slaughter,  ©djladjt 
slave,  ©ttaoe 
slay,  ©djlag  (2) 
sled,  ©djlitten 
sledge,  ©djlegel,  ©djtit- 
ten 


sleek,  fdjleidjen 
sleep,  ©djtaf  (2) 
sleet,  ©djtofee 
slide,  ©djlittcu 
slight,  fdiledjt 
slim,  fdjtimm 
slime,  ©djlcitn 
sling,  ©djtinge,  fdjteufevu 

,."'         j-fcbleifcn 
suppers,  J  '  '     ' 

slit,  fdjleifjen,  ©djttfc 

sloat  (N.  Eng.),  fdjfie- 

feeii,  ©djlofj 
sloe,  ©djlctje 
sloom,  fdjlummevu 
sloop,  ©djaluppe 
slot  (N.  Eng.),febliefjen, 

©d)to§ 
slough,  ©djtaudj 
sluice,  ©djteufe 
slumber,  fdjlummevu 
sly,  fd)tau 
smack,       fdjmecfen, 

©djmacfe 
small,  fd)mal 
smart,  ©corner) 
smear,  ©d)inecr 
smelt,  fdjmeljeu 
smicker,  ©djminfe 
smile,  fdjmeidjeln 
smite,  fdjmcijjcu 
smith,   ^  _  ,    .  . 
smithy,  I®*1"* 
smock,  ©djmiuf 
smoke,  ©djmaudj 
smother,  fdjmovcn 
smug,  ©djinutf 
smuggle,  fdjmitggeln 
smut,  ©(fining 
snail,  ©djnetfe 
snake,  ©djitafe 
snap,  fdjuappeu 
snarl,  fdjnavdjeu 
sneeze,  uiefen 
snell,  fdjnett 
sniff,  fdjniiffefn 
snip,  ©djnipptfjen 

snivel,      befdjnaufetn, 

fdjuiiffetii 
snore,"K,       , 
snort,  )^,mrd)cn 
snot,  fdjneujen 
snout,  ©djnauje 
snow,  ©djnee,  ©djnaue 
snuff,    fdjniiffeln,    be- 

fdmaufeln,  ©djuuppe 
snuffle,  befdjnaufetn 
snurls,  fdjuardjen 
so,  fo 
soap,  ©eife 


sob,  feufjen 

sock,  ©ode 

soft,  fanft 

soldier,  ©olb 

sole,  ©oble  (1) 

sollar,  ©Biter 

son,  ©obn 

son-in-law,  Uibam 

soon,  ba 

soot,  9Jufj 

sop,  ©nppe 

sore,  fefjr 

sorrow,  ©orge 

sot,  3ote 

soul,  ©eele 

sound,  gefnnb 

soup,  ©uppe 

sour,  fauer 

souter     (N.     Eng., 

Scot.),  ©djufter 
sow,  ©an,  faen 
spade,  ©paten 
span,  ©panne 
spangle,  ©pange 
spar,  ©parren 
spare,  fparen 
sparrow,  ©petting 
speak,  ©pradje,  SBafcn 
spear,  ©peer 
speck,  ©ped)t 
speech,  ©pradje 
speed,  fpntcn 
speight,  ©pe*t 
spell,  SSeifpiel 
spelt);  ©pelt 
spend,  ©penbe 
spew,  fpeicn 
spike,  ©peid>e 
spin,  fpinncn 
spit,  fpcnfcen,  ©pieB  (2) 
splint,  splin-'j 

ter,  j-fpteifecn 

split,  J 

spoke,  ©peidje 
spook,  ©put 
spool,  ©pule 
.-poon,  ©pan,  ?6ffc( 
sprat,  ©protte 
spread,  fpreiten 
spring,  fpringen 
springe,  ©prenM  (1) 
sprit,  fpviefjen,  fprigen 
sprout,  fprtefeen 

spurn,  J     r 
spy,  fpfi6.cn 
squirrel,  ititbforn 
staff,  Siiittetoetg,  Stab 
stake,  ©tatcn 
stalk,  ©tiel 
stall,      1  _    _ 
stallion,/" 


INDEX. 


stammer,  ftammeln 
stamp,  ftampfeu 
stand,  ftcN'ii 
standard,  Staubarte 
stang,  ©taitge 
staple,  ©tapel 
star,  ©tern 
starch,  ftarf 
stare,  Star 
stark,  ftart 

starling,  (Sperling,  ©tar 
start,  ©terj,  ftiirjeu 
startle,  ftiirjeit 
starve,  ftcrtcu 
state,  Stant 
stay,  ftefieit 
steal,      "\  ..  , , 
stealth,jWe" 
steed,  State 
steel,  ©ta^l 
steen,  Stein 

steer,  ©teuer  (2),  ©tier 
stem,  ©tanim 
step,  ©tapfe,  Stufe 
stepfather,  ©tiefuater 
sterling,  Sterling 
stern,  Stem,  Steucr(2) 
steven,  ©tinnne 
stick,  ©tecfcu 
stiff,  fteif 
still,  [tiff 
stilt,  Stetje 
sting,  Stanae,  ©tecfen 
stink,  ftiiifen 
stir,  ftScctt 
stirrup,  ©tegreif 
stitch,  fticfcu 
stock,  ©tod" 
stoke,  ftodjeu 
stone,  ©tein 
stool,  ©tubt 
stop,  ©tiSpfef,  flopfen 
stork,  ©tord) 
stnrin,  Sturm 
stotuul,  ©tnnbe 
stour,  Stiirui 
stout,  ftol) 
stove,  ©tube 
strand,  ©tranb 
straw,  ©trot) 
stream,  Strom 
street,  Strafte 
stretch,  fttwtcn 
strew,  Strcn 
stride,  fdjvciten 
strife,  ftrefccn 
strike,  ftrcidjcn 
string,  ©traug 
strip,  ftreifcu 
strive,  ftrcbcu 


stroke,  ftveidjen 
strong,  ftveng 
strut,  frro(jen 

stud,  Stute 
stuff,  Stofj 
stump,  ©tump 
sturgeon,  Stiir 
stut,  stutter,  ftotteru 
sty,  Steig 
such,  fold) 
suck,  fauo.en 
sugar,  3ucfer 
summer,  ©ommer 
sump,  ©umpf 
sun,  ©onne 
Sunday,  ©onne 
sup,  faufen 
swallow,    ©d)ioalbc, 

fdnnclgen 
swamp,  ©umpf 
swan,  ©d)wan 
swanky,  ©umpf 
sward,  ©djwarte 
swarm,  ©djroara 
swart,  fdjicarj 
swats  (Scot.),  fiifj 
swear,  fdjloijreu 
sweat,  ©djmcif; 
sweep,  fdjtceifeu 
sweet,  fiijj 
swell,  fdjroetfeii 
swift,  fdnueifeu 
swim,  fdjiuinmtcu 
swine,  ©dnocin 
swing,  "\  ,,_. 
s wink,  J  '  '       J 
swoop,  fd)n?eifen 
sword,  ©djioevt 

table,  SEafet 
tack,  3>ifti-u 
tackle,  £alct 
tail,  ©d)roau$,  Sliibe 
tale,  $al)l 
talk,  Ijordjen 
tallow,  £alg 
tame,  jat)in 

tap,  3apfe 
tar,  Seer 
target,  3arge 
tarrace,\ 
tanas,    )Ira& 
tarry,  jergen 
tea,  Il)ee 
teach,  geidjen 
tear,  ga'^re,  jctjrcn 
teat,  3i(}e 
teem,  3cug 


teend,  juueeu 
tell,  tjordjcn,  Qaty 
ten,  jeljjt 
tenden,  jiiubcn 
tent,  3elt 
tether,  fitter 
tetter,  3ittcrod) 
tewel,  Stiitle 
thane,  2)egen  (1) 
thank,  SDanl 
that,  bag 
thatch,  "Bait) 
thaw,  taucu 
the,  befto 
theft,  2>ieb 
then,  fcauu 
thence,  banneu 
there,  ba 
therf,  berb 
thick,  bid 
thief,  3Meb 
thill,  ®eid)fet 
thimble,  2Daumen,©rmef 
thin,  biimt 
thine,  bein 
thing,  3)iug 
think,  benfeu,  biinlen 
third,  britte 
thirst,  2>urft 
this,  biefet 
thistle,  Diftel 
thorn,  ©orn 
thorough,  burd) 
thorp,  £>orf 
thou,  bit 
though,  bod) 
thousand,  taufenb 
thrash,  brefdjen 
thread,  2)rafit 
threat,  »crbricf;en 
threaten,  bvotycu 
three,  brei 
thresh,       "l .     . , 
threshold,)^" 
thrill,  britlcu 
throat,  Eroffel  (2) 
tlnong,  Sftttttg,  bvingen 
throp,  Dorf 
throstle,  3)roffel  (1) 
throttle,  Evofjel  (2) 
through,  buvdj 
throw,  bveben 
thnini,  Urumm 
thrush,  Inofjct  (1) 
thumb,  Qaumcii,  linnet 
tlmnder,    \_ 
Thursday,  / 
thy,  beitt 
tick,  Se'e,  3»«d)e 
tickle,  tityclu 
tide,  3cit 
tiding,  gcitung 


445 

tight,  bidjt 

tike,  3ed"e 

tile,  3iegel 

till,  3iel 

tilt,  3elt 

timber,  3iinmer 

time,  3eit 

tin,  3inn 

tind,  jiinben 

tinder,  3unber 

tine,  3aun 

tip,  3ipfel 

tire,  3ter 

titmouse,  TOeife 

to,  ju 

toad,  tfrfte 

tobacco,  Uabat 

tod,  3otte(l) 

toddle,  jotteln 

toe,  3et) 

together,  ©arte,  gut 

token,  3etdjeu 

toll,  3oll 

toller,  3i>ffuer 

to-morrow,  2ftorgcn  (1) 

tongs,  3ange 

tongue,  3unge 

tool,  STalel 

tooth,  3afjn 

top,  £opf,  SEopp,  3opf 

torsk,  2)orfdj 

totter,^     ..  , 

tottle,>0ttct" 

tough,  ja'f) 

tow,  2au  (1) 

towel,  3'w^e 

tower,  SEurm 

town,  3atiu 

trail,  tveibeln 

trape,  trampeln 
tread,  tvcten 
tree,  fbawa,  leer 
titiulle,  trcubelii 
trot,  Ztott 
trough,  Irog 
trow,  \ 
true,  J 

truffle,  SEriiffet 
trump,  Ivumpf 
trust,  truth,  treu 
tub,  3uber 
Tuesday,  2>ieu§tog 
tug,  jtfgeru,  3ug 
tun,  Sonne 
tunder,  3>"<ber 
tunny,  llmufifd) 
Turkey-pout,  "Hute 
turtle,  lurteltaube 
tusk,  3)orfd) 
twelve,  jirblf 


446 


INDEX. 


twenty,  jwaitjig 
twig,  3weig 
twilight,  3roielid)t 
twin,  3>"i"'"G 
twist,  3>™i'»>  3w'ft 
twine,  gwttn 
twinge,  jwingcn 
twinkle,  jrcinleu 
twitch,  jwicfeu 
twitter,  jwitfdjent 
two,  jwei 
twofold,  =falt 

-ty,  °m 


udder,  Cuter 
un-,  un* 
uncouth,  hnib 
under,  linten 
understand,  93erftaub 
up,  auf 
us,  HIl§ 

valerian,  33atbrian 
vane,  galjne 
varnish,  ginii§ 
vat,  gafj 
vessel,  ©djiff 
vetch,  SBicfe  (1) 
vinegar,  gfftcj 
violet,  SBeildjeii 
vixen,  gudjS 

•wad,  23atte 
wade,  waten 
wafer,  Vm  „  , 
waffle;}*^ 
wag,  watfeTu 
wagtail,  Siadjflelje 
wain,  SBagen 
wake,  wadjeit 
Wales,  welfdj 
walk,  fjordjen,  tralTeii  (2) 
wall,  SBaO,  SBaitb 
wallop,  Satopp 
walnut,  SBalnue 
wangtooth,  SBanje 
ward,  ©art 
ware,  SBare 


warm,  Warm 
warn,  wanicn 
warp,  werfen,  SBcrft  (1) 
warrant,  gewaljrcn 
wart,  SBarje 
was,  SBefen 
wash,  Wafdjen 
wasp,  SBefpe 
watch,  toad) 
water,  SBaffer 
wax,  2Bad)3,  Wad;fen 

way  bread,  /      a 
we,  rcir 
weak,  roridj 
weapon,  SBaffe 
wear,  SBefte 
weasel,  SSiefet 
weather,  3Rutter,  bet- 
ter 
weave,  Weben 
wedge,  2Be<f 
Wednesday,  23ut 
week,  2Bod)e 
weevil,  SEBiebet 
weigh,  SBage 
weight,  ©ewidjt 
welcome,  SBille 
weld,  28au 
welk,  well 
welkin,  SSoTfe 
wrell,  wofjl 
wend,  Wenben 
werewolf,  SBevwetf 
west,  SBefteit 
wet,  SBaffer 
wether,  2Bibber 
wharf,  SSevft  (2) 
what,  wa§ 
wheat,  SBeijen 
wheel,  Slat 
wheeze,  §uften 
whelp,  ZBelf 
where,  wo 
whet,  xvfyen 
which,  weld) 
while,  writ 
whine,  wie^ern 
whirl,  SSirbel 
whisper,  wispeht 


whistle,  tjeifer 

white,  weǤ 

Whitsunday,  f  fingfteii 

who,  wet 

whole,  Ijeti 

whoost,  §uften 

whore,  #ure 

wick,  SSiedje 

wicker,  wief;ern 

wide,  weit 

widow,  SBitwe 

wield,  waften 

wife,  SBeib 

wight,  2Bid)t 

wild,  wilb 

will,  woffen,  SBifft 

wimple,  2Bimpel 

win,  gewimieii 

wind,     SBiitb,     SSMiibe, 

wittent 
window,  genftct,  SBJiub 
Windsor,  Ufer. 
wine,  SEPein 
wink,  SBinT 
winnow,  SBaitne 
winter,  ©inter 
wisdom,  SBeiStum 
wise,  WeiS,  SBeije 
wish,  SSuiifd) 
wisp,  SSifdj 
wit,  23i(} 
with,  wiber 
wither,  ecrwittertt 
withy,  SBeibe  (1) 
woad,  SBaib 
woe,  welj 
wold,  23alb 
wolf,  SBoIf 
womb,  SSamme 
wonder,  SSunber 
wood,     £rammct*i.,ogcI, 

SBut,  28iebcb> vf 
wooL  SBotte ' 
woosy,  SQiefe 
word,  SSort 
work,  SSerl 
world,  SBelt 
worm,  SBurm 
wormwood,  SSBerinitt 
worse,  wirr,  wijaj 


wort,  SBurj,  23iir,e 
worth,  SKett  (2) 
wot,  wiffen 
wound,  wunb 
wrangle,  ringen 
wreak,  rad'eii 
wreck,  23racf 
wrench,  {Rant,  rcufen 
wretch,  SRerfe 
wring,  riitgcu 
wrinkle,  9)unjc( 
wrist,  {Rift 
write,  lerben,  fdjreiten, 

reifjen 
writhe,  SRift 
wrong,  ringen 

yacht,  %ati)t 

yard,  ©arten 

yare,  gar 

yarn,  ©aril 

yarrow,  ©arte  (2) 

yea,  ja 

yean,  @d)af 

year,  3ab> 

yeast,  garen,  ©ifd)t 

yellow,  gelb,  Xotter(l) 

yellow-hammer,  Sim- 
mer 

yes,  ja 

yest,  ©ifdjt 

yesterday,  gcjtcrn 

yew,  6ibe 

yield,  getten 

yoke,  3od) 

yolk,  2>otter  (1) 

yon,      \  . 

yonder,/  * 

York,  (Eber  y y 

you,  eudj  /Q 

young,  jitng 

youngling,  SfaflBlg 

younker,  punter 

your,  euer 

youth,  a3urfd)e,  3mme, 
3ugenb 

yule,  weifan 

zedoary,  3itw«r 


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